Urban Planning & Design

Introduction

Prepared By :Tesfu G.
Lecture Outline

Introduction
What is Planning?
What is Urban Planning & Design ?
What do urban planners & Designer
do?
Relevance of course
Overview of course
 Introduction

Urban Planning is a process of guiding the use and development

of land with the aim of making the city a better place to live and
work.
Particularly important today as more than one-half of the
worlds population now resides in urban places.
Cities, towns and other urban forms are therefore the sites for
most of mankinds activities.
Yet in most cities and towns, land and access to basic
resources and services are usually scarce and unevenly
distributed.
 What is planning ?

Planning is a general activitythe making of an orderly

sequence of action that will lead to the achievement of a stated
goal or goals (Hall 2002).
It Involves written statements supplemented as appropriate
by statistical projections, quantified evaluations and
diagrams.
It may, but need not necessarily, include exact physical
blueprints of objects
Planning involves an attempt to (re)shape prevailing social
and economic dynamics to achieve particular
developmental ends
 Many different names e.g.
town & country planning,
town planning,
city planning,
physical planning etc.
URP is simply a special case of general planning which incorporates a
spatial component
Understood as a rational (highly technical) and systemic process of
forethought set in motion by the need to resolve urban problems.
Yet may be interpreted as a highly political and socio-economic
process
Urban Form
Urban Planning & Design
6
Taken separately, urban and design have clear meanings:
Urban: Latin word urban means city.
Urban suggests the characteristics of towns or cities.
A geographical area distinct from rural areas.
An area for a population living comparatively from rural areas while
Design: a process that shows how something is to be made
/done.
- Design refers to such activities as sketching, planning,
arranging, colouring and pattern making.
- both physical requirements and aesthetic aspects.
eg. utilities & circulations
 urban Planning & Design
7
Taken separately, urban and design have clear meanings:
Urban: Latin word urban means city.
Matthew Carmona reviewed key areas of urban Planning &
Urban suggests the characteristics of towns or cities.
design thought in the form of six dimensions
A geographical area distinct from rural areas.
1. Morphological dimension
An area for a population living comparatively from rural areas while
2. Perceptual dimension
Design: a process that shows how something is to be made
3. /done.
Social dimension
4. Visual
dimension
- Design refers to such activities as sketching, planning,
5. arranging,
Functionalcolouring and pattern making.
dimension
- both physical
6. Temporal
requirements and aesthetic aspects.
dimension
eg. utilities & circulations
 Urban Planning & Design
8

Definitions collected by the late Francis Tibbalds, Urban

Planning & Design includes
lots of architecture, spaces between buildings, a
thoughtful municipal policy, everything that you can see
out of the window, or the coming together of business,
government, planning, and design.
Urban Planning & design:- concerns the arrangement,
appearance and functionality of towns and cities and in
particular the shaping and uses of urban public space.
- is a function of convenience, comfort, efficiency and
pleasure.
 Urban Planning & Design
9
Planning:- implies the working out of sub- components in some
degree of elaborate detail. Broader brush annunciation of
objectives may qualify as metaphorical road maps.
building of physical requirements /external requirements /.
Mix an arrangement of physical requirements.
Urban town and City Planning:- is the integration of the
disciplines of land use planning and transport planning, to
explore a very wide range of aspects of the built and social
environments of urbanized municipalities and communities.
In which the general objective is to provide for spatial structure of
activities or land uses.
Regional Planning:- deals with a large environment, at a less
detailed level.
10

Six Dimensions of Urban Planning & Design

Morphological,
Perceptual,
Social,
Visual,
Functional &
Temporal dimensions
11
1. The morphological Dimension:

The morphological dimension of urban Planning and Design

deals with the layout and configuration of urban form and
space.
Urban morphology is the study of the form and shape of
settlements.
Important key elements of morphologies are identified as:
land uses,
building structures,
plot pattern
street pattern.
This dimension concentrates on the morphological transformation
of urban block and open space.
 Key Elements of Urban Morphology
12

Land use Block pattern Plot division

 Key Elements of Urban Morphology
13

Building pattern
Street Pattern
 2. The perceptual dimension:
14

Exploring how people perceive environment and experience

places
this dimension mainly focuses on environmental perception and
the construction of place.
Environmental perception focuses on city image, environmental
meaning and symbolism.
The construction of place discusses on sense of place,
territoriality and invented places which are all kinds of meaning
that are particularly important in urban areas.
 Environmental perception
15

Sense of place

Image of city- landmark, node, path, edges, district

16 3. Social dimension:

The relationship between space and society is best conceived as a

continuous two way process in which people create and modify
spaces while at the same time being influenced by them in various
ways.
This dimension focuses on key aspects of urban Planning &
designs social dimensions namely :
the relationship between people and space,
the interrelated concepts of the public realm and public life,
the notion of neighbourhoods,
the issues of safety and security and
the issue of accessibility.
 Space and society
17

Public realm for people Urban square

Plaza
18 4.Visual dimension:

This dimension focuses on four key issues.

aesthetic preferences.
the appreciation of space and the aesthetic qualities of urban
spaces (streets and square), and townscape.
the design of element that defines urban space i.e. urban
architecture.
the design of elements that occupy urban space i.e. hard and soft
landscaping, floor scape and street furniture.
 Aesthetic qualities

Urban space defining element-

buildings
Urban space-Churchill street

Elements within urban space

landscaping, street furniture
20 5.Functional dimension:

The functional dimension of urban planning & design focuses on

how places work and how urban designers can make better places.
It deals on four issues.
It deals with the uses of :
public places incorporating human need, pedestrian movement
pattern and privacy.
mixed use and density considerations.
environmental design including the microclimate, designing for
sun and shade, the wind environment, and lighting.
the capital web incorporating public open space, road and
footpath design, parking and servicing and infrastructure.
 Functional aspect

Human need- seating places Environment- shade, tree

Infrastructure- street, parking

Environment- wind flow, shading

22 6. Temporal dimension:

In this dimension there are three key aspects.

the time cycles and the management of activities in space.
how environments change, what stay the same, what changes
over time.
It focuses on conservation, the continuity of place, obsolescence
and resilience and robustness.
the management of change
 Continuity of place,

Early picture of Lagare

 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Element is a separate identifiable part or component in a large group.
Key-elements in urban land-use planning means These are number of component or parts
in urban land-use scheme and these key-elements can direct guide to the planner in the
Urban Land Use Planning

urban land use planning to use the land in proper manner.

Without these key-elements a planner may not be use the proposed land to the needs of
the particular settlement and finally it may result inconvenience with ugly appearance.
The following are the various key-elements in urban land-use planning;

1. Blocks;
2. Urban Pattern;
3. Building Form;
4. Open Space;
5. Greenery/Green-belt,
6. Roads & Street-network;
7. Pedestrians,
8. Vehicle Acess,
9. Street-Scape,
10. Night-Lighting,
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
City Block: It is an area in a city surrounded by
streets and usually containing several buildings.
Block may be city blocks, urban block, simply
Urban Land Use Planning

block in an urban land use planning.

A city block is the smallest area that is surrounded by streets. City blocks are the space for buildings
within the street pattern of a city and they form the basic unit of a city's fabric.

Urban Pattern /Morphology: It is the physical form of human settlements. Urban pattern associated
with many considerations such as function (human activities), open space, buildings, roads, drainage
etc.

Mostly the urban patterns are depends upon topographical land-features and its surroundings natural
view-spots. So the planner should mind in his mind to take proper urban pattern based on the
topographical land-features and its natural surroundings. Based on the topographical land-feature
urban pattern is classified in to;
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Rectangular Urban Pattern: It is also called as grid-iron or chequer-board pattern. In this pattern
city/urban blocks are cross at right angle. This type of pattern is more suitable for flat or level land
without any predominant natural features.
Urban Land Use Planning

Best examples for this patter : Phildelphia (U.S.A), Jaipur in India, Hawasa in Ethiopia.
Advantages:
It grants comfort and convenience due to its regularity.
The intersections are simple in nature.
It provides economical construction of rectangular blocks in
between the roads or streets due to its regularity.
The wastage of land is minimized as there are no irregular land
portions to be left out.

Dis-advantages:
There are many intersections, so there are more chances of road accidents.
It is not suitable for un-even topography of land; if it was applied it leads to great inconvenience
and dis-comfort.
It is too mathematical and monotonous in nature because of the straight, hence the vistas (long
narrow) are open and there is no variety.
There are no short-cuts to reach the central shopping or other business centers.
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Radial Urban Pattern: In this pattern, the ring roads spring from central civic centers like spokes of a
wheel. Such arrangement increase the significance and importance of civic center which may be
in the form of palace, market, public office buildings, historical monuments, beauty spots etc.
Urban Land Use Planning

Karlsruhe in Germany is the best example of this urban pattern.

Advantages:
It well-comes the utilization of various road/street
patters like ring and radial types.
It results in getting various sizes of trapezoidal bocks.
It increases the significance and importance of civic
center like palace, market, public office buildings,
historical monuments, beauty spots.

Dis-advantages:
It results in more wastage of land in the design of buildings.
It may un-economical from the construction point of view.
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Topographical Urban Pattern: This is also called as organic urban pattern. This type of pattern is
mostly based on the natural topographical features such as river, lake, sea view, hillock etc.
Urban Land Use Planning

The roads/streets are absolutely unplanned manner

and they formed in irregular manner like cell-
structure of vegetable. Even the open spaces are
irregular with different curvatures.

Advantages:
It utilizes most of the organic patterns.
It results in utilizing the beauty of the natural views.
It will give verities of land-blocks with different shapes and sizes.
It well-comes the use of different roads and streets with various widths.
It produce the traditional architecture in nature.
Dis-advantages:
It results in wastage of land in the design of buildings in a particular part.
It may un-economical from the construction point of view.
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Building Forms: Different building forms are also one of the important key-elements in urban land use
planning. Different buildings in both aspects of function (purpose/activity) and category
(low/medium/high density) judge the urban pattern as well as amount of land requirements.
Urban Land Use Planning

The buildings are grouped in to various groups in the urban land use planning based on their form in
terms of height, volume. Building forms can guide or direct to the planner to use the and in a proper
manner.

For example, the land use planning of an

urban area (figure below) has different
building and they are grouped in to various
groups based on their building form.

This gives the urban area a sense of well-planned by proper land use planning. Buildings in the CBD
were historically built high rise and they reflecting the need to optimize the land to maximize its value.
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Open Spaces: It includes squares, parks, play-grounds, green open space and gardens etc.
In his natural state, man moved and roamed in open space and he thoroughly enjoyed his
association with the nature. During the course of time, man moved to town and due to development
Urban Land Use Planning

and urbanization.
Even at this state, he has got the deep rooted desire to remain in contact with soil and it is for this
reason that open space in the form of parks, play grounds and urban square should always be
provided in a urban planning projects.
Objective of open space:
Welfare: happiness, general wellbeing;
Safety: freedom from or prevention of danger, risk or
injury;
Health:state of functioning normally without disease or
abnormality;
Pleasure: An enjoyable sensation or emotion;
Play: to occupy oneself in amusing or diverting
activities

Open Space Functions:

Recreational activities;
Market activities;
Health activities like jogging etc...
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Greenery: It is the provision of vegetation. Greenery plays an important role in proper urban land use
planning as well-planned manner and it result as a natural city in a garden.
The provision of greenery encourages the
Urban Land Use Planning

natural beauty as well as it controlled various

pollutions of air, water and sound, mitigation
the urban heat island effect etc.

Road-network: A man is known by the

company he keeps. In a similar way, a city is
admired by its road system. A well-arranged
layout of a town is spoiled, if it does not having a The well-road network of a city result into free flow of
well-designed road pattern connecting with traffic with safety.
various parts of the town.

An irregularly arranged road network result in attract of many evils such as heavy traffic congestion, ugly
pattern of the city or urban pattern, ribbon development etc.
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Pedestrian /Pathway: Well-arranged pedestrian
networks to allow people to move easily and
comfortably within the city. It connects open
Urban Land Use Planning

spaces, points of interest and parks at different

levels, allowing you to appreciate the city from
different perspectives.

Vehicular Access: It includes car-parking and drop-off points. The location of car parks and drop-off
points affect the way vehicles navigate their way around the city and it also influences how
pedestrians experience the city. It is important to separate pedestrians from vehicular traffic to avoid
causing danger and conflict to pedestrians.
 K e y - E l e m e n t ss
Streetscape: It an artistic portrayal (visualization of picture, sculpture) of a street and its activities.
Streets can make our interaction with our city richer and memorable. The character of the street is
contributed by active uses at the street level including signage, lighting, landscaping, pictures,
Urban Land Use Planning

sculptures, building form and street architecture.

Night Lighting: Night lighting extends the life of the

city beyond twilight and sunset. It also enhances the
character of the proper urban land use and
experience of the city at night. Through our Night
Lighting urban land use Plan, we encourage building
owners in the CBD.
 Adama Science & Technology University
School of Architecture & Civil Engineering
Department Of Architecture

Urban Land Use Planning

Prepared By :Tesfu G.slassie

Msc in Urban Planning & Design
Part I Preparation of Maps
Land Use Plan Example:
Land-Based Classification Standards Color Codes for Activity and Function
Urban Land Use Planning presentation examples:
neighborhood structure
civic and natural open spaces
streets and circulation
building types
Part II Zoning
 Zoning
Zoning is an area reserved for a particular function.
zoning is defined as the regulation by law of the use of land in a specific area for the
purpose of securing convenience, health, safety and general welfare of the city or
urban community.
In urban land use planning the sense of zoning is used to include three aspects:
1. Allocation of land for specific purpose,
2. Control of the use of land, building types and their heights,
3. Regulation of density of population
The zoning in urban land use planning can categories in to the followings:

Profit-making use of land:

The land which is developed with profit-making motive and it includes land developed for
office, residence, industries etc. The land controlled by individual or private agencies.

Non-Profit-making use of land:

The land which is developed without any motive of profit-making, it includes roads, parks,
playground, educational buildings, government offices etc. The land usually control in to
public.
 Zoning Advantages:
Zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly development to the welfare of the
community.
When urban land use planning follows the system of zoning, then it will get many advantages
such as;

Danger from Fire:

Future Development:

Community Health:

Population Distribution:

General Amenities:

Public Utility Services:

 Zoning Principals:

The zoning principals are briefly summarized as follows;

Arrangement of Zones: allocation of land use for different activities
Boundaries: The various zones should have boundaries, not to interfere with that particular
zone.
Flexibility: The zoning may be strongly enforced, but flexibility
Existing Towns: When zoning is applied on existing town, the information regarding to the
existing use of land is gathered and as far as possible the existing town is divided in to
zoning by considering the pre-dominant use in that particular area with clear
justifications.
New Towns: For design of new towns known population, the land area required for
residence, industries, business etc. are worked out with the help of suitable and standard
methods, and then the town is divided in to suitable zones.
Zoning in Percentage:
The amount of land required for a particular purpose in terms of percentage from the
total land use.
We all know, zoning of a town or urban area usually classified in to residential,
commercial , industrial, recreational zone.
Usual zoning percentage depends up on type of town like residential town, industrial
town etc.
Generally the highest percentage of one in an town or urban area is residential zone.
The example will explain the general zoning percentage of a town,

Zone name Land Percentage (%)

Residential 40 to 50

Commercial 2 to 5

Industrial 2 to 25

Transitional 0.5 to 1

Recreations remaining
 Zoning Location
It is the place of various zones on the town map. It is most important in any town planning
preparation to achieve healthy, comfortable community settlements.

The location of various zones will briefly describe below;

Residential zone: This is the largest zone in size and it location depending upon
different factors like near to market, free from noise and smoke, near to parks and
playground etc. The location of residential zone should provide on a good healthy site
from the view point of hygienic and sanitary requirement.
Commercial zone: This zone should be near to the center of traffic and preferably it
should about the roads. The commercial zone includes the use of land for offices,
shops, banks, etc.
Industrial zone: This is very important step in placing the industrial zone and great care
should be consider in location of industrial zone in different parts of the town or urban
area.
Cont

The light industries and factories running with electric power, it causes on nuisance to
the near zone or area like residential.
In other hand heavy industries giving out obnoxious gases and fumes and
developing noisy atmosphere may be placed in the town.
The minor industries like laundries, bakeries, dairies etc. should be grouped and
placed in such a way that they are able to serve the surrounding areas in best
possible manner.
The special industries producing un-desirable trade waste and by-products may be
located far away from town with spacious open land.
The industrial enterprises having a large relations or interaction with train main lines,
ports etc. so they must me near to those infrastructures.
 Advantages of Zoning Location:

Each zoning type permit the best use of land for which it was reserved.

It enables (by legal authority) the proper use of site for different types of community
needs like playground, park, hospital, colleges etc.

It is possible to accurately determine in advance to the requirements of land,

transport facilities and other public amenities.

It results in land stabilization.

It can avoid the unnecessary disturbance of various factories and industries on the
residential area and so on.
 Advantages of Zoning Location:

It eliminate/minimize the traffic congestions, danger gases, bad smells etc. in the
city or urban area.

Finally it provided healthy and comfortable living accommodation t

o the general community.

Part III Designation
 Urban Land Use Designation:
Land-use designations is used to describes about use of land which is reserved for a
specific activity, purpose like agriculture use, residential use, commercial and so on.
In general urban land use designation will show by using of map called as urban land
use map with color coding.
Some of the references will say, land use designation is nothing but zoning, but there is
a big difference.
The zoning designations are more prescriptive and address qualities such as
building heights, setbacks, permitted and conditional uses, allowable lot
coverage, and parking requirements. whereas the urban land use designation
will show use of land in a city or town like commercial, residential, educational
etc.
In general, the various land use designations of a city or town will show with the help of
Land Use Maps by using literature-coding or color-coding or by both to show the
existing-use or proposed land use.
Cont

The designation of the Land Use Map matches the existing use of land.
In other cases, the designation may be different from what is on the ground today,
indicating that the city expects the current land use land with land use designations.
Example, a parcel of land is vacant today on the map, but it may used expected
to developed with housing during the next twenty years.
Similarly, a parcel of land that is in industrial use today but designated as
commercial and residential uses.
Cont

The amount/percentage of designations of the Land Use of city is mostly depends on

implemented through the Citys zoning regulations.
The amount of the land use designation will may change (decreased or increased) in
the near future based on the city growth, existing land use ,local condition & so on.
Land use designations of a city will shown as different categories on the Land use
including:
Residential categories,
Commercial categories,
Mixed use categories,
Industrial categories,
Open space categories,
Public categories etc.
Measuring Land-use Designation:
Land use designations of a city/town are measure in two ways such as:
land use designation in intensity (in terms of quality)
Land use designations in density. (in terms of density/FAR)
The measurement indicates the level of development that is permitted on each parcel
within a given designation
For residential land use designation categories is expressed as density; but in terms of
number of units allowed per net acre.

(A net acre excludes streets, easements and other right-of-way not available for
development)
For commercial and industrial land use categories is expressed as FAR (Floor Area
Ratio) i.e. ratio between lot/site area and building floor area.
Urban Land Uses Designation Types:
It is the use of total urban land for different purpose is called as Urban Land-use
Designation types.
The urban land use designation type mostly based on:
The type of urban Area (business, commercial, tourist and so on),
Population types and Ethnic Groups,
Economic Condition,
Topography of land,
Peoples interest,
Climatic Conditions and so on.
Cont
The land use designation of a city my includes various types like
Residential land use designation;
Commercial Land use designation;
Industrial Land use;
Recreational land use
pen space
Much more.
Measuring Land-use Designation:
Urban Land Uses Designation Type Examples:

Residential Designations:

The amount of land which is reserved for the residential designation. Five residential
designations appear on the Land-se Map and these designations are defined as
follows:

Hillside Residential (Less than 8.7 units per net acre)

Low Density Residential (2.3 to 8.7 units per net acre)

Low-Medium Density Residential (8.8 to 14.5 units per net acre)

Medium Density Residential (14.6 to 29.9 units per net acre)

Urban Residential (30 to 70 units per net acre)

Urban Land Uses Designation Types Examples:

1. Low Density Residential:

Low Density residential land use designation is used to show single family residential units
which are characterized by subdivisions of detached homes.
The single units are usually has lots (site) of 465 to 900.
Other compatible uses such as schools, child care centers, parks, and religious facilities
may also locate in areas with this designation.
2. Medium Density Residential:
The number of medium density residential units are about 15.5 to 29.9 units per net acre
of land.
The Medium Density land use designation applies to garden apartments, condominiums,
flats, townhouses, and low-rise multi-family complexes.
The medium density units are usually has lots (site) of 135 to 280 square meter.
3. Urban Residential:
The number of medium density residential units are about 30 to 70 units per net acre. It
applies to apartments, condominiums that are generally four stories or more.
Densities exceed 30 units per net acre and may be as high as 70 units per net acre.
The medium density units are usually has lots 60 to 135 square meter per unit.

Other compatible uses, such as schools,

child care centers, parks, and religious
facilities, may also locate in areas with this
designation.
Urban Land Uses Designation Types Examples:
Commercial Land Use Designations:
The land which is reserved for purpose of commercial based on the urban land use
regulations.
Most of the CBD area comes under commercial land use designation.
Based on the city/urban, commercial land use may classified in to different types like,
commercial general,
commercial city center,
commercial town center ,
commercial regional etc.
The land use density of commercial land use will depends up on the city or town or urban
type.
In general, the commercial land use of an urban area an emphasis on pedestrian access in all
commercial districts with buildings oriented toward streets and sidewalks, especially in the City
Center and Town Centers.
Part v Urban Land Use Models
 Urban land use models ( Urban Land-use patterns)

Urban land-use models is use to show how a City is Laid out i.e. to describe the
generalized shapes and patterns that towns and cities will arrangement of land use.

Cities are not simply collections of buildings and people, but they show functional
structure like offices, shops, factories, entertainment, well transport with good roads, well
health facilities and much more.
Types of urban land-use models
Hippodamian Plan or Grid Model;
Concentric Zonal Model;
Central Place Theory;
Sectorial Model;
Multiple Nuclei Model;
The Rank-Size Rule;
Core Frame Model;
LEDCs & MEDCs Urban Model;
Urban Realms Model;
Bid Rent Theory;
Public Choice Theory;
Irregular Pattern Model;
Garden City Model:
Hippodamian Model:
This is model is also called as Grid Model or Grid-iron Model was prepared during 5th
century BC by Hippodamus of Miletus.
He was considered to be the father of urban planning, the namesake of Hippodamian
plan of city layouts on grid plan model.
Grid plan model is a type of city plan in which the roads and streets run at right angles to
each other, forming like a grid.

The ancient cities like

Greek, Roman,
Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa, village at
Giza in Egypt etc. are
the best example of the
grid model plans.
Concentric Zonal Model:
It was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1924.
This model is developed based on the idea that land values are highest in the center of a town or
city because competition is high in the central parts of the settlement.
This leads to high-rise, high-density buildings being found near the Central Business District (CBD),
with low-density, sparse developments on the edge of the town or city.
According to this model, a city grows outward from a central point in a series of rings.
Central Place Theory:

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial (urban space) arrangement,
size and number of settlements.
This theory was developed in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller.
Christaller made a number of assumptions under central place theory such as;

Human will always purchase goods form

nearest place,
Evenly distributed population,
All settlements are equidistant and exist in
a triangular lattice pattern,
Evenly distributed resources,
Transportation costs equal in all directions
and proportional to distance.
Sectorial Model:
This model was proposed in 1939 by an economist Homer Hoyt.
In this model, Homer Hoyt proposed, that a city develops in sectors instead of rings.
Certain areas of a city are more attractive for various activities, whether by chance of
geographic and environmental reasons.
As the city grows , activities flourish and expand outward like a wedge and become a
sector of the city.
If a district is set up for high income housing, a new development in that district will
expand from the outer edge.
Urban Land Use Models

Multiple Nuclei Model:

This model is developed by Geographers D. Patel and E. L. Ullman in 1945. According to
this model, a city contains more than one city center around which activities revolve.
For example, a university node may attract well-educated residents, pizzerias and book-
stores, whereas an airport may attract hotels and warehouses.
Incompatible activities will avoid clustering in the same area, explaining why heavy
industry and high-income housing rarely exist in the same neighborhood.

Assumptions;
Land is flat
Even distribution of resources
Even transportation costs.
Modern cities more complex than suggested by
other theorists.
Each nucleus acts as a growth point.
Urban Land Use Models

Core Frame Model:

This model was prepared by Ronald R. Boyce and Edgar M. Horwood in 1959.
The Core frame model is a model showing the urban structure of the Central Business
District of a town or city.
The model includes an inner core where land is expensive and used intensively, resulting
in vertical development.

This area is the focus of the

transport system and has a
concentrated daytime
population.
The outer core and frame
have lower land values and
are less intensively
developed.
Urban Land Use Models

LEDCs & MEDCs Urban Model:

This model was developed by on Cities in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Country) have
a very different land use pattern to compare with MEDCs (More Economically Developed
Country).
The CBD is dominated by modern administrative and commercial activities.
Richer people live in high-rise modern apartments around the CBD.
Recently arrived migrants from rural areas live in neglected land and on the outskirts.

Central Business District; contains main businesses, shopping centers and

entertainment of urban area.

High status housings are surrounds the CBD.

High status housing includes high-rise expensive modern apartment blocks with
their-own security guards.

Surrounding the high-quality residential area, medium and poor quality housing
which started out as a shanty town (a city settlement having sub-standard
buildings).
It has now been provided with some basic amenities.
Urban Land Use Models

Urban Realms Model:

This model improving upon the multiple nuclei model proposed by the geographer
James E. Vance, Jr in 1960s.

What the model suggests is that cities are made up of small "realms" which are self-
sufficient urban areas with independent focal points.

Each realm of the model is

separate from other and used for a
different purpose, but they are
linked together to make one
large, fluid city.
Urban Land Use Models

Bid Rent Theory:

It is a geographical economic theory and it was introduced by William Alonso in 1964.
It refers to show how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the CBD increases.
This model states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center.
This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much
more willing to pay more for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area.
This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible area and the more profitable.
Urban Land Use Models

Public Choice Theory:

Public choice theory was developed by Paul Peterson in 1981.
The theory states that urban politicians and governing regimes are subordinate to the overall economic
principles that force cities to compete to capture new investment and capital.
The competitive natures of cities encourage the business elite and politicians to favor new development.

Irregular Pattern Model:

This urban land-use model is developed due to lack of planning or construction and illegal without a specific
order. Cities are developed without any proper planned way.
The city growth is un-methodical and illogical.

This type of pattern is more suitable where the topographic

features are un-even. Some of the old cities of middle age are
the best examples for this.
Garden City Model: (1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard)
The term garden city means A City in Garden or City of Gardens.
Design for healthy living and industry that makes possible a full measure of social life, but
no longer surrounded by rural belt,
the city land being in public ownership or in trust for the community.

Town Magnet:

The Three magnets. It includes opportunities for

work, high-wages, social
The first and second magnets opportunities and amusements,
show the advantages and well-lit streets with good
disadvantages of town and transportation, well
country and the third magnet infrastructure and much more.
showing the attractive
features of town-life and
country-life The dis-advantages of town-
magnets are distance from
work, crowds isolations, sunless
and dirty-air, slums and town-
crime and so on.
Country Magnet:
The advantages of country magnet are natural beauty, fresh air and healthfulness and
much more.
The dis-advantages of country magnet are dullness, lack of society, low wages, lack of
amusement and general decay.
Third Magnet:
On the third magnet, he wrote the attractive features (advantages of town & country) of
town town-life and country-life are merged together and it was called as third or town
and country magnet.
The attractive features on the town-country magnet were beauty of nature, bright homes
and gardens, high wages, low-rents, no slums, no smoke, fresh-air, healthfulness and
social opportunity.
Thank You