Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
50
Caviglia I, Techera A & Garca G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature
review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res 2014; 3(1): 50-56.
Table 1. Microbial flora evolution comparison between edentulous and dentate children.
51
Caviglia I, Techera A & Garca G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature
review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res 2014; 3(1): 50-56.
debridement with or without ducts in order to to pre-antibiotic era, making many infections untreatable.
decompress the affected area. Sometimes, it must be The rapid spread of these organisms together with the
supplemented with mucosal drainage if there is a real efficiency and speed of the current means of transport
collection of suppurative process. This is performed harm the effectiveness of health care and security. Fast
by an incision or mucosal necrosis with trichloroacetic mobility for humans and goods also enables
acid in the largest decline. For limited to ground tooth microorganism transportation between continents.14
abscesses, for example, local procedure is usually Therefore, a serious updated study of antimicrobials
enough. However, if the abscess is more diffuse is imposed for their proper use, without excesses
(covering neighboring areas, bottom of vestibule or generating new resistance.
other facial regions or affecting the patient's general
appearance), local treatment should be supplemented
with an antibiotic therapy to limit the infectious process R ational use of medicines (RUM).
expansion. If local handling is not properly done and Among strategies to prevent microbial resistance,
only antibiotics are prescribed, the virulence process one of the most important is the rational use of
decreases. Consequently, it will become acute again antimicrobials.
when medication is discontinued. It is important for patients to receive the appropriate
Once the process is reverted, it is time to decide medications for their clinical needs: dosing to meet
whether the best treatment is conservation of the individual requirements for an adequate period of time
causal tooth with proper endodontic treatment and at the lowest cost for them and their community.14, 22
restoration or extraction. Just then, the urgency is These are other mechanisms currently used to
considered resolved. prevent antimicrobial resistance:
Extracting the causal tooth during the emergency Graduate and postgraduate medical education on
while the infection is acute is absolutely contraindicated infectious diseases and evidence-based antimicrobial
in children and adolescents. Local treatments are always prescription.
performed with and without adjuvant antimicrobial
medication, as described, until the infection is controlled Monitoring programs for resistant strains
and becomes chronic or the process cools; the reason emergence.23
is to avoid producing bacteremia through the spreading Rational use of antimicrobials for animal food
routes. When anesthesia does not go deep in infected production in veterinary medicine
areas with acid pH, it produces pain which can affect Cyclic rotation of antibiotics in health institutions
children and adolescents subsequent care. (a novel concept with questionable results). 21, 24
There is enough scientific evidence linking oral Hospital infections control and prevention
infections to systemic diseases.15-19
Increasing vaccines use.21
However, although odontogenic infections are
common in children and adolescents, there are few
published works and a striking dispersion criteria in Choosing an antimicrobial.
terminology, classification and treatment guidelines.9, 20 It is vital to choose the correct antimicrobial and
The purpose of this literature review is to establish dosage considering odontopediatric patients
clear and updated guidelines for clinical management, characteristics. That includes their different life stages
prevention and treatment of oral infections in this age as well as anatomical, physiological and metabolic
group. characteristics, namely, size and body composition,
immature gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal and
immunological systems.
Overview.
Anatomical features of children's jaws are unique
Antibiotics era begins with the discovery of penicillin because they present dental follicles, larger amount of
by Fleming in 1928. This is a substantial change for less trabeculated cancellous bone but with larger
successful infection treatment. From then on, new trabeculae, highly vascularized with extensive marrow
types of antimicrobial agents have constantly arisen spaces and presence of bone growth centers7, 8. These
to control infections and overcome resistance caused conditions vary as the child grows.
by bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, and their
destructive action21. Presently, the speed at which new In this patient, health status should also be assessed
multi-resistant microorganisms grow, far exceeds the (well-constitution, any previous disease or if he is
rate at which new antimicrobial substances arise. This immunologically depressed) and the type and severity
serious problem concerns the medical and scientific of infection (mild, moderate or severe). 1, 25-27
community who fear the threat of mankind going back In order to arrive at the correct diagnosis and
52
Caviglia I, Techera A & Garca G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature
review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res 2014; 3(1): 50-56.
Table 3. Antimicrobials commonly used in pediatric dentistry. Choice and dose for patients with and without penicillin hypersensitivity.
53
Caviglia I, Techera A & Garca G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature
review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res 2014; 3(1): 50-56.
54
Caviglia I, Techera A & Garca G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature
review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res 2014; 3(1): 50-56.
Table 5. Schematization of the integral treatment recommended in pediatric dentistry for odontogenic infections in non- allergic
and allergic penicillin patients.
55
Caviglia I, Techera A & Garca G. Antimicrobial therapies for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents. Literature
review and clinical recomendations. J Oral Res 2014; 3(1): 50-56.
Referencias. Antibiotic Awareness Day. Br Dent J. 2008; 1 ed. Buenos Aires: Panamericana; 2010.
1. Bascones A. Bases farmacolgicas de la 205 (10):537-538. 23. Viera J, Verolo C. Prevalencia de la
teraputica odontolgica. Madrid: Avances 14. Organizacin Mundial de la Salud resistencia bacteriana en la flora bucal en
Mdico-Dentales; 2000. (OMS). Resistencia a los antimicrobianos nios de 4-8 aos. Odontoestomatologa
2. Smith DJ, Anderson JM, King WF, Van (RAM) Nota descriptiva N194. Marzo de 2010;12(16):51-59.
Houte J, Taubman MA. Oral streptococcal 2012. [Internet]. 2013 [citado 2013 Oct 7]; 24. Quintero GA. Reciclaje de antibiticos.
colonization of infant. Oral Microbiol [aprox. 5 p]. Disponible en: Rev Colomb Cir. 2000 Jul-Sept;15(3):167-
Immunol 1993;8:1-4. http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factshe 170.
3. Bezerra da Silva, LA . Tratado de ets/fs194/es/index.html 25. Peedikayil FC. Antibiotics: use and
odontopediatra. Caracas: Amolca; 2008. 15. Beck JD, Pankow J, Tyroler HA, misuse in pediatric dentistry. Review article.
4. Libana Urea J. Microbiologa Oral. 2 Offenbacher S. Dental infections and J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 201; 29(4):
ed. Madrid: Mc Graw-Hill Interamericana; aterosclerosis. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 528- 282-7.
2002. 33. 26. Agency for Helthcare Research and
5. Van Houte J, Green DB. Relationship 16. Offenbacher S, Beck J. Periodontitis: a Quality. AAPD Guideline on use of
between the concentration of bacteria in potential risk factor for spontaneous antibiotic therapy for pediatric dental
saliva an the colonization of teeth in preterm birth. Compend Contin Educ Dent Rockville: AHRQ; 2013.
humans. Inf Immun. 1974 Apr;9(4):624- 1988; 19: 32-9. 27. Planells del Pozo P, Barra Soto MA,
30. 17. Loesche WJ. Association of the oral Troisfontaines ESE. Antibiotic prophylaxis
6. Rodriguez-Alonso E, Rodrigez-Monje flora with important medical diseases. Curr in pediatric odontology. An update. Med
MT. Tratamiento antibitico de la infeccin Opin Periodontol 1997; 4: 21-8. Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal Julio 2006;11(4):
odontognica. Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud 18. Walter W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et E352-7.
2009;33:67-79. al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: 28. Malgor LA, Valsecia ME. Farmacologa
7 . B i o n d i A M , C o r t e s e S G. guidelines from the American Heart mdica. Buenos Aires: Mc Graw Hill; 2006.
Odontopediatra. Fundamentos y prcticas Associations: a guideline from the American 29. Ramalle Gmara E. Cumplimiento del
para la atencin integral personalizada. 1 Heart Associations rheumatic fever, tratamiento antibitico en nios no
ed. Buenos Aires: Alfaomega; 2010. endocarditis, and Kawasaki disease hospitalizados. Aten Prim. 1999;24(6):364-
8. Pinkham JR. Odontologa peditrica. 3 committee, council on cardiovascular 67.
ed. Mxico: Mc Graw-Hill Interamericana; disease in the young, and tie council on 30. Asociacin Dental Americana. Gua de
1999. clinical cardiology, council on cardiovascular teraputica dental. 4 ed. Madrid: Ripano;
9. Bascones A, Aguirre JM, Bermejo A, et surgery and anesthesia, and the quality of 2009.
al. Documento de consenso sobre el care and outcomes research interdisciplinary 31. Barcelona L, Marn M, Stamboulian D.
tratamiento antimicrobiano de las working group. Circulation 2007;116:1736- Betalactmicos con inhibidores de
infecciones bacterianas odontognicas. Med 1754. betalactamasas. Amoxicilina-Sulbactam.
Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2004;9:363-76. 19. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon Medicina 2008;68:65-74.
10. Matesanz P, Figuero E, Gimnez MJ, DP, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guideline update 32. Marn M. Artculo. Penicilina. [Internet]
Aguilar L, Llor C, Prieto J, Bascones A. on valvular heart disease: 2012 ; [citado 7 Oct 2013] 12 (1): [aprox.
Del conocimiento de la ecologa bacteriana Cardiology/American Heart Association 5 p ] . D i s p o n i b l e
al tratamiento y la prevencin de las Task Force on Practice Guidelines en:http://www.ub.edu.ar/revistas_digital
infecciones ms prevalentes en la Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular es/Ciencias/Vol12Numero1/Articulo_p
comunidad: las infecciones odontognicas. Anesthesiologists, Society of Thoracic enicilina.pdf
Rev Esp Quimioterap 2005;18(2):136-20. Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:676- 33. Agencia Espaola de medicamentos y
11. Granizo JJ, Gimnez MJ, Bascones A, 685. productos sanitarios. Guas de Prescripcin
Aguilar L. Impacto ecolgico del 20. Cherry WR, Lee JY, Shugars DA, White Teraputica (GPT). Madrid: AEMPS; 2012.
tratamiento antibitico de las infecciones RP Jr, Vann WF Jr. Antibiotic use for 34. Goodman y Gilman. Bases
odontolgicas. Rev Esp Quimioterap treating dental infections in children: a farmacolgicas de la teraputica. 10 ed.
2006;19(1):14-145. survey of dentists' prescribing practices. J Mxico: Mc Graw Hill Interamericana;
12. Najla Saeed Dar-Odeh, Osama Abdalla Am Dent Assoc 2012; 143(1): 31-8. 2001.
Abu-Hammad, Mahmoud Khaled Al- 21 .Fernndez F, Lpez J, Ponce LM, 35. Lampiris HW, Maddix DS. Uso clnico
Omiri, Ameen Sameh Khraisat, Asem Ata Machado C. Trabajos de revisin. de antimicrobianos. En: Katzung BG,
Shehabi. Antibiotic prescribing practices Resistencia bacteriana. Rev Cubana Med Contreras E, Villalpando J, et al.
by dentists: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. Milit. 2003; 32(1): 44-8. Farmacologa bsica y clnica. 8. ed. Mxico:
2010;6:301-306. 22. Bordoni N, Esobar A, Castillo R. Manual Moderno; 2001. pp. 959-975.
13. Lewis MA. Why we must reduce dental Odontologa Peditrica. La salud bucal del 36. Florez J. Farmacologa humana. 5 ed.
prescription of antibiotics: European Union nio y el adolescente en el mundo actual. Barcelona: Elsevier Masson; 2008.
56