Rectangular water tank design

Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-1 ( L / B < 2 )
Capacity 80000 Litres (given)

Material M20 Grade Concrete (given)
Fe 415 Grade HYSD reinforcement (given)
Solution :-
Provide 6 m x 4 m x 3.5 m tank with free board of 150 mm.
Volume = 6 x 4 x 3.35 x 10 3 = 80400 Litres
L/B= 6/4= 1.5 <2.
The top portion of side walls will be designed as a continuous frame.
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever.
H/4= 3.5 / 4 = 0.875 m
bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
Water pressure at 3.5 - 1 = 2.5 m height from top = 2.5 x YW = 2.5 x 9.8
= 24.5 KN / m2
where Yw is unit weight of water = 9.8 KN / m3
To find moment in side walls, moment distribution or kani's method is used. As the
frame is symmetrical about both the axes, only one joint is solved
6m
6m A E
2.5 m F
3.5 m 24.5 KN / m 2
1m
D
34.3 KN / m 2
Elevation Plan
Fixed end moments :-

MAB = w x l2 / 12 =
= 24.5 x 62 / 12 = 73.5 KNm
MAD = w x l2 / 12 =
= 24.5 x 42 / 12 = -32.66 KNm
Kani's Method :-
- 32.66 73.5
0 -12.25 -3/10 40.84 -2/10 -8.17 0
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
D 0 A 0 B
-57.16 57.16
Rotation factor at Joint A
Relative Rotation Factor
Joint Member K
Stiffness( K ) u =(-1/2) k / K
AB I/6 - 2 / 10
A 5 * I / 12
AD I/4 - 3 / 10
Sum of FEM
MAF = 73.5-32.66
40.84 KNm
MAB = MABF + 2 MAB' + MBA'

= 73.5 + 2 x (- 8.17 ) + 0
= 57.16
MAD = MADF + 2 MAD' + MDA'

= (- 32.66 ) + 2 x (- 12.25 ) + 0
= -57.16
B.M. at centre of long span = w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16

= 24.5 x 62 / 8 - 57.16
53.09 KNm
B.M. at centre of short span = w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16

= 24.5 x 42 / 8 - 57.16
-8.16 KNm
Direct tension in long wall = Yw ( H - h ) x B / 2

= 24.5 x 4 / 2 = 49 KN
Direct tension in short wall = Yw ( H - h ) x L / 2

= 24.5 x 6 / 2 = 73.5 KN
Design of Long Walls :-

At support
M= 57.16 KNm
T= 49 KN Tension on liquid face.
From Table 9-6 Q = 0.306 Assuming d / D = 0.9
D= M / Q x b
= 57.16 x 10 6
/ 0.306 x 1000
= 432.2 mm, Assuming d / D = 0.9
Take D = 450 mm d = 450 - 25 - 8

= 417 mm
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / st x j x d

= 57.16 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
= 1048 mm2
Ast2 for direct tension = T / st

= 49 x 10 3 / 150
= 327 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 1048 + 327
= 1375 mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 200.96 x 1000 / 1375
= 146.152727 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(a) = 1546 mm2 / m.
Larger steel area is provided to match with the steel of short walls.
At centre
M= 53.09 KNm
T= 49 KN tension on remote face
e= M/T= 53.09 / 49
= 1.08 m Line of action of forces lies outside the section
i.e.tension is small
E= e+D/2-d b
= 1080 + 450 / 2 - 417
= 888 mm
D
modified moment = 49 x 0.888 d
= 43.51 KNm
d'
Ast1 for moment = M / st x j x d E=e+D/2-d
= 43.51 x 10 / 190 x 0.89 x 417

6
= 617 mm2

= 49 x 10 3 / 150
= 327 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 617 + 327
= 944 mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
= 200.96 x 1000 / 944
= 212.881356 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/Cmarked(b) = 1005 mm2
From Table 9-3 minimum reinforcement 0.16 %
Distribution steel = 0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
= 720 mm2
On each face = 360 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /360
= 139.555556 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(d) = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c)
Provide 10 mm O bar
= 78.50 x 1000 /360
= 218.055556 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/Cmarked(c) = 392 mm2
Horizontal steel :-
Remote face ( b) - Provide 16 mm O @ 200 mm C/C = 1005 mm2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm2
Design of short walls :-

At support M= 57.16 KNm
T= 73.5 KN tension on liquid face
From Table 9-5
= 57.16 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
= 1048 mm2

= 73.5 x 10 3 / 150
= 490 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 1048 + 490
= 1538 mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
= 200.96 x 1000 / 1538
= 130.663199 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(b) = 1546 mm2 / m.
At centre
M= 8.16 KNm
T= 73.5 KN tension on liquid face
From Table 9-5
= 8.16 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
= 150 mm2

= 73.5 x 10 3 / 150
= 490 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 150 + 490
= 640 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
= 113.04 x 1000 / 640
= 176.625 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(e) = 869 mm2 / m.

= 720 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /360
= 139.555556 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(d) = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c)
Provide 10 mm O bar
= 78.50 x 1000 /360
= 218.055556 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/Cmarked(c) = 392 mm2 .
Horizontal steel :-
Remote face ( e) - Provide 12 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 869 mm2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm2
Bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever

Cantilever moment : -
M= Yw x H x h2 / 6 OR Yw x H / 6 , whichever is greater.
= 9.8 x 3.5 x 1 / 6 = 9.8 x 3.5 / 6
= 5.72 KNm = 5.72 ,tension on liquid face.
From Table 9-5

Ast for moment = M / st x j x d
= 5.72 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
= 105 mm2
= 720 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 78.50 x 1000 /360
= 218 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/Cmarked(c) = 392 mm2 .
each face
Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3.5 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Minimum steel = 0.229%
= 0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
= 344 mm2 ,172 mm2 bothway
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /172
= 292 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm C/C both ways, top and bottom.
Ast = 346 mm2
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Top slab may be designed as two-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m 2
Top slab : -
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 150 mm thick slab.
lx = 4 + 0.15 = 4.15 say 4.5 m
ly = 6 + 0.15 = 6.15 say 6.5 m
Dead Load : self 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load = 1.5 KN / m2
6.25 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
PU = 1.5 x 6.25
= 9.38 KN / m
ly / l x =
6.5 / 4.5
= 1.4
AS Per IS-456-2000,Four Edges Discontinuous,positive moment at mid-span.
Table 26 x = 0.085
y = 0.056
Mx = x x w x lx2 My = y x w x lx2
= 0.085 x 9.38 x 4.52 = 0.056 x 9.38 x 4.52
= 16.15 KNm = 10.64 KNm
From Table 6-3 ,Q = 2.76
drequired = M / Q x b
= 16.15 x 10 6
/ 2.76 x 1000
= 76.50 mm
dshort = 150 - 15(cover) - 5
= 130 > 76.50 mm (O.K.)
dlong = 130 - 10 = 120 mm
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Mu / b x d2 (short) = 16.15 x 106 / 1000 x 130 x 130
= 0.96
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.96)

415 / 20
= 50 [(1-0.88) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.29%
Ast (short) = 0.29 x 1000 x 130 / 100

= 377 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
= 78.50 x 1000 /377
= 208 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 210 mm c/c = 374 mm2 .
Mu / b x d2 (long) = 10.64 x 106 / 1000 x 120 x 120

= 0.74
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.74)

415 / 20
= 50 [(1-0.91) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.22%
Ast (long) = 0.22 x 1000 x 120 / 100

= 264 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /264
= 190 mm
B
4m
C
TABLE 9-6
Balanced Design Factors for members in bending
For M20 Grade Concrete Mix
Mild steel HYSD bars
d/D
Q = M / bD2 Pt Q = M / bD2 Pt
0.75 0.3 0.4 0.295 0.289
0.8 0.305 0.37 0.299 0.272
0.85 0.31 0.355 0.302 0.258

0.9 0.314 0.335 0.306 0.246
TABLE 9-5
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
Coefficients for balanced design
Grade of Grade of cbc st
concrete steel N / mm 2
N / mm2 k j Q
For members less than 225mm thickness and tension on liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 115 0.445 0.851 1.33
Fe415 7 150 0.384 0.872 1.17
For members more than 225mm thickness and tension away from liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 125 0.427 0.858 1.28
Fe415 7 190 0.329 0.89 1.03
s lies outside the section
D/2
e=M/T
TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
% of reinforcement
Thickness, mm
Mild Steel HYSD bars
100 0.3 0.24
150 0.286 0.229
200 0.271 0.217
250 0.257 0.206
300 0.243 0.194
350 0.229 0.183
400 0.214 0.171
450 or more 0.2 0.16
10 O @ 210 c/c 8 O @ 190 c/c
150
150 Free board
10 O @ 200 c/c - shape
3500 10 O @ 200 c/c - shape
8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom

A 1500 A
1500
150
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C.
150 450 6000 450 150
Elevation
1500
450
1000 16 O @ 130 c/c (a)
16 O @ 200 c/c (b) (c)
10 O @ 200 c/c both faces (c)
(d)
4000 8 O @ 130 c/c (d)
12 O @ 130 c/c (e)
(a) ( a ) 1000
v (b) (d) vv
1000 v
450
1500 1500
6000
450 450
Section A-A
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
fy, N / mm2
fck N / mm2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

Pt,bal
1.36
0.98
1.2
0.61
Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-2 ( L / B 2 )
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high (given)
Material M20 Grade Concrete (given)
Fe 415 Grade HYSD reinforcement (given)
Solution :-
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high
Volume = 3.6 x 8 x 3.0 x 10 3 = 86400 Litres
L/B= 8 / 3.6 = 2.22 >2.
The long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers from the base.
The short walls are designed as supported on long walls.
If thickness of long walls is 400 mm, the span of the short wall = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4.0 m.
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever.
H/4= 3.0 / 4 = 0.75 m
bottom h = 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
Moments and tensions :

Maximum B.M. in long walls at the base
= (1 / 6 ) x Yw x H
3
= ( 1 / 6 ) x 9.8 x 33
= 44.1 KNm.
Maximum ( - ve ) B.M. in short walls at support

= Yw x ( H - h ) x B / 12
2
= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 42 / 12
= 26.13 KNm.
Maximum ( + ve ) B.M. in short walls at centre

= Yw x ( H - h ) x B / 16
2
= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 42 / 16
= 19.60 KNm.
For bottom portion

M= Yw x H x h2 / 6 OR Yw x H / 6 , whichever is greater
= 9.8 x 3.0 x 1 / 6 = 9.8 x 3.0 / 6
= 4.90 KNm = 4.90 KNm
Direct tension in long wall = Yw x ( H - h ) x B / 2

= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 3.6 / 2
= 35.28 KN
Direct tension in short wall= Yw ( H - h ) x 1

= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 1
= 19.6 KN
It is assumed that end one metre width of long wall gives direct tension to short walls.
Design of long walls : -

M(-)= 44.1 KNm ( water face )
T= 35.28 KN ( perpendicular to moment steel )
From Table 9-6 Assume d / D = 0.9 Q = 0.306
D= M / Q x b
= 44.1 x 10 6
/ 0.306 x 1000
= 379.6 mm,
Take D = 400 mm d = 400 - 25 - 8

= 367 mm
From Table 9-5 , Ast for Moment
Ast = M / st x j x d
= 44.1 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 918.68 mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
= 200.96 x 1000 / 918.68
= 218.749 mm
Note : The design is made at the base. The moment reduces from base to top.For economy, the
reinforcement can be curtailed or the thickness of wall can also be reduced as we have done for
cantilever retaining wall.
From Table 9-3
Distribution steel = 0.171 % for 400 mm depth
As = ( 0.171 / 100 ) x 1000 x 400
= 684 mm2 .
on each face = 342 mm2 . ( 1 )
Steel required for direct tension

= T / st
= 35.28 x 103 / 150
= 235 mm2 . ( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , minimum steel is sufficient for resisting direct tension.
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 342
= 146.901 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each face = 357 mm2
on each face
Design of short walls :-
At support M= 26.13 KNm
T= 19.6 KN
From Table 9-5
= 26.13 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 544 mm2

= 19.6 x 10 3 / 150
= 131 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 544 + 131
= 675 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
= 113.04 x 1000 / 675
= 167.467 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar@160 mm c/c = 706 mm2.
1000
203.56
400 367
163.44
checking :
modular ratio m = 280 / 3 x cbc
= 13.33
b x D2 / 2 + Ast ( m - 1 ) x d
x=
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= ( 1000 x 4002 / 2 ) + ( 706 x ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 367 )

( 1000 x 400 ) + ( ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 )
= 203.56 mm
D-x= 196.44 mm
d-x= 163.44 mm
AT = b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 1000 x 400 + (13.33 - 1 ) x 706
= 408705 mm2
Ixx = ( 1 / 3 ) x b x ( x3 + ( D - x )3 ) + ( m - 1 ) x Ast x ( d - x )2
= ( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.563 + 196.443 ) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.442
= 5.34E+09 + 2.33E+08
= 5.57E+09 mm4
fct = T / AT
= 19.6 x 10 3 / 408705
= 0.048 N / mm2
fcbt = M x ( d - x ) / Ixx
= 26.13 x 106 x 163.44 / 5.57 x 10 9
= 0.767 N / mm2
check :
( fct / ct ) + ( fcbt / cbt ) 1
( 0.048 / 1.2 ) + ( 0.767 / 1.7 ) 1 From Table 9-2
0.04 + 0.4512 1
0.4912 1 .. ( O. K. )
At centre :
M= 19.6 KNm
T= 19.6 KN
From Table 9-5
= 19.6 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 408 mm2

= 19.6 x 10 3 / 150
= 131 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 408 + 131
= 539 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
= 113.04 x 1000 / 539
= 209.722 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 200 mm c/c = 565 mm2.
From Table 9-3

Distribution steel = 0.171 % for 400 mm depth
As = ( 0.171 / 100 ) x 1000 x 400
= 684 mm2 .
on each face = 342 mm2 . ( 1 )
Steel required for direct tension

= T / st
= 19.6 x 103 / 150
= 131 mm2 . ( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , minimum steel is sufficient for resisting direct tension.
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 342
= 146.901 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each face = 357 mm2
on each face
Bottom cantilever
M = 4.9 KNm
From Table 9-5
Ast = M / st x j x d
= 4.9 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 102 mm2
Minimum steel = 342 mm2 on each face.
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each faces = 357 mm2
on each face
Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Minimum steel = 0.229%
= 0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
= 344 mm2 ,172 mm2 bothway
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /172
= 292 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm C/C both ways, top and bottom.
Ast = 346 mm2
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Top slab may be designed as a one-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m 2
Top slab : -
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 150 mm thick slab.
lx = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4 say 4 m
ly = 8 + 0.15 = 8.15 say 8.5 m
Dead Load : self 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
6.25 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
PU = 1.5 x 6.25
= 9.38 KN / m
Maximum moment = 9.38 x 42 / 8

= 18.76 KNm
Maximum shear = 9.38 x 3.6 / 2

= 16.88 KN
From Table 6-3 ,Q = 2.76
= 18.76 x 10 6
/ 2.76 x 1000
= 82.44 mm
dprovided = 150 - 15(cover) - 6
= 129 > 82.44 (O.K.)
Design for flexure :
Mu / b x d2 = 18.76 x 106 / 1000 x 129 x 129
= 1.13
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (1.13)

415 / 20
= 50 [(1-0.86) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.34%
Ast = 0.34 x 1000 x 129 / 100

= 439 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /439
= 114 mm
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Provide 6 mm O bar
= 28.26 x 1000 /180
= 157 mm
4.0 m.
hort walls.
op.For economy, the

as we have done for
x
42
Table 9-2
Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating to
resistance to cracking
Permissible stresses in N / mm2
Grade of
concrete Direct Tension due to Shear stress
tension ct bending cbt v = V / b j d
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5
M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.5
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
8 O @ 110 c/c 6 O @ 150 c/c
150
12 O @ 200 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c - shape

3000
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom
2000
2000
150
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C. 150
150 400 8000 400
Section A-A
2000 B 8 O @ 140 mm c/c
400
900 16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
12 O @ 160 c/c(chipiya)
8 O @ 140 c/c (chipiya)
3600 8 O @ 140 c/c
A A
12 O @ 200 c/c
900
900 vv vv
400
2000 B 2000
8000
400 Sectional plan 400
8 O @ 110 c/c 6 O @ 150 c/c
150
16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )

16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
8 O @ 140 c/c
3000
Base details not shown

900 900 for clarity
150
150
150 400 3600 400 150
Section B- B
Design of simply supported one way slab
effective span = 4 m supported on masonry wall of 230 mm thickness ( given )
Live load = 2.5 KN / m2 ( given )
Floor finish = 1 KN / m2 ( given )
material M15 grade concrete ( given )
HYSD reinforcement grade Fe415 ( given )
solution : -
Assume 0.4 % steel , a trial depth by deflection criteria
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.26
for simply supported, basic span / effective depth ratio = 20
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.26 x 20
= 25.2
drequired = 4000 / 25.2
= 158.7 mm
D = 158.7 + 15 ( cover ) + 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 178.7 mm
Assume an overall depth = 180 mm
DL = 0.18 x 25 = 4.5 KN / m 2
Floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2

Total 8.0 KN / m2
Factored load = 1.5 x 8 = 12 KN / m
Consider 1 m length of slab
Maximum moment = w x l2 / 8
= 12 x 42 / 8
= 24 KNm
Maximum shear = w x l / 2
= 12 x 4 / 2
= 24 KN
Design for flexure : -
d = 180 - 15 - 5
= 160 mm
Mu / b x d2 = 24 x 10 6 / 1000 x (160)2
= 0.94
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.94)

415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.84) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.289%
Ast = 0.289 x 1000 x 160 / 100

= 462 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
= 78.50 x 1000 /462
= 170 mm
Half the bars are bent at 0.1 l = 400 mm , and remaining
bars provide 231 mm2 area
100 x As / ( b x D ) = 100 x 231 / ( 1000 x 180 )
= 0.128 > 0.12 % ( minimum steel for Fe415)
i.e. remaining bars provide minimum steel. Thus, half the bars may be bent up.
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 /100 ) x 1000 x 180
= 216 mm2
Maximum spacing = 5 x 160 = 800 or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /216
= 233 mm
Check for shear : -
Vu = 24 KN
Actual Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 24 x 103 / 1000 x 160
= 0.150 N / mm2 < (
C
) N / mm2 ( too small )
For bars at support
d = 160 mm
As = 231 mm2 .
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 231 / 1000 x 160
= 0.144
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x fck ( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
6x
= 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.144
= 12.1
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 12.1 - 1 )
6 x 12.1
= 0.277
IS 456-2000 Table 19 from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.144 c = 0.28 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 25 difference -0.05
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth 20 difference ? -0.04
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.28
= 0.347 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
Check for development length : -
Assuming L0 = 8 O (HYSD Fe415 steel ) For continuing bars
As = 231 mm2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d { 1 - ( fy x Ast / fck x b x d ) } OR
= 0.87 x 415 x 231 x 160 { 1 - (415 x 231 / 15 x 1000 x 160 ) }
= 13.34 { 1- 0.0399 }
= 12.812 KNm
Vu = 24 KN
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd = 56 O ( from Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 12.81 x 106 / 24 x 103 ) + 8 O 56 O
693.875 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 693.88
which gives O 14.46 mm .( O.K.)
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
= 28.4
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 4000 / 160
= 25.00 < 28.4 .( O.K.)
The depth could be reduced
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sm
= 3 x 160 = 480 mm or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
spacing provided = 170 mm < 300 mm .( O.K.)
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whiche
= 5 x 160 = 800 mm
For tying the bent bars at top , provide 8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
NOTE : -
If clear span = 3.77 m , effective span = 3.77 + 0.23 = 4 m OR
effective span = 3.77 + 0.16 ( effective depth ) = 3.93 m
0.6 % for mild steel reinforcement and 0.3 to 0.4 % for HYSD Fe415 grade
reinforcement
NOTE : -
For mild steel minimum reinforcement 0.15 %
For checking development length , l0
may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
Pt = 100 x As / b x d bars ( usually end anchorage is not
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 160 provided ) and 12 O for mild steel ( U
hook is provided usually whose
= 0.14
anchorage length is 16 O.
From equation
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
we get , Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.49
Mu1 = 0.49x 1000 x 1602 x 10-6
= 12.54 KNm
160
180 v
v v v v
v 8 O @ 230 c/c v v
400 10 O @ 170 c/c 400
( alternate bent )
4000
r 300 mm whichever is small

or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
.( O.K.)
h of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
If ly / lx 2 ,called one way slab provided that it
is supported on all four edges . Note that , if all
four edge is not supported and ly / lx < 2 , then
also it is one-way slab,If ly / lx < 2 , called two-
way slab.provided that it is supported on all
four edges.
IS 456-2000 clause 22.2

Effective Span
( a ) Simply Supported Beam or Slab -
The effective span of a member that is not built integrally with its
supports shall be taken as clear span plus the effective depth of
slab or beam or centre to centre of supports , whichever is less.
( b )Continuous Beam or Slab - In the case of
continuous beam or slab, if the width of the
support is less than l/12 of the clear span, the
effective span shall be as in (a). If the
supports are wider than I/12 of the clear span
or 600 mm whichever is less, the effective span
shall be taken as under:
1) For end span with one end fixed and the
other continuous or for intermediate spans,
the effective span shall be the clear span
between supports;
2) For end span with one end free and the other
continuous, the effective span shall be equal
to the clear span plus half the effective depth
of the beam or slab or the clear span plus
half the width of the discontinuous support,
whichever is less;
3) In the case of spans with roller or rocket
bearings, the effective span shall always be
the distance between the centres of bearings.
( c )Cantilever-The effective length of a cantilever
shall be taken as its length to the face of the
support plus half the effective depth except
where it forms the end of a continuous beam
where the length to the centre of support shall
be taken.
( d )Frames-In the analysis of a continuous frame,
centre to centre distance shall be used.
elopment length , l0
as 8 O for HYSD
anchorage is not
O for mild steel ( U
usually whose
is 16 O.
Design of Cantilever one way slab
used for residential purpose
at the free end of slab S1 ,concrete parapet of 75 mm thick and 1 m high.
material M15 grade concrete ( given )
mild steel grade Fe250 ( given )
Live Load As per IS 875
Solution : -
For slab S2 live load = 2 KN /m2
For slab S1 live load = 3 KN /m2 ( Balcony slab )
Assume 120 mm thick slab DL LL ly = 6m
For S2 self load = 0.12 x 25 = 3 0 KN / m2
floor finish = 1 0 KN / m2
live load = 0 2 KN / m2
Total 4 2 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 ( 4 + 2 ) = ( 6 + 3 ) KN / m2
DL LL
For S1 self load = 0.12 x 25 = 3 0 KN / m2
Total 4 3 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 ( 4 + 3 ) = (6 + 4.5) KN / m2
Weight of parapet 0.075 x 25 x 1 = 1.875 KN / m
Pu = 1.5 x 1.875 = 2.8 KN / m
Consider 1 m long strip
(1) To get maximum positive moment in slab S2 only dead load on slab
S1 and total load on slab S2 shall be considered
9 KN/m 6 KN/m
SS22 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
(a) Loads for maximum positive moment

9 KN/m 10.5 KN/m 2.8 KN
S2 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
(b) Loads for maximum negative

moment,maximum shear for cantilever span
and maximum reaction at support B
considering fig (a)
cantilever moment = wx l2 / 2
= 6 x 1.22 / 2
= 4.32 KNm
shear = Reaction at A = w x l / 2 - Moment @ B at distance 3 m
= 9 x 3 / 2 - 4.32 / 3
= 12.06 KN
Point of zero shear from A = 12.06 ( KN ) / 9 ( KN / m )
= 1.34 m
Maximum positive moment = 12.06 x 1.34 - W x l2 / 2
= 12.06 x 1.34 - 9 x 1.342 / 2
= 8.08 KNm
(2) To get maximum negative moment and maximum shear at B,
the slab is loaded with full loads as shown in fig (b)
Maximum negative moment = w x l + w x l2 / 2
= 2.8 x 1.2 + 10.5 x 1.22 / 2
= 10.92 KNm
Maximum shear at B
Vu,BA = w x l / 2 + Moment @ B at distance 3 m
= 9 x 3 / 2 + 10.92 / 3
= 17.14 KN
Vu,BC = w x l + 2.8
= 10.5 x 1.2 + 2.8
= 15.4 KN
Moment steel :
Maximum moment = 10.92 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.22
= 10.92 x 10 6
/ 2.22 x 1000
= 70.14 mm,
dprovided = 120 - 15 - 6 ( assume 12 O bar )
= 99 mm, .( O.K.)
Mu / b x d ( + ) =
2
8.08 x 10 6 / 1000 x (99)2
= 0.82
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.82)

250 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.865) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.405%
Ast ( + ) = 0.405 x 1000 x 99 / 100
= 401 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
= 78.5 x 1000 / 401
= 195.761 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar@170 mm c/c = 462 mm2. ( alternate bent up )
Mu / b x d2 ( - ) = 10.92 x 10 6 / 1000 x (99)2
= 1.11
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.11)

250 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.812) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.564%
Ast ( - ) = 0.564 x 1000 x 99 / 100

= 558 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
Provide 10 mm O bar@340 mm c/c = 231 mm2. ( bent bars extended )
Area provided = Area of one bar x 1000 / spacing of bar in m
= 78.5 x 1000 / 340
= 231 mm2
remaining area = 558 - 231
= 327 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
= 113.04 x 1000 / 327
= 346 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar@340 mm c/c = 332 mm2. ( Extra )
Total 231 + 332 mm2 = 563 mm2 steel provided
Note that at simple support , the bars are bent at 0.1 l whereas at continuity of slab it
is bent at 0.2 l
For mild steel minimum reinforcement 0.15 %
Distribution steel = ( 0.15 /100 ) x 1000 x 120
= 180 mm2.
Provide 6 mm O bar
= 28.26 x 1000 / 180
= 157 mm
For negative moment reinforcement
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd ( from Table 7-6 )
= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
= 54.4 O
Ld = 54.4 x ( 10 + 12 ) / 2
= 598 mm. say 600 mm
As a thumb rule, a bar shall be given an anchorage equal to the length of
the cantilever.
Assuming L0 = 12 O (mild steel )
At A , Pt = 100 x As / b x d Half bars bent = 462 / 2 = 231 mm2 )
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
= 0.233
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x
fy / fck = 0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.487
2
= 4.97401
Mu1 = 0.487 x 1000 x 992 x 10-6 = 4.78
= 4.77 KNm
Vu = 12.06 KN
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd = O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1 =54.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 106 / 12.06 x 103 ) + 12 O 54.4 O
514.179 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 514.179
At B , Pt = 100 x As / b x d Half bars bent = 462 / 2 = 231 mm2 )
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
= 0.233
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2) Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x
fy / fck = 0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.487
2
= 4.974
Mu1 = 0.487 x 1000 x 992 x 10-6 = 4.78
= 4.77 KNm
Near point of contraflexure i.e. 0.15 x l from B
Vu = 17.14 - ( 0.15 x 3 ) x 9 = 13.09 KN
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 106 / 13.09 x 103 ) + 12 O 54.4 O
473.72 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 473.72
Check for shear : -
Span AB :
At A , Vu,AB = 12.06 KN ( for maximum loading )
At B , shear at point of contraflexure = 13.09 KN
Use Vu = 13.09 KN
Shear stress v = Vu / b x d
= 13.09 x 10 3 / 1000 x 99
= 0.132 N / mm2 < c .( O.K.)
Pt = 100 x As / b x d = 100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
= 0.233
6x
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.233
= 7.47
6 x 7.47
= 0.34
for Pt = 0.233 c = 0.34 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.1 difference 0.07
k = 1.3 for 120 mm slab depth 0.02 difference ? 0.014
= 0.442 N / mm2 > v .( O.K.)
Span BC :
Vu = 17.14 KN
Shear stress v = Vu / b x d
= 17.14 x 10 3 / 1000 x 99
= 0.173 N / mm2 < c .( O.K.)
Pt = 100 x As / b x d = 100 x 563 / 1000 x 99
= 0.569
6x
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.569
= 3.06
6 x 3.06
= 0.487
for Pt = 0.569 c = 0.48 N / mm2
= 0.624 N / mm2 > v .( O.K.)
For span AB :
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 99
= 0.467
modification factor = 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
= 40
= 30.30 < 40 .( O.K.)
For span BC :
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 563 / 1000 x 99
= 0.569
= 12.6
= 12.12 < 12.6 .( O.K.)
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sma
= 3 x 99 = 297 mm or 300 mm i.e. 297 mm
(2 )Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whiche
= 5 x 99 = 495 mm
S3 Column 300 x 300
1.2m
0.15m B3
B2 B1
1m high parapet
ly = 6m S2 S1
B4
0.15m
0.15m 0.15m
lx = 3m 1.2m
0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x Ast / b x d x fck )
0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0389 )
KNm

0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0389 )
KNm
10 O @ 340 c/c (bent)
+ 12 O @ 340 c/c (extra)
1200 1200
120 125
10 O @ 170 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
300 600
150 3000 150 1200
300 mm whichever is small

or 300 mm i.e. 297 mm
.( O.K.)
of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
Design of Continuous Two-way slab
Banking hall
slab is restrained with edge beams
given
Material M15 grade concrete
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415
Solution : -
Assume 150 mm thick slab
Self load 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
Live Load = 3.00 KN / m2
Total 7.75 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 x 7.75
= 11.625 KN / m2
ly / lx = 5 / 5
=1 < 2 i.e. two-way slab.
Middle strip :
IS 456-2000 Table -26 Two adjacent edges Discontinuous
Mu1 , Mu3 ( - ) = x x w x lx2 = 0.047 x 11.625 x 52 = 13.66 KNm
Mu2 ( + ) = y x w x lx2 = 0.035 x 11.625 x 52 = 10.17 KNm
From Table 6-3
For M15 mix and Fe415 steel, Q = 2.07
= 13.66 x 10 6
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 81.23 mm,
dprovided for positive moment reinforcement
= 150 - 15 - 10 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 120 mm, > 81.23 mm .( O.K.)
dprovided for negative moment reinforcement
= 150 - 15 - 5
= 130 mm, > 81.23 mm .( O.K.)
Mu / b x d ( + ) = 10.17 x 10 6 / 1000 x (120)2
2
= 0.706
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.706)

415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.885) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.208%
Ast = 0.208 x 1000 x 120 / 100
= 250 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 250
= 200.96 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 200 mm c/c = 251 mm2.
Mu / b x d2 ( - ) = 13.66 x 10 6 / 1000 x (130)2
= 0.81
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.81)

415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.867) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.240%
Ast = 0.24 x 1000 x 130 / 100

= 312 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 312
= 161 mm
For HYSD Fe415
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
At discontinuous edges 4 and 5 , 50 % of the positive steel is required at top
= ( 1 / 2 ) x 251
= 126 mm2
This is less than minimum , therefore , use minimum steel at location 4 and 5 .
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 180
= 279.111 mm
More steel is provided to match with the torsion reinforcement.
In edge strip , minimum reinforcement is provided equal to 8 mm O @ 260 mm c/c.
Torsion steel :-
At corner A , steel required = ( 3/4 ) x 250
= 188 mm2.
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 188
= 267.234 mm
This will be provided by minimum steel of edge strip,
At corner B , steel required = ( 1/2 ) x 188
= 94 mm2.
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 180
= 279.111 mm
This will be provided by minimum steel .
Note that positive reinforcements are not curtailed because if they are curtailed , the
remaining bars do not provide minimum steel.
Check for shear : -
At point 1 or 3
S.F. = w x l / 2 + Moment @ point 1 or 3 in that span
= 11.625 x 5 / 2 + 13.66 / 5
= 31.795 KN
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 335 / ( 1000 x 130 )
= 0.258
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.258 , c = 0.354 N / mm2 0.25 differen 0.11
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.242 differe ? -0.1065
k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
= 0.460 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
OR
6x
= 6.75
6 x 6.75
= 0.356
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
= 0.463 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
Actual shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 31.795 x 103 / ( 1000 x 130 )
= 0.245 N / mm2 < c .( O.K.)
At point 4 or 5
S.F. = w x l / 2
= 11.625 x 5 / 2
= 29.06 KN
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 251 / ( 1000 x 120 )
= 0.209
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.209 , c = 0.321 N / mm2 0.1 differenc 0.07
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.041 differe ? -0.0287
= 0.417 N / mm2
OR
6x
= 8.33
6 x 8.33
= 0.326
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
= 0.424 N / mm2
Actual shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 29.06 x 103 / ( 1000 x 120 )
= 0.242 N / mm2 < c .( O.K.)
This is critical at point 4 or 5.
At point 4 or 5 , Vu = 29.06 KN No bar is curtailed or bent up.
Assuming L0 = 8 O (HYSD Fe415 steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 251 / 1000 x 120
= 0.209
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2) Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy
fy / fck = 0.87 x 415 x 251 x 120
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.711
2
= 10.8748
Mu1 = 0.711 x 1000 x 1202 x 10-6 = 10.246
= 10.24 KNm
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd =54.3 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 10.246 x 106 / 29.06 x 103 ) + 8 O 54.3 O
458.355 + 8 O 54.3 O
46.3 O 458.355
Short span Vu = 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 ) = 25.31 KN
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
From equation OR
fy / fck = 0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.9595
2
= 26.6888
Mu1 = 0.9595 x 1000 x 1602 x 10-6 = 24.5539
= 24.56 KNm
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd =56 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 24.56 x 106 / 25.31 x 103 ) + 8 O 56 O
1261.48 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 1261.48
Note that the bond is usually critical along long direction.
positive moment steel = 251 mm2.
actual d = 150 - 15 -8 - 4
= 123 mm.
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 251 / 1000 x 123 240.7
= 0.204
= 42.9
= 40.65 < 42.9 .( O.K.)
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whiche
= 3 x 130 = 390 mm
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whiche
= 5 x 120 = 600 mm
Note that the bottom reinforcements are both ways and therefore there is no necessity
of secondary reinforcements.However , top reinforcement in edge strip requires the
secondary steel for tying the bars.
This is minimum (0.12 / 100) x 150 x 1000 = 180 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 180
= 279.111 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c = 193 mm2. for uniformity in spacing.
For clarity , top and bottom reinforcements are shown separately.
8 O @ 260 c/c
B
625 3750 625
Edge
strip
625
8 O @ 200 c/c
strip Middle Strip
A A
3750 S1
8 O @ 260 c/c
Edge
625
Edge strip Middle Strip Edge strip

8 O @ 260 c/c 8 O @ 260 c/c
8 O @ 200 c/c
B 8 O @ 150 c/c
500 8 O @ 200 c/c 8 O @ 260 c/c
150
8 O @ 260 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
Section A-A
5m
5m S1
-0.047
1
B
-0.047
0.03
5
3
Edge
strip
strip
Edge
5
5m S1
2 0.035
Middle Strip
A 4 B
625 3750 625 5m

ly/8 (3/4)ly ly/8
0.87 x 415 x 251 x 120 ( 1 - 415 x 251 / 1000 x 120 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0579 )
KNm

0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160 ( 1 - 415 x 462 / 1000 x 160 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0799 )
KNm
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
.( O.K.)
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
1000
8 O @ 240 c/c
625 3750 625
Edge
strip
1000 625
8 O @ 140 c/c
1500 1500 strip Middle Strip
500
3750 S1
1500
8 O @ 240 c/c
Edge
625
1500
Edge strip Middle Strip Edge strip

8 O @ 240 c/c 8 O @ 240 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c 500 8 O @ 240 c/c
150
8 O @ 180 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
-0.047
3
Design of Continuous One-way slab
A five span continuous one-way slab used as an office floor.
The centre-to-centre distance of supporting beams is 3 m
Live load 3 KN / m2 and floor finish 1 KN / m2 given
Solution : -
Try 120 mm thick slab DL LL
Dead load 0.12 x 25 = 3 0 KN / m2
Total 4 3 KN / m2
factored load = 1.5 ( 4 + 3 )
= ( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m2
Consider 1 m wide strip of the slab.
( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
1 2 2 2 1
A 3m B 3m C 3m D 3m E 3m F
The factored moments at different points using the coefficients are as follows :
Mu1 ( + ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 10 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 4.5 + 4.05
= 8.55 KNm
Mu2 ( + ) = ( 1 / 16 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 16 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 12 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 3.38 + 3.38
= 6.75 KNm
Mu3 ( - ) = ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 10 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 5.4 + 4.5
= 9.9 KNm
Mu4 ( - ) =
( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 4.50 + 4.50
=9 KNm
Maximum shear is Vu(BA) = 0.6 x w x l + 0.6 x w x l
= 0.6 x 6 x 3 + 0.6 x 4.5 x 3
= 18.9 KN
Maximum moment is Mu3 ( - ) = 9.9 KNm
drequired =M / Q x b
= 9.9 x 10 6
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 69.2 mm,
Try 110 mm overall depth
dprovided = 110 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 90 mm, .( O.K.)
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Ast = Pt x b x d / 100
Table
Factored Ast
point moment Mu/(b x d )
2
Pt Steel Provided
KNm mm2
10 mm O @ 440 c/c + 8 mm O @ 440 c/c
1(+) 8.55 1.06 0.322 290
= 178 +114 = 292 mm2 (Half 10 O+half 8 O)
8 mm O @ 220 c/c
2(+) 6.75 0.83 0.248 223
= 228 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
3(-) 9.9 1.22 0.38 342
= 357 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
4(-) 9.0 1.11 0.34 306
= 357 mm2
For Main steel ,HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
= 132 mm2
For Distribution steel , mild steel Fe250 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
= 165 mm2
Use 6 mm O
= 28.26 x 1000 /165
= 171
Use 6 mm O @ 160 mm c/c = 177 mm2.
Note that the positive bars cannot be curtailed as the remaining bars in the internal
spans ( + ve moment ) will not provide minimum area.
Provide 50 % Ast at end support top bars i.e. 292 / 2 = 146 mm 2 .
Use 8 mm O
= 50.24 x 1000 /146
= 344
Use 8 mm O @ 340 mm c/c = 148 mm2.
Check for shear : -
Maximum shear = 18.9 KN
= 18.9 x 103 / 1000 x 90
= 0.210 N / mm2 < ( C
For bars at support

d = 90 mm
As = 357 mm2 .
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 90
= 0.397
6x
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.397
= 4.4
6 x 4.4
= 0.42
for Pt = 0.397 c = 0.42 N / mm2
= 0.546 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure i.e. 0.15 x l from B with positive moment reinforcement ( 292 mm2 )
Vu = 18.9 - 0.15 x 3 x 10.5
= 14.18 KN
= 14.18 x 103 / 1000 x 90
= 0.158 N / mm2 < ( C
For bars at support

d = 90 mm
As = 292 mm2 .
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
= 0.324
6x
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.324
= 5.4
6 x 5.4
OR = 0.39
for Pt = 0.324 c = 0.38 N / mm2
= 0.494 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
Span AB is critical for checking this requirement
At support A
Vu = 0.4 x w x l + 0.45 x w x l
= 0.4 x 6 x 3 + 0.45 x 4.5 x 3 = 13.28 KN
At A , Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
= 0.324
From equation OR
fy / fck = 0.87 x 415 x 292 x 90 (
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 1.064
2
= 9.48839
Mu1 = 1.064 x 1000 x 902 x 10-6 = 8.64
= 8.62 KNm
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 8.64 x 106 / 13.28 x 103 ) + 8 O 56.4 O
845.7831 + 8 O 56.4 O
48.4 O 845.783
At support B, point of contraflexure is assumed at 0.15 x l from B
Vu = 18.9 - 0.15 x 3 x 10.5
= 14.18 KN
Mu1 = 8.64 KNm as before
L0 = 12 O ( actual anchorage is more than 12 O but L 0 is limited to 12 O or d ,
i.e. 90 mm whichever is greater )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 8.64 x 106 / 14.18 x 103 ) + 12 O 56.4 O
792.1016 + 12 O 56.4 O
44.4 O 792.102
Maximum positive moment occurs in span AB. Therefore, this check is critical in span AB
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
= 0.324
= 34.84
= 33.33 < 34.84 .( O.K.)
For span BC :
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 228 / 1000 x 90
= 0.253
= 41.6
= 33.33 < 41.6 .( O.K.)
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sm
= 3 x 90 = 270 mm or 300 mm i.e. 270 mm
(2 )Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm which
= 5 x 90 = 450 mm
IS 456-2000 Clause -22.5
( 22.5.1 ) Unless more exact estimates are made, for
beams of uniform cross-section which support
substantially uniformly distributed loads over three or
more spans which do not differ by more than 15 percent
of the longest, the bending moments and shear forces
used in design may be obtained using the coefficients
given in Table 12 and Table 13 respectively.
For moments at supports where two unequal spans
meet or in case where the spans are not equally loaded,
the average of the two values for the negative moment
at the support may be taken for design.
Where coefficients given in Table 12 are used for
calculation of bending moments, redistribution referred
to in 22.7 shall not be permitted.
(22.5.2 ) Beams and Slabs Over Free End Supports
Where a member is built into a masonry wall which
develops only partial restraint, the member shall be
designed to resist a negative moment at the face of the
support of Wl / 24 where W is the total design load
and I is the effective span, or such other restraining
moment as may be shown to be applicable. For such a
condition shear coefficient given in Table 13 at the
end support may be increased by 0.05.
Table 12 Bending Moment coefficients
Span moments Support moments
Type of load Near middle At middle of At support next to
of end span interior span the end support
Dead load and imposed + 1 / 12 + 1 / 16 -1 / 10
load ( fixed )
imposed load + 1 / 10 + 1 / 12 -1 / 9
( not fixed )
NOTE -For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design load and effective span.
Table 13 Shear Force coefficients
At end At support next to the end support

Type of load
support
Outer side Inner side
Dead load and imposed 0.4 0.6 0.55
load ( fixed )
imposed load 0.45 0.6 0.6

( not fixed )
( 0.15 l1 ) ( 0.3 l1 ) ( 0.3 l1 ) ( 0.3 l1 )
450 900 900 900
8 O @ 340 c/c 10 O @ 220 c/c
110 90
6 O @ 160 c/c
8 O @ 440 c/c 8 O @ 220 c/c
+ 10 O @ 440 c/c
3000 3000
cement ( 292 mm2 )
0.87 x 415 x 292 x 90 ( 1 - 415 x 292 / 1000 x 90 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0898 )
KNm
in span AB
300 mm whichever is small

or 300 mm i.e. 270 mm
.( O.K.)
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
ts
Support moments
At other interior
supports
-1 / 12
-1 / 9
e multiplied by the total
At all other
interior
supports
0.5
0.6
( 0.3 l1 )
900
10 O @ 220 c/c
3000
Design of Simply supported two way slab
residential building drawing room 4.3 m x 6.55 m
It is supported on 350 mm thick walls on all four sides.
given
material M15 grade concrete
Solution :
Consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 180 mm thick slab.
lx = 4.3 + 0.18 = 4.48 say 4.5 m
ly = 6.55+0.18 = 6.73 say 6.75 m
Dead load : self 0.18 x 25 = 4.5 KN / m2
Live load ( residence ) = 2.0 KN / m2
Total 7.5 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
Pu = 1.5 x 7.5
= 11.25 KN / m
ly / lx = 6.75 / 4.5
= 1.5
IS 456-2000 Table -27
Mux = x x w x lx2 = 0.104 x 11.25 x 4.52 = 23.7 KNm
Muy = y x w x l x
2
= 0.046 x 11.25 x 4.52 = 10.48 KNm
drequired =M / Q x b
= 23.7 x 10 6
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 107 mm,
dshort provided = 180 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 160 mm, > 107 mm .( O.K.)
dlong provided = 160 - 10
= 150 mm, > 107 mm
Mu / b x d2 ( short ) = 23.7 x 10 6 / 1000 x (160)2
= 0.926
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.926)
415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.846) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.28%
Ast ( short ) = 0.28 x 1000 x 160 / 100

= 448 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
= 78.5 x 1000 / 448
= 175.223 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar@170 mm c/c = 462 mm2. ( short span )
Mu / b x d2 ( long ) =10.48 x 10 6 / 1000 x (150)2
= 0.466
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.466

415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.926) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.134%
Ast ( long ) = 0.134 x 1000 x 150 / 100

= 201 mm2
For HYSD Fe415 minimum reinforcement 0.12 %
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 /100 ) x 1000 x 180
= 216 mm2.
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 / 216
= 232.593 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 230 mm c/c = 218 mm2. ( long span )
The bars cannot be bent or curtailed because if 50 % of long span bars are curtailed ,
the remaining bars will be less than minimum
At top on support , provide 50 % of bars of respective span to take into account negative
moment due to slab nature.
Long span Vu = 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 ) = 25.31 KN
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 218 / 1000 x 150
= 0.145
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x
fy / fck = 0.87 x 415 x 218 x 150 (
we get , Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.5023 = 11.8063
Mu1 = 0.5023 x 1000 x 1502 x 10-6 = 11.3313
= 11.30 KNm
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 11.30 x 106 / 25.31 x 103 ) + 8 O 56 O
580.403 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 580.403
Short span Vu = 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 ) = 25.31 KN
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2) Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x
fy / fck = 0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160 (
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.9595
2
= 26.6888
Mu1 = 0.9595 x 1000 x 1602 x 10-6 = 24.5539
= 24.56 KNm
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 24.56 x 106 / 25.31 x 103 ) + 8 O 56 O
1261.48 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 1261.48
Note that the bond is usually critical along long direction.
Check for shear : -
This is critical along long span
Vu = 25.31 KN
Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 25.31 x 103 / 1000 x 150
N / mm2 < ( C ) N / mm
2
= 0.169 ( too small )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 218 / 1000 x 150
= 0.145
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.145 c = 0.28 N / mm2 25 difference -0.05
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 20 difference ? -0.04
= 0.347 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
OR
6x
= 12.0114
6 x 12.011
= 0.278
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 25 difference -0.05
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth 20 difference ? -0.04
= 0.345 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
This check shall be done along short span
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
= 28.8
= 28.00 < 28.8 .( O.K.)
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted for short span steel = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 m
= 3 x 160 = 480
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted for long span steel = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 m
= 5 x 150 = 750
Table - 26 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provis
short span coefficient
Case No. Type of Panel and Moments considered ( Values of l
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
1 Interior Panels:
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.032 0.037 0.043 0.047
Positive moment at mid-span 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.036
2 One Short Edge Discontinuous:
3 One long Edge Discontinuous:
4 Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous:
5 Two Short Edges Discontinuous:
6 Two Long Edges Discontinuous:
Negative moment at continuous edge - - - -
7
Three Edges Discontinuous
(One Long Edge Continuous):

8 Three Edges Discrmntinuous
(One Short Edge Continuous) :
Negative moment at continuous edge - - - -
9 Four-Edges Discontinuous:
Table - 27 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles , simp
ly / lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
x 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099
y 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051
0.87 x 415 x 218 x 150 ( 1 - 415 x 218 / 1000 x 150 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0402 )
KNm

0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160 ( 1 - 415 x 462 / 1000 x 160 x 15 ) x 10 -6
( 1 - 0.0799 )
KNm
350 6550 350
350
460 10 O @ 340 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
690 8 O @ 230 c/c 690

4300 4650
8 O @ 460 c/c
460
350
6900
PLAN
46010 O @ 340 c/c 460
180
v v v v v v
v v 10 O @ 170
v c/c
v v v
8 O @ 230 c/c
350 4300 350

Section A-A
tive depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is small

mm or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
.( O.K.)
tive depth of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
mm or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
four sides with provision for torsion at corners
ort span coefficient x Long span
( Values of ly / lx ) coefficient y for all
values of ly / lx
1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
0.051 0.053 0.060 0.065 0.032

0.039 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.024
0.055 0.057 0.064 0.068 0.037

0.041 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.028
0.063 0.067 0.077 0.085 0.037

0.047 0.051 0.059 0.065 0.028
0.071 0.075 0.084 0.091 0.047

0.053 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.035
0.059 0.060 0.065 0.069 -

0.044 0.045 0.049 0.052 0.035
- - - - 0.045
0.063 0.068 0.080 0.088 0.035
0.080 0.084 0.091 0.097 -

0.060 0.064 0.069 0.073 0.043
- - - - 0.057
0.071 0.076 0.087 0.096 0.043
0.085 0.089 0.100 0.107 0.056
at right angles , simply supported on Four sides

1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.104 0.113 0.118 0.122 0.124
0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014
Design of Continuous Beam
An R.C.C. floor is used as a banking hall
Design the beams B10-B11-B12.
The Slab thickness is 120 mm .
Live load = 3 KN / m2 B10
6m
Floor finish = 1 KN / m2 (Given )
Rib size = 230 mm x 450 mm
Column = 300 mm x 300 mm
Main beams = 300 mm x 570 mm overall .
Material M15 grade concrete 6m
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415 .
Solution : -
( a ) Load calculations and analysis :
Slab 120 mm thick 0.12 x 25 = 3 + 0 KN / m 2
Floor finish = 1 + 0 KN /m2
Live load = 0 + 3 KN / m2
Total 4 + 3 KN / m2
Load on beam = 3 ( 4 + 3 ) = 12 + 9 KN / m
Self wt. = 0.23 x 0.45 x 25 = 2.58 + 0 KN / m
Total 14.58 + 9 KN / m
Factored Load = 1.5 ( 14.58 + 9 )
= 21.87 + 13.5
say ( 22 + 14 ) KN /m .
Case ( a ) Maximum moment at B
36 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
36 KN / m 36 KN / m
A B B C
162 162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648 = 648
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 648 As MA = 0 .( 1 )
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
B C C D
162 99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 648 = 396
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0 .( 2 )
4MB + MC = - 648 .( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 .( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 648
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 648
15 MC = - 1440
MC = - 96 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 96 ) = - 648
4 MB = - 552
MB = - 138 KNm
36 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
138
162 (-) 96
(+) 162 99
(-) (+)
6 m Distance 138 KNm

93 51
45 3 m Distance (?) 69
(+) (+) (+) 6 m Distance 96 KNm
(-) (-) 3 m Distance (?) 48
6 m Distance 42 KNm
3 m Distance (?) 21
96
138
115 MB = - 138 KNm
85
82 VA x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -138 X dist.
VA = 85 KN 6 - X dist.
VA + VB = 36 x 6 131 X =85 ( 6 - X )
2.36 m
50 VB = 216 - 85 216 X = 510
101 VB = 131 KN X = 2.36 m
131
MC = - 96 KNm MB = - 138 KNm

VD x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -96 50 x 12 + VC x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -138
VD = 50 KN Vc = 183 KN
VC + VD = 22 x 6 VC + 82 = 183
VC = 132 - 50 VC = 101 KN
VC = 82 KN MC = - 96 KNm
85 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 36 x 6 x 3 = - 96
VB = 246 KN
VB + 131 = 246
VB = 115 KN
Three cases are considered for getting maximum values of moments. Case ( a ) gives maximum
negative moment at B.The same moment shall be used at C also because of symmetry. Case ( b )
gives the maximum positive moment in span BC while the case ( c ) gives maximum positive
moments in span AB and CD.
Factored maximum moments :
B or C , negative moment = 138 KNm
AB ( + ) = CD ( + ) = 110 KNm
BC ( + ) = 58 KNm
BC ( minimum - ve ) = 5 KNm
The moment redistribution shall be now carried out. Maximum negative moment = 138 KNm.
reduce it by 20 % . Then Mu = 0.8 x 138 = 110.4 KNm. For all the cases , redistribute ( increase or
decrease ) the moment at B or C = 110.4 KNm ( Hogging ).
Maximum design moments :
Support B or C = 110.4 KNm > 0.7 x 138 KNm ( O.K.) ( As per IS 456-2000
AB or CD ( + ) = 111.6 KNm > 0.7 x 110 KNm
BC ( - ) = 11.6 KNm
BC ( + ) = 51.6 KNm > 0.7 x 58 KNm.
Note that after redistribution , the design positive moments also have been reduced.
( b ) Design for flexure :
Span AB or CD
Mu ( + ) = 111.6 KNm.
The beam acts as a flanged beam
For T-beams , bf = ( l0 / 6 ) + bw + 6 Df
bf = ( 0.7 x 6000 / 6 ) + 230 + 6 x 120 ( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 , Note )
= 1650 mm > 3000 mm
Assuming one layer of 20 mm diameter bars
d = 450 + 120 -25 - 10 = 535 mm .
Minimum Ast = ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 252 mm2 ( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 26.5(
bf / bw = 1650 / 230 = 7.17 For bf /bw = 7 For bf /bw = 8
Df / d = 120 / 535 = 0.224 0.01 diff. 0.014 0.016
Mu,lim / fck bw d = 0.671
2
( As per SP:16 ,Table 58 ) 0.006 diff. ? ?
Mu.lim = 0.671 x 15 x 230 x 5352 x 10-6 -0.0084 -0.0096
= 662.597 KNm > 111.6 KNm For 0.224 0.6566 0.743
1 diff 0.0864
0.83 diff ? 0.07171
If Mu < Mu,lim : design as under-reinforced section (singly reinforced beam) as explained below.
Ast = Mu / 0.87 x fy x lever arm
where lever arm = d - Df / 2 = 535 - 120 / 2 = 535 - 60
Ast = 111.6 x 106 / 0.87 x 415 x ( 535 - 60 )
= 651 mm2 .
Provide 6 - 12 mm O = 678 mm2 .
Span BC :
Mu ( + ) = 51.6 KNm
Ast = 51.6 x 106 / 0.87 x 415 x ( 535 - 60 )
= 301 mm2 .
Provide 3 - 12 mm O = 339 mm2 .
In span AB , curtail 3 - 12 O at 300 mm ( 0.05 ) from A and at 900 mm ( 0.15 ) from B.
Continue 3 - 12 O in span BC as required for flexure.
Support B or C :
Mu ( - ) = 110.4 KNm
Mu / bd2 = 110.4 x 106 / 230 x 5352 = 1.68 < 2.07. ( From Table 6-3 )
The section is under-reinforced.
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck
Pt = 50 1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.68 )
415 / 15
= 0.549
Ast = ( 0.549 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 676 mm2 603 135
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm 2
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm 2 . At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at top = 603 mm 2
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining 2 - 16 mm O
at 0.25 = 1500 mm from B .
3m
B11 B12
3m
6m 6m
Case ( b ) Maximum positive moment in span BC

22 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
A B B
99 162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 396 = 648
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 /
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 522 As MA = 0
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
B C C
162 99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 648 = 396
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 /
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0
4MB + MC = - 522 .( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 .( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 522
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 522
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 104 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 418
MB = - 104 KNm
22 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C104 D
104
99 (-) 99
162 (-) (+)
47 58 47
( 162 - 69 = 93 KNm )
(+) (+) (+)
( 99 - 48 = 51 KNm ) (-) (-)
( 162 - ( 96 + 21 ) = 45 KNm )
104 104
108
48.67
85 83.33
131
131 X =85 ( 6 - X ) 2.21 m
216 X = 510 48.67
X = 2.36 m 108
83.33
MC = - 104 KNm MB = - 104 KNm

VD x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104 48.67 x 12 + VC x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3
VD = 48.67 KN Vc = 191.33 KN
VC + VD = 22 x 6 VC + 83.33 = 191.33
VC = 132 - 48.67 VC = 108 KN
VC = 83.33 KN MC = - 104 KNm
48.67 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 -
VB = 191.33 KN
VB + 83.33 = 191.33
VB = 108 KN
gives maximum
mmetry. Case ( b )
mum positive
= 138 KNm.
bute ( increase or
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 37.1.1 Redistribution of mom
Continuous Beams and Frames -
( As per IS 456-2000 , Clause 37.1.1 ) ( b ) The ultimate moment of resistance provided at
member is not less than 70 percent of the moment
obtained from an elastic maximum moment diagram
appropriate combinations of loads.
( c ) The elastic moment at any section in a me
particular combination of loads shall not be reduce
30 % of the numerically largest moment given an
elastic maximum moments diagram for the partic
covering all appropriate combination of loads.
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 Effective width of flan
1.2 , Note ) In the absence of more accurate determination , the
width of flange may be taken as the following but in
greater than the breadth of the web plus half the su
distances to the adjacent beams on either side :
6-2000 ,Clause 26.5( a ) ) ( a ) For T-beams , bf = ( l0 / 6 ) + bw + 6 Df
For bf /bw = 8 ( b ) For L-beams , bf = ( l0 / 12 ) + bw + 3 D
Where ,
bf = effective width of flange ,
l0 = distance between points of zero moments in the
bw = breadth of the web ,
Df = thickness of flange , and
0.671 b = actual width of the flange.
explained below. NOTE - For continuous beams and frames , ' l0 ' ma
as 0.7 times the effective span.
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinfo

Structural Members
26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area o
shall not be less than that given by the following :
As / b d = 0.85 / fy
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web o
d = effective depth , and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / m
b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.
Minimum steel %
For mild steel
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
For HYSD steel , Fe415 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
extra at top = 603 mm 2 ,
remaining 2 - 16 mm O Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck N fy, N / mm2

/ mm 2
250 415 500
15 2.22 2.07 2.00
20 2.96 2.76 2.66
25 3.70 3.45 3.33
30 4.44 4.14 3.99
t in span BC Case ( c ) Maximum positive mome
36 KN / m
6m
A B
Using three moment equation for s
MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2) MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L
36 KN / m 36 KN / m
C A
162
/ 3 ) x Base x h1 A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648
a1 = 3 m
6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1
.( 1 ) 4MB + MC = - 522
Using three moment equation for s
MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3) MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L
22 KN / m 22 KN / m
D B
99
/ 3 ) x Base x h3 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 396
a2 = 3 m
6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
88 ] 6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1
.( 2 ) MB + 4MC = - 522
.( 1 ) 4MB + MC = - 522
.( 2 ) MB + 4MC = - 522
( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 ) By putting Value of M
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + M
- 2088 - 16 MC + M
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104.4 KNm
By putting Value of M
4MB + ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 417.6
MB = - 104.4 KNm
36 KN / m
6m
A B
104
162
(-)
(+)

110
3 m Distance (?) 52 ( 99 - 52 = 47 KNm )
Moment in span BC = ( 162 - 104 ) = 58 KNm (+)
(-)
104
MB = - 104 KNm
90.67
VA x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104 X dist. 48.67 66
VA = 48.67 KN 6 - X dist. 83.33
VA + VB = 22 x 6 83.33 X = 48.67 ( 6 - X ) 2.52 m
VB = 132 - 48.67 132 X = 292.02
VB = 83.33 KN X = 2.21 m
125.33
MC = - 104 KNm
12 + VC x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -104 VD x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104
VD = 90.67 KN
33 = 191.33 VC + VD = 36 x 6
VC = 216 - 90.67
VC = 125.33 KN
12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = - 104
33 = 191.33
1 Redistribution of moments in
rames -
of resistance provided at any section of a
percent of the moment at that section
aximum moment diagram covering all
at any section in a member due to a

ads shall not be reduced by more than
rgest moment given anywhere by the
diagram for the particular member ,
mbination of loads.
2 Effective width of flange -
urate determination , the effective
n as the following but in no case
the web plus half the sum of the clear
eams on either side :
6 ) + bw + 6 Df
12 ) + bw + 3 Df
s of zero moments in the beam ,
ms and frames , ' l0 ' may be assumed

pan.
equirements of Reinforcement for
nt - The minimum area of tension reinforcement

iven by the following :
on reinforcement ,
the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
of reinforcement in N / mm 2 .
nt - The maximum area of tension
eed 0.04 b D.
50 = 0.34
15 = 0.205
00 = 0.17
3
tor Q lim, N / mm2
sections
/ mm2
550
1.94
2.58
3.23
3.87
) Maximum positive moment in span AB and CD
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m
C D
ree moment equation for span ABC
I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
B B C
99
/ 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 396
a2 = 3 m
) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
4MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
C
= - 522 As MA = 0 .( 1 )
ree moment equation for span BCD
I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
C C D
162
/ 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648
a3 = 3 m
) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
4MC + 6MD = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
C
= - 522 As MD = 0 .( 2 )
C
= - 522 .( 1 )
C
= - 522 .( 2 )
ng Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4MC ) + MC = - 522
16 MC + MC = - 522
104.4 KNm
ng Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
- 104.4 ) = - 522
04.4 KNm
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m
C 162 D
104 104
(+)
(-) (-)
99

110 3 m Distance (?) 52 ( 162 - 52 = 110 KNm )
(+) Moment in span BC = ( 104 - 99 ) = 5 KNm
(-)
5.0
104
125.33 MB = - 104 KNm
VA x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104 X dist. 90.67
VA = 90.67 KN 6 - X dist. 125.33
VA + VB = 36 x 6 125.33 X =90.67 ( 6 - X )
66 VB = 216 - 90.67 216 X = 544.02
90.67
VB = 125.33 KN X = 2.52 m
125.33
MB = - 104 KNm
36 x 6 x 3 = -104 90.67 x 12 + VC x 6 - 22 x 6 x 3 - 36 x 6 x 9 = -104
Vc = 191.33 KN
VC + 125.33 = 191.33
VC = 66 KN
MC = - 104 KNm
90.67 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 22 x 6 x 3 = - 104
VB = 191.33 KN
VB + 125.33 = 191.33
VB = 66 KN
2 = 110 KNm )
Design of Cantilever Beam
Span = 3 m
Characteristic U.D.L. = 12 KN /m
Assume that sufficient safety against overturning is there
( Given )
and reinforcement anchorages are also available.
mild steel reinforcement.
Solution : -
Assume an initial trial section of 230 mm x 600 mm overall depth to consider self-weight.
The self-weight = 0.23 x 0.6 x 25 = 3.45 KN / m
Total load = 12 + 3.45 = 15.45 KN / m
Factored load = 1.5 x 15.45 = 23.2 KN / m
Factored S.F. = w x = 23.2 x 3 = 69.6 KN
Factored B.M. = w x 2 / 2 = 23.2 x 32 / 2 = 104.4 KNm
Depth required = M / Q b = ( 104.4 x 106 ) / ( 2.22 x 230 ) ( From Table 6-3 )
= 452 mm
Using one layer of 20 mm O bars and overall depth of 550 mm
d = 550 - 25 - 10 = 515 mm OR 104.4 KNm
Mu / b d == 104.4 x 106 / ( 230 x 5152)
2
Mu,lim = 2.22 x 230 x 5152 x 10-6
= 1.71 < 2.22 ( Table 6-3 ) = 135.424 KNm
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) Mu < Mu,lim
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck
Pt = 50 1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.71 )
250 / 15
= 0.93
Ast = ( 0.93 / 100 ) x 230 x 515 = 1102 mm2
Provide 4 - 20 mm O giving Ast = 4 x 314 = 1256 mm2 .
Check for development length :
Ld = 1102 / 1256 = 55 O ( From Table 7-6 )
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
= O ( 0.87 x 250 x 1102 ) / ( 1256 x 4 x 1.0 )
= 47.71 O
= 47.71 x 20
= 954 mm
The bar shall extend into the support for a straight length of 954 mm . Provide
anchorage of 1200 mm . If in some case the bars are to be bent e.g. anchored in
column , the bearing stress around the bend has to be checked as discussed
in the next example .
Check for shear :
Vu = 69.6 KN
Actual shear strength v = Vu / bd
= 69.6 x 103 / ( 230 x 515 )
= 0.588 N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 515 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 1.06 0.25 difference
design ( permissible ) shear strength c = 0.61 N / mm2 > v 0.19 difference
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 132.4 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 515 = 386 mm
( iii ) 132.4 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 569.2 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c
Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 515 = 1.06
modification factor = 1.4 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.4 = 9.8
Actual span / d = 3000 / 515 = 5.83 < 9.8 ( safe )
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 300 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ( safe )
The design beam is shown in fig.
4 -20 O
v v v v
550
Fixed end 2-12 O
support
v v
1200 3000
230
6 O @ 130 c/c Stirrups 6 O @ 130 c/c

Design of Cantilever Beam
A cantilever rectangular bracket projects from a column of size 230 mm x 500 mm
in the direction of 500 mm for a length of 3 m
Factored load of 20 KN / m inclusive of self - weight
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415 .
Solution : -
Vu = w x = 20 x 3 = 60 KN
Mu = w x 2 / 2 = 20 x 32 / 2 = 90 KNm
( a ) Moment steel :
Take size of Beam 230 mm x 550 mm overall.
Assuming 16 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 550 - 25 ( Cover ) -8 OR
= 517 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5172 x 10-6
Mu / b d2 =90 x 106 / ( 230 x 5172) = 127.256 KNm
= 1.46 < 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu < Mu,lim
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) Beam
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck
Pt = 50 1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.46 )
415 / 15
= 0.464
Ast = ( 0.464 / 100 ) x 230 x 517 = 552 mm2
Provide 16 mm O - 3 No. = 603 mm2.
Use 2- 10 mm O as bottom anchor bars .
( b ) Check for development length :
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Stress in bar s = 0.87 x fy = 0.87 x 415 x 552 / 603 = 330.5 N / mm2
(bd = 1.6 x 1 = 1.6 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
= O 330.5 / ( 4 x 1.6 )
= 51.64 O
= 51.64 x 16
= 826 mm
The arrangement of anchoring the bars is shown in fig. and is equivalent to an anchorage
of 1127 mm. The bearing stress inside the bend is now checked .
O = 16 mm
a = 82 mm for internal bar ( centre to centre distance between bar ) ( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2
= 25 + 16 = 41 mm for external bar . ( = cover + dia of bar )
33
33
The bearing stress is critical in external bar . Check for this stress for a = 41 mm.
Design bearing stress = 1.5 x fck / [1 + ( 2O/a ) ]
= 1.5 x 15 / [ 1 + ( 2 x 16 / 41 ) ]
= 22.5 / 1.78 550
= 12.6404 N / mm2
At the centre of bend , the anchorage available = 279 + 147 = 426 mm
Stress in bar at centre of the bend = 330.5 x ( 826 - 426 ) / 826
= 160 N / mm2
Fbt = 160 x 201 x 10-3 = 32.16 KN ( area of 16 O bar = 201 mm2 )
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
= 32.16 x 103 / 180 x 16
= 11.16 N / mm2 < 12.64 N /mm2 ..( safe )
The arrangement is thus satisfactory.
( c )Check for shea
Vu = 60 KN
= 60 x 103 / ( 230 x 517 )
= 0.505 N / mm2
design ( permissible ) shear strength c = 0.46 N / mm2 < v 0.243 difference
shear design is necessary .
At support , Vus = Vu - c b d OR Vus = ( 0.505 - 0.46 ) x 230 x 517 x10 -3
= 60 - 0.46 x 230 x 517 x 10-3 = 5.35
= 60 - 54.6986
= 5.3 KN
Using 6 mm O ( mild steel ) Two legged stirrups , Asv = 28 x 2 = 56 mm2 .
fy = 250 N / mm2
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
= 0.87 x 250 x 56 x 517 / 5.3 x 103
= 1188 mm
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 132.4 mm
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 517 = 388 mm
( iv ) 1188 mm ( designed )
( d ) Check for deflection :
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 603 / 230 x 517 = 0.507
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.2 = 8.4
Actual span / d = 3000 / 517 = 5.8 < 8.4 ( safe )
( e ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
= ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 = 66 mm
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 16 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25 mm .
50
279 3-16 O
295
r internal radius
108 r = 180
r 550
295
150 2-10 O
500 3000 mm
Stirrups 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c

er self-weight.
23.2 KN /m
3m
69.6 KN
104.4 KNm -
230 x 5152 x 10-6
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , C, N / mm2
Pt = 100
x As Concrete grade
x As
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
19 table 7-1 ) 0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
0.04 1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
? -0.0304 1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
The above given table is based on the following formula
6x
nforcement
( safe )
4-20 O
2-12 O
( given )
230 x 5172 x 10-6
an anchorage
( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm )
33 82 82 33
33 82 82 33
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends
The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS : 2502
16 25 need not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bend
calculated as given below :
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
Where ,
Fbt = tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars,
230
r = internal radius of the bend , and
O = size of the bar or , in bundle , the size of bar of equivalent area
For Limit state method of design , this stress shall not exceed 1.5 f
Where,
fck is the characteristic strength of concrete and
a is the centre to centre distance between bars or group of bars , for a bar
of bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall be taken as the cover p
bar ( O )
19 table 7-1 )
0.08
? -0.0778
0.505 - 0.46 ) x 230 x 517 x10-3

KN
nforcement
( safe )
3-16 O
2-10 O
230
, N / mm2
C
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
1+5x-1)
ss than 1.0
s at bends
ooks described in IS : 2502-1963
e a bend in any other bend shall be
or group of bars,
ar of equivalent area
hall not exceed 1.5 fck / [ ( 1+ 2O/a ) ]
or group of bars , for a bar or group

hall be taken as the cover plus size of
Design of Simply supported Doubly reinforced Beam
Span = 5 m ( simply supported rectangular beam )
super-imposed load = 40 KN / m
Beam section = 230 mm x 600 mm ( Given )
Solution : -
DL of beam 0.23 x 0.60 x 25 = 3.45 KN / m
super-imposed load = 40 KN / m
Total 43.45 KN / m
Factored load = 1.5 x 43.45 = 65.18 KN / m
Mu = w x 2 / 8
= 65.18 x 52 / 8
= 203.688 KNm
Vu = w x / 2
= 65.18 x 5 / 2
= 162.95 KN
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in two layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) - 20 - 10 OR
= 545 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5452 x 10-6
Mu / b d = 203.69 x 106 / ( 230 x 5452)
2
= 141.414 KNm
= 2.98 > 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu > Mu,lim
The section is Doubly reinforced ( over-reinforced )
Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5452 x 10-6 = 141.414 KNm
Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim = 203.69 - 141.41 = 62.28 KNm
Let the compression reinforcement be provided at an effective cover of 40 mm .
d' / d = 40 / 545
= 0.07 consider d' / d = 0.1 .
Stress in compression steel , fsc = 353 N / mm2 ( refer to table 6-6 )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
= 62.28 x 106 / 353 ( 545 - 40 )
= 349 mm2
Corresponding tension steel
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
= 349 x 353 / ( 0.87 x 415 )
= 341.2 mm2
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )
= 141.41 x 106 / ( 0.87 x 415 ( 545 - 0.42 x 0.48 x 545 ) )
= 141.46 x 106 / 361.05 ( 435.13 )
= 900 mm2
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
= 900 + 341.2 mm2
= 1241.2 mm2
Provide
Asc = 2-16 O = 402 mm2
Ast = 4-20 O = 1256 mm2 ( all straight )
As all the bars are taken into support , Mu1 may be taken as Mu .
Assume L0 = 12 O Ld = 56 O ( From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x M1 / V + L0 Ld
1.3 x 203.69 x 106 / 162.95 x 103 +12 O 56 O
1625.02 44 O
O 36.93 mm
Oprovided = 20 mm ..( safe )
( c ) Check for shear
Vu = 162.95 KN
= 162.95 x 103 / ( 230 x 545 )
= 1.3 N / mm2
= 1.0
design ( permissible ) shear strength c = 0.6 N / mm2 < v
As the ends are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d will be used for
checking shear at support . At 545 mm , shear is equal to
Vu = 162.95 - 0.545 x 43.45 = 139.27 KN
Vus = Vu - c b d
= 139.27 - 0.6 x 230 x 545 x 10-3 = 64.06 KN
Assuming 8 mm O two - legged stirrups , Asv = 100 mm2 , fy = 415 N / mm2 .
= 0.87 x 415 x 100 x 545 / 64.06 x 103
= 307 mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 8 mm O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 100 x 415 / 0.4 x 230
= 392.4 mm
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 545 = 408 mm
( iv ) 307 mm ( designed )
Minimum shear reinforcement of 8 mm O @ 390 mm c/c will be used .
At support provide 8 mm O @ 300 mm c/c .
Shear resistance of beam with minimum shear reinforcement
= ( 0.87 fy Asv d / Sv )+ c b d
= (0.87 x 415 x 100 x 545 x 10-3 / 390 ) + 0.6 x 230 x 545 x 10-3
= 50.45 + 75.21
= 125.66 KN
Designed shear reinforcement is required from face of the support upto the
distance equal to
162.95 - 125.66 / 43.45 = 0.858 m
No. of stirrups = ( 858 / 300 ) + 1 = 3.86 say 4
Provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c upto 4 no. from face of the support
and 8 mm O @ 390 mm c/c in remaining central portion .
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 545 = 1.0
100 Asc / b d = 100 x 402 / 230 x 545 = 0.32
modification factor = 1.08 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compression reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 20 x 0.97 x 1.08 = 20.95
Actual span / d = 5000 / 545 = 9.17 ( safe )
( d ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
2-16 O 2-16 O
545 600
600 4- 20 O ( straight ) 600

bearing
230 4- 20 O
5000 c/c
DIA 8O 8O 8O
NO. 4 rest 4
SPA. 300 390 300
Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT fsc ,
N / mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
d'/d
fy N / mm2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217
415 355 353 342 329
500 424 412 395 370
230 x 5452 x 10-6 550 458 441 419 380
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of se

Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional momen
needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and ad
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu,max = 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )
19 table 7-1 )
l be used for
he support
nforcement
on reinforcement
( safe )
easing the dimensions of section or deign as
am ).The additional moment of resistance M u2
top ) reinforcement and additional tensile
low .
ngly reinforced )
ubly reinforced )
Design of Simply supported Singly reinforced Beam
Span = 6 m ( simply supported rectangular beam )
characteristic load = 20 KN / m inclusive of its self-weight
Beam section = 230 mm x 600 mm
Material M15 grade concrete ( Given )
The beam is resting on R.C.C. columns.
Solution : -
Factored load = 1.5 x 20 = 30 KN /m.
Mu = w x 2 / 8
= 30 x 62 / 8
= 135 KNm
Vu = w x / 2
= 30 x 6 / 2
= 90 KN
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) -10 OR
= 565 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5652 x 10-6
Mu / b d2 = 135 x 106 / ( 230 x 5652) = 151.983 KNm
= 1.84 < 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu < Mu,lim
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced )
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )
Pt = 50
fy / fck
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.84 )
Pt = 50
415 / 15
= 0.614
Ast = ( 0.614 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 798 mm2
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.1 ( a )
Minimum steel , As = ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 266 mm 2
From Table 6-4
Ast,lim = 0.72 / 100 x 230 x 565 = 936 mm2.
Provide 16 mm O - 4 No. = 804 mm2.
Let 2 bars are bent at 1.25 D = 1.25 x 600 = 750 mm , from the face of the support .
( 1 ) A bar can be bent up at a distance greater than L d = 56 O ( Table 7-6 )
From the centre of the support , i.e. 56 x 16 = 896 mm .
in this case , the distance is ( 3000 - 750 ) = 2250 mm .( safe )
( 2 ) For the remaining bars , Ast = 402 mm2
Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 - [( fy Ast ) / ( fck b d ) ] )
= 0.87 x 415 x 402 x 565 ( 1 - [ ( 415 x 402 ) / ( 15 x 230 x 565 ) ] ) x 10 -6
= 82.01 x 0.91
= 74.99 KNm
Vu = 90 KN , L0 = 12 O ( assume )
As the reinforcement is confined by compressive reaction
1.3 x M1 / V + L0 Ld
1.3 x 74.99 x 106 / 90 x 103 +12 O 56 O
1083.19 44 O
O 24.62 mm
Oprovided = 16 mm ..( safe )
( c ) Check for shear :
At support , Vu = 90 KN
As the ends of the reinforcement are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d
will be used for checking shear at support.
Vu = 90 - 0.565 x w = 90 - 0.565 x 30 = 73.05 KN
= 73.05 x 103 / ( 230 x 565 )
= 0.562 N / mm2
design ( permissible ) shear strength = 0.376
c N / mm2 < v 0.191 difference
shear design is necessary .
At support , Vus = Vu - c b d OR Vus = ( 0.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565
= 73.05 - 0.376 x 230 x 565 x 10-3 = 24.17

= 73.05 - 48.86
= 24.19 KN
Capacity of bent bars to resist shear
= 2 x 201 x 0.87 x 415 x sin 45 x 10-3 ( 0.87 fy Asv sin )
= 102.6 KN
Bent bars share 50 % = 12.09 KN
Stirrups share 50 % = 12.09 KN
Using 6 mm O ( mild steel ) Two legged stirrups , Asv = 28 x 2 = 56 mm2 .
= 0.87 x 250 x 56 x 565 / 12.09 x 103
= 569.2 mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 132.4 mm
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 565 = 423 mm
( iv ) 569.2 mm ( designed )
At 1.25 D = 750 mm from face of the support where contribution of bent bars is not available
Vu = 90 - 0.75 x w = 90 - 0.75 x 30 = 67.5 KN
Vus = Vu - c b d
= 67.5 - 0.376 x 230 x 565 x 10-3
= 67.5 - 48.86
= 18.64 KN
Provide minimum 6 mm O M.S. two -legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c throught the beam.
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 804 / 230 x 565 = 0.62
Span / d permissible = 20 x 1.1 = 22

Actual span / d = 6000 / 565 = 10.62 ( safe )
( d ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
= 230 - 50 - 2 x 16 = 148 mm
2-10 O 2-10 O
565 600
750 4- 16 O ( 2 straight +
2 bent )
230 4- 16 O
6000 c/c
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be assumed
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
To find steel area
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored moment )
and assumed width of section , find out d from equation
d = Mu / Qlim b
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from table P
( 2 ) For a given factored moment ,width and depth of section .

Obtain Mu,lim = Qlim bd2 .
If Mu < Mu,lim : design as under-reinforced section (singly reinforced beam) as exp
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd2 )

Pt = 50
fy / fck
If Mu = Mu,lim : design as balanced section as explained in ( 1 ).
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of section or d
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional moment of resist
230 x 5652 x 10-6 needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and additional te
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .

Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )

If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )
Table 6-2
Limiting Moment of Resistance and Reinforcement
Index for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
fy , N / mm2 250 415 500 550
Mu,lim / fck b d 2
0.148 0.138 0.133 0.129
Pt,lim fy / fck 21.93 19.86 19.03 18.2
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
fck N fy, N / mm2

/ mm 2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
Table 6-4
at distance d Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement Pt,lim
fck N fy, N / mm2
/ mm 2
250 415 500 550
15 1.32 0.72 0.57 0.50
20 1.75 0.96 0.76 0.66
19 table 7-1 ) 25 2.19 1.20 0.95 0.83
0.11 30 2.63 1.44 1.14 0.99
? -0.084
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565 x10 -3 Structural Members
KN 26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
shall not be less than that given by the following :
As / b d = 0.85 / fy
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
d = effective depth , and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / mm 2 .
b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.
Minimum steel %
For mild steel
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
For checking development length , l0

may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
not available bars ( usually end anchorage is not
provided ) and 12 O for mild steel ( U
check for development length

IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
orcement Design bond stress (bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
( bd N / mm 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
Note-1 : bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 s = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 s = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
( safe ) Ld M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
6x
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , C, N / mm2
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
( c )max N/mm 2
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5.1.6 Minimum shear reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided
such that : Asv / b sv 0.4 / 0.87 fy
where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear ,
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member ,
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam , and
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N / mm 2
which shall not be taken greater than 415 N / mm 2 .
check for deflection
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
check for cracking
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section considered
fy -30 -15 0 +15 +30
N / mm2 mm mm mm mm mm
250 215 260 300 300 300
415 125 155 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 175 195
may be assumed
ed moment )
out from table P t,lim , SP : 16 ,2.3
gly reinforced beam) as explained below.
d in ( 1 ).
dimensions of section or deign as

additional moment of resistance M u2
orcement and additional tensile
sion reinforcement
nsion
is greater
ll be provided
ve in shear ,
anged beam , and

ent in N / mm 2
Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with biaxial bending )
Size of column 400 x 300 mm Column is restrained against sway.
Concrete grade M 30
Characteristic strength of reinforcement 415 N/mm 2
Effective length for bending parallel to larger dimension ex = 6.0 m
Effective length for bending parallel to shorter dimension ey = 5.0 m
Unsupported length = 7.0 m
Factored load 1500kN
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension = 40 kNm at top and 22.5 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension = 30 kNm at top and 20 KNm at bottom.
Solution : -
About x axis :
1 and 2 are the same
For Beam :
bf = l 0 / 6 + b w + 6 D f
= 0.7 x 5000 / 6 + 230 + 6 x 120
= 1533.33333
bf / bw = 1533.3 / 230 = 6.67
Df / D = 120 / 600 = 0.2
Kt from chart 88 , SP : 16 = 2.07
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
= 1.5 x ( 2.07 x ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 6203 ) / 5000
= 2836699 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 230 x 4003 / 7000
= 175238.095 mm3
1 = 2 = Kc / ( Kc + Kb )
= 2 x 175238 / 2 ( 175238 + 2836699 )
= 0.0582
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.035 < 1.2 .consider 1.2
lex = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 - 620 )
= 7656 mm
lex / D = 7656/400
= 19.14 > 12
The column is long about x direction.
About Y axis :
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
= 1.5 x ( ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 4203 ) / 5000
= 426006 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 400 x 2303 / 7000
= 57938.0952 mm3
1 = 2 = Kc / ( Kc + Kb )
= 2 x 57938.1 / 2 ( 57938.1 + 426006 )
= 0.1197
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.06 < 1.2 .consider 1.2
ley = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 -420 )
= 7896 mm
ley / b = 7896/300
= 26.32 > 12
The column is long about Y direction.
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.
ex / D = 6000 / 400
= 15.0 > 12
ey / b = 5000 / 300
= 16.7 > 12
Therefore the column is slender about both the axes.
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
= ( 1500 x 400 / 2000 ) x (15)2 x 10-3
= 67.5 KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
= ( 1500 x 300 / 2000 ) x (16.7)2 x 10-3
= 62.75 KNm
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000
but multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.
For first trial , assume p = 3.0 ( with reinforcement equally on all the four sides ).
Ag = 400 x 300 Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 f
= 120000 mm2 Ac = 400 x 300 - 120000*3/100
From chart 63 , puz / Ag = 22.5 N/mm2 OR = 116400 mm2
Puz = 22.5 x 120000 x 10-3 Puz = 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 4
= 2700 KN = 1571.4 +
Calculation of Pb : = 2692 KN
Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 40 mm cover
d' / D ( about xx-axis ) = 52.5 / 400 = 0.13 use d' / D = 0.15
d' / D ( about yy-axis ) = 52.5 / 300 = 0.18 use d' / D = 0.2
From Table 60 , SP 16
Pb ( about xx-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Pbx = ( 0.196 + 0.203 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10-3
= 779 KN
Pb ( about yy-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Pby = ( 0.184 + 0.028 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10-3
= 672 KN
Kx = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pbx )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 779 )
= 1200 / 1921
= 0.625
Ky = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pby )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 672 )
= 1200 / 2028
= 0.592
The additional moments calculated earlier , will now be multiplied by the above values of k .
Max = 67.5 x 0.625 = 42.2 KNm
May = 62.75 x 0.592 = 37.15 KNm
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial moments
after modifying the initial moments as follows ( see note 1 under 39.7.1 of the code IS 456-2000 )
Mux = ( 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 22.5 ) = 15.0 KNm
Muy = ( 0.6 x 30 - 0.4 x 20 ) = 10.0 KNm
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum eccentricity
consideration ( see 25.4 of the code ) and greater value is to be taken as the initial moment for
adding the additional moments.
ex = ( / 500 ) + ( D / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 400 / 30) = 27.3333
ey = ( / 500 ) + ( b / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 300 / 30) = 24
Moments due to minimum eccentricity :
Mux = 1500 x 27.33 x 10-3 = 41.0 KNm > 15.0 KNm
Muy = 1500 x 24 x 10-3 = 36.0 KNm > 10.0 KNm
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are :
Mux = 41.0 + 42.2 = 83.2 KNm
Muy = 36.0 + 37.15 = 73.15 KNm
The section is to be checked for biaxial bending
Pu / fck b D = 1500 x 103 / ( 30 x 300 x 400 )
= 0.417
p / fck = 3 / 30 = 0.10
referring to chart 45 (d' / D = 0.15 ) ,
Mu / fck b D2 = 0.104
Mux1 = 0.104 x 30 x 300 x 4002
= 149.8 KNm
referring to chart 46 (d' / D = 0.2 ) ,
Mu / fck b D2 = 0.096
Muy1 = 0.096 x 30 x 400 x 3002
= 103.7 KNm
Mux / Mux1 = 83.2 / 149.8 = 0.56
Muy / Muy1 = 73.15 / 103.7 = 0.71
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2700 = 0.56
referring to chart 64 , the maximum allowable value of Mux / Mux1 corresponding to the
above values of Muy / Muy1 and Pu / Puz is 0.58 which is slightly higher than the actual
value of 0.56 . The assumed reinforcement of 3.0 % is therefore satisfactory.
for Pu / Puz = 0.56 , n = 1.602
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
n = 1.602 0.2 difference 0.34
check : n n 0.04 difference ?
Mux Muy
Mux1 + Muy1 1
1.602
( 0.56 ) + 1.602
( 0.71 )
0.395 + 0.577
= 0.972 1 ..( O.K.)
As = p x b x D / 100 = 3.0 x 300 x 400 / 100

= 3600 mm2
Provide 25 mm diameter bar ( 3600 / 491 ) = 8 no. = 3928 mm 2
Ties : -
O min = 25 / 4
= 6.25
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties. 500
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
300
300
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with Uniaxial bending )

Size of column 230 x 450 mm Column of a braced frame
Concrete grade M 20
Characteristic strength of reinforcement 415 N/mm 2 HYSD reinforcement
Unsupported length in both the direction = 5.0 m
Factored load Pu = 1000 kN
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension M uxx = 80 kNm at top and 60 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension M uyy = 40 kNm at top and 30 KNm at
bottom.
The column is bent in double curvature and is slender about both the axis.
The slenderness ratios ex / Ixx and ey / Iyy are respectively 13.2 and 15.6
Assume that the moments due to minimum eccentricities about both the axes are less than
applied moments.
Solution : -
Assume adjustment factor k = 0.8 for the first trial .
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
= ( 1000 x 450 / 2000 ) x (13.2 )2 x 10-3
= 39.2 KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
= ( 1000 x 230 / 2000 ) x (15.6 )2 x 10-3
= 28 KNm
About XX
Pu = 1000 KN
Muxx = Mi + k x Max
Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1
= 0.6 x 80 - 0.4 x 60
= 48 - 24
= 24 KNm < 0.4 x 80 = 32 KNm
Take , Mi = 32 KNm
Note that Mu1 is considered negative as the column bends in double curvature .
Mu,xx = 32 + 0.8 x 39.2
= 63.36 KNm. < 80 KNm
Take , Mu,xx = 80 KNm
About YY
Pu = 1000 KN
Muyy = Mi + k x May
Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1
= 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 30
= 24 - 12
= 12 KNm < 0.4 x 40 = 16 KNm
Take , Mi = 16 KNm
Mu,yy = 16 + 0.8 x 28
= 38.4 KNm. < 40 KNm
Take , Mu,yy = 40 KNm
Finally design the column for
Pu = 1000 KN
Mu,xx = 80 KNm
Mu,yy = 40 KNm
For the first trial , assume uniaxial bending about y axis for the following values .
P'u = 1000 KN
M'uy = ( 230 / 450 ) ( 80 + 40 ) = 61.33 KNm
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22 Say 0.2
P'u / fck b D = 1000 x 103 / 20 x 230 x 450 = 0.48
M'uy / fck b D2 = 61.33 x 106 / 20 x 450 x 2302 = 0.129
p / fck = from chart 46 , SP : 16 = 0.162
p = 0.162 x 20
= 3.24
Asc = ( 3.24 /100 ) x 230 x 450
= 3353 mm2
Assumptions made above for k = 0.8 and for uniaxial moment to find out first trial steel are
usually conservative . Let us try 4 - 25 O + 4 - 20 O = 3220 mm 2
Now check the assumed section as follows :
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 230 x 450 - 3220
= 100280 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 100280 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10-3
= 902.52 + 1002.225
= 1904.7 KN
Pb = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Asc = ( p / 100 ) x b x D
p / fck = ( 3220 x 100 ) / ( 230 x 450 x 20 )
= 0.156
For d' / D = 0.2 , k1 = 0.184 and k2 = -0.022 from table 60 ,SP : 16
Pb = ( 0.184 - 0.022 x 0.156 ) x 20 x 230 x 450 x 10-3
= 0.181 x 2070
= 373.8 KN
k = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb )
= ( 1904.7 - 1000 ) / ( 1904.7 - 373.8 )
= 904.7 / 1530.9
= 0.59
Design for
Pu = 1000 KN
Mux = 32 + 0.59 x 39.2 = 55.13 KNm < 80 Take , Mux = 80 KNm
Muy = 16 + 0.59 x 28 = 32.52 KNm < 40 Take , Muy = 40 KNm
For p / fck = 0.162 and Pu / fck b D = 0.48 , the reinforcement being equally distributed ,
the moment capacities can be found out as follows :
About XX
d' / D = 50 / 450 = 0.11 0.15
From chart 45 , SP : 16
Mux1 / fck b D2 = 0.145
Mux1 = 0.145 x 20 x 230 x 4502 x 10-6
= 135.07 KNm
About YY
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22 0.2
Muy1 / fck b D2 = 0.13
Muy1 = 0.13 x 20 x 450 x 2302 x 10-6
= 61.89 KNm
Check :
Pu / Puz = 1000 / 1904.7 = 0.525
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
n = 1.542 0.2 difference 0.34
check : 0.075 difference ?
n
Mux n Muy
Mux1 + Muy1 1
1.542 1.542
80
135.07
+ 40
61.89
0.446 + 0.51
0.956 1 .( O.K.)
230
230
Provide 4 - 25 O + 4 - 20 O equally distributed.
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties.
( i ) 230 mm ( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm ( 48 times diameter of tie )
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is less than 48 O tr
( 450 - 80 -25 = 345 < 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of Opened ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be more than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , closed ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
) IS 456-2000 clause 25
Note :- A column may be considered as short when both slender

lex / D and ley / b 12 OR lex / ixx < 40 where, For Circular column
10 .
lex = effective length in respect of the major axis

( Given ) D = depth in respect of the major axis
ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis
b = width of the member
KNm at bottom. ixx = radius of gyration in respect of the major axis.
iyy = radius of gyration in respect of the minor axis.
KNm at bottom.
IS 456 : 2000
Table 28 Effective Length of Compression Memb
Degree of End Restraint of
Symbol
Compression members
Effectively held in position and

restrained against rotation in both
ends
Effectively held in position at both

ends , restrained against rotation
at one ends
Effectively held in position at both

ends , but not restrained against
rotation .
Effectively held in position and restrained

against rotation at one end , and at the
other end restrained against rotation but
not held in position

against rotation at one end , and at the
other partially restrained against rotation
but not held in position
Effectively held in position at one end but

not restrained against rotation and at the
other end restrained against rotation but
not held in position

against rotation at one end but not held
in position nor restrained against rotation
at the other end.
against rotation at one end but not held
in position nor restrained against rotation
at the other end.
NOTE - is the unsupported length of compression member.
( i + 1 ) th floor slab
Beam
( i ) th floor
ly on four sides.
Effective length of column ( ef ) : It is the distance between the points of zero

column height .
1 of the IS 456-2000
Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
00 - 120000*3/100
116400 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3600 x 10-3

1120.5
SP : 16 ,Table 60
Slender compression members- Values of P
Rectangular sections : Pb / fck b D = k1 + k2 . p / f
Circular sections : Pb / fck D2 = k1 + k2 . p / fck
Values of k1
Section d' / D
0.05 0.10 0.15
Rectangular 0.219 0.207 0.196
Circular 0.172 0.160 0.149
Values of k2
Section d' / D
fy N/ mm2 0.05 0.10
Rectangular ; equal 250 -0.045 -0.045
reinforcement on two 415 0.096 0.082
opposite sides 500 0.213 0.173
Rectangular ; equal 250 0.215 0.146
reinforcement on four 415 0.424 0.328
sides 500 0.545 0.425
values of k . 250 0.193 0.148
Circular 415 0.410 0.323
500 0.543 0.443
al moments IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1
ode IS 456-2000 ) The additional moments Max and May shall be calculated by the following fo
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
nimum eccentricity Where ,
tial moment for Pu = axial load on the member,
ex = effective length in respect of the major axis ,
mm > 20 mm ey = effective length in respect of the minor axis ,
mm > 20 mm D = depth of the cross - section at right angles to
the major axis , and
NOTES : -
1) A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral
stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or
bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in
that plane. It should otherwise be considered unbraced.
2 ) In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads
occurring in its height, the additional moment shall be added
to an initial moment equal to sum of 0.4 Mu1, and 0.6 Mu2,
where Mu2 is the larger end moment and Mu1 is the smaller
end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than
0.4 Mu2 nor the total moment including the initial moment be
less than Mu2. For unbraced columns, the additional moment
shall be added to the end moments.
3 ) Unbraced compression members, at any given level or storey,
subject to lateral load are usually constrained to deflect
equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may
be taken as the average for all columns acting in the same
direction.
IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1.1
The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be multiplied by the following fa
K = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb ) 1
where ,
Pu = axial load on compression member,
Puz = as defined in 39.6, Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 f
-0.068 Pb = axial load corresponding to the condition
of maximum compressive strain of
0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of
0.002 in outer most layer of tension steel.
8-25 O
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
used .
l bars would be
g)
60 KNm at bottom. ( Given )

d 30 KNm at
re less than
al steel are
-0.1275
4-25 O
+ 4 -20 O
450
8 O @ 230 mm c/c
( three sets )
l diameter of bar )
e used .
rnal bars would be
as short when both slenderness ratios
where, For Circular column lex / D
major axis
minor axis
e major axis.
e minor axis.
th of Compression Members ( Clause E-3 )

Theoretical Value Recommended Value
Symbol of effective length of effective length
0.5 0.65
0.7 0.8
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.2
- 1.5
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
f compression member.
slab
Beam
ance between the points of zero moment (contraflexure ) along the

s- Values of Pb
= k1 + k2 . p / fck
k1 + k2 . p / fck
/D
0.20
0.184
0.138
d' / D
0.15 0.20
-0.045 -0.045
0.046 -0.022
0.104 -0.001
0.061 -0.011
0.203 0.028
0.256 0.040
0.077 -0.020
0.201 0.036
0.291 0.056
alculated by the following formulae :
f the major axis ,

f the minor axis ,
at right angles to
en plane if lateral
by walls or
eral forces in
nbraced.
transverse loads
hall be added
nd 0.6 Mu2,
the smaller
is bent in double
be less than
al moment be
ional moment
ven level or storey,

o deflect
ch column may
in the same
ultiplied by the following factor :
5 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

Design of short eccentrically loaded square columns - Biaxial bending.
Size 500 mm x 500 mm
Axial factored load 1500 KN
Factored moment Mux = 90 KNm
Muy = 120 Knm ( Given )
moment due to minimum eccentricity is less than the applied moment.
Solution :-
Assume an axial load P'u of 1500 KN and a uniaxial moment M'ux = 90 + 120 = 210 KNm .
P'u / ( fck x b x D ) = 1500 x 103 / ( 15 x 500 x 500 )
= 0.4
M'ux / ( fck x b x D ) = 210 x 106 / ( 15 x 500 x 5002 )
2
= 0.112
d' = 40 + 10 = 50 mm
d' / D = 50 / 500 = 0.1
From chart 32 , SP-16
p / fck = 0.078
p = 0.078 x 15 = 1.17
As = 1.17 x b x D = 1.17 x 500 x 500 / 100
= 2925 mm2
Provide 4-25 mm O + 4-20 mm O = 3220 mm 2 , equally distributed
p = 3220 x 100 / ( 500 x 500 )
p = 1.288
p / fck = 1.288 / 15
= 0.086
The assumed section is now checked.
For p / fck = 0.086 and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.4 ,
The reinforcement being equally distributed , the moment capacities from
Chart - 44 , SP-16
Mux1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) = Muy1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) = 0.108
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.108 x 15 x 500 x 5002 x 10-6
= 202.5 KNm
Ac = 500 x 500 - 3220
= 246780 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 15 x 246780 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10-3
= 1665.77 + 1002.23
= 2667.99 KN
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2668
= 0.56
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
n = 1.602 0.2 difference 0.34
check : 0.04 difference ? -0.068
n n
Mux Muy
Mux1 + Muy1 1
1.602 1.602
90 120
202.5 + 202.5
0.273 + 0.433
0.706 1
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties. 500
( i ) 500 mm
4-25 O +
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm 4-20 O
500
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
8O@
350 c/c
Design of short eccentrically loaded rectangle columns - Biaxial bending.

Factored moment Mux = 60 KNm
Muy = 60 KNm ( Given )
Solution :-
Assume an axial load P'u of 1500 KN and a uniaxial moment M'uy = 300 / 500 ( 60 + 60 ) = 72 KNm .
P'u / ( fck x b x D ) = 1500 x 103 / ( 15 x 300 x 500 )
= 0.67
M'u / ( fck x b x D ) =
2
72 x 106 / ( 15 x 500 x 3002 )
= 0.107
d' = 40 + 10 = 50 mm
d' / D = 50 / 300 = 0.167 ..use 0.2
From chart 34 , SP-16
p / fck = 0.167
p = 0.167 x 15 = 2.5
As = 2.5 x b x D = 2.5 x 300 x 500 / 100
= 3750 mm2
Provide 8-25 mm O = 3928 mm2 , equally distributed
p = 3928 x 100 / ( 300 x 500 )
p = 2.62
p / fck = 2.62 / 15
= 0.175
The assumed section is now checked.
About X
d' / D = 50 / 500 = 0.1 , For p / fck = 0.175 and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.67 ,
Chart - 44 , SP-16
Mux1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) = 0.13
Mux1 = 0.13 x 15 x 300 x 5002 x 10-6
= 146.25 KNm
About Y
d' / D = 50 / 300 = 0.167 say 0.2 , For p / fck = 0.175 and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.67 ,
Chart - 46 , SP-16
Muy1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) = 0.103
Muy1 = 0.103 x 15 x 500 x 3002 x 10-6
= 69.53 KNm
Pure axial load capacity
Ac = 300 x 500 - 3928
= 146072 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 15 x 146072 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3928 x 10-3
= 985.986 + 1222.59
= 2208.58 KN
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2208.6
= 0.68
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
n = 1.802 0.2 difference 0.33
check : 0.12 difference ? -0.198
n n
Mux Muy
M ux1
+ M uy1
1
1.802 1.802
60
146.25
+ 60
69.53
0.2 + 0.77
0.97 1
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties. 500
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
300
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
0 = 210 KNm .
39.6 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load

and Biaxial Bending where ,
n n M
Mux Muy
Mux1 + Muy1 1 Mux1, Muy1 =
n is related to Pu/Puz
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
For values of Pu / Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2,
1 .O; for values greater than 0.8, n is 2.0.
( least lateral dimension )

4-25 O +
4-20 O ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( 48 times diameter of tie )
8O@
350 c/c
0 ( 60 + 60 ) = 72 KNm .
8-25 O
( least lateral dimension )

( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( 48 times diameter of tie )
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
be used .
Mux , Muy = moments about x and y axes
due to design loads,
Mux1, Muy1 = maximum uniaxial moment
capacity for an axial load of Pu,
bending about x and y axes
respectively, and
.6 , 0.8 )the values of n vary

) For values less than 0.2, n is
Design of short eccentrically loaded columns - uniaxial bending.
Factored moment 300 KNm
( Given )
Solution :-
Using 25 mm diameter bars with 40 mm clear cover
d' = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5 mm
d' / D = 52.5 / 600 = 0.088 ,say 0.1
Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 600 x 103 / ( 15 x 300 x 600 )
= 0.222
Mu / ( fck x b x D2 ) = 300 x 106 / ( 15 x 300 x 6002 )
= 0.185
p / fck = 0.1
p = 0.1 x 15 = 1.5
As = 1.5 x b x D = 1.5 x 300 x 600 / 100
= 2700 mm2
Provide 22 mm O ( 2700 / 380 = 8 no.) = 3041 mm 2
As the distance between two opposite corner bars is more than 300 mm ,
provide 2- 12 mm O at centre of long sides of the column, which may be tied by open ties.
Provide 8- 25 O + 2 - 12 O = 4151 mm2
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm 600
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties.
( i ) 300 mm 300
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c ( two sets )
d by open ties.
8-25 O
+ 2-12 O
8 mm O @ ( least lateral dimension )

300 mm c/c ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( two sets ) ( 48 times diameter of tie )
be used .
Design of short circular column
Working load = 1200 KN
Assume emin < 0.05 D
( a ) lateral ties &
Given
( b ) helical reinforcement
HYSD steel Fe415
For Lateral reinforcement mild steel Fe250
Solution : -
Factored load = 1.5 x 1200
= 1800 KN
( a ) lateral ties : -
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.
Then , Asc = 0.008 Ag
Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Substituting , we have
1800 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag
1800 x 103 = 7.936 Ag + 2.2244 Ag
1800 x 103 = 10.1604 Ag
Ag = 177165 mm2
If D is the diameter of the column
( / 4 ) x D2 = 177165
D = 225688
D = 475 mm
Use 475 mm diameter column.
Asc = 0.008 x 177165
= 1417 mm2
Minimum 6 bars shall be used.
Provide 16 mm diameter bars ( 1417 / 201 ) = 8 no.
Asc = 8 x 201
= 1608 mm2
Use 6 mm O lateral ties , Spacing shall be lesser of
( iii ) 48 x 6 = 288 mm ( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide 6 mm O lateral ties @ 250 mm c/c .
( b ) Helical reinforcement : -
The column with helical reinforcement can support 1.05 times the load of a similar
member with lateral ties. Therefore
Pu = 1.05 [ 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc ]
1800 x 103 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag ]
1800 x 103 = 8.3328 Ag + 2.33562 Ag
1800 x 103 = 10.66842 Ag
Ag = 168729 mm2
If D is the diameter of the column
( / 4 ) x D2 = 168729
D = 214941
D = 463 mm
Use 450 mm diameter column.
Then , Ag = ( / 4 ) x 4502
= 158962.5 mm2
1800 x 103 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x (158963 - Asc ) + 0.67 x 415 x Asc ]
= 1335289 - 8.4 Asc + 291.953 Asc
464711 = 283.55 Asc
Asc = 1638.903 mm2
provide 20 mm diameter bars ( 1638.9 / 314 =) 6 No.
Asc = 6 x 314
= 1884 mm2
Assume 8 mm O M.S. bars for helix at 40 mm clear cover .
Dc = 450 - 40 - 40
= 370 mm
asp = ( / 4 ) x 82
= 50 mm2
Minimum s = 0.36 ( (Ag / Acr) - 1 ) fck / fy
= 0.36 ( ( 4502 / 3702 ) - 1 ) x 20 / 250
= 0.36 x 0.4792 x 20 / 250
= 0.013801
Now s = 4 x asp / p x Dc
0.0138 = 4 x 50 / p x 370
p = 39.17 mm .. ( 1 )
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.2 ( d )
The pitch < 75 mm
< Dc / 6 ( = 370 / 6 = 61.67 mm )
> 25 mm
> 3 x dia of helix bar = 3 x 8 = 24 mm ( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , provide 8 mm O helix @ 35 mm pitch.
al diameter of bar )
6 - 20 O
450
6 - 20 O
35
8 mm O @
35 mm c/c
Design of short column
Factored load = 1500 KN
Assume emin < 0.05 D
Given
mild steel Fe250
Solution : -
Here , emin < 0.05 D , But emin = 20 mm
Therefore , size of column shall be minimum ( 20 / 0.05 = 400 ) 400 mm x 400 mm
Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.
Then , Asc = 0.008 Ag
Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
= 0.4 x 15 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 250 x 0.008 Ag
1500 x 103 = 5.952 Ag + 1.34 Ag
1500 x 103 = 7.292 Ag
Ag = 205705 mm2
If the column is to be a square , the side of column = 205705 = 453 mm
Adopt 450 mm x 450 mm size column .
Then ,
1500 x 103 = 0.4 x 15 x ( 450 x 450 - Asc )+ 0.67 x 250 x Asc
1500 x 103 = 1215000 - 6 Asc + 167.5 Asc
285000 = 161.5 Asc
Asc = 1765 mm2
Provide 20 mm diameter bars = ( 1765 / 314 ) = 6 No.
giving , Asc = 6 x 314 = 1884 mm2
Note that the distance between the bars exceeds 300 mm on two parallel sides .
the arrangement of reinforcement should be changed.
Provide then 4 no. 20 mm diameter bars plus 4 no. 16 mm diameter bars giving
Asc = 4 x 314 + 4 x 201
= 1256 + 804
= 2060 mm 2
Lateral ties :
Use 6 mm O lateral ties.
Spacing should be lesser of :
(iii) 48 x 6 = 288 mm . ( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide 6 mm O ties about 250 mm c/c .
450 450
6 - 20 O
4 - 20 O
+ 4 - 16 O
450 450
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )
wrong arrangement correct arrangement

IS 456-2000 clause 25
Note :- A column may be considered as short when both slenderness ratios
lex / D and ley / b 12 OR lex / ixx < 40 where,
lex = effective length in respect of the major axis
D = depth in respect of the major axis
ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis
x 400 mm ixx = radius of gyration in respect of the major axis.
iyy = radius of gyration in respect of the minor axis.
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the

unsupported length of column / 500 plus lateral dimension / 30 , subject to
a minimum of 20 mm. For bi-axial bending this eccentricity exceeds the
minimum about one axis at a time.
IS 456-2000 clause 39.3

When emin 0.05 D , the column shall be designed by the following
equation:
Ac = Area of concrete ,
Asc = Area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns.
If emin > 0.05 D , the column shall be designed for moment also.
IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.1
The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement , shall be not less
than 0.8 % nor more than 6 % of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column.
NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve
practical difficulties in placing and compacting of concrete;
hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from
the columns below have to be lapped with those in the
column under consideration, the percentage of steel shall
usually not exceed 4 percent
26.5.3 columns
26.5.3.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal
reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 percent
nor more than 6 percent of the gross crosssectional
area of the column.
NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve
practical difficulties in placing and compacting of concrete;
hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from
the columns below have to be lapped with those in the
be used . column under consideration, the percentage of steel shall
usually not exceed 4 percent.
b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional
area than that required to support the load,
the minimum percentage of steel shall be
4 - 20 O based upon the area of concrete required to
+ 4 - 16 O resist the direct stress and not upon the actual
area.
c)The minimum number of longitudinal bars
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties ) provided in a column shall be four in rectangular
columns and six in circular columns.
d )The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in
diameter.
e) A reinforced concrete column having helical
reinforcement shall have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical
reinforcement.
f )In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal
bars shall be in contact with the helical
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner
circumference.
g )Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along
the periphery of the column shall not exceed
300 mm.
h )In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal
reinforcement is not taken in account in strength
calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement
not less than 0.15 percent of the cross-sectional
area shall be provided.
slenderness ratios
equal to the
on / 30 , subject to
ity exceeds the
e following
shall be not less

al area of the
Design of dog-legged staircase
230
1 5 9 10
UP 900
Floor A B 150 1950
20 19 15 900
11
v 230
vv
300 900 2250 900 230
vv
Rise of step = 160 mm Rise > 200 mm 175 mm to 200 mm

Tread = 250 mm Tread < 230 mm 250 mm to 280 mm
Nosing is not provided ( given )
Material M15 Grade concrete
mild steel reinforcement Fe250
Solution : -
Assume 150 mm thick waist slab. Both the landings can span on walls.
Landing A or B
Self-load 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
Floor finish = 1.00 KN / m2
Live load ( residence ) = 3.00 KN / m2
Total 7.75 KN / m2
PU = 1.5 x 7.75 = 11.63 KN / m2
Span = 1950 + 150 = 2100 i.e. 2.1 m
Consider 1 m length of slab
M = w x l2 / 8
= 11.63 x 2.12 / 8
= 6.41 KNm
Reinforcement will be in second layer, Assuming 12 mm O bars
d = 150 - 15 (cover ) -12 - 6
= 117 mm
Mu / b x d2 = 6.41 x 106 / 1000 x 1172

= 0.468
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)

fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.468)

250 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.93) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.224%
Ast = 0.224 x 1000 x 117 / 100

= 262 mm2
According to IS 456-200 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12 %
for Fe415
Minimum steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 225 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
= 78.50 x 1000 /262
= 300 mm
Maximum spacing = 3 x d = 3 x 117
= 351 mm .( O.K.)
Check for shear : -
Vu = w x l / 2
= 11.63 x 2.1 / 2
= 12.21 KN
= 12.21 x 103 / 1000 x 117
= 0.104 N / mm2 < ( ) N / mm ( too small )
C
2
for Pt = 0.224 c = 0.28 < 0.28 ( from table 7-1 )

.( O.K.)
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.239
From equation
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.499
Mu1 = 0.499 x 1000 x 1172 x 10-6
= 6.83 KNm
Vu = 12.21 KN
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 6.83 x 106 / 12.21 x 103 ) + 12 O 55 O
727.191 + 12 O 55 O
43 O 727.19
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.239
modification factor = 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
= 40
= 17.95 < 40 .( O.K.)
Design of flight : -
Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Loads :
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = 2502 + 1602
= 296.8 mm
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
self-load in plan = ( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 = 4.45 KN / m2
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
= 410 mm
floor finish = ( 410 / 250 ) x 1 = 1.64 KN / m2 250
Weight of step ( ( 0 + 160 ) / 2000 ) x 25 = 2.00 KN / m 2
160 296.8
Live load =
3.00 KN / m2
Total =
4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00
=
11.09 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 x 11.09 = 16.64 KN / m2
IS 456-2000 , clause 33.2
Landing is spanning in transverse direction. The span of stair according to discussion
made in art 13-1 and loading for 1 m width of stair is shown in fig below.
16.64 KN / m
11.63 KN / m 11.63 KN / m
RA = 24.83 KN RB = 24.83 KN
525 2250 525 525 = 900 / 2 +75
3300
RA = RB = 0.525 x 11.63 + 16.64 x 2.25 / 2
= 6.11 + 18.72
= 24.83 KN
Mu = 24.83 x 3.3/2 - 11.63 x (3.3/2)2 / 2 - ( ( 16.64 - 11.63 ) x ( 2.25/2 )2 ) / 2
= 40.97 - 15.83 - 3.17
= 21.97 KNm
= 21.97 x 10 6
/ 2.22 x 1000
= 99.48 mm,
dprovided = 150 - 15 - 6
= 129 mm, .( O.K.)
Mu / b x d2 = 21.97 x 10 6 / 1000 x (129)2
= 1.32
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.32)

250 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.77) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.687%
Ast = 0.687 x 1000 x 129 / 100

= 886 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
= 113.04 x 1000 / 886
= 127.585 mm
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Distribution steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 225 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
= 50.24 x 1000 /225
= 223 mm
Check for shear : -
Vu = 24.83 KN
= 24.83 x 103 / 1000 x 129
= 0.192 N / mm2 < (C
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.70
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.7 c = 0.524 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
= 0.681 N / mm2 .( O.K.)
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.70
From equation
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
we get , Mu1 / b x d2 = 1.344
Mu1 = 1.344 x 1000 x 1292 x 10-6
= 22.37 KNm
Vu = 24.83 KN
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 22.37 x 106 / 24.83 x 103 ) + 12 O 54.4 O
1171.2 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 1171.2
From Crossing of bars, the bars must extend upto 54.4 x 12 = 653
say 700 mm.
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.70
= 32.4
= 25.58 < 32.4 .( O.K.)
The depth could be reduced
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sm
= 3 x 129 = 387 mm or 300 mm
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm which
= 5 x 129 = 645 mm
to 200 mm
to 280 mm
check for shear
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
6x
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , C, N / mm2
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( c )max N / mm 2.52
2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( bd N / mm 2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 s = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 s = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction M1 /
V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
Tension bars Compression bars
fy N / mm2
M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
check for cracking
(a)The horizontal distance between parallel main
reinforcement bars ( spacing )shall not be more than t
times the effective depth of solid slab or
300 mm whichever is smaller.
(b)The horizontal distance between parallel
reinforcement bars ( spacing ) provided against
shrinkage and temperature (distribution bar) shall not be more
than five times the effective depth of a solid
slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller.
IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
sketch :
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
700
700
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing ) v vv
vv v
12 O @ 125 c/c
12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab v
v
v
8 O @ 220 c/c
v
12 O @ 125 c/c v
v
Flight-B
vv
v
v
v
v
v
v 8 O @ 220 c/c
v
v
v v v v v v 12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab

10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing ) Flight-A
r 300 mm whichever is small
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
.( O.K.)
h of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
N / mm2
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
1+5x-1)
ss than 1.0
m2
M40
4.0
n tension
M40
1.9
mpression
786-1985 , the
er is greater & For checking development length , l0

ssive reaction M1 / may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
bars ( usually end anchorage is not
provided ) and 12 O for mild steel ( U
s upto 10 m :
plied by
se deflection
150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30
v
v
v
v v 150
v
v v v v
vv v v v
vv
vv
v
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
12 O @ 125 c/c
8 O @ 220 c/c

Rectangular water tank design

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Rectangular water tank design

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Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-1 ( L / B < 2 )

Capacity 80000 Litres (given)

Fixed end moments :-

MAB = MABF + 2 MAB' + MBA'

MAD = MADF + 2 MAD' + MDA'

B.M. at centre of long span = w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16

B.M. at centre of short span = w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16

Direct tension in long wall = Yw ( H - h ) x B / 2

Direct tension in short wall = Yw ( H - h ) x L / 2

Design of Long Walls :-

Take D = 450 mm d = 450 - 25 - 8

Ast1 for moment = M / st x j x d

Ast2 for direct tension = T / st

= 43.51 x 10 / 190 x 0.89 x 417

Ast2 for direct tension = T / st

Design of short walls :-

Ast2 for direct tension = T / st

Ast2 for direct tension = T / st

From Table 9-3 minimum reinforcement 0.16 %

Bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever

From Table 9-5

= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.96)

Ast (short) = 0.29 x 1000 x 130 / 100

Mu / b x d2 (long) = 10.64 x 106 / 1000 x 120 x 120

= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.74)

Ast (long) = 0.22 x 1000 x 120 / 100

0.8 0.305 0.37 0.299 0.272

0.85 0.31 0.355 0.302 0.258

s lies outside the section

10 O @ 200 c/c - shape

3500 10 O @ 200 c/c - shape

8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom

30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

Moments and tensions :

Maximum ( - ve ) B.M. in short walls at support

Maximum ( + ve ) B.M. in short walls at centre

For bottom portion

Direct tension in long wall = Yw x ( H - h ) x B / 2

Direct tension in short wall= Yw ( H - h ) x 1

Design of long walls : -

Take D = 400 mm d = 400 - 25 - 8

Steel required for direct tension

Ast2 for direct tension = T / st

= ( 1000 x 4002 / 2 ) + ( 706 x ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 367 )

Ast2 for direct tension = T / st

From Table 9-3

Steel required for direct tension

Maximum moment = 9.38 x 42 / 8

Maximum shear = 9.38 x 3.6 / 2

= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (1.13)

Ast = 0.34 x 1000 x 129 / 100

op.For economy, the

8 O @ 140 c/c - shape

400 Sectional plan 400

8 O @ 110 c/c 6 O @ 150 c/c

16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )

Base details not shown

Floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2

= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.94)

Ast = 0.289 x 1000 x 160 / 100

r 300 mm whichever is small

IS 456-2000 clause 22.2

(a) Loads for maximum positive moment