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INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH lANGUAGE
TESTING SYSTEM
IELTS Practice Test 1
....., Listening (30 minutes - 40 Questions)
....., Reading (60 minutes - 40 Questions)
....., Writing (60 minutes - 2 Tasks)
....., Speaking (15 minutes - 3 Parts)
HEC-VN006 HAI JIM'S TESTING DOCUMENT
13
SECTION 1 Questions 1-10
Questions 1-5
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
University of Leeds Accommodation Office

Accommodation Booking Form
Example Answer
The student's course begins __ in Oct:oher
Student details:
Applicant's name: l_____
Date of birth: 2-----
Requirement of accommodation
Most students prefer to live 3_____
Accommodation off campus costs 4_____ per month
Approximately 5_____ bus from the university
14 I Listening
Questions 6 and 7
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
6. The student would like to
A. share a house with female students.
B. live with both male and female students.
C. live with students from the same university.
?. The student would prefer to
A. share with non-smoking students.
B. live in the area without much noise.
C. share with the students who smoke.
Questions 8-10
Complete the notes below
...
answer.
Facilities
What two facilities are available?
Student rooms
Heating in all rooms
8------
Communal kitchen
------
Cooker
10 ------
Listening I 15
Questions 11-13
11. Green products are aimed at
A. people who can afford to pay higher prices.
B. the young who are very environmentally aware.
C. those who care more about environment.
12. Grass roofs have been used

A. on buildings in Europe.
B. on homes and other buildings.
C. mostly on residential buildings.
13. On the grass roof, soil or crushed stones are laid directly on top of
A. the insulation and drainage layer.

B. the waterproof underlay.
C. the wooden roof deck.
Questions 14-18
Write ONLY ONE WORD for each answer.
of roof Verdict
Grass roof Cooler in summer 15___ appearance Highly
Warmer in winter in winter recommended
Little 14 ---
Encourages biodiversity
Absorbs water run-off
Tiles 16___ appearance 17__ Not recommended
Thatched roof . Good insulators Veryl8__ Not ideal for cities
16 I Listening
Questions 19 and 20
Choose TWO letters A-E.
Which TWO methods for encouraging people to install grass roofs are
mentioned?

A. Educating school children.
8. Holding design competitions.
C. Support from celebrities.
D. Making grass roofs cheaper.
E. Using the media.
Listening 11 r
Questions 21-30
Complete the form below.
answer.
Joint Presentation
Self-evaluation Form
Title: The application of robotics in a non-industrial setting
Date: 21 ----
Insert your names and comments on the following aspects of the presentation.
Mark Suggestions: Tut.or
General impression Worked well Not thorough or No comment

22___ enough
and-outs ___ looking The best part Reduce by

24.___
Middle of Power-point Overestimated 26___ More practice with
presentation Slides not in the equipment
25___
ms and objectives ery focused No comment
Delivery Performance was Difficult to coordinate Needs the

28___ speaking and presentation 29_ __
Six
80_=-=-=--------
18 I Listening
Questions 31 and 32
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
What is marketing?
31 ___ and ___ represent only two aspects of marketing.
Marketing involves
finding customers.
ensuring customer satisfaction.

32---
Questions 33 and 34
Complete the flow chart below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Physical needs
e.g.food.33.......and .......
Social needs
Human needs
e.g. belonging
34.........needs
e.g. knowledge
Human wants
Human demands
Listening I 19
Questions 35-38
Which market research method is used by each of these businesses?
Write the correct letter A-C next to Questions 35-38.
A. customer observation
B. free offers
C. in-store surveys
35. supermarkets
36. department stores

37. fast-food restaurant
38. theme parks
Questions 39 and 40
Customer satisfaction
Customers are
Poor Unhappy
Good 39-------
40
-==========------- delighted
20 I Listening
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on
READING PASSAGE 1 below.
OUT OF AFRICA:
THE TOBACCO WAR'S NEW BATTLEGROUND
BURNING HOPES: Anti-tobacco advocacy groups peg Africa as a region of
high concern due to its residents' growing habit.
PART I
A. Africa is already beleaguered by infectious diseases, such as AIDS and
malaria, but now the continent's residents face growing health threats
from preventable illnesses brought on by lifestyle changes, such as
from poor diets and smoking. In an effort to stave off these maladies,
advocates have turned their sights on tobacco use, which is on the rise
throughout Africa and projected to double by 2021. Of the
approximately one billion people across the world who use tobacco, 60
million to 80 million live in Africa.
B. Along with lobbying for higher tobacco taxes and broader public health
messages, advocates are hoping to eliminate smoking in public places
in an effort to protect people from both first- and second-hand smoke.
About a billion people worldwide live in municipalities where smoking
is outlawed in public places, according to a report published Tuesday
by Global Smoke free Partnership (a joint initiative backed by the
American Cancer Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of public
Health, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and 14 other entities) and
announced in time for the African Organization for Research and
Training in Cancer 's (AORTIC) "Cancer in Africa" conference taking
place this week in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Reducing second-hand
smoke exposure can reduce the rates of lung cancer, heart attacks and
breathing trouble in populations.
Reading I 21
C. "It's one of the most frustrating things," Thomas Glynn, director of
International Cancer Control for the American Cancer Society (ACS) and
acting head of the Global Smoke free Partnership says, about knowing that
many nicotine-related illnesses can be prevented-especially among those
who do not smoke with the right laws and education. A few countries in
Africa have taken a firm stance on public smoking. The Indian Ocean
nation, Mauritius, and South Africa have passed strong national smoke
free laws, and Nigeria's capital, Abuja, has a local ordinance in effect. But
in many areas throughout the continent, politically connected and
economically strong tobacco companies and their addictive products are
shaping up to be a substantial opponent (British American Tobacco, a
member of the industry group the Tobacco Institute of Southern Africa, did
not respond to request for comment).
D. Tobacco causes about 5.4 million deaths worldwide each year,
according to the World Health Organization (WHO), a number that is
set to rise in the coming decades even as use decreases in many
developed countries. But it is not just the smokers who suffer from the
ill effects of their habits. Since 1986 second-hand smoke has been
recognized internationally as a contributor to lung cancer and, in 2006,
the U.S. Surgeon General went so far as to say "there is no safe level of
exposure to second-hand smoke." These findings, however, have not
widely been put into regulatory action, leaving some 90 percent of
Africans without local or national smoke-free laws, the new report
notes. For example, in Tunisia, where tobacco use is especially high,
even teachers and doctors smoke at work, according to a report issued
earlier this year by the Economist Intelligence Unit, a London-based
firm that provides business and market research, and backed by Pfizer.
E. Aside from the millions of tobacco-related deaths annually, the range of
long-term disability that tobacco smoke exposure can induce also takes
a toll on health and productivity. "We focus on lung cancer deaths, but
more people are disabled by emphysema and heart disease and can't
provide for their families," Glynn says.
F. In developed countries, heart attacks in areas with smoke-free laws
dropped by 36 percent three years after laws went into effect, according
to a report released in September by the American Heart Association.
California, one of the first states in the U.S. to institute substantial
local law banning public smoking, has seen a reduction in lung cancer,
22 I Reading
Glynn notes. "From a biological plausibility standpoint, there's no
reason we wouldn't see a similar decrease in Africa countries," he says.
G. "The science is established," Glynn says. "It's now the legal and
regulatory issues that are being dealt with." But in cities such as
Abuja, where more than half of school students do not know that
second-hand smoke can be hazardous, creating public support for laws
and enforcement can be challenging. And in countries that grow
tobacco, such as Tanzania, where about 6 percent of the country's
income is tied to the crop, limiting the product's range can be met with
formidable financial resistance.
PART2
Why has Africa become the new international target for stemming the
tobacco tide? "You have to look at it from the perspective of the tobacco
industry," Glynn says. Africa is home to about 12 percent of the world's
population but only 4 percent of the world's tobacco users. "That makes it a
battleground, but that also makes it a golden opportunity for prevention,"
he says "No one has ever accused the tobacco industry of being stupid,"
Glynn says, noting that they have an obligation to look out for their
shareholders just like any enterprise. But, he notes, their tactics can be
strident. Aside from lobbying politicians to weaken smoke-free legislation,
such as by keeping some smoking areas in public places or mandating
ventilation rather than complete bans, the companies have targeted their
advertising to women and even children. "I have seen children wearing
child-sized Marlboro T-shirts," Glynn says "Smoking is not as prevalent
among women in Africa, which is not uncommon in developing regions,"
says Fred Pampel, associate vice chancellor for research at the University
of Colorado at Boulder, who has studied the demographics of tobacco use in
Africa. But that is no necessarily for the better. "Often adoption of smoking
by females lags behind males by about 10 years," he says, "so things could
change quickly for the worse."
The sheer number of young people also presents both promise and
potential trouble for nicotine-related health issues in Africa. As King
notes: "what the tobacco industry is banking on is the reservoir of non
smokers among the youth population." As propagating health messages
to many African citizens - and healthcare workers - about tobacco's
hazards has proved difficult, so has gathering data about its use. Even
figures about tobacco consumption used in the ACS'S report are far
Reading I 23
from definitive. "They're educated estimates," Glynn says. Knowing the
data about who smokes - and why - would help health officials better
spread awareness.
Better numbers require better surveillance and more cancer registries.
Funding data-gathering work, however, can present a challenge when
many advocates point to cancer patients who need immediate treatment.
Nicotine-related diseases are only some of the non-communicable
sicknesses killing people in Africa, but Glynn proposes that with the spread
of the vaccine for cervical cancer and improved breast and prostate cancer
screening, those forms of malignancy will decrease, whereas tobacco
related lung cancer will rise.
"It's very sad in that this is very predictable," Glynn says about "the march
of the Western lifestyle" that brings along with it tobacco use, unhealthy
diets, less physical activity - and more preventable diseases. But he does
not believe extinguishing these threats are insurmountable challenges,
agreeing with other experts that it will take a combination of education,
political will, grassroots efforts and global awareness.
24 I Reading
Question 1-6
Part 1 of READING PASSAGE 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings
below.
Write the correct number i-xi in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Loss of lives for ignorance of the threats
11. Lifestyle changes substantially
iii. The difficulties of enforcing laws
iv. Passive smoking is widespread
v. Opponents of laws and regulations go together
vi. Harm goes beyond death
vii. Smoking as an increasing health risk
viii. Calling for stopping smoking in public
ix. Tobacco croppers' resistances
x. The positive outcomes
xi. Establishing laws against smoking despite opposition
Example Answer
Paragraph B viii
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
6. Paragraph G
Reading I 25
Questions ?-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in READING
PASSAGE 1?
In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOTGIVEN if there is no information on this
'1. The proportion of smokers is substantially lower than its population seize in Africa.
8. African women smoke as frequently as men at present.

9. The trend in picking up smoking is identical in spite of gender differences.
10. The adolescent smokers are more profitable than elderly ones.
11. It is the local health officials' responsibilities to collect data of cigarette users.
12. Challenges arise from collecting data through more intense surveillance and
cancer patients registries.
13. The ultimate cure lies in the collaboration of multiple forces.
26 I Reading
READING PASSAGE 2
Quantum Entanglement
A. Wouldn't it be nice to be an electron? Then you, too, could take
advantage of the marvels of quantum mechanics, such as being in two
places at once very handy for juggling the competing demands of
modern life. Also, physicists have long spoiled the fantasy by saying
that quantum mechanics applies only to microscopic things.
B. Yet that is a myth. In the modern view that has gained traction in the
past decade, you don't see quantum effects on everyday life not because
you are big, but because those effects are camouflaged by their own
sheer complexity. They are there if you know how to look, and
physicists have been realizing that they show up in the macroscopic
world more than they thought. "The standard arguments may be too
pessimistic as to the survival of quantum effects," says Nobel laureate
physicist Anthony Leggett of the University of Illinois.
C. In the most distinctive such effect, called entanglement, two electrons
establish a kind of telepathic link that transcends space and time. And
not just electrons: you too, retain a quantum bond with your loved ones
that endures no matter how far apart you may be. If that sounds
hopelessly romantic, the flip side is that particles are incurably
promiscuous; hooking up with every other particle they meet. So you
also retain a quantum bond with every loser who ever bumped into you
on the street and every air molecule that ever brushed your skin. The
bonds you want are overwhelmed by those you don't. Entanglement
thus foils entanglement, a process known as de-coherence.
D. To preserve entanglement for use in, say, quantum computers,
physicists use all the tactics of a parent trying to control a teenager's
love life, such as isolating the particle from its environment or
chaperoning the particle and undoing any undesired entanglements.
And they typically have about as much success. But if you can't beat
the environment, why not use it? "The environment can act more
Reading 12'1
positively," says physicist Vlatko Vedral of the National University of
Singapore and the University of Oxford.
E. One approach has been suggested by Jianming Cai and Hans J. Briegel
of the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in
Innsbruck Austria, and Sandu Popescu of the University of Bristol in
England. Suppose you have a V-shaped molecule you can open and
close like a pair of tweezers. When the molecule closes, two electrons on
the tips become entangled. If you must keep them there, the electrons
will eventually de-cohere as particles from the environment bombard
them, and you will have no way to re-establish entanglement.
F. The answer is to open up the molecule and, counter intuitively, leave the
electrons even more exposed to the environment. In this position, de
coherence resets the electrons back to a default, lowest-energy state. Then
you can close the molecule again and re-establish entanglement afresh. If
you open and close fast enough, it is as though the entanglement was
never broken. The team calls this "dynamic entanglement," as opposed to
the static kind that endures as long as you can isolate the system from
bombardment. The oscillation notwithstanding, the researchers say
dynamic entanglement can do everything the static sort can.
G. A different approach uses a group of particles that act collectively as

one. Because of the group's internal dynamics, it can have multiple
default, or equilibrium, states, corresponding to different but
comparably energetic arrangements. A quantum computer can store
data in these equilibrium states rather than in individual particles.
This approach, first proposed a decade ago by Alexei Kitaev, then at
the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Russia, is known as
passive error correction, because it does not require physicists to
supervise the particles actively. If the group deviates from equilibrium,
the environment does the work of pushing it back. Only when the
temperature is high enough does the environment disrupt rather than
stabilize the group. "The environment both adds errors as well as
removes them," says Michal Horodecki of the University of Gdansk in
Poland.
H. The trick is to make sure it removes faster than it adds. Horodecki,

Hector Bombin of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and their
28 I Reading
colleagues recently devised such a setup, but for geometric reasons it
would require higher spatial dimensions. Several other recent papers
make do with ordinary space; instead of relying on higher geometry,
they thread the system with force fields to tilt the balance toward error
removal. But these systems may not be able to perform general
computation.
I. This work suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom,

entanglement can persist in large, warm systems including living
organisms. "This opens the door to the possibility that entanglement
could play a role in, or be a resource for, biological systems," says
Mohan Sarovar of the University of California, Berkeley, who recently
found that entanglement may aid photosynthesis (see "Chlorophyll
Power," by Michael Moyer; Scientific American, September 2009). In
the magnetism-sensitive molecule that birds may use as compasses,
Vedral, Elisabeth Rieper, also at Singapore, and their colleagues
discovered that electrons manage to remain entangled 10 to 100 times
longer than the standard formulas predict. So although we may not be
electrons, living things can still take advantage of their wonderful
quantumness.
Reading I 29
Questions 14-20
READING PASSAGE 2 has nine paragraphs A-I.

Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any paragraph more than once.
14. methods physicists learn from parents' supervising kids
15. two distinctive types of entanglements
16. a particular reason why quantum effects are overlooked
1 '1. a mention of storing information not in individual particles
18. geometric restrictions of a newly devised approach
19. the fact that heat is an important environmental factor which influences the
stability of particles
20. details of international collaborations of experts
30 I Reading
Questions 21-25

PASSAGE 2? In boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
21. Quantum mechanics are applicable to the present social life.
22. The efforts to preserve entanglement are not always successful.
23. The electrons in a V-shaped molecule would be separated when they are kept
together for a long time.
24. The dynamic entanglement is favoured by the scientists over the static
entanglement.
25. Too high temperature would have negative effects on the stability of group of
particles.
Questions 26 and 27'
Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 26 and 2 7 on your answer sheet.
26. What is the term for the effects entanglement has on itself?
2t'. What is the name for the approach designed by a Russian institute?
Reading I 31
READING PASSAGE 3
READING PASSAGE 3 on the following pages.
Growing Skyscrapers: The Rise of Vertical Farms

A. Together the world's 6.8 billion people use land equal in size to South
America to grow food and raise livestock - an astounding agricultural
footprint. And demographers predict the planet will host 9.5 billion
people by 2050. Because each of us requires a minimum of 1,500
calories a day, civilization will have to cultivate another Brazil's worth
of land - 2.1 billion acres - if farming continues to be practiced as it is
today. That much new, arable earth simply does not exist. To quote the
great American humourist Mark Twain: "Buy land. They're not making
it anymore."
B. Agriculture also uses 70 percent of the world's available freshwater for
irrigation, rendering it unusable for drinking as a result of
contamination with fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and silt. If current
trends continue, safe drinking water will be impossible to come by in
certain densely populated regions. Farming involves huge quantities of
fossil fuels, too - 20 percent of all the gasoline and diesel fuel
consumed in the U.S. The resulting greenhouse gas emissions are of
course a major concern, but so is the price of food as it becomes linked
to the price of fuel, a mechanism that roughly doubled the cost of
eating in most places worldwide between 2005 and 2008.
C. Some agronomists believe that the solution lies in even more intensive
industrial farming, carried out by an ever decreasing number of highly
mechanized farming consortia that grow crops having higher yields - a
result of genetic modification and more powerful agrochemicals. Even
if this solution were to be implemented, it is a short-term remedy at
best, because the rapid shift in climate continues to rearrange the
agricultural landscape, foiling even the most sophisticated strategies.
Shortly after the Obama administration took office, Secretary of
Energy Steven Chu warned the public that climate change could wipe
out farming in California by the end of the century.
D. What is more, if we continue wholesale deforestation just to generate
32 I Reading
new farmland, global warming will accelerate at an even more
catastrophic rate. And far greater volumes of agricultural runoff could
well create enough aquatic "dead zones" to turn most estuaries and
even parts of the oceans into barren wastelands.
E. As if all that were not enough to worry about, food borne illnesses
account for a significant .number of deaths worldwide - salmonella,
cholera, Escherichia coli and shigella, to name just a few. Even more of
problems are life-threatening parasitic infections, such as malaria and
schistosomiasis. Furthermore, the common practice of using human
feces as a fertilizer in most of Southeast Asia, many parts of Africa,
and Central and South America _(commercial fertilizers are too
expensive) facilitates the spread of parasitic worm infections that
afflict 2.5 billion people.
F. Clearly, radical change is needed. One strategic shift would do away

with almost every ill just note: grow crops indoors, under rigorously
controlled conditions, in vertical farm. Plants grown in high-rise
buildings erected on now vacant city lots and in large, multistory
rooftop greenhouses could produce food year-round using significantly
less water, producing little waste, with less risk of infectious diseases,
and no need for fossil-fueled machine1y or transport from distant rural
farms. Vertical farming could revolutionize how we feed ourselves and
the rising population to come. Our meals would taste better, too;
"locally grown" would become the norm.
G. The working descriptions sound outrageous at first. But engineers,

urban planners and agronomists who have scrutinized the necessary
technologies are convinced that vertical farming is not only feasible but
should be tried.
H. Growing our food on land that used to be intact forests and prairies is
killing the planet, setting up the processes of our own extinction. The
minimum requirement should be a variation of the physician's credo:
"Do no harm." In this case, do no further harm to the earth. Humans
have risen to conquer impossible odds before. From Charles Darwin's
time in the mid-1800s and forward, with each Malthusian prediction of
the end of the world because of a growing population came a series of
technological breakthroughs that bailed us out. Farming machines of
all kinds, improved fertilizers and pesticides, plants artificially bred for
greater productivity and disease resistance, plus vaccines and drugs for
Reading I 33
common animal diseases all resulted in more food than the nsmg
population needed to stay alive.
I. That is until the 1980s, when it became obvious that in many places
farming was stressing the land well beyond its capacity to support
viable crops. Agrochemicals had destroyed the natural cycles of
nutrient renewal that intact ecosystems use to maintain themselves.
We must switch to agricultural technologies that are more ecologically
sustainable.
J. As the noted ecologist Howard Odum reportedly observed: "Nature has
all the answers, so what is your question?" Mine is: How can we all live
well and at the same time allow for ecological repair of the world's
ecosystems? Many climate experts - from officials at the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization to sustainable
environmentalist and 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari
Manthai - agree that allowing farmland to revert to its natural grassy
or wooded states is the easiest and most direct way to slow climate
change. These landscapes naturally absorb carbon dioxide, the most
abundant greenhouse gas, from the ambient air. Leave the land alone
and allow it to heal our planet.
K. Examples abound. The demilitarized zone between South and North
Korea, created in 1953 after the Korean War, began as a 2.5-mile-wide
strip of severely scarred land but today is lush and vibrant, fully
recovered. The once bare corridor separating former East and West
Germany is now verdant. The American dust bowl of the 1930s, left
barren by overfarming and drought, is once again a highly productive
part of the nation's breadbasket. And all of New England, which was
clear-cut at least three times since the 1 700s, is home to large tracts of
healthy hardwood and boreal forests.
34 I Reading
Questions 28-36
Complete the summary of paragraphs A-F.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 28-36 on your answer sheet.
Demographers estimate that the world population would increase

significantly. Because the consumption of 28 _____ on a daily basis,
humans need to bring more land under plough under the current agricultural
practices. However, this is difficult to achieve. Agriculture is responsible for
the deterioration of drinking water because most of it serves the purpose of
29_____ and the situation is threatening to some SO _____

communities. 31 _____ are another drawback entailed by farming
because of the emissions. The increase in the food price would greatly
influence global food cost. Some specialists advocate the adoption of more
intensive industrial farming for more efficient farming. However, this is a

32. _____ since climate changes have a series of negative impacts.
New farmland is produced from 33_____ , which would consequently
accelerate the increase in the world temperature. More unproductive
wastelands would be created by much more serious 34_____ . The
most serious concern should be paid to 35 contributing

significantly to the global mortality rates. Some radical changes could be
made in 36 _____ which could bring about revolutions in the way we
feed ourselves and the coming on-the-rise population.
Reading I 35
Questions 37-40

PASSAGE 3?
3:;r_ Since Charles Darwin's time until the 1950s, mankind has managed to survive
owing directly to a range of technologies developed for the well-being of us.
38. Agrochemicals were the only factor that upset the ecosystem.
39. The most effective approach to overcoming climate changes is to reconvert the
cropped lands into meadow or forest.
40. The efforts to recover the natural landscapes are unsuccessful around the
world.
36 I Reading
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below shows the proportion of different categories of
families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Family type Proportion of people from each
household type living in poverty
Single aged person 8% (55,000)
Aged couple 4% (48,000)
Single, no children 19% (359,000)
Couple, no children 1% (211,000)
Sole parent 21% (232,000)
Couple with children 13% (933,000)
All households 12% (1,837,000)
Writing I 31
WRITING TASK 2

Write about the following topic:
Some people think that the detailed criminal description on
newspaper and TV has bad influences, so this kind of
information should be restricted on the media. To what extend
do you agree or disagree?
You should write at least 250 words.
38 I Writing
PART1
The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies
and other familiar topics
Example Questions:
Do you do exercises regularly? Why/why not?
Do you enjoy swimming? Where do you often go for swimming? Why/why not?
Should we do more exercises in daily life?
How do competitive sports benefit children?
PART2
Describe a party that you enjoyed. You should say: You will have about the topic for
Whose party it was and what it was celebrating one to two minutes. You have
Where the party was held and who went to it one minute to think about that
What people did during the party you're going to say. You can
and explain what you enjoyed about this party make some notes to help you if
________ you wish.
PART3
Discussion topics:
Family parties
Example Questions:
Do you think traditional festival like the Spring Festival should be preserved?
Why/ Why not?
What are the differences between now and before? I mean festival.
Are there many differences between family parties and parties given by your
friends? Why do you think so?
In some places people spend a lot of money on parties that celebrate special
family events. Is this ever true in your country? Do you think this is a good
trend or a bad trend?
National celebrations
Example Questions:
What kinds of national celebrations do you have in your country?
Who tends to enjoy national celebrations more: young people or old people? Why?
Why do you think some people think that national celebrations/festivals are a
waste of government money? Would you agree or disagree? Why?
Speaking j 39
INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH I.ANGUAGE
TESTING SYSTEM
....,. Listening (30 minutes - 40 Questions)
....,. Reading (60 minutes - 40 Questions)
....,. Writing (60 minutes - 2 Tasks)
....,. Speaking (15 minutes - 3 Parts)
40
PART 1
Example Questions:
Do you do exercises regularly? Why/why not?
Do you enjoy swimming? Where do you often go for swimming? Why/why not?
Should we do more exercises in daily life?
PART2
Describe a party that you enjoyed. You should say: You will have about the topic for
Whose party it was and what it was celebrating one to two minutes. You have
Where the party was held and who went to it one minute to think about that
What people did during the party you're going to say. You can
and explain what you enjoyed about this party make some notes to help you if
___________________. you wish.
PART3
Discussion topics:
Family parties
Example Questions:
Do you think traditional festival like the Spring Festival should be preserved?
Why/ Why not?
What are the differences between now and before? I mean festival.
Are there many differences between family parties and parties given by your
friends? Why do you think so?
In some places people spend a lot of money on parties that celebrate special
Example Questions:
What kinds of national celebrations do you have in your country?
Who tends to enjoy national celebrations more: young people or old people? Why?
Why do you think some people think that national celebrations/festivals are a
Speaking I 39
INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH IANGUAGE
TESTING SYSTEM
....,_ Listening (30 minutes - 40 Questions)
....,_ Reading (60 minutes - 40 Questions)
....,_ Writing (60 minutes - 2 Tasks)
....,_ Speaking (15 minutes - 3 Parts)
40
Questions 1-10
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.
SIDNEY STREET COMMUNI1Y CENTRE

VENUE BOOKING FORM
Example Answer
Name Rachel Wilson
Details of party booking

Number of people approximately 1 _____
Date of party ----
Name of room The 3-----
Time 4 from _____ to ____
Drinks Licensed only for soft drinks
Contact details
Postcode ----
Address Flat 40 6
Telephone
Landline 22 32 19
Mobile Tel. '1----
Booking fee
Cost of room hire 115 with 8-----
Disco system hire Optional fee 25 with no technician
Deposit 9 -----
Insurance 9 for 24 hours. Covers cancellation
10----
Listening I 41
Questions 11-14
Complete the table below by placing a tick(.../) in the relevant box.
What is the speaker's opinion on the following item?
Tick column A if the speaker feels it is important.
"' Tick column B if the speaker has no strong opinion either way.
Tick column C if the speaker feels it isn't very important.
I Items
11. woolen sweater
2. thermal underwear
13. walking boots

-- c"
14. water roof clothes .. t, "'Air "
Questions 15-20

Equip ment recommended
Torch
Pocketknife
15 -----
Animals
The speaker hopes people will get to see some 16_____
It is important to respect the animal's 1 '1_____
Don't leave the rubbish behind
Keep noise level to a minimum
Insects
According to the speaker, insects are not 18_____
Insects are generally 19_____
Camping
People generally go camping in order to 20_____
42 I Listening
Questions 21-23
21. Generally, Rosana finds the Wednesday programme
A. worthless.
B. very slow.
C. valuable.
22. Rosana wants to change her course because
A. she always arrives home very late at night.
B. it affects her work on the next two days.
C. she doesn't get on with the course tutors.
23. What would Rosana do if she changes her course?
A. She may not have the same tutor.
B. She can't change her mind again.
C. She may regret the change.
Questions 24 and 25
Choose two letters A-E.
Which TWO good things about the distance-learning component are
mentioned?
A. Course length.
B. Evening seminars.
C. Course tutors.
D. Course flexibility.
E. Time factor.
Questions 26-30
Complete the summary below.
Course Assessment
Students are required to keep a written 26----- and present a paper monthly. Thirty
percent of the marks are allocated to the 21 . Each student has to keep a
28____ portfolio which in the end accounts for 29____ of their marks.
-----
Each student is also accepted to present at least one piece of work at a 30
Listening I 43
Questions 31-33
Complete the table below.

America Europe
81.___
People migrate to America
Questions 34 and 35
34. In modern times, many Western countries are suffering from
A. too few working age people.
B. a shortage of skilled labour.
C. decline in birth rates.
35. A major concern that many countries are faced with is
A. that a greater economic burden being placed on governments.
B. that people are living to a far greater age.
C. that young people are finding it difficult to provide financial care for the
elderly.
44 I Listening
Questions 36-38
answer.
India and China have a vast population.
Western companies outsource work to Asia.
People in Asia become 36_____
Many people move to Western countries.
1999 250,000 people migrate
The majority of migrants were 31_____
1990 45,000 people migrate
1996 38_____ people migrate
Questions 39 and 40
Clwose the correct letter A, B or C.
39. According to the speaker, what we are witnessing is
A. a natural occurrence.
B. a weakening of western powers.
C. a modern-day phenomenon.
40. It is the opinion of the lecturer that
A. we should try to prevent what is happening.
B. we should monitor what is happening.
C. we should try to understand what is happening.
Listening I 45
READING PASSAGE 1
ATLANTIS - TRUE STORY OR CAUTIONARY TALE?

If the writing of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato had not contained
so much truth about the human condition, his name would have been
forgotten centuries ago. But one of his most famous stories - the
cataclysmic destruction of the ancient civilization of Atlantis - is
almost certainly false. So why is this story still repeated more than
2,300 years after Plato's death?
"It's a story that captures the imagination," says James Romm, a
professor of classics at Bard College in Annandale, New York. "It's a
great myth. It has a lot of elements that people love to fantasise about."
Plato told the story of Atlantis around 360 B.C. The founders of
Atlantis, he said, were half god and half human. They created a
utopian civilization and became a great naval power. Their home was
made up of concentric islands separated by wide moats and linked by a
canal that penetrated to the centre. The lush islands contained gold,
silver, and other precious metals and supported an abundance of rare,
exotic wildlife. There was a great capital city on the central island.
There are many theories about where Atlantis was - in the
Mediterranean, off the coast of Spain, even under what is now
Antarctica. "Pick a spot on the map, and someone has said that
Atlantis was there," says Charles Orser, curator of history at the New
York State Museum in Albany. "Every place you can imagine."
Plato said Atlantis existed about 9,000 years before his own time, and
that its story had been passed down by poets, priests, and others. But
Plato's writings about Atlantis are the only known records of its
existence.
46 I Reading
Possibly Based on Real Events?
Few, if any, scientists think Atlantis actually existed. Ocean explorer

Robert Ballard, the National explorer-in-residence who discovered the
wreck of the Titanic in 1985, notes that "no Nobel laureates" have said
that what Plato wrote about Atlantis is true.
Still, Ballard says, the legend of Atlantis is a "logical" one since
cataclysmic floods and volcanic explosions have happened throughout
history, including one event that had some similarities to the story of
the destruction of Atlantis. About 3,600 years ago, a massive volcanic
eruption devastated the island of Santorini in the Aegean Sea near
Greece. At the time, a highly advanced society of Minoans lived on
Santorini. The Minoan civilization disappeared suddenly at about the
same time as the volcanic eruption.
But Ballard doesn't think Santorini was Atlantis, because the time of
the eruption on that island doesn't coincide with when Plato said
Atlantis was destroyed.
Romm believes Plato created the story of Atlantis to convey some of his
philosophical theories. "He was dealing with a number of issues,
themes that run throughout his work," he says. "His ideas about divine
versus human nature, ideal societies, the gradual corruption of human
society - these ideas are all found in many of his works. Atlantis was a
different vehicle to get at some of his favourite themes."
The legend of Atlantis is a story about a moral, spiritual people who
lived in a highly advanced, utopian civilization. But they became
greedy, petty, and "morally bankrupt", and the gods "became angry
because the people had lost their way and turned to immoral pursuits,"
Orser says.
As punishment, he says, the gods sent "one terrible night of fire and
earthquakes" that caused Atlantis to sink into the sea. And all of these
plots satisfy Plato's desires to express his perspectives about the way
humans should deal with important ethical issues and the
consequences of living decaying lives.
Reading I 4,
Questions 1-6
PASSAGEJ?
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Plato's works were considered of great significance to recording the true
human condition.
2. Plato's description of the ancient Atlantis was quite believable.
3. Most people are still enthusiastic about exploring the presence of Atlantis.
4. The myth is quite popular among many astronomy experts and professors.
5. Modern people are quite sure about the exact site of Atlantis.
6. Information about whether Atlantis ever existed in human history is rather
abundant.
Questions 7-11
Complete the summary of the part "Possibly Based on Real Events?"
answer.
Almost nobody believed in the truth of Atlantis, and many scientists such
as 7_____ express a lot of scepticism about it. However, while
8_____ and 9----- in the history seem to provide some

positive evidence for the existence of Atlantis, it is still not true, because
10____ and Plato's are not compatible. One expert, Romm believes
Plato made the story of Atlantis to express his 11____ such as the
good virtues, ideologies, etc.
48 I Reading
,
Questions 12 and 13

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from the passage
for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12. According to Plato, how long has the story about Atlantis been documented in
human history?
13. Who discovered the wreck of the Titanic?
Reading I 49
READING PASSAGE 2
WHERE HAVE ALL OUR BIRDS GONE?

People have been listening to skylarks singing in Britain for 10,000 years.
But now they, and many other much-loved species, are vanishing fast. David
Adam finds out why.
A family of Starlings has chosen a post box for the third year running in an
Essex seaside town to raise their young brood.
A. The B1042 that winds from the Bedfordshire town of Sandy towards
the village of Potton is a difficult road to cross. Fast and twisty, there
are several blind bends where pedestrians must take their lives into
their hands. That is trickier than it sounds, for most pedestrians who
cross the B1042 already have a pair of binoculars in their hands.
The road separates the grand headquarters of the RSPB, home to

hundreds of birdwatchers, from some unkempt fields, home to
hundreds of watchable birds-hence the regular skips across the tarmac.
The skips, though, are now less regular for many RSPB staff, for the
star attraction of the neighboring fields has flown. Until a year ago, a
clutch of woodlark nested there, one of Britain's rarest birds with just
1,000 or so thought to remain. Then their home was ploughed up and
replaced with a giant field of swaying hemp plants. The wood-lark have
not been seen since.
B. It is not just the professional birdwatchers of the RSPB who have seen
their local landscape transformed. Across Britain, and with little
fanfare, the face of the countryside has subtly changed in recent years.
Farm fields that stood idle for years under EU schemes to prevent
overproduction, such as the one across the road from the RSPB, have
been conscripted back into active service. The uncultivated land,
previously a haven for wildlife, has been ploughed, and farmers have
planted crops such as wheat and barley, with occasional hemp for use
in paper and textiles.
C. As a result, the amount of land available for birds such as the woodlark
50 I Reading
has halved in the last two years. Without efforts to stem this loss of
habitat, conservation experts warn that the countryside of the future
could look and sound very different. Starved of insects in the spring
and seeds through the winter, the metallic-sounding com bunting and
plump grey partridge, formerly one of the most common birds on UK
shores, are on the brink. And the skylark, whose twittering has
provided the soundtrack to millions of countryside walks and inspired
Percy Bysshe Shelley, in Ode to a Skylark, to praise its "profuse strains
of unpremeditated art", is struggling and could soon vanish from many
areas. Numbers fell 53% from 1970 to 2006. "This is not just about
birdwatchers. These birds are part of our common heritage," says
Gareth Morgan, head of agriculture policy at the RSPB.
D. Government figures show that populations of 19 bird species that rely
on farmland have halved since serious counting started in the 1970s -
a decline conservationists blame on intensive farming methods, with
insecticide and herbicide sprayed on to monoculture fields show of
vibrant hedges. The unmistakable yellowhammer, which likes to sing
while perched as a dash of colour on hedges and bushes, has steadily
disappeared with the hedges and bushes. And a startling 80% drop
across England in 40 years has diluted the shifting Rorschach blots
painted on the dusk sky by massed flocks of starling-though urban
changes are blamed for this too.
E. Farmland birds may sound a niche problem, and you may think that
the rest of the countryside is doing OK, but for most people, farmland
is the British countryside. About 75% of Britain is farmed, and about
half of that is arable field. Take a train between two UK towns,
particularly in eastern counties, and almost all of the countryside you
see is farmland.
F. As Simon Gillings of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) puts it:
"For most people, farmland is the countryside and farmland birds are
the birds they see." If birds are struggling, then it is a fair bet that
other wildlife is too. "Birds are indicative of other things," Gillings
says. "If birds are declining then what does that say about the plants
and insects they rely on? It's all linked together."
Reading I s1
Questions 14-18
READING PASSAGE 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings
below.
Write the correct number i-xi in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Not only birds suffer
ii. Vanishing of habitats gives rise to the drop in bird species
iii. Cultivating fame fields is profitable for farmers
iv. A niche and minor problem
v. Who should be blamed?
vi. Woodlark and other birds are on the brink
vii. Hedges and bushes are blamed for the reduction
viii. The rapid disappearance of bird species in Britain
ix. The countryside is the farmland
x. A major change in local landscape - more land is cultivated
xi. ---------
Farmland is taking an insignificant share
Example Answer
Paragraph A VIII
14. Paragraph B
15. Paragraph C
16. Paragraph D
1;r. Paragraph E
18. Paragraph F
52 I Reading
Questions 19-22
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F.
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19. a reference to the effects of changes in the cities on birds
20. a sharp drop in the dwelling areas

21. a misconception held about farmland birds
22. other wildlife is equally influenced
Questions 23-27
PASSAGE 2?
23. The RSPB is a very famous international organization in birds conservation.
24. In EU countries farm fields are left uncultivated in order to increase their
fertility.
25. The loss of habitats means a more demanding survival for many bird species.
26. In the 1970s governments only counted 19 bird species that depended on
farmland.
2't. More farm fields are cultivated than usually expected.
Reading I 53
READING PASSAGE 3
LIFE BEYOND EARTH

A. We all have our suppositions, our scenarios. The late astronomer Carl
Sagan estimated that there are a million technological civilizations in
our galaxy alone. His more conservative colleague Frank Drake offers
the number 10,000. John Oro, a pioneering comet researcher,
calculates that the Milley Way is sprinkled with a hundred
civilizations. And finally there are skeptics like Ben Zuckerman, an
astronomer at UCLA who thinks we may as well be alone in this
galaxy if not in the universe.
B. All the estimates are highly speculative. The fact is that there is no
conclusive evidence of any life beyond Earth. Absence of evidence is not
evidence of absence, as various pundits have wisely noted. But still we
don't have any solid knowledge about a single alien microbe, a solitary
spore, much less the hubcap from a passing alien starship.
C. Our ideas about extra-terrestrial life are what Sagan called
"plausibility arguments," usually shot through with unknowns,
hunches, ideologies, and random ought-to-bes. Even if we convince
ourselves that there must be life out there, we confront a second
problem, which is that we don't know . anything about that life. We
don't know how truly alien it is. We don't know if it's built on a
foundation of carbon atoms. We don't know if it requires a liquid-water
medium, if it swims or flies or burrows.
D. Despite the enveloping nebula of uncertainties, extra-terrestrial life
has become an increasingly exciting area of scientific inquiry. The field
is called exobiology or astrobiology or bioastronomy - every few years it
seems as though the name has been changed to protect the ignorant.
E. Whatever it's called, this is a science infused with optimism. We now
know that the universe may be aswarm with planets. Since 1995
astronomers have detected at least 22 planets orbiting other stars.
NASA hopes to build a telescope called the Terrestrial Planet Finder to
search for Earth-like planets, examining them for the atmospheric
54 j Reading
signatures of a living world. In the past decade organisms have been
found thriving on our own planet in bizarre, hostile environments. If
microbes can live in the pores of rock deep beneath the earth or at the
rim of a scalding Yellowstone spring, then they might find a place like
Mars not so shabby.
F. Mars is in the midst of a full-scale invasion from Earth, from polar
landers to global surveyors to rovers looking for fossils. A canister of
Mars rocks will be rocketed back to Earth in the year 2008,
parachuting into the Utah desert for scrutiny by scientists in a
carefully sealed lab. In the coming years probes will also go around
and, at some point, into Jupiter's moon Europa. That icy world shows
numerous signs of having a subsurface ocean and could conceivably
harbor a dark, cold biosphere.
G. The quest for an alien microbe is supplemented by a continuing effort to
find something large, intelligent, and communicative. SETI - the Search
for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence has not yielded a confirmed signal from an
alien civilization in 40 years of experiments, but the signal-processing
technology grows more sophisticated each year. The optimists fi gure it's
only a matter of time before we tune in the right channel.
H. No one knows when - or if - one of these investigations might make a
breakthrough. There's a fair bit of boosterism surrounding the entire
field, but I'd bet the breakthrough is many years, if not decades, away.
The simple truth: extra-terrestrial life, by definition, is not
conveniently located.
I. But there are other truths that sustain the search for alien organisms.
One is that, roughly speaking, the universe looks habitable. Another is
that life radiates information about itself - that, if nothing else, it
usually leaves a residue or an imprint. If the universe contains an
abundance of life, that life is not likely to remain forever in the realm
of the unknown.
J. Contact with an alien civilization would be an epochal and culturally
challenging event, but ex-biologists would settle gladly for the
discovery of a tiny fossil, a mere remnant of extra-terrestrial
biochemistry. One example. One data point to add to the one we have -
Earth life. That's what we need to begin the long process of putting
human existence in its true cosmic context.
Reading I 55
Questions 28-33
Complete the summary of paragraphs A-E below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from paragraphs A to E for
each answer.
Many astronomers gave estimate on the number of
28 _______ existing in the universe. Some of them might
be likely to give a more conservative figure. But there are also others
being skeptical about their existence. However, all of the arguments
are not proved yet. Even if we believe that there might be extra
terrestrial life, we are still unable to decide whether it is formed
based on 29------- or whether it demands a
30______ or not. However, this theme is known as
31 _______ and has become more fascinating and
intriguing for scientists. Despite its name, the scientific fields are
optimistic about the exploration: NASA plans to build telescope in
order to examine 32_______ of Earth-like planets. Since
the find of 3 3_______ on our own planet, it is possible that
they can also be present on Mars.
56 I Reading
Questions 34-38
Complete the sentences.
answer.
34. Experts are approaching Mars extensively in the search of ______
35. Jupiter's moon Europa will be in the analysed for it is conceived to embrace
a______ probably hostile to life.
36. Although no clear signals have been received by human being, advances made
in______ has provided some optimism after 40 years' experiments.
3t. The reason why extra-terrestrial life cannot be immediately found is that it is
not readily______
38. The look for alien organism can still be sustained because it would still give off
traces such as a------
Questions 39 and 40
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.
39. How many planets surrounding other stars have been detected since the year
1995?
40. Where will the rocks from Mars parachuted for examination?
Reading I s1
WRITING TASK 1
The charts below give information about travel to and from the
UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to
visit.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
Visits to and from the UK
visits abroad by
50 UK residents
visits to the UK by
40 overseas residents
30
e
20
10
0
1969 1974 1979 1984 1989
Most popular countries visited by UK residents 1989
Turkey I
Greece I
USA
I
Spain
I
France
I
I
5 10 15
millions of UK visitors
58 I Writing
WRITING TASK 2

Technological development leads to lots of environmental
issues. Some people think a simple life style can preserve
environment while others argue that technology itself can solve
it. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples
from your own knowledge of experience.
Writing I 59
PART 1
and other familiar topics.
Example questions:
What's your typical day?/ What's your routine?
Does your school offer non-academic courses?
Is it necessary for school to offer these non-academic courses?
Could you say something about your English study?
PART2
Describe someone you know who is good at cooking. You will have about the topic
Yo should say: for one to two minutes. You
Who is he/she? have one minute to think
about what you're going to
What kind of dishes does he/she make?
say. You can make some
What do you think of it?
notes to help you if you wish.
and explain why you like this cooking.
PART3
Discussion topics:
About food
Example questions:
Do you usually eat healthy food?
How should Governments encourage people to eat healthy food?
About shopping
Example questions:
Do you often go shopping? Why do you like it? Which one do you like better,
window-shopping, on-line shopping, or typical shopping?
Do you think that it is good for children to go shopping?
What is the difference between going to the supermarket and going to a small
shop?
60 I Speaking
TESTING SYSTEM
...,. Listening (30 minutes - 40 Questions)
...,. Reading (60 minutes - 40 Questions)
...,. Writing (60 minutes - 2 Tasks)
...,. Speaking (15 minutes - 3 Parts)
61
Questions 1-10
LAPTOP FOR SALE

Example Answer
Purpose placing an advertisement
Condition Almost new
Weight 1 _______
Make Allegro
Memory 2-------GB
Screen -------
Touch pad but cordless mouse
Number of ports Two
Battery lasts 4_______
Latest programs Not 5 _______
Extras
Web cam
Printer with -------
Smart case
Price
Contact details
Name David 8-------
E-mail address DIB-t?91@hotmail.com
Mobile number -------
Advert placed 10-------
62 I Listening
Questions 11 and 12
Choose TWO correct letters A-E.

What TWO changes to the organization of this year's festival are mentioned?

A. Free parking.
8. Free refreshments.
C. New uniforms.
D. Free concert.
E. Large tents.
Questions 13-15

Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER FOR each answer.
Teams Purpose Meeting point Time
Beach Team Pick up litter 13 --- 8am
Town Team Arrange 14___ Village Hall 15 ---am
Listen(ng I 63
Questions 16-20
16. What does the speaker say about the judges in the competitions?
A. Most people judging will have some experience.
B. None of the Judges will have experience.
C. Every Judge will be experienced.
1 ?. The winner in each of the competitions will
A. be given vouchers.
B. be awarded a cash prize.
C. receive book-tokens.
18. The profits from the marathon will be given to the Children's Hospital to help
A. buy new specialist equipment.
B. decorate the hospital wards.
C. provide the books for the children.
19. Wardens will be needed at the car park
A. they helped organize the parking well last year.
B. the parking last year was disorganized.
C. they will be needed to collect parking fees.
20. Bags will be provided by the council
A. for all the rubbish.
B. only for the food rubbish.
C. only for the material that can be recycled.
64 I Listening
Questions 21 and 22
21. How long do most people concentrate according to Susan?
A. An hour.
B. 20 minutes.
C. 40 minutes.
22. What was the best way to approach lectures in most students' opinions?
A. Read about the topic before the lecture.
B. Record the lecture and listen to the tape airwards.
C. Listen for the main points of the lecture and take notes.
Questions 23-26
Complete the table below by placing a tick ('1) in the relevant box.
What were students' opinions on the following study techniques?
Tick column A if the respondents felt it was a good method.
Tick column B if the respondents had no strong opinion either way.
Tick column C if the respondents felt it wasn't a good method.
Assignment C
23. Writing essay plans
24. Discussing ideas
Reading
25. Reading whole chapters
26. Skim reading
Listening I 65
Questions 27-30
2?. According to the research that Susan conducted, most students believe
A. time management is generally quite important.
B. time management isn't very important.
C. time management is very important to young students.
28. What did students complain about their studies?
A. They had to get up early in the morning.
B. They had to earn money to support their studies.
C. They had to work part time on weekends.
29. Susan discovered that most of the students she surveyed
A. would prefer it if they didn't have exams.
B. actually quite liked exams.
C. actually dreaded the exams.
30. What were Susan's findings on exam preparation techniques?
A. All the younger students liked to prepare the exams in a short time.
B. Few older students spent much time on revising.
C. A few younger students studied the whole night.
66 I Listening
Questions 31-3?
.. Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
31. The purpose of the data collection was to
A. test people's reaction to different buildings.
B. collect detailed information on various buildings.
C. assess the beauty of different public buildings.
32. The initial plan to use a questionnaire was abandoned, because
A. it would take too much time to produce.
B. the questions were difficult to write.
C. it would take too long for people to complete.
33. People indicated their reactions on 1-5 scale,
A. giving rise to some interesting answers.
B. ensuring that the information was easier to collect.
C. making it quicker to choose the three images.
34. To make sure people could see the detail in the images better
A. only daylight images were used.
B. black and white images were used.
C. the images were produced in colour.
35. What was done to preserve the images when being used?
A. They were covered in plastic with a special machine.
B. People were asked to wear gloves when touching them
C. The images were handled only by the researcher.
Listening I 6;r
36. Among the people who formed part of the sample were
A. tourists from various places.
B. office workers during lunch-break. ;.
C. commuters as they exited stations.
3?. What was the reason for appointing a leader for the group?
A. To comply with the instructions for the task.
B. To help hold the team together.
C. To allocate tasks to the various members.
Questions 38-40
Which findings match the age groups of the image testing?

Write the appropriate letter A-D next to each age group.
Findings

A. varied reaction
B. mainly scored 1
C. mostly scored 3
D. mainly scored 5
38. 11-18 year-olds
39. 20-40 year-olds
40. 50 years old and over
68 I Listening
READING PASSAGE 1
Sight into Butterfly Farm

A. Butterflies are less plentiful than they used to be and many species
are now endangered. Yet, butterflies like plants, animals and other
insects are important to the survival of all living. For this reason alone
the conservation of butterflies is becoming crucial. The good news is
that it is very easy to attract butterflies to your own backyard, no
matter how small or urban, and you can help to preserve these most
brilliant and fascinating creatures. With just a little effort the
butterflies will reward yon with the spectacle of a variety of living
colour that is unmatched by any other wildlife.
B. Where to find your caterpillars? Depending on the season, where you

live, and how much time you have, finding your own caterpillars can be
a rewarding task. The best way to find caterpillars is to look for the
plants that are known host plants for local butterflies. If the leaves of
the plants are eaten chances are if you look carefully you will find
caterpillars. Alliteratively you can grow your own host plants and wait
for the female butterfly to lay her eggs on them. We use small plastic
aquariums to grow our caterpillars, but a one-gallon jar is also
suitable. The top of your container should be covered by a piece of
cheesecloth (we use kitchen roll which works too) and fastened securely
by a rubber band. You should also provide your caterpillars with some
Reading I 69
sticks that fit securely into the cage for them to pupate on. Do not use a
jar lid with holes punched in it. Not only will this provide inadequate
ventilation, but the caterpillars can also be cut open by the sharp edges
of the holes. Keep your container with caterpillars in a light, airy
space, but not direct sunlight.
C. The most difficult part in raismg butterflies is to provide your

caterpillars with fresh cuttings from the host plant approp1'iate for the
species of caterpillars you are raising. Caterpillars are very picky
eaters. Each species will only eat very specific plants. Therefore, in
order to take care of a caterpillar, it is important to know what kind of
caterpillar it is, and what kind of food it eats. A good rule of thumb is
that a caterpillar is most likely to eat the kind of plant you found it on.
If you are in doubt about what kind of caterpillar you have found, it is
best to let it go. Caterpillars will starve to death before they will eat
the wrong food. Once you have found the correct food, remember your
caterpillars must always have fresh food! Caterpillars will not eat old
or dry leaves. The easiest way to feed your caterpillars is to provide
them with a live, potted plant in their cage. However, because many
host plants are large bushes or trees, this is not always possible.
Therefore, it is best to provide new cuttings of host plant every day. We
use small plastic cups filled with vermiculite and water to hold the
cuttings and stop the caterpillars falling into the water. If you cut too
much food at once, give some of it to your caterpillars and put the rest
in a glass of water in refrigerator until you are ready to use it. This will
keep the food fresh longer. Always carefully inspect your fresh plant
cuttings for spiders or insects. It is very disappointing to find that you
have inadvertently fed your caterpillars to a very fat and happy spider!
Caterpillars receive all the water they need from the plants they eat so
10 I Reading
you don't have to provide any additional water.
D. Caterpillars are very susceptible to a variety of bacterial infections,

including bacteria we all carry on our hands without knowing it. Be
sure to always wash your hands thoroughly before handling your
caterpillars. Caterpillars are relatively fragile creatures. Handle them
very gently. If you are changing their host plant, it is best to put the
fresh host plant into the cage, then wait a few hours for the caterpillars
to crawl onto the new host plant on their own. Then you can remove
the old food. Alternatively you can use a small paintbrush to carefully
move the caterpillars from one plant to another, this works for us.
Remember how many caterpillars you have and count them all before
you throw out old host plant so you do not accidentally throw away
your caterpillars; it happens to the best of us! Do not pick up
caterpillars with branching spines! These spines can deliver a very
painful sting. If your caterpillars seem lethargic or have changed
colour, do not handle them. They are probably preparing to molt or
form their pupa and are very vulnerable at this stage. Or they may be
sick. If your caterpillars die, remove them from the cage immediately
to help prevent infection of the other caterpillars in the cage.
E. However, if your caterpillars pupate in the fall there is a good chance

that they will remain in their pupae until spring. Keep the cage humid
with occasional misting. Many pupae will either turn dark or become
clear when the butterflies are ready to emerge. When this happens, be
especially sure that your cage is humid. Keep a careful watch? It only
takes a few seconds for a butterfly to come out of its pupa and it
usually emerges in the mornings? Dead pupae often turn very dark. If
you gently bend the abdominal region of the pupa and it stays bent, the
pupa is probably dead.
Reading I ;q
Questions 1-4
READING PASSAGE 1 has five paragraphs A-E.

Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. purpose to throw away dead caterpillars out of the cage
2. beneficial factors that should be taken into consideration in finding caterpillars
3. eat nothing but the particular plants before they meet their end
4. device appropriate to grow caterpillars
Questions 5-9

PASSAGE 1?
5. A kaleidoscope of shades that butterflies offer visitors to enjoy could not be
rivalled.
6. To look for and prepare caterpillars, there is only one way.
't. The provision of specific fresh food for particular species is deemed as the
extremely demanding task when butterflies are to be raised.
8. It is always true that the easiest food to provide caterpillars with is a live and
potted plant.
9. As it is the high time for the butterfly to emerge, the majority of butterfly
pupae will take on dark.
12 I Reading
Questions 10-13
Complete the summary of paragraph D below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraph D for each
answer.
Caterpillars are liable to the influence of 10-----, with no
exception of unconscious carry-on 11----- Thus, prior to
dealing with them, it could not be ignored that hands should be
washed attentively. For another, as vulnerable living things,
caterpillars could only be 12 ____touched. Ideally, the fresh host
plant is to be put into the cage, then wait for a real while. After that,
all work is done. In addition, 13----- might serve its own
purpose to help move caterpillars around.
Reading I ;rJ
READING PASSAGE 2
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
PASS JUDGMENT ON STUDENTS' WRITING
A. The Educational Testing Service, which designs and grades the GMAT
and other widely used standardized tests, said its e-rater program
comes within one point of a human grader 98 percent of the time, using
the six-point scale that is now a common approach to grading essays on
standardized tests. If there is a difference of more than one point
between the scores of the computer and a human evaluator, the essay
is read by another person and the three scores are averaged. ETS,
which began using e-rater to grade the test two years ago, has cut its
GMAT costs by US $1. 7 million a year because graders now have to
read fewer essays. The organization can also return scores to test
takers in ten days, instead of four weeks it used to take.
B. But Sam Graziano, who took the GMAT last month, wasn't thrilled to
learn that a computer would evaluate his writing, and thereby help
decide whether he is admitted to a top business school. "I'm a computer
science major, and it's kind of hard for me to understand an algorithm
that could grade an essay," said Graziano. "At this time, I wouldn't really
trust it."
C. Another essay-grading program, called IntelliMetric, is muscling its
way into the standardized testing industry. And Accuplacer is a new
program that decides the appropriate course level for incoming college
students. The programs take different approaches to their task. But
they all use a database of essays that have been graded by humans.
The programs are smart enough, according to their inventors, to
recognize what characteristics correspond to higher scores.
D. ETS's e-rater focuses mostly on how an essay is written, not its
meaning. For example, it looks for cue words - such as "however,"
"because," and "therefore that are key to framing an argument. It also
looks for variety in the arrangement of phrases, clauses, and sentences.
And to recognize whether an essay is on topic, it looks for certain words
r4 I Reading
based on the previously graded essays in its database. The Intelligent
Essay Assessor is geared more toward the content of a composition.
The program is primed by feeding it a batch of essays already graded
by humans, or text that serves as the basis for the essays, such as a
history or science book. The program analyzes the relationships
between the words, looking for patterns. It recognizes how the words fit
together-for example, it recognizes that "the doctor operated on the
patient" is similar to "the surgeon wielded the scalpel." In that way, its
creators say, the Intelligent Essay Assessor comes to understand the
words. It can then compare that meaning with the essays to be graded.
E. "It isn't as simple as looking at which words occur together," said
Thomas Landauer, a University of Colorado professor who has done
research on the technology. "It's a much deeper process than that." The
Intelligent Essay Assessor, Landauer said, is best at evaluating
answers in fact-filled subjects, such as science and history. The
program can look at a student's essay and decide what points are
missing. A study that compared essays written under the program's
tutelage with those written without such help concluded that the
computer-aided essays were consistently better.
F. The programs do have their limits. They can't deal with creativity,
such as metaphors or unconventional writing styles. If confronted by
quirks, the computer is supposed to alert its handlers that the essay is
unusual and needs to be read by a human. The e-rater also can be
fooled. For example, if the word "therefore" is one of the words it's
looking for, it will probably give the writer credit for using it even if it's
the first word in the essay, said Marisa Farnum, a writing assessment
specialist at ETS. A teacher, on the other hand, might consider such a
use of "therefore" completely inappropriate and penalize the student
for it. Some professors, such as William Dowling at Rutgers, think the
programs will be unable to process students' more complex and original
writing. Dennis Baron, the head of the English department at the
University of Illinois in Urbana, has the opposite fear: It won't be able
to get past a student's weaknesses.
Reading I rs
Questions 14-19
READING PASSAGE 2 has six paragraphs A-F.

Write the correct letter A-Fin boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. The restrictions of the newly introduced programs.
15. Some doubt has been expressed about the new technology.
16. A reference to its effectiveness in assessing fact-filled disciplines.
17. How essays are specifically rated by electronic programs.
18. Results are delivered in shorter periods.
19. A common resource that are used by all the grading programs.
Questions 20-26

PASSAGE 2?
20. The e-raters could reduce costs spent on grading essays each year.
21. The programs are identical in terms of the methods they take to evaluate the essays.
22. The scores given by the programs are accepted by most American universities.
23. The way an essay is prepared is more emphasized than the information it conveys.
24. Cue words are the centre of modern essay writing.
25. Subjects dealing with facts are the most appropriate areas for the application
of the programs.
26. Machines prove to be perfect in rating essays and would give due penalties to
students for mistakes made in the essays.
r6 I Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
Mending Broken Hearts

A. Although hearts suffer many maladies-valves leak, membranes become
inflamed - coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attack and
ultimately to heart failure, is the number one killer of both men and
women in the United States, where 500,000 the annually. Worldwide,
it kills 7.2 million people every year. Exacerbated by the export of
Western lifestyle - motorized transport, abundant meat and cheese,
workdays conducted from the comfort of a well-padded chair -
incidence of the disease is soaring.
B. To help stem this lethal tide, cardiologists can prescribe such

cholesterol-lowering drugs as statins to help keep arteries clear. They
can advise patients to change their habits, or they can operate to fix an
immediate problem. Angioplasty is one procedure, and surgery to
bypass the diseased arteries is another - each year more than 400,000
bypasses are performed in the U.S. Transplants can replace severely
damaged hearts, and artificial ones can keep people alive while they
wait for a donor heart. But in the face of an impending global epidemic,
none of these stopgap measures addresses the essential question: Who
gets heart attacks and why?
C. The human heart beats 100,000 times a day, propelling six quarts (5.6
liters) of blood through 60,000 miles (96,560.6 kilometers) of vessels -
20 times the distance across the U.S. from coast to coast. The blood
flows briskly, surging out of a ten-ounce (283.5 gram) heart so
Reading I TT
forcefully that large arteries, when severed, can send a jet of blood
several feet into the air. Normally the relentless current helps keep
blood vessels clean. But where an artery bends, tiny eddies form, as in
a bend in a river. This is where bits of sticky, waxy cholesterol and fat
can seep into the artery wall and oxidize, like butter going rancid.
Other matter piles up too. Eventually, the whole mass calcifies into a
land of arterial stucco, or plaque.
D. Until recently, cardiologists approached heart disease as a plumbing

problem. Just as mineral deposits restrict the flow of water through a
pipe, an accretion of plaque impedes the flow of blood through an
arterial channel. The more crud in the system, the greater likelihood
that a dammed artery will trigger a heart attack. Doctors now dismiss
this "clogged-pipes model" as an idea whose time has passed. It's just
not that simple.
E. Most heart attacks are caused by plaque embedded within the artery
wall that ruptures, cracking the wall and triggering the formation of a
blood clot. The clot blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle, which
can form the lack of oxygen and nutrients. Suddenly, the pump stops
pumpmg.
F. Contrary to the clogged pipes model, heart attacks generally occur in

arteries that have minimal or moderate blockage, and their occurrence
depends more on the kind of plaque than on the quantity. Scientists
have been struggling to figure out what type is most responsible.
Paradoxically, :findings suggest that immature, softer plaques rich in
cholesterol are more unstable and likely to rupture than the hard,
calcified, dense plaques that extensively narrow the artery channel. But
understanding the root cause of the disease will require much more
research. For one thing, human hearts, unlike plumbing fixtures, are
r8 I Reading
not stamped from a mold. Like the rest of our body parts, they are
products of our genes.
G. Don Steffenson was putting duck-hunting decoys out on a small lake

one fall afternoon in South Western Iowa when his heart attack hit.
The infarction was massive and unexpected. It's likely that Steffensen
survived only because a buddy was carrying nitroglycerin tablets and
quickly slipped one under his friend's tongue. Nitroglycerin is used to
make dynamite; in the body, a heavily diluted form releases nitric
oxide, which signals the smooth muscle cells in veins and arteries to
relax, dilating the vessels.
H. The Steffensen clan is enormous: more than 200 relatives spread over
three generations, many of the youngest are now dispersed from Iowa
to New York and beyond. Although heart trouble is common in the
family, it had never struck anyone as unusual.- "I attributed it to diet,"
shrugs Tina, a slim 38-year-old and the family's only vegetarian.
I. It was a reasonable conclusion. The Steffensens were raised on the kind of

farm food that the state is famous for - ham balls, meatloaf, pie, macaroni
and cheese - and still popular even as careers have moved indoors. Driving
north through cornfields to meet some of the family in Buffalo Center, I
dined at a restaurant offering deep-fried sandwiches. A single ham and
cheese hoagie - clunked in hot fat and served sizzling - seemed capable of
stopping a heart all on its own.
Reading j ;r9
Questions 27-34

PASSAGE 3?
27. Coronary heart disease is the largest culprit behind the deaths in the United
States.
28. The Western lifestyle is the largest cause for the increase in the diseases.
29. Measures taken by experts have successfully answered the essential questions
about heart attack.
30. Blood in human body could travel much more distance throughout the body
on a daily basis than that across the U.S. from coast to coast.
31. Cholesterol is stored in the arteries to provide energy for various functions of
the body.
32. The clogged pipes model is accepted by most doctors and specialists.
33. Scientists have yet to decide the most likely factor that leads to heart attack.
34. Don Steffenson's case seems to suggest that unhealthy dieting habits does not
incessantly cause serious heart attack.
80 I Reading
Questions 35-38
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below based on
information in paragraphs A-E.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.
35. Cardiologists prescribe cholesterol-lowering drugs in order to ___
36. Artificial hearts are introduced to ---

37. Heart diseases in arteries are compared to ___
38. The blood clot is a serious problem because it is likely to ___
A. reduce the costs of transplantation surgery
B. the blood clots - a kind of arterial stucco, or plaque
C. deposits of minerals limiting the flow of water through a pipe
D. smooth the arteries
E. cope with difficult situations
F. braincase the blood from flowing to the heart muscle and interfere with the
absorption of oxygen and nutrients
G. help patients survive until the availability of a donated human heart
Reading I 81
Questions 39 and 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D based on information in paragraphs F-1.
Write the correct letter A-D in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.
39. A model other than the clogged pipes one suggests that the occurrence of
heart attack depends on
A. the amount and severity of blockage in the blood cells.
B. the categories and properties of blockage.
C. the density of the artery walls.
D. the genes of the victim.
40. The incidence of Steffensen clan shows which of the following factors is most
likely to be responsible for heart attacks?
A. Patients' gender.
B. Patients' living conditions.
C. Patients' attitude toward life.
D. Patients' eating habits and diets.
82 I Reading
WRITING TASK 1
The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England
during typical days in autumn and spring. The pie chart shows
how electricity is used in an average English home.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
Typical daily demand for electricity
40,000
5 Autumn
"E 30,000
20,000
a Spring
10,000
Ohrs 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
What the electricity is used for:
CD st.s% Heating rooms, heating water

17.5% Ovens, kettles, washing machines
@ 16% Lighting, TV, radio
@ 15% Vacuum cleaners, food mixers, electric tools
Writing I 83
WRITING TASK 2

Now, many scientific institutes conduct research on live
animals. Some people regard it as cruel and unnecessary while
others believe it is justified in the interest of human welfare.
Discuss the two views and give your reasons. Give reasons for
your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
84 I Writing
PART 1
Example Questions:
Tell me something about your campus life in leisure time.
Which style of arts do you like and why?
What do you think about arts? Are they important?
Do you usually go to museum or music hall? Why?/ Why not?
PART2
Describe a time when you were caught in a traffic jam. You will have about the topic
You should say: for one to two minutes. You
Where did it happen? have one minute to think
When did you meet this traffic jam? about what you're going to
say. You can make some notes
What caused this traffic jam?
to help you if you wish.
and explain how you solved it or did you just wait?
PART3
Discussion topics:
About Hi-tech
Example questions:
Some people cannot keep up with the development of sience and
technology. What should they do?
Do you think it is important to develop science and technology?
How does scientific research benefit space, medical, environmental and
information technology?
About Job
Example questions:
What will people take into consideration when they choose their jobs?
Does your company offer any training courses as welfare?
What do you think of workaholics? Do you think it's a good trend?
Speaking I 85
TESTING SYSTEM
I
I IELTS Practice Test 4
86
' SPEAKING
PART 1
Example Questions:
Tell me something about your campus life in leisure time.
Which style of arts do you like and why?
What do you think about arts? Are they important?
Do you usually go to museum or music hall? Why?/ Why not?
PART2
Describe a time when you were caught in a traffic jam. You will have about the topic
You should say: for one to two minutes. You
Where did it happen? have one minute to think
When did you meet this traffic jam? about what you're going to
say. You can make some notes
What caused this traffic jam?
to help you if you wish.
and explain how you solved it or did you just wait?
PART3
Discussion topics:
About Hi-tech
Example questions:
Some people cannot keep up with the development of sc;ience and
technology. What should they do?
Do you think it is important to develop science and technology?
How does scientific research benefit space, medical, environmental and
About Job
Example questions:
What will people take into consideration when they choose their jobs?
Does your company offer any training courses as welfare?
What do you think of workaholics? Do you think it's a good trend?
Speaking I 85
TESTING SYSTEM
..,_ Listening (30 minutes - 40 Questions)
..,_ Reading (60 minutes - 40 Questions)
..,_ Writing (60 minutes - 2 Tasks)
..,_ Speaking (15 minutes - 3 Parts)
86
() LISTENING
Questions 1-5

High School Prom
Example Answer
Time ---in three weeks
Venue: ----
Number of people graduate ----
Cost to join the party ----
Parents can help with ----
Requirement of dress code ----
Questions 6 and 7
6. Why didn't some students attend the prom last year?
A. They are busy preparing final exam.
B. They can't hire suitable evening dress or suit anywhere.
C. Their parents aren't wealthy.
,. How much will drinks cost?
A. 150.
B. 180.
C. 175.
Questions 8-10
Person Item Place

Sarah ---- Department store
Jim Near 10 ---=====-----
Listening I 8?
Questions 11 and 12
Complete the sentence below.
answer.
11. Students from more than 80 countries study on ____
12. Overseas students are guaranteed a single bedroom in one of the ____
Questions 13 and 14
13. The main purpose of the student clubs is to
A. raise funds for charity.
B. visit places of general interest.
C. give students an opportunity to take part in sports.
14. The main purpose of the seminars is to
A. give students an opportunity to share ideas.
B. develop independent thinking.
C. allow the students to interact.
Questions 15-20
Complete the notes below
answer.
Newcastle
Location Transportation to Convenient for travelling
London
15
-1--==
International airport and
"1
:::_,
Size Entertainment Chinatown
18-===- Varied 19 --====- World-famous 20
-====:--
88 I Listening
Questions 21-23
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.
21. Karen is planning to use an _____ for her presentation.

22. Karen is also going to prepare a power-point presentation as a _____
23. Karen wants a few websites to obtain more -----
Questions 24-28
What recommendations does Dr. Owen make about the websites?
Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-G next to questions
24-28.
A. must read
8. read recent articles
C. look at abstracts quickly
D. check links
E. scan references
F. useful
G. limited value
fxample Answer
www.kmul.or1t A
24. investment IT.com

25. knowledgeJoumal.com
26. IT_knowledge_review.com
2t. IT online.com
28. Nationa1Statistics.com
Listening I 89
'"
Questions 29 and 30
Which TWO things should be avoided in the presentation?

A. Too much information at once.
B. Irrelevant visuals.
C. Small font.
D. Too many colours.
E. Talking fast.
90 I Listening
Questions 31-33
31. The local business people who had approached the Centre had all
encountered
A. enormous problems.
B. few problems.
C. many obstacles.
32. The main focus of the Centre now is on
A. large national companies.
B. technology companies.
C. businesses that have just started up.
33. Snapshot research was carried out
A. over the Internet.
B. by telephone.
C. by personal contact.
Questions 34 and 35
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS A NUMBER for each answer.
34. How much higher is local business rents compared to those nationally?
35. How many local businesses close a year after they have started working with
the Centre?
Listening I 91
Questions 36-40
Size of
Companies Help being given
business
0-foods Improving the 36---- turn around
Start-ups Innovations Support to attract business partners and achieve

31 ----
Sampsons Ltd Business 38----
Small
Vintage Scooter Product monitoring scheme after sales customer service
Build Ltd Extension of 39----

Medium
Jones Systems Conflict management and 40____
92 I Listening
READING
READING PASSAGE 1
FROZEN IN TIME: CAPTAIN SCOTT'S HUTS

For those few hundred visitors who make the long journey by ship each
year to see the hut for themselves, it looks eerie as if the adventurers
had just stepped outside. Yet it is nearly a century since Robert Falcon
Scott and his men embarked on the doomed march to the South Pole an
episode that was to go down as one of the most vainglorious in the
heroic age of exploration.
Today their huts at Cape Evans on Ross Island, complete with
preserved jars of Heinz Indian Relish, tins of boiled cabbage and still
edible pats of butter, are undergoing a vital restoration. Here, where
Scott's party endured a gruelling Antarctic winter as they planned
their assault on the South Pole, conservationists hope to restore for
future generations a permanent monument to the bravery of the men
who gave up comfortable middle class lives to risk all in the blizzards
and sub-zero temperatures.
Nearly 3.5m has been raised to safeguard the quarters which became
a microcosm of Edwardian society during the opening stages of the
Terra Nova Expedition of 1910-13, Scott's second and final foray on to
the frozen continent.
The most urgent work has already begun as experts announced this
week that they had uncovered 300 new artifacts belonging to the
expedition. But time and the elements are stacked against the future
survival of Scott's hut and its 8,000 items of equipment and expedition
memorabilia, and it has been declared one of the most endangered sites
in the world by the World Monument Fund.
Philippa Foster Back, whose grandfather was part of Scott's 1910 team
that helped build the camp, chairs the UK Antarctic Heritage Trust.
Reading I 93
"We are in a race against time to preserve this irreplaceable part of our
heritage. The end of the fundraising is in sight but the final mile is
going to be the hardest, she said.
The fundraising effort, which is being led in Britain and New Zealand
but has drawn support from around the world, is seeking another
175,000. Half the money has been donated by the private February
Foundation, with the balance coming from small donors and polar
enthusiasts. It is hoped the work will be finished in time for the
centenary celebrations in 2014 when millions will be able to pay a
virtual visit to the hut via the internet. But much work must be done
before then. Wind deflectors have been fitted to prevent recent heavy
snow from building up around the prefabricated dwelling and crushing
it. Last year 85 tonnes had to be shovelled away from the structure and
water from melting ice continues to endanger the interior.
Stoves, lights, clothes, bedding and harnesses for the team of dogs
remain where they were left. Objects such as tins, corks, scientific test
tubes and compressed "patent" coal bricks from Cardiff remain intact.
Sir David Attenborough, one of the campaign's leading supporters,
described the base as "a time warp without parallel". "You walk into
Scott's hut and you are transported to the year 1912 in a way that is
quite impossible anywhere else in the world". Everything is there," he
said. The actor and presenter Michael Palin has described it as "one of
the great memorials to exploration anywhere on earth".
The 15m by 8m hut was built by Scott and his team when they landed
in Antarctica in 1911. It took a week to erect but was well-loved by the
men who called it home despite the hardships they endured there. In
his journal, Scott observed: "The hut is becoming the most comfortable
dwelling-place imaginable. We have made ourselves a truly seductive
home, within the walls of which peace, quiet and comfort remain
supreme. Such a noble dwelling transcends the word 'hut', and we
pause to give it a more fitting title only from lack of the appropriate
suggestion."
By the time of his return to the Arctic, Scott had become a hero of
Edwardian society and the expedition enjoyed support from the
government and people alike. Schools and churches raised money to
buy blankets and tents, and news of their progress was eagerly awaited
94 I Reading
back home. Scott recreated the social structures within the quarters
that he had known from the navy. A bulkhead of bottled supplies
partitioned the living area. Space was set aside for the 16 officers and
scientists. The men bedded down in the wardroom at the east end and
dined in the mess-deck at the west end. The wardroom was dominated
by a large table and spindle-backed chairs. On Sundays the table was
covered with a dark blue cloth, although for ordinary meals it was
covered with a white oil cloth. There was also a player piano and an
HMV gramophone. At the eastern end a darkroom was built and
workbenches were constructed for the scientists to conduct their
experiments. The men amused themselves by working hard and giving
lectures on their specialised subjects - anything from watercolour
painting to the history of Japan. On special feast days such as mid
winter's night, they dined on roast seal.
Scott's goal was to beat his rival Roald Amundsen to the Pole. He had
been greatly disconcerted on learning that the Norwegian changed his
plans to conquer the North Pole after a successful American expedition
and set sail for Antarctica instead to challenge him bead on. In the end
Scott, 43, and his party of four were narrowly beaten to the prize and it
was on the return journey that they perished amid scenes of
unimaginable suffering. The last entry in the explorer's diary dated 29
March 1912 reads: "Had we lived, I should have had a tale to tell of
hardihood, endurance and courage... which would have stilted the
hearts of every Englishman. These rough notes and our dead bodies
must tell the tale."
Reading I 95
Questions 1-7
Do th_,e following statements agree with the information given in READING
PASSAGE 1?
1. Robert Falcon Scott built the hut a century ago.
2. Scott experienced huge opposition from his family when he began the
adventure.
3. Conservationists work in an effort to show adoration to the braver adventurer.
4. Little fund is collected for the restoration work.
5. New discoveries of artefacts of the expedition have indicated the urgency and
difficulty of the preservation work.
6. Compared with future demand, funds assembled for the restoration seem to
be insufficient.
'1. Britain and New Zealand are the only two countries which are interested in
supporting the project.
Questions 8-13
8. When is the initial stages of the Terra Nova Expedition?
9. Which organization has considered the hut and its memorabilia the world's
most endangered sites?
10. Whose previous family member once participated in the efforts to build the
hut?
11. When is the centennial celebrations of the hut?
12. Who described the hut as a time machine to the past?
13. When did Scott and his men step onto Antarctic and build the hut?
96 I Reading
READING PASSAGE 2
WHY SOME SHAPES ARE MORE PLEASING

TO THE EYE THAN OTHERS
A. The ancient Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon of Athens, Mona Lisa's
face and the head of George Clooney all have one thing in common.
Their attractiveness is said to be based on the "golden ratio"; which is
supposed to be the most aesthetically pleasing shape to the human eye.
The golden ratio, also known as the divine proportion, produces a
shape similar to a widescreen television or a cinema screen and
describes a rectangle with a length roughly one and half times its
width. The proportion is said to pervade art, architecture and nature.
B. The modernist architect Le Corbusier used the golden ratio for
conferring harmonious proportions on everything from door handles to
high-rise buildings, whereas the surrealist painter Salvadore Dali
deliberately incorporated the rule into his painting Sacrament of the
Last Supper. Now a theoretical mathematician has come up with what
he believes is a possible reason why the human eye finds shapes in
these proportions so particularly appealing. It comes down to how easy
it is for the eye and the brain to scan such an image for important
details, based on our evolutionary history.
C. Professor Adrian Bejan of Duke University in North Carolina said that

the golden ratio - which was first identified mathematically by Euclid
in 3rd Century BC - just happens to be the most efficient shape for
visual scanning, which could explain why it is behind so many works of
art and architectural wonders. "When you look at what so many people
have been drawing and building, you see these proportions everywhere.
It is well known that the eyes take in information more efficiently
when they scan side-to-side, as opposed to up and down," Professor
Bejan said.
D. "Scanning left to right is five times faster than scanning up and down
and that is largely due to the left or right eye taking over when the
opposite eye gives up. When you scan vertically, it's like having just
Reading I 9;r
one eye. The eyes are also an arranged on a horizontal axis, which
happens to fit in with the landscape," he said. Professor Bejan has
applied a mathematically-based law he devised in 1996 to describe how
designs in nature, from the flow of water in river deltas to the
branching airways in a set of lungs, are geared towards ever-increasing
efficiency of movement, such as the faster flow of water, air, blood or
even individuals in a crowd.
E. Vision is also subject to increased efficiency based on the faster flow of
information from the eye to the brain. And the visual scene that is
easiest to scan is one where the horizontal axis is wider than the
vertical, Professor Bejan said. This is true for a gazelle scanning the
African horizon for predators, or early human hunter gatherers
searching their territory for food. "Animal vision should be configured
in a way that seeing and scanning should be the fastest and the
easiest. And when the proportions allow this to be done, it should be a
source of pleasure because of its past evolutionary associations with
finding food or a mate," Professor Bejan said.
F. According to the theoretical study published in the International
Journal of Design and Nature and Eco-dynamics, the most efficient
proportions for the human eyes to scan is a rectangular shape where
the horizontal is about one and a half times the vertical, which
Professor Bejan said approximates to the golden ratio. "It is a
consequence of the fact that our perceived world is roughly a horizontal
tableau. Our supply of images reflects the orientation of the landscape.
Danger comes to the animal from the sides and from behind, not from
above, and not from below," Professor Bejan said.
G. Perceiving the world through a rectangular box has led to this
particular shape becoming aesthetically pleasing and being
subconsciously incorporated into works of art. It may also explain why
some faces that approximate more closely than other faces are viewed
as being the most attractive. A recent study by scientists at the
University of Toronto found that female faces were judged the most
attractive if the vertical distance between the eyes and the mouth was
approximately 36 percent of the face's length, and the horizontal
distance between the eyes was approximately 46 percent of the facial
width. This was also the proportions of the average face.
98 I Reading
Questions 14-21
READINGPASSAGE 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Write the correct letter A-Gin boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once .
14. the earliest finding of the golden ratio

15. the specific comparison between the efficiency of scanning horizontally and
vertically
16. the fact the landscape of surroundings can influence how animals perceive the
world
1 "1. the common features of old aesthetic architectures or artistic works
18. how the golden ratio is used to identify the most attractive women faces
19. the fact that natural designs are identical to mathematic regulations
20. the fact that animals' horizontal vision is associated with reproduction or food
searching
21. examples of different uses by modern artists
Questions 22-24
PASSAGE 2?
22. The rectangle of divine proportion has a width one and a half times its length.
23. Mathematicians are optimistic about identifying the exact reason why humans
find these shapes so appealing.
24. Golden ratio is the most efficient shape for eyes to scan drawing and building.
Reading I 99
Questions 25-2?
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from the pa.ssage
for each answer.
25. When was the golden ratio first found in mathematical terms?
26. When did Bejan applied his law to other designs in nature?
2'1. What proportion should the vertical distance between the eyes and the mouth
to be the most attractive?
100 I Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
The Big Question:

Has a key breakthrough been made in the search for a cure for cancer?
A. British scientists announced that they have sequenced a "cancer
genome" for the first time. It means they have identified all of the
many thousands of genetic mistakes that make a tumour cell different
from a healthy cell taken from the same cancer patient.
Not all of these mistakes, or DNA mutations, were involved in
triggering the cancer, but some of them - the "drivers" - clearly were.
Scientists believe it will be possible eventually to identify these driver
mutations and find the genetic faults that led to the changes in a
healthy human cell that caused it to divide uncontrollably to form a
cancerous tumour.
B. There is unlikely ever to be a single "cure" for cancer, which after all
affects so many different tissues and organs of the body. In fact, there
may be as many as 200 different types of cancer, and many more
subtypes. But each and every cancer involves damage to the DNA
template that rules the cell and governs the way it divides. In this
respect, cancer is a genetic disease, indeed it is said to be the most
common genetic disease since, in the developed world, it strikes one in
three people over a lifetime, killing as many as one in five.
By understanding the nature of these genetic mutations in a cancer
cell, it should be possible to design tailor-made drugs that specifically
target the faults, or the outcome of the faults. It could also lead to new
methods of diagnosing cancer in the earliest stages of the disease before
it becomes apparent to the patient or doctor, or new ways of finding
secondary cancers lurking in the body that have evaded earlier anti
cancer treatment.
C. It was a team of human genome scientists led by Peter Campbell and
Professor Mike Stratton at the Sanger Institute near Cambridge,
which is funded by the Welcome Trust, the world's biggest medical
Reading I 101
research charity. They are part of the Cancer Genome Consortium, a
collaboration of research institutes from countries such as Britain and
France in Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia.
They will be taking samples from about 500 patients around the world
in the hope of analysing the genomes of the 50 most common cancers.
D. The Sanger Institute scientists analysed cells stored from two patients
who had died of cancer. One was a 55-year-old man with small-cell
lung cancer and the other was a 45-year-old man with malignant
melanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer. The researchers took a
cancerous cell and a healthy cell from each patient and sequenced the
full genetic code, or genome, of all four cells. They did this dozens of
times over to make sure they had a correct final sequence, consisting of
some 3 billion letters of the full human genome.
E. The scientists found that the lung cancer cell had 22,910 DNA
mutations that the healthy cell from the same patient did not possess.
These mutations in the lung must have accumulated during the
lifetime of the patient, many as a result of exposure to cigarette smoke.
The same goes for the 33,345 mutations identified in the cancerous
skin cells of 45-year-old man with malignant melanoma, although most
of the mutations here are presumed to have been caused by exposure to
sunlight.
Both of these "cancer genomes show where the mutations occurred and
in which of the chromosomes of the cell. They were published in the
journal Nature. It was the scientific first step towards the
"personalised medicine" of sequencing the DNA of cancer patients on a
routine basis.
F. Some of them involve quite big changes to the DNA molecule, such as
rearrangements of hundreds of thousands of letters in the four-letter
code of DNA. But some of them are the smallest change possible, a
shift for instance in one letter (known as a base) to another, such as C
to T and vice versa, or an A to G and vice versa. These "base pairs" are
at the heart of the DNA sequencing exercise.
Some of these mutations are already known from previous studies to be
linked with certain environmental mutagens, the mutation-causing
agents. Tobacco smoke, for instance, often results in the mutation of G
to T, whereas ultraviolet light tends to mutate C to T. By looking at the
102 I Reading
mutations in the lung-cancer cell and the skin-cancer cell, scientists
were able to see the influence that smoking and exposure to the sun
had on the DNA of these two patients. "In the melanoma sample, we
can see sunlight's si gnature writ large in the genome," said Andy
Futreal at the Sanger Institute.
But not all the mutations would have been involved in triggering the
cancer. Most of them would have been harmless "passenger"
mutations, but some of them would have been "drivers" within the
genes that are in some way involved in cancer development.
G. For this, it would be necessary to extend the sequencing effort into
other patients suffering from the same cancer, perhaps as many as 500
people to achieve statistical significance. By comparing all mutations
in all patients with the same cancer, scientists will be able to identify
those that appear to be common to them all, and hence likely to be
involved in triggering that particular disease.
Scientists have already identified more than 30 genes that play some
kind of role in cancer development. This gives them a lead in terms of
knowing where to search for the likely driver mutations that are
probably involved in causing the cancer.
H. In the past, cancer drugs were discovered largely by trial and error.
Now it is possible to find the precise genetic fault that causes a cell to
divide uncontrollably and so hopefully be able to desi gn a drug that can
fix that specific fault.
For instance, scientists found that faults in a gene called BRAF were
involved in triggering a high proportion of skin cancers. The mutations
meant that the BRAF gene was permanently switched in the "on"
position, causing the cells to divide continually in malignant
melanoma. Scientists are now developing drugs that turn this gene
"off", and some of these substances are near to clinical trials.
I. They are very excited by it-they have branded it "remarkable",
"ground-breaking" and "fascinating". But it will still be many years
before we can expect full genome sequencing of a patient's cells to be
used routinely in hospitals and clinics - that is if the NHS can ever
afford it given the parlous state of public finances.
Reading I 103
Questions 28-35
READING PASSAGE 3 has six paragraphs A-I.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-1 from the list of headings
below.
Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 28-35 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Who calmed out this work?
ii. How might this lead to the development of
new anti-cancer drugs?
iii. What do these mutations look like?
iv. How could this lead to a possible cure for
cancer?
v. How can this be used to identify the "driver"
mutations that cause cancer?
vi. And what was the result?
vii. Why are we asking this now?
viii. What do the experts say about this work?
ix. What was actually done in the latest study?
Example Answer
Paragraph A viii
28. Paragraph B
29. Paragraph C
30. Paragraph D
31. Paragraph E
32. Paragraph F
33. Paragraph G
34. Paragraph H
35. Paragraph I
104 I Reading
Questions 36-40

36. Which organization is the team of human genome scientists associated with?
37. Who funds the human genome scientists?
38. What is the name of the organization that coordinates international
collaborations?
39. What cancer did the 55-year-old man die of?
40. What is the specific name of the cancer that the 45-year-old man died of?
Reading I 105
WRITING TASK 1

The table below summarizes some data collected by a college
bookshop for the month of February 1998.
Write a report describing the sales figures of various types of
publications, based on the information shown in the table.
Non-book Club Members

Book Club
C'A>llege C'A>llege Members of Tot.al
Members
Staff Students Public
Fiction 41 32 -- 75 148
Non-Fiction 28 192 124 946 1,290
Magazines 332 1,228 86 36 1,682
Tot.al 401 1,452 210 1,057 3,120
106 I Writing
WRITING TASK 2
Some people believe that scientific research should be carried
out strictly by government and private companies do not have
such a right. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
from your own knowledge or experience.
Writing I 101
r--- - -----------J
'-\ SPEAKING
l__________ --- --------
PARTl
Example questions:
Why do you think some people want to emigrate?
As you can imagine, what are your goals in life?
What are your plans in Britain/ Canada/ Australia?
Do you think you will have any difficulties with your English when you study
abroad?
PART2
Describe a happy event in your childhood. You You will have about the topic
s ould say: for one to two minutes. You
What was it? have one minute to think
What kind of event was it? about what you're going to say.
You can make some notes to
What do you think of this?
help you if you wish.
and explain why you like this event and why it's
memorable.
PART3
Discussion topics:
About Sports
Example questions:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive training for young
sports people?
Do you think that it is possible to become too competitive in sports? In what way?
108 I Speaking
TESTING SYSTEM
109
Questions 1-7
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
Travel Safe
INSURANCE PLC
Department: Motor Insurance
Client details:
Name: Elisabeth 1 ----
Date of birth: 8.10.1975
Address: 2____ (road), Callington
Policy number: ----
Accident details:
Date: 4
Time: Approx. 5 ____
Supporting evidence: ----
Medical problems (if any): ;____ injuries
110 I Listening
Questions 8-10
Labe'l the diagram below.
Choose your answers from the diagram below and write the correct letter,
A-G, next to questions 8-10.
Callington
C approx.
0.5km
[j Place
New Town
0 Van
8 traffic lights
9 petrol station
10 blue van
Listening I 111
SECTION 2 Questions 11 -20
Questions 11-13
answer.
Mediterranean-style food has been proven to be good for health
and can increase likelihood of a longer life by 11_____ . As
our lifestyles are hectic, it can be difficult for us to find time for
the gym or an 1 2_____ However, keeping active is
important and experts suggest we should aim to take l 0,000
1 3 _____ every day.
__,.,_.-..,..,___.,._-=-_....__,,
__.._____ ,,...-------._...-...._________...
Questions 14 and 15
Which TWO benefits to practise yoga are mentioned?
A It protects the heart.

B It lowers blood pressure.
C It detoxifies the body.
D It helps to prevent disease.
E It strengthens the mind.
112 I Listening
Questions 16-18
Which factor in our lifestyle is related to the following effects?
Choose your answers from the box and write the correct letter A-F next to
questions 16-18.
A can have a negative impact on other parts of our lives

B significantly increases risk of death from a prominent disease
C increases cancer risk
D may cause problems with immune system
E speeds circulation
F is the most significant contributor to ill health
16 Lack of sleep
1 't A negative attitude
18 Work-related stress
Questions 19 and 20
List the TWO possible reasons why people living in the countryside in the UK
live longer.
19
20
Listening I 113
SECTION 3 Questions 21 - 30
Questions 21-26
Which company website has the following features?
A Hills Cycles' website
B Wheels Unlimited's website
C both websites
Write the correct letter A, B, or C next to questions 21-26.
21 bicycle catalogue
22 price list
23 bicycle accessories
24 company history
25 online ordering
26 moving graphics
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
2;r According to the tutor, the basic criterion for evaluating the websites should
relate to
A appearance.
B ease of use.
C target customers.
28 On the subject of timing, the tutor says
A the students' plan is appropriate.
B the students' presentation will be too long.
C the students can extend the presentation if necessary.
29 Sarah and Jack will share the work by
A speaking in short turns.
B doing half the presentation each.
C managing different aspects.
30 The tutor advises Sarah and Jack not to
A talk too much.
B show complicated lists.
C use a lot of visuals.
114 I Listening
Questions 31-40
answer.
St Lawrence Island
Location & Geography
Closer to Russia and 31---- kms from Alaska
One of the few lasting parts of the land mass which once joined Asia and
North America which is still 32----
Polynya (open water surrounded by ice) formation on the south coast formed
by winds and 33____
Natural characteristics
Having streams and lakes but no trees
Mainly flat landscape though 34____ in the centre
Early settlement
Not permanent - depended on weather patterns, 35 ____ and food
First European - 1128
Since 1800
1818-1880 - many inhabitants died or left due to 36____
1900 - introduction of animals for farming to improve the island's 37____
By 1911- 38____ reindeer on the island
Ill health experienced by 39____ in the North East Cape
Effects of pollutants worsened by the 40____ of the region
Listening I 115
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on
Reading Passage 1 below.
EASY COME, EASY GO

The dinosaurs went out with a bang, but they arrived after chaos.
Revolutions have unpredictable outcomes. Who is going to end up in
power is rarely obvious at the start. That is as true in biology as it is in
politics. Like political revolutions, though, biological ones often follow a
predictable course. The old order is destroyed. There is a period of
confusion. Then a new ecosystem emerges that looks surprisingly like
the old one, but with different actors.
This cycle has happened five times in the history of modern life. The
most famous occasion was 65m years ago, when the dinosaurs were
wiped out and the mammals emerged victorious from the wreckage. A
bigger mass extinction, at the end of the Permian period 25 lm years
ago, killed 70% of the world's land vertebrates (and 96% of all marine
animals) and paved the way for the age of reptiles.
Exactly which sort of reptile would come out on top, however, was not
something that was decided until later - 201.4m years ago, to be
precise. This was towards the end of the Triassic period. Then, the
ranks of aetosaurs, phytosaurs, shuvosaurs and many other
uncrocodile-like relatives of the crocodiles were suddenly thinned, and
a previously obscure group came to the fore. The result, once natural
selection had done its work over the course of millions of years, was the
1161 Reading
now familiar cast of Allosaurus, Diplodocus, Triceratops and
Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Another one bites the dust
The dinosaurs were done for, as everybody knows, by a collision with

an asteroid. The Permian was curtailed by massive volcanism. But
what exactly happened towards the end of the Triassic has been much
debated. A study just published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, by Jessica Whiteside of Brown University in
Rhode Island and her colleagues, pretty well nails it down. It was the
geological chaos that created the North Atlantic Ocean.
Dr Whiteside used fossil evidence sandwiched between layers of lava

from some of the earliest eruptions that accompanied the rift.
Specifically, she located two sites in what is now eastern North
America where a series of giant lakes had formed on the layers of
cooled lava and plant matter had accumulated at the bottom of the
lakes. Using detailed chemical analysis of waxy molecules extracted
from the fossil plants, she examined the carbon isotopes they
contained.
Non-radioactive carbon comes in two forms: 12 C and the heavier (and

much rarer form) 13 C. The ratio varies in the atmosphere, depending on
where carbon-rich gases, mainly carbon dioxide and methane, are
coming from. Dr Whiteside found the ratio yawed around like a
drunken sailor as the continents split apart and the lava started
pouring out. First, the level of 13 C plummeted. Then it shot up again, a
long way over the recent historical average, before settling down.
Crucially, the period of plummeting coincides with a phenomenon

called the late Triassic fern spike. This marks precisely - to within a
Reading I 11 ;r
few thousand years - the point of mass extinction on the land. What is
believed to have happened is that something killed all the forests and
with them the animals that depended on them. Freed from the
competition for light (because the shade from the trees had gone), ferns
flourished (their spores are ubiquitous in the rocks). Previous work has
suggested that the oceans also became acidic at this time. Shelled
creatures, whose calcium-carbonate-rich armour tends to dissolve in
acid, suddenly became rare.
Put it all together and the probable course of events was this. The
initial volcanism as North America split from Europe released carbon
dioxide from deep inside the Earth. That produced a greenhouse effect
which, in turn, melted seabed structures known as methane clathrates,
which trap that gas in ice. This caused a massive release of 12 C-rich
methane into the atmosphere, explaining the initial drop in 13 C

concentrations. The methane, being a much more potent greenhouse
gas than carbon dioxide, exacerbated things, while the carbon dioxide
acidified the oceans, killing most of the animal shellmakers and
fertilising the photosynthesis of planktonic plants. The subsequent
plankton bloom sucked up the 12 C and the isotope ratio veered off in
the opposite direction.
The greenhouse warming and the acid rain also did for the forests and
many of the reptiles. Only once things had settled down could the
survivors regroup. New species of trees took over. The forests grew
back. And a bunch of hitherto not-so-terrible lizards began their long
march.
118 j Reading
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

Passage 1?
1. Biological revolutions often run along a course which is puzzling at some stage.
2. That the mammals replaced the dinosaurs was the last ecological revolution
ever in modern history.
3. Unexpectedly, the phytosaurs became thinly populated.
4. Natural selection was proved ineffective after being dominant for a long time.
5. The Permian period was more known to the scientists than the Triassic.
6. Dr Whiteside utilised fossil evidence to prove that North American giant lakes
had been shaped by volcanism.
Reading I 119
Questions ?-9
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.
,. About 251 m years ago, the percentage of the marine vertebrates that were
killed was
A. lOo/o.
8. 96o/o.
C. about 6lo/o.
D. unknown.
8. Which of the following is believed NOT to have happened in Triassic?
A. All the forests died out.
B. Armoured animals became extinct.
C. The animals feeding on the forests starved.
D. The oceans turned to be fatal.
9. Which of the following was generated by greenhouse gas?
A. acid rain
B. the beginning of dinosaurs history
C. the acidification of the oceans
D. the creation of North Atlantic Ocean
120 I Reading
Questions 10-14
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the paragraph for each
answer.
Various factors were involved in the biological revolutions. It is well-
known that dinosaurs were wiped out by an asteroid's 10----
with the earth. 11 ---- cut short the Permian period.
According to a new research by Jessica Whiteside and her team
members, the North Atlantic Ocean could be formed by 12----
such as the eruptions and the rift. When the continents drifted apart
and lava gushed, IJC 13____ and shot up. And at the same time
14---- was sent out from the inside of the Earth, generated a
greenhouse effect.
Reading I 121
READING PASSAGE 2
Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
IT'S NOT EASY SEEMING GREEN

A backlash to New Zealand's vow of purity
A Fans combing internet sites are not the only people eagerly
anticipating a pair of epic fantasy movies based on "The Hobbit", by
J.R.R. Tolkien, that it is planned will start filming this year. New
Zealand's tourist industry, too, is eager to see the islands' sweeping
and unsullied vistas revealed once more to millions of cinemagoers, as
they were almost a decade ago when the first of the three films based
on Tolkien's "The Lord of The Rings" was released. Those films did a
great deal to boost the country's tourism trade (Air New Zealand
promoted itself as the "airline to Middle Earth"), fitting nicely with the
country's "100% Pure New Zealand" marketing slogan, first used a
couple of years earlier.
B But how much of this is, indeed, a fantasy? Last November, in his
"Greenwash" column for the Guardian, a British newspaper,
environmental journalist Fred Pearce pointed out that New Zealand's
greenhouse-gas emissions had risen 22% since 1990 (its commitment
under the Kyoto Protocol was to keep them level) and were now 60%
greater per head than Britain's. The image New Zealand attempted to
show the world amounted to a "shameless two fingers to the global
community" in the face of a far dirtier reality, including the world's
third-highest rate of car ownership, and methane-belching cows that
help to push agricultural emissions to almost half the country's total.
C When tackled on these claims by an Australian reporter, New
Zealand's normally amiable prime minister John Key angrily dismissed
them as "bollocks", pointing to his country's efforts to tackle its
emissions by energetically planting trees that would re-absorb them.
But local papers took up the theme. "New Zealand: 100 per cent pure
hype" trumpeted the New Zealand Herald. "We are clean and green,
but only relatively speaking and by accident rather than conscious
effort." The ruggedness of much of New Zealand's terrain may have
protected its film-friendly uplands, but at lower elevations farming has
122 I Reading
stripped away forests, eroded hills and clogged rivers with silt and
fertiliser run-off.
D On previous occasions New Zealand has been able to see off threats to
its green image. When concerns about "food miles" started to be widely
voiced a few years ago, New Zealand's agricultural exports - 40% of its
total exports - looked at risk. Few foodstuffs other than those on the
space station rack up more miles than a leg of New Zealand lamb on a
British dinner table. The government latched on to research by New
Zealand's Lincoln University which showed that the country's
agricultural exports were relatively efficient in terms of energy use, by
comparison to agricultural production in Europe, even when shipping
was taken into account. Europe's concerns, it was implied, had more to
do with fear of competition from unsubsidised antipodeans than
concern about environmental degradation.
E New Zealand has also followed some policies designed to match reality
to green rhetoric. In 2007 an "Environmental Performance Review of
New Zealand" by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) noted a bunch of improvements over the past ten
years: better approaches to recycling and water treatment,
reforestation of pasture to prevent erosion, strengthened efforts to
preserve endangered species, the removal of agricultural and fishing
subsidies, and by OECD standards, a high use of renewable energy
sources, at 30% of supply. However, the report also pointed to new
environmental pressures, such as growing demand for electricity that
was leading to greater use of fossil fuels for power generation, and
climbing car ownership unhindered by measures such as road pricing.
F Mr Key's centre-right government, elected in 2008, although less

green-in-spirit than the previous Labour-led coalition, has taken some
environmental action. Just before last year's Copenhagen summit, it
enacted an emissions-trading scheme just as an Australian attempt to
do the same was foundering. At Copenhagen, Tim Groser, the minister
for climate-change negotiations and a pragmatic former trade
diplomat, pushed strongly for a "global alliance" to research ways of
reducing agricultural greenhouse-gas emissions.
G From an environmentalist's perspective, though, these positives are

outweighed by much larger negatives. The emissions-trading scheme
excludes agricultural emissions until 2015, and its generous allocations
Reading I 123
of free carbon credits to business have been lambasted by
environmentalists. The country's transport strategy favours road
building over already-scant public transport, and there is much talk of
the need to ease resource-management rules that act as barriers to
business. In February, the government revealed it was considering
opening some of the country's pristine public land up for mining - an
activity to which the dwarves in "The Hobbit" are much given, but
which is not popular with more elvish sensibilities. Energetic lobbying
by environmental groups forced it to scale back the amount of land
under consideration, but on March 22nd it announced that it still
intended to open 7,000 hectares of conservation land to mining, with
other conservation areas to be surveyed for their mineral potential.
H Even the government's boasts of reforestation to replace forests cleared
for dairy farming are less green than they might appear. As the
G-uardian reported, these forests are not long-term sinks for carbon,
but plantations, which will when harvested return carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere. The Sustainability Council of New Zealand, an
independent body, has also criticised this approach as playing games
with Kyoto targets.
I In many ways, the dilemma New Zealand faces is not different to that
of other rich countries - how to balance economic growth with the need
to address environmental degradation. But it is particularly acute in a
country so dependent on the export of commodities and landscape
driven tourism. The difference between New Zealand and other places
is that New Zealand has actively sold itself as "100% Pure". Now that
New Zealanders themselves are acknowledging the gap between the
claim and reality, and the risk to their reputation this poses, it is time
for the country to find itself a more sustainable brand, and soon.
124 I Reading
Questions 15-19
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list of headings
below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
Opposite responses from the government and media
ii Policies made to show environmentally green

iii The green image of New Zealand's tourist industry
iv The sharp rise of greenhouse emissions since 1980
v Evidence of the energy-efficient agriculture in New Zealand
vi The economic development of New Zealand
vii An official's cover-up
viii Shamed reality
15 Paragraph A
16 Paragraph B
1;r Paragraph C
18 Paragraph D
19 Paragraph E
Reading I 125
Questions 20-23
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from
the passage for each answer.
20 To who did the movie trilogy based on Tolkien's story show a clean New Zealand?
21 According to the Guardian, how much greater did New Zealand emit
greenhouse gas than Britain?
22 At lower lands, what practice can lead to erosion of hills?
23 What term was brought forward at Copenhagen by Tim Groser to find
international efforts?
Questions 24-28
Passage 2?
24 New Zealand sent off as much green-house gas as it promised at the Kyoto
Protocol.
25 The OECD criticized all the efforts by the government.
26 The emissions-trading scheme excludes agricultural emissions now.
2; Lobbying groups rarely influence the government.
28 New Zealand mainly relies on commodity import and tourist industry.
126 I Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
Reading Passage 3 below.
WHEN YOUR CARPET CALLS YOUR DOCTOR

The coming convergence of wireless communications, social networking and
medicine will transform health care
Is it possible that amid all the hoopla about Apple's iPad, one potential
use has been overlooked? Larry Nathanson, head of emergency
medicine "informatics" at one of Harvard Medical School's hospitals,
has experimented with using the device in the casualty ward. He
writes that "initial tests with our clinical applications went amazingly
well... the EKGs look better on screen than on paper. It was great
having all of the clinical information right at the bedside to discuss
with the patient."
Dr Nathanson's enthusiasm hints at the potential of wireless gadgets
to improve health care, and to ensure more personalised treatment in
particular. Pundits have long predicted that advances in genetics will
usher in a golden age of individually tailored therapies. But in fact it is
much lower-tech wireless devices and internet-based health software
that are precipitating the mass customisation of health care, and
creating entirely new business models in the process.
Wireless health is "becoming omnipresent" in hospitals, according to
Kalorama Information, a market-research firm; it estimates that the
market for such devices and services in America alone will grow from
$2.7 billion in 2007 to $9.6 billion in 2012. Don Jones of Qualcomm, a
maker of networking technology, argues that the trend speeds
diagnosis and treatment, and saves doctors' and nurses' time. GE, an
industrial giant, and Sprint, an American mobile operator, have joined
forces to offer hospitals such services. GE's Carescape software allows
the secure monitoring of patients' health via mobile phones, as does
rival software from Airstrip.
Doctors are an obvious early target for wireless health. A forthcoming
report by the California HealthCare Foundation (CHCF), a think tank,
estimates that two-thirds of American physicians already have smart
phones. Over one-third of American doctors use Epocrates, a program
for mobiles and laptops which offers instant information on drug-to
drug interactions, treatment recommendations and so on. The software
Reading I 121
will soon be able to access electronic health records (EHRs) via mobiles
- which the author of the CHCF's report thinks could be "the killer
application" of wireless health.
The hope is that nimble new technologies, from smart-phones to EHRs
to health-monitoring devices, will empower patients and doctors, and
thus improve outcomes while cutting costs. The near ubiquity of mobile
phones is the chief reason to think this optimistic scenario may come
true. Patients with fancy smart-phones can certainly benefit from
interactive "wellness" applications that track diet, exercise and vital
signs. Apple's App Store, for example, offers thousands of health
related applications. Jitterbug, an American mobile operator that
offers easy-to-use phones for the elerly, recently added more health
services; 1'ival mobile carriers are doing much the same.
But Carolyn Buck-Luce of Ernst & Young, a consultancy, points out
that "mHealth" is transforming health care in poor countries as well as
rich ones. Medicall Home, a Mexican outfit that provides medical
consultations by mobile, already has millions of customers. Paul Meyer
of Voxiva, an American technology firm that has set up mHealth
systems in Rwanda and Peru, among other places, says that such
schemes have been so successful in the developing world that they are
now being adopted in the rich world too. His firm has helped the
American government with its recent launch of Text4Baby, a public
health campaign to educate pregnant mothers (they receive free text
messages with medical advice) that will soon become the biggest such
effort in the world.
What is more, mobile phones are but one part of a broader wireless
trend in health care that McKinsey, a consultancy, estimates may soon
be worth up to $60 billion globally. Many companies are coming up
with "home health" devices embedded with wireless technology. Some
are overtly clinical in nature: Medtronic, a devices giant, is developing
a bedside monitor that wirelessly tracks the blood sugar levels in
diabetic children sleeping nearby. GE has come up with "body sensor
networks", tiny wireless devices that track the vital signs of those who
wear them.
The most successful gadgets may be, as Eric Dishman of Intel puts it,
"surreptitious". His firm, a big chipmaker, is investing in devices to
track the health of the elderly, such as "magic carpets" that sense
erratic movements and thus can predict a fall. Continua, an industry
coalition, is developing shared standards so that blood-pressure
monitors and scales can wirelessly transfer readings to doctors' offices
or personal HER services like Google Health.
128 I Reading
All these devices and services do not just allow doctors to make more
accurate diagnoses, prescribe more effective treatments and keep
better track of patients' conditions. They also allow health services to
tailor treatments depending on patients' personal preferences and
behavioral foibles. Studies show, for example, that although some
patients with chronic conditions are fastidious about taking pills or
insulin properly, others are careless or forgetful. Some prefer efficient
electronic reminders, whereas others respond best when a nurse calls
home. A global consumer survey released on April 6 th by
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC), a consultancy, finds that the elderly
prefer high-quality care with lots of personal attention, whereas
younger types prefer low-cost care and wellness schemes.
Many health systems, PWC's accompanying report finds, are beginning
to divide customers into different categories and customize treatments
accordingly. For example, Discovery Health, a South African insurer,
uses a variety of different methods to get patients with chronic
diseases to follow through on their treatments, from text messages
reminding them to take their pills to rewards for good behavior.
A similar scheme run by HealthMedia, a wellness firm owned by
Johnson & Johnson, a big drugs firm, uses online tools (it calls them
"digital health coaches") to help patients manage diabetes and lose
weight. Its studies suggest that half of the digitally coached do lose
weight, and the improved health of those with chronic conditions is
worth $1,000 a year to their employers.
Virgin HealthMiles, an American rival, has taken the same idea a step
further, using online social networks, through which co-workers or
family members can cheer on or nag patients electronically, in order to
encourage exercise or weight loss. Patients seem to like this kind of
thing: one patient who suffers from ulcerative colitis, for example, has
created a forum for fellow sufferers that can be accessed through an
iPhone application.
All these initiatives are particularly promising because they help bring
about behavioral change, normally the hardest element of any
treatment. Patients often ignore doctors' lectures, but are more
inclined to listen to supportive friends and family. By the same token,
doctors and nurses are not always on hand to encourage healthy
behavior, but mobile phones and other wireless gadgets can be. That is
something that even personalized genetic therapies could not offer.
Reading I 129
Questions 29-33
The following questions are based on Reading Passage 3.

Use the information in the text to match the people or the organisations with
achievements or statements listed below.
Write the appropriate letter in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
NB You can use any choice more than once.
DJ Don Jones DN Dr Nathanson
p Pundits M Medtronic
J Jitterbug HM HealthMedia
MH Medical! Home LN Larry Nathanson
29 There is a great potential of wireless devices to better health condition.
30 He foretold the coming of customized therapies.
31 Wireless health will be time-saving for doctors.
32 They provided the smart phones for the old.
33 They track the blood sugar level in children wirelessly.
130 I Reading
Questions 34-38

Passage 3?
34 It is predicted that American wireless health services will go beyond $9 billion
in 2012.
35 More than half of American doctors obtain quick information through Epocrates.
36 Both the poor countries and rich ones are equally served by "mHealth"
practices.
3't Though very beneficial, wireless medical services cannot produce accurate
diagnoses or effective prescription.
38 According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, young people don't care about
individual treatment.
Questions 39 and 40
Complete the following two sentences with NO MORE THAN THREE

WORDS.
Put your answers in the boxes on the answer sheet.
39 ____ are regarded as the first group of customers for initiative wireless
devices in medical care.
40 Patients tend to regard ____ and family as the most trustworthy when
they are in need of behavioral change.
Reading I 131
WRITING TASK 1

The first table below shows the results of a survey which
sampled a cross-section of 100,000 people asking if they had
traveled abroad and why they traveled for the period 1994-1998.
The second table shows their destinations over the same period.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown
below.
Table 1
1995 1996 199;r 1998

14,898 11,896 19,103 20,100
Business 3,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,951
,sits to friends and relatives 2,689 2,688 2,114 3,051
Other reasons 982 954 912 961 990
Table 2
Western North America
919 1,?'82
914 1,852
21,811 1,16?' 1,905
23,661 1,559 2,221
24,519 1,823 2,486
132 I Writing
WRITING TASK 2

What are the causes of water shortages? Please also offer some
solutions to this problem.
Writing I 133
PART1
Example questions:
Apartment
What kind of place do you live in?
Which room is your favourite? (Why?)
What kind of house do you want to have in the future? (Why?)
What kind of living place is popular in China?
PART2
cribe a positive change in your life. You You will have to talk about the topic
should say: for one to two minutes. You have one
when it happened minute to think about what you're
what happened going to say. You can make some
notes to help you if you wish.
it is important for you.
PART3
Discussion topics:
Social changes
Example questions:
What do you think the main changes are over the past 20 years in your country?
What do you think of women's situation in your country?
What do you think of the rights of women?
Social changes in your country
Example questions:
What are the major social changes in your country?
Do you think that there are changes in work for people in your country?
What are the changes in family structure?
What are the changes brought by modern technology? Why do you think so?
134 I Speaking
INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH lANGUAGE
TESTING SYSTEM
...,_ Listening (30 minutes - 40 Questions)
...,_ Reading (60 minutes - 40 Questions)
...,_ Writing (60 minutes - 2 Tasks)
...,_ Speaking (15 minutes - 3 Parts)
135
Questions 1-10
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
OPENING A BANK ACCOUNT
Type of student account: the 1 account
Full name of applicant: Elme Lewis
Date of birth: 2
Current address: 3 Drive
Telephone: 798643
A student account offers: an account book and 4
Interest: < 600: 5 ; 600:5.5%
Overdraft: 6
Documents: passport,,
Identity (security problem): Name of 8 : Emma
Statement: Every 9
Special request: Open 10 account as well
136 I Listening
Questions 11-12
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
11. What happened in 1874?
A. The first art museum was established in Harvard.
B. People could not predict the development of art museums in Harvard
C. Three art museums were built
12. What's the main feature of the art museum?
A. They are linked together with the similar collection.
B. They have specific focus and collection strength.
C. They are independent of each other.
Questions 13-14
Choose TWO letters from A-E.
What activities can the students do in the art museums?
A do group discussion
B meet friends and families
C study different courses
D study works of art
E do sight sightseeing
Questions 15-20
Complete the sentences below.
answer.
15 Throughout the year, the Art Museum of Harvard provides gallery talks,
____, seminars, and symposia for the students.
16 These public programs are aiming for graduate student research and ____
17 Nearly ____ students took part in the social events last year.
18 By joining the Undergraduate Connection, students can enjoy many events
like ____ and tours.
19 If you want to learn more about our museums, contact Kelsey McNiff,
Educator for University Audiences, at____
20 The renovation of the art museums includes a new
Listening I 131
Questions 21 and 22
Clwose the correct letter, A, B or C.
21 What is the difficulty for Mike?
A Finish his assignment on time.
B Do a presentation.
C Use the computer lab.
22 The computer labs are not in
A the student union building.
B the computer centre.
C the library.
Questions 23-25
Clwose THREE letters from A-G.
This term's workshops include
A How to access the loaded information
B Finding research materials online
C Internet that works
D Collecting and analyzing data
E Skills for presentation
F Presenting yourself
G How to surf the Internet
Questions 26-30
Write NO MORE THAN 1WO WORDS AND !OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Take an 26___
Write down your name, department and your 27___ on the card
Choose the workshops you are interested in
Write down the 28___ of the workshop. And hand the card in at the 29___
Print your 30___ as the identification.
--- .
138 I Listening
Questions 31-40
answer.
Brief history of Melbourne's water supply system
Colonel David Collins frrst established a 31 ____ at Sullivan's Bay, and the six
wooden barrels sunk in the sand to tap 32 are the only source of water
1835 John Batman officially claimed the establishment of Melbourne.
1840 33____ were installed on the Northern Bank of the Yarra River. Water was
sold by men with water carts and at that time, the price was 34____ for 550
litres.
1851 Yan Yean Reservoir, Melbourne's first water 35 ____, was completed and
began to supply water to Melbourne, which by now had a population of 100,000.
The Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) were formed.
To provide water to Melbourne, the 36---- in particular, the Watts River
(near Healesville) was tapped.-------
1910 123,221 connections to Melbourne's water supply system.
1920s Water quality and not enough 31 ____ are the main complaints, which
caused a dam construction program began. And Maroondad Reservoir was
completed in 192?.
1940 Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works started planning for the building of a
- new dam to expand Melbourne's water supplies.
1950s The UpperYarra Reservoir was completed.
Melbourne's total water storage to nearly 38
----====-
million litres.
1960s Many parts of the water supply system were replaced/ renewed.
The building of Cardinia Reservoir commenced because of 39____ in
1961/68.
1971 A reservoir was completed at Greenvale to meet growing 40____ in the
western suburbs.
Listening I 139
READING PASSAGE 1
SHAPING TOURISM TRENDS

- the commercial perspective
It is the commercial sector which converts tourism trends into reality through
availability of money and response to market needs to make profit. Tourism
projects do not occur unless there are sound commercial results coming from
them. Even governments and local authorities are now applying
commercially based techniques to evaluate tourism, and are asking for rates
of return on community investments. Commercial evaluation is commonplace
in tourism and the only trends that are going to emerge in the future are
those that make money. The exploitable trend is the one which will survive
and be developed. For example, the demographic trends in Europe show an
increase in an ageing population and adequate market research and an in
depth understanding of the needs of this sector of the population has given
rise to a whole industry based on holidays for the 55-65 age groups.
A Let's look at the commercial hotel sector's response over 25 years ago to
an occupancy problem in London, UK, at weekends. Hotels were
empty. The answer was the weekend-break in London with train ticket
and hotel combined. The mini-break or weekend away in a hotel is now
an established part of UK life and there are non-trends within that -
differentiation of mini-weekends into those based on activities, culture,
learning, and so on. A trend created and exploited originally by one
hotel company but now part of the UK lifestyle.
Another demographic trend - the larger number of travelling
businesswomen - has given rise to the female executive bedroom now
being promoted by hotel companies and quite a changed attitude on the
part of hotel restaurant managers to women dining on their own.
The trend in fitness and health is currently being successfully
exploited by tour operators, travel agents, hotels and restaurants in
the form of activity-centred holidays, health food menus and even non
alcoholic wine lists. The commercial hotel sector has established the
140 I Reading
trend towards a much more sophisticated hotel product including
clubrooms, 'no smoking' rooms, rapid check out and pre-registration.
And provision of a greater range of facilities in the room is being given
a great deal of attention by many groups and mini-bars. In-house
video/films, hair dryers, more sophisticated lighting controls and
bedhead panel controls for radio, TV, etc are now quite common.
B The growth in the ski market - there are now some 600,000 skiers in
the UK - is not just the creation of suitable packages by the travel
trade but also has retail backing in ski-wear by firms like Marks and
Spencer. The spin-off of the exploitation of this trend into the sales of
thermal underwear is probably as good a demonstration of the induced
tourism multiplier as anyone will need. This is a concerted commercial
effort to increase the business volumes and to develop the trend where
the winter holiday becomes an accepted part of life.
Providing new good-standard hotels in Cairo enhanced that
destination's attractiveness and opened it up to a much wider market
where volume travel and volume accommodation could work hand in
hand. The inhibiting factor in developing Istanbul as a much more
viable tourist destination is the lack of volume of good standard
accommodation. This is an opportunity waiting to be exploited which
will not only benefit Istanbul but also the southern coast of Turkey as
it raises the whole potential of two-destination holidays - the wealth of
history of Istanbul plus the beaches of the southern coast. This
example is typical of the potential that exists in tourism just requiring
commercialisation. This potential had already been recognized by the
Turkish government who provided the necessary infrastructure, so
creating the trend towards Turkish as opposed to Spanish or Yugoslav
or Greek holidays is already under way.
C Commercial trend shaping does not just happen by accident, it has to
be adequately researched, planned, developed and carefully executed.
There are still people with fixed attitudes towards tourism who think
that investment in tourism is suspect - much tourism infrastructure
has little alternative use. It is for that reason that the commercial
approach to tourism has to be thorough, based on sound marketing,
and has to show an adequate return on investment.
In a number of instances negative attitudes to tourism investment
have meant that in order for the economic benefits of tourism to be
realized governments have had to provide the impetus for that
development either in terms of providing the infrastructure or in the
form of grants and loans for tourism purposes. Governments do,
however, realize substantial tax and fiscal income from their tourist
Reading I 141
industries. There are great cases for governments being able to help
themselves by investing in their own tourist industries. They can
obtain an excellent return from any investment they make in the
industry. Also, partnerships between government and commercial
interests can produce excellent benefits for both.
D Shaping a trend in tourism is concerned with opportunity identification

and creating a level of expectation which then has to be met through
product development and providing the customer with what is
promised. The final judge of the received value of the commercial
tourism product is the customer and it is customer reaction that keeps
the concern in business. The customer is therefore the logical starting
point in commercial tourism.
Social trends have already shown shifts in age groupings, and people
with more disposable income, more leisure time and fewer child.Ten.
These are the opportunities for commercial tourism already being
exploited. More customers for tourism are being created daily. The
first-time holiday taker has quite different needs from the experienced
traveller and these are the opportunities for new types of budget
accommodation (for example) for these new markets. Identifying these
new customers and being aware of the changing requirements of
existing customers represents the commercial opportunity which can
be developed and the way in which a trend can be established.
E There are of course, a few negative aspects to the commercial approach

in tourism. Commercial exploitation has had a bad name. That
attitude, fortunately, is now changing and development these days
tends to go ahead in a much closer and controlled partnership with
government local authorities, the local environment, the people and the
commercial sector. The future is bright, but with increasing
competition from new developing destinations and sophisticated
attractions, commercial decisions in tourism will themselves become
more sophisticated. The commercial sector can develop a trend, and
has produced many innovations in tourism. It is a wealth and job
creator. To continue that role the commercial sector must be allowed to
proceed without interference. Tourism is a success, but it needs to be
able to respond to market circumstances unrestrained.
142 I Reading
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 1 has five marked paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
Trend exploitation by firms and governments
ii Customer reaction to commercial tourism
iii Trend in fitness and health
iv Government tax income from tourism
v Accommodation commercialization by governments
vi Investment in tourism
vii Commercial exploitation and future trends
viii Tourism trend change in age grouping
ix Tourism trend in hotel sector
1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section C
4 Section D
I
Reading 143
Questions 5-8
Write the correct letter in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
5 Hotels has developed many more sophisticated products in the tourism trend
EXCEPT
A non-smoking areas.
B fast check-out.
C free breakfast provision.
D clubrooms.
6 Istanbul is less likely to be developed as a tourist destination mainly due to
A very few places of interest.
B lack of good-standard hotels.
C inconvenient transport.
D little publicity to tourists.
; According to negative attitudes to tourism investment, governments should
A cooperate with commercial organizations in tourism investment.
B prevent the excessive investment in tourism.
C stimulate tourism development through infrastructure and funds.
D invest in tourist industries by themselves for benefits.
8 Shaping a new trend in tourism is concerned with
A sufficient government investment.
B good-standard accommodation provision.
C travel agency management.
D opportunity identity and customer response.
144 I Reading
Questions 9-13
Look at the following items (Questions 9-13) and statements below.
Match the statements with the items, A-H.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 female executive bedrooms
10 activity-centred holidays
11 in-house videos
12 ski wear
13 good-standard hotels
are now successfully exploited in tourism trend in fitness and health
are negatively treated by hotel restaurant managers
are quite common facilities provided in hotel rooms
are currently promoted by hotel companies
are provided in Cairo enhancing the destination's attractiveness
are provided in both Istanbul and the southern coast of Turkey
are not given much attention by mini-bars
are sold by some UK retail firms
Reading I 145
READING PASSAGE 2
CATEGORIZATION IN MONKEYS AND CHIMPANZEES

A Humans have a natural propensity to detect relations of similarity and
difference among objects and events of the physical world and to build
categories that embody these relations. We exhibit such ability in
everyday life: to identify new objects, to acquire information from the
environment, to solve problems, to effectively communicate with other
individuals. Categorization is, in essence, one of the most basic ways to
organize our knowledge adequately.
B To treat discriminably different environmental stimuli as similar and
to recognize a group of things as members of the same class is a
capacity displayed to some extent by all animals. All species, in fact,
must be able to make same/different distinctions in order to recognize
predators, edible foods, nests, conspecifics and so on. Non-human
primates not only distinguish predators and non-predators, but
actually identify the predators more specifically. As for some of the
social behaviours that non-human primates display in both free
ranging and captive settings, these animals can form abstract
categories of their social world. For example, monkeys classify social
bonds according to abstract concepts such as kinship or friendship.
C As it is shown above, primate species possess complex cognitive
abilities that enable them to make abstract judgments when
interacting with their environment. Nevertheless, these cognitive skills
animals use to detect identity relations between artificial stimuli may
be limited. Identity relations in monkeys are confined to physical
resemblance among individual stimuli; great apes, on the other hand,
are capable of both concrete and abstract relations.
D Many studies clearly demonstrate that there are important differences in
the degree to which monkeys and apes process same/different relations.
Monkeys have a limited capacity for the abstract representation of identity
relations between objects. Although these animals can be taught to match
a small set of stimuli on the basis of physical likeness, the generalization of
146 I Reading
the matching concept from learning situations to totally new classes of
stimuli is not ve1y strong. Monkeys' ability to extrapolate an identity rule
is limited to values that lie on dimensions similar to those of training.
Classificatory behaviour of monkeys seems more likely to be mediated by
stimulus-specific associations than to be based on conceptual mechanisms.
Further evidence for such cognitive constraints comes from data on object
sorting behaviour. Composing objects into single sets characterizes
monkeys' spontaneous constructive interactions with objects throughout
their development. Consequently, their classificatory behaviour does not
progress beyond first-order classifying. More significantly monkeys do not
develop elementary second order classifying, that is, the capacity for
coordinating class relations simultaneously. This failure implies severe
limitations in the way monkeys conceptually structure objects with which
they interact and has serious implications as regards the development of
representational skills.
E A different picture emerges when we consider the behavioural patterns
non-human primates display in free-ranging settings. Descriptions of
competitive and cooperative interactions with conspecifics, as well as
other aspects of their social behaviour, often suggest that monkeys are
capable of classifying social stimuli into abstract categories. It thus
seems that monkeys display a capacity for abstract representation
when interacting with their social environment, a capacity not
observed when they are dealing with physical stimuli. But can they
really handle abstract concepts such as kinship or friendship similar to
the way humans do? It is conceivable that monkeys' social knowledge is
based on relatively simple associative learning rather than represent
the result of more complex cognitive process. Knowledge of other
animals' social relationships may be obtained principally by observing
and memorizing all the specific interactions among members of one's
own social group. A monkey can learn to associate some individuals
with others on the basis of specific behavioural patterns that these
animals display with a high frequency and adjusts its own behaviour
accordingly.
F Chimpanzees, by contrast, behave quite differently. When tested on
relatively similar tasks requiring comprehension of an identity rule,
they display complex cognitive capacities never observed in monkeys.
Chimpanzees not only can detect similarities and differences between
individual objects at a more abstract level than monkeys, but they can
Reading I 14;r
also perceive same/different relations between pairs of objects from a
very early age and do so without any specific training. This perception
of abstract relationships is reminiscent of findings obtained in studies
with human infants. For example, when preference for novelty
procedures is employed, 7-month-old infants were found to be sensitive
to identity/different relationship instantiated between pairs of stimuli.
It thus seems that cognitive competence underlying perceptual
categorizing in infant chimpanzees is similar to that found in human
infants.
G In apparent contrast with monkeys, moreover, chimpanzees make use
of abstract judgments in their constructive interactions with objects:
without training or rewards they spontaneously partition the sets they
receive into classes coordinating relationships simultaneously.
H The simultaneous construction and coordination of two class-consistent
spatial groupings is an index of more advanced cognitive organization.
It is considered symptomatic of an advance in logical reasoning
indicating the simultaneous consideration of the part to the whole. In
humans this capacity progresses from constructing one class at a time,
comparing individual objects in terms of their similarities and
differences, to constructing classes of classes simultaneously
coordinating such comparisons. This behavioural shift marks the
transition from prerepresentational to representational cognition.
I It seems that a similar development marks the ontogeny of
manipulatory classification of chimpanzees. Like children, these apes
show a developmental trend from first-order to second-order
classifying, that is, a trend from object-based similarity to relational
similarity.
J Nevertheless, although humans and chimpanzees seem to share the
basic components of logical cognition, at least in the realm of
categorization, the two species vary markedly in the staging of
development of classificatory behaviour. The onset age for second-order
classifying is the 2 nd year in human infants; the onset age is the 5 th
year in chimpanzees. It thus seems that chimpanzees' development is
much slower than children's, which perhaps indicates that a limit is
being approached.
148 I Reading
Questions 14-18
Reading passage 2 has ten paragraphs, A-J.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 the marked difference between humans and chimpanzees in the staging of

classificatory behaviour development
15 the ability of all species to make distinctions among different environment
stimuli
16 further obvious contrast of chimpanzees with monkeys
1 't detailed description of monkeys' limited cognitive capacity for the abstract
representation of identity relations
18 the introduction to the concept of categorization
Questions 19-22
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
Humans identify same and different relations among objects and build categories in
their daily life. Non-human can also make abstract categories of their social world.
For example, monkeys classify 19---- in terms of such abstract concepts as
kinship or friendship. However, identity relations in monkeys are only limited to
20---- among individual stimuli while great apes are capable of both
concrete and abstract relations. In contrast with monkeys, chimpanzees can not only
detect similarities and differences between individual objects at a more abstract level
but also perceive these relations between 21 ____ from a very early age,
without any specific training. Moreover, chimpanzees use 22____ in their
-............_._.. -,.......-----.. ----.........

constructive interactions with objects.
------...... ...... .....---.-..._--,................

,-- ,_
Reading I 149
Questions 23-26

Passage 2?
23 Unlike chimpanzees, monkeys can spontaneously classify the sets and

coordinate relationships simultaneously.
24 The transition in humans' cognitive organization from prerepresentational to

representational cognition depends on their intelligence levels.
25 Both apes and human infants show a developmental trend from first-order to
second-order classifying.
26 Chimpanzees' development of classificatory behaviour is much faster than

children's development.
150 I Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
SMALL INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The role of small industries in the development process has been the
subject of a large number of studies over the past 30 years. Although large
industry has absorbed huge shares of total investment, it still accounts for
small shares of industrial employment in all but a few counti'ies now in
advanced stages of industrialization. It is also concentrated in metropolitan
areas. In contrast, household (or 'cottage') industries and small workshops
and factories account for appreciably larger shares of recorded industrial
employment, are more labour intensive in aggregate, and more widely
dispersed in provincial towns and cities. Case histories of medium and
larger sized firms have also suggested that much of the growth of
employment in large industry is due to the expansion of previously small
firms through the size distribution. For these and other reasons it is argued
that a shift of investment towards small industry would both improve
earnings opportunities for a larger share of the labour force and encourage
regional industrial development. In a large measure, these arguments have
been accepted and, in most developing countries, governments have
introduced special programmes of support - for example in the form of
small industry finance, extension and advisory services, infrastructure, and
programmes for the training of managers and workers.
When considered in terms of the contribution to employment and
earnings, the continuing interest in small industries in developing
countries, among those concerned with development policy, seems
justified. Indeed, the issues ahead no longer relate to the 'significance'
of small industries but to the effects of various policies and
programmes upon them. Over long periods of the industrialization
process, employment in household manufacturing, and in small
workshops and factories, far outweighs that which is (or could be)
provided by large industry, notwithstanding the huge concentration of
investment and of supporting services on the latter over the past
twenty to thirty years.
Turning to programmes of support for small industries, several issues
arise. The most general one, concerns the shortage of ex post
evaluations of the many programmes that have been undertaken in
developing countries. Even particular aspects of these programmes,
Reading I 151
such as the provision of training and advisory services, vary greatly in
approach between one country and another, and it is obvious that there
would be much to be learned from a comparison of the experiences of
different countries.
With respect to small industry finance, several parallels with the
findings of those who have studied agricultural credit were noted.
Principally, the much discussed risks of the owners of small industries
defaulting on loans are often proving to be real. In fact, the default
rates are high enough in some programmes to raise the most
fundamental questions about the economic desirability of the
continuance of those programmes as they are presently designed.
Concessionary finance, for example, has been the general rule,
attracting - and for the most part going to - influential borrowers of
good standing. Since these borrowers are, in theory, low risk, it is hard
to avoid the conclusions that concessionary finance, with its attendant
administrative controls, invites loose banking practices and aggravates
the risks. Hence the commonplace argument for cost and risk-reflecting
interest rates exists.
While higher interest rates than now prevail would be desirable,
however, we have argued that this alone would not secure an efficient
flow of institutional finance to potentially low-risk borrowers currently
denied access to it. Risk-reflecting interest rates would be far higher
than is commonly supposed until the financial institutions are fully
adapted to the task of lending to large numbers of small borrowers;
even if they were politically tolerable, which is unlikely to be the case,
they would probably extinguish the market, and impose a significant
external cost on potentially low-risk borrowers. Further, the lack of an
accounting base in the large majority of small firms in developing
countries, the absence of legally acceptable documentation of assets
held, the underdevelopment of insurance markets and of legal
procedures for handling foreclosures and maintaining repayment
discipline, all argue against simple appeals for 'commercial' rates of
interest as the sole element of financial policies. As long as such
problems remain significant the conclusion is unavoidable that a
transformation of the financial institutions' policies will not take place
- except over an exceedingly long period - without risk guarantee
programmes and the involvement of the public banks. It is
nevertheless clear that the financing programmes would function
better if they were accompanied by a relaxation of administrative
controls on interest rate policies and on the borrowings and lendings of
financial intermediaries. Under these circumstances the interest rates
152 I Reading
would rise to levels that would roughly reflect the costs of raising
resources and lending to low-risk borrowers. This argument is not new.
But it is strengthened; it is hoped, by the evidence presented in the
text and by reference to recent research on uncertainty in economics.
The small industry programmes themselves are also accompanied by
administrative controls in many countries, e.g. in terms of the types of
firms and assets to be :financed. Ostensibly, they were intended to
encourage the intermediaries only to finance 'job creating' projects, and
have led to, among other things, the much discussed neglect of working
capital finance and to the exclusion of firms seeking to raise output
without necessarily expanding employment. Again, we have argued
that such controls both increase the risks of the programmes and
reduce their capacity to improve employment opportunities.
It is sometimes argued that if leading sector policies were more
appropriately chosen, direct interventions to assist small industries
would not be necessary. Under leading sector policies are included
tariffs, investment incentives and policies towards agriculture.
However, this is a fundamentally wrong way of interpreting the
purposes of small industry programmes. Properly considered, these
programmes are not intended to be an alternative, but instead to
address specific sources of market failure (e.g. in the capital markets)
and of inefficiency that would limit the effectiveness of a movement
towards more desirable leading sector policies. Equally, it is true that
small industries would stand to gain from the long-standing proposals
for a reform of these policies - in particular from a more labour
demanding structure of industrial incentives and tariffs, and from a
more broadly-based growth of agriculture. For this reason it was
concluded that the more efficient (and also the more labour
demanding) the leading sector policies, the more efficient the small
industry programmes are likely to be.
Reading j 153
Questions 2?-31
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.
Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
fflE ROLE OF SMALL INDUSTRIES

Despite the attraction of great investment shares, large industry takes up
small shares of industrial employment in 2?____ countries. Small
industry, in contrast, accounts for larger shares of employment and are
widely 28____ in provincial regions. It therefore both improves
29 opportunities for a larger share of the labour force and
promotes regional industrial development. Governments in developing
countries introduced special programmes of support, like programmes for
the 30---- of managers and workers. As for these programmes and
development policies for the contribution to employment and earnings, the
related issues will be no longer concerned with the 31 ____ of small
industries but the effect of these various policies and programmes.
A few B spread C environment

D less E expenses F distribution
G earnings H choose most
J significance L training K disperse
154 I Reading
Questions 32-36
Passage 3?
32 Investment and supporting services are enormously concentrated on large

industry over the past decades.
33 All aspects of programmes of support for small industries are almost the same
among different developing countries.
34 It is often proved true that there are the risks of the owners of small industries
defaulting on loans.
35 Risk-reflecting interest rates are constantly much lower than commonly

supposed.
36 The programmes are accompanied by administrative controls in many
countries according to the types of firms, quantity of workers and financed
assets.
Reading I 155
Questions 3?-40
Write the correct letter in boxes 3 7-40 on your answer sheet.
37 The most general issue concerned with the programmes of support for small
industries refers to
A insufficient bank loans to small industries.
B lack of ex post evaluations of the programmes of different developing

countries.
C no provision of advisory services.
0 lack of systematic training of managers and workers.
38 Which of the following does NOT argue against attracting 'commercial' rates of
interests as the only financial policy in developing countries?
A The lack of accounting in most small firms.
B The absence of legally acceptable documentation of assets.

C The lack of sufficient bank loans to small firms.
0 The underdevelopment of insurance markets and of relevant legal
procedures.
39 Administrative controls lead to both the increase of the programmes' risks and
A the rise of financial support from governments.
B the reduction of developmental motivation of small firms.
C the improvement of the management of small firms.
0 the decline of their ability to improve employment opportunities.
40 The writer finally makes the conclusion that
A the efficiency of the leading sector policies may promote that of the small
industry programmes.
B leading sector policies do not include investment incentives and policies

towards agriculture.
C the appropriate choice of the leading sector policies can make

unnecessary direct interventions to help small industries.
0 small industry programmes are not meant to figure out specific reasons for
the inefficient movement towards better leading sector policies.
156 I Reading
WRITING TASK 1
As a class assignment you have been asked to write a description of
how this plastic is produced and then broken down.
Using the infonnation in the diagram, write a description of the
cycle.
-------- --
0aJcM1)0n P,odvc'b
IMdWfYllow'l'
'"'otlw ..
C..'110n OIOo " e
I
I I i
l
I
Writing I 151
WRITING TASK 2

While people flood into big cities to seek jobs and happy life,
there is a tendency for people to move out. What problems do big
cities have?
158 I Writing
PART1
EXAMPLE
Noise
Do you think there will be more and more noise? (Why? / Why not?)
Do you suffer from noise?
Can you work under noise?
What can you do about it?
What sound you like and dislike? (Why? / Why not?)
PART2
An old object
OK, I am going to give you a topic now. You can prepare for one minute and you
can talk about it for two minutes.
Describe a kind of old thing in your You will have to talk about the
family. You should say: topic for one to two minutes. You
What it is have one minute to think about
Who bought it what you are going to say. You can

make some notes to help you if you
When it was bought
wish.
and explain why you reserve it.
PART3
Why do you think people keep these things?
Do you think young people are going to keep the things inherited?
What's the value of the photos and those ancient objects kept in museums?
Do you think people will continue to visit museums in the future?
What is the value (or, the importance) of collecting old things and putting
them in museums (or other collections)?
What do you think is better to display in a museum, old photographs or old things?
Speaking j 159
160
TEST 1
Listening
Section1 Section 3
1 Julie Drake 21 2 nd December
2 16/06/1968 22 academic
3 private house 23 professional
4 163 24 about a third/ one third/ 1/3
5 10 minutes'/ ten minutes 25 sequence
6 A 26 technical ability
'1 B 2'1 set out
8 internet access 28 average
9 fridge/ refrigerator 29 most improvement
10 microwave oven 30 7/ seven
Section 2 Section 4
11 C 31 selling and advertising
12 B 32 making money/ profit
13 A 33 warmth/ safety
14 maintenance 34 individual
15 unattractive 35 C
16 tidy 36 A
1'1 heat 3'1 B
18 pricey/ pricy 38 A
19 B 39 satisfied
20 E 40 better than expected
If you score...
0-12 13-2? 28-40
you are highly unlikely to get an you may get an acceptable you are likely to get an
acceptable score under score under examination acceptable score under
examination conditions and we conditions but we recommend examination conditions but
recommend that you spend a that you think about having remember that different
lot of time improving your more practice or lessons before institutions will find different
English before you take IELTS. you take IELTS. scores acceptable.
Test 1 I 161
Reading
21 TRUE
Reading Passage 1
22 FALSE
1 vii 23 TRUE
2 xi 24 NOT GIVEN
3 25 TRUE
4 vi
26 de-coherence
5 X
2T passive error correction
6 iii
T YES Reading Passage 3
8 NO 28 calories
9 NO 29 irrigation
10 NOT GIVEN 30 densely populated
11 NOT GIVEN 31 fossil fuels
12 YES 32 short-term remedy
13 YES 33 wholesale deforestation
34 agricultural runoff
Reading Passage 2
35 foodborne illnesses
14 D 36 vertical farms
15 F
3T YES
16 B 38 NOT GIVEN
1T G
39 YES
18 H 40 NO
19 G
20 E
If you score...
0-13 14-26 21-40
you are highly unlikely to get you may get an acceptable you are likely to get an
an acceptable score under score under examination acceptable score under
examination conditions and conditions but we examination conditions but
we recommend that you recommend that you think remember that different
spend a lot of time improving about having more practice institutions will find different
your English before you take or lessons before you take scores acceptable.
IELTS. IELTS.
162 I Test 1
TEST2
Listening
Section 1 Section 3
1 90 21 C
2 September 21 st
22 B
3 Mandela Suite 23 A
4 3:30 pm to 9:00 pm 24-25 D, E
5 PA57GJ 26 course diary
6 38 Beeches Street/ Beaches Street 2'1 written exam
'1 07897293381 28 design
8 tables and armchairs 29 50 per cent/ percent/ o/o
9 30.50 30 fashion show
10 damage and injury
Section 4
Section 2 31 overcrowding
11 A 32 natural resources
12 B 33 superpower
13 B 34 A
14 A 35 C
15 plastic bags 36 wealthier
16 w ildlife 31 university students
1 '1 privacy and territory 38 200,000
18 disturbing 39 A
19 very shy (creatures) 40 C
20 appreciate nature
If you score...
0-12 13-2? 28-40
lot of time improving your more practice or lessons before institutions w ill find different
Test 2 I 163
Reading
21 E
Reading Passage 1
22 F
1 YES 23 NOT GIVEN
2 NO 24 NO
3 YES 25 YES
4 NOT GIVEN 26 NOT GIVEN
5 NO 2"1 YES
6 NO
"1 Robert Ballard Reading Passage 3
8 cataclysmic floods 28 technological civilizations
9 volcanic explosions 29 carbon atoms
10 time of eruption/ the eruption time 30 liquid-water medium
11 philosophical theories 31 exobiology/ astrobiology/ bioastronomy
12 over 11,300 years 32 the atmospheric signatures
13 Robert Ballard 33 organisms/ microbes
34 fossils
Reading Passage 2
35 darks, cold biosphere
14 X
36 signal-processing technology
15 ii 3"1 located
16 V
38 residue or imprint
1"1 ix 39 22
18 40 the Utah desert
19 D
20 C
If you score...
0-11 14-26 21-40
IELTS. IELTS.
164 I Test 2
TEST 3
Listening
Section 1 Section 3
1 3.5kg/kilograms 21 B
2 (only) 0.5 22 A
3 37.5cm/centimeters 23 B
4 2.5 hours 24 A
5 wireless 25 C
6 scanner and headphones 26 A
'1 300 2'1 A
8 Bristow 28 B
9 098 75 42 33 87 29 A
10 22nd October 30 C
Section 2 Section 4
11 -12 B, D 31 A
13 Beach Shop 32 C
14 seating 33 B
15 9:30 34 C
16 A 35 A
1'1 B 36 A
18 A 3'1 B
19 B 38 A
20 C 39 C
40 D
If you score...
0-12 13-2? 28-40
Test 3 I 165
Reading
21 FALSE
Reading Passage 1
22 NOT GIVEN
1 D 23 TRUE
2 B 24 NOT GIVEN
3 C 25 TRUE
4 B 26 FALSE
5 TRUE
6 FALSE Reading Passage 3
"1 TRUE 2"1 YES
8 FALSE 28 NOT GIVEN
9 NOT GIVEN 29 NO
10 bacterial infections 30 YES
11 bacteria 31 NOT GIVEN
12 gently 32 NOT GIVEN
13 paintbrush 33 YES
34 NO
Reading Passage 2
35 D
14 F
36 G
15 B 3"1 C
16 E
38 F
1"1 D 39 B
18 A
40 D
19 C
20 TRUE
If you score...
0-1i3 14-26 21-40
IELTS. IELTS.
166 I Test 3
TEST 4
Listening
Section 1 Section 3
1 Grand Hotel 21 electronic whiteboard
2 approximately/about 360 22 back-up
3 3/3 pounds 23 specific background material
4 drinks 24 C
5 less formal 25 G
6 C 26 B
1 C 21 F
8 (a) banner 28 D
9 notice 29 -30 A, B
10 common room
Section 4
Section 2 31 A
11 undergraduate courses 32 C
12 (student) dormitories 33 B
13 A 34 33%/thirty-three percent
14 B 35 2/two
15 Northeast of London/North-East of London 36 stock
16 (3-hour) train/ (3 hours') train 31 production targets
11 shipping port 38 expansion plans
18 Half of London 39 (company's) product range
19 nightlife 40 team building
20 art gallery
If you score... >
0-12 13-21 28-40

Test 5 I 161
Reading
Reading Passage 1
21 B
1 NOT GIVEN 22 TRUE
2 NOT GIVEN 23 NOT GIVEN
3 YES 24 TRUE
4 NO 25 3 rd Century BC
YES 26 1996
6 YES 2;r 36 percent
NO
8 1910-13 Reading Passage 3
9 World Monument Fund 28 V
10 Philippa Foster Back 29

11 2014 30 X
12 Sir David Attenborough 31 vii

13 1911 32 iv
33 vi
Reading Passage 2
34 ii
14 C 35 ix
15 D 36 the Sanger Institute
16 F 3;r the Welcome Trust
1;r A 38 Cancer Genome Consortium
18 G 39 small-cell lung cancer
19 D 40 malignant melanoma
20 E
If you score...
O-J3 14-26 2?-40
IELTS. IELTS.
168 I Test 5
TEST 5
Listening
Section1 Section 3
1 Ricard 21 C
2 60 Forest Road 22 C
3 CZ8809 23 B
4 12 September 24 A
5 8.30pm 25 B
6 police report 26 A
'1 minor 2'1 C
8 C 28 A
9 C 29 C
10 D 30 B
Section 2 Section 4
11 25% 31 over 160
12 exercise class 32 above sea level
13 steps 33 ocean currents
14 B/D 34 mountainous
15 B/D 35 (availability of) resources
16 D 36 (extreme) famine
1'1B 3'1 economy
18 A 38 10,000
19 air is cleaner OR more active lifestyles 39 local families
20 air is cleaner OR more active lifestyles 40 cold (Arctic) air
If you score...
0-12 13-21 28-40
Test 5 I 169
Reading
21 60%
Reading Passage 1
22 farming
1 TRUE
23 global alliance
2 NOT GIVEN
24 FALSE
3 TRUE
25 NOT GIVEN
4 TRUE
26 TRUE
5 FALSE
2;r FALSE
6 FALSE
28 NOT GIVEN
;r D
8 B Reading Passage 3
9 C 29 DN
10 collision 30 p
11 Massive colcanoism 31 DJ
12 global chaos 32 J
13 plummeted 33 M
14 carbon dioxide 34 TRUE
35 FALSE
Reading Passage 2
36 NOT GIVEN
15 iii
3;r FALSE
16 viii
38 NOT GIVEN
1;r 39 Doctors
18 V
40 supportive friends
19 ii
20 cinemagoers
If you score...
0-13 14-26 2?-40
IELTS. IELTS.
110 I Test 5
TEST6
Listening
Section 1 Section 3
1 current 21 C
2 14th February 1982 22 B
3 Smithfield 23-25 A, D, F
4 connect card 26 application card
5 4.5% 21 e-mail address
6 300 28 code
1 a reference letter 29 Information Centre
8 little sister 30 confirmation letter
9 month
Section 4
10 Internet bank
31 camp
Section 2 32 groundwater
11 B 33 water pumps
12 B 34 30 cents
13 -14 B, D 35 supply reservoir
15 scholarly lectures 36 eastern suburbs
16 dynamic scholars 31 water pressure
11 1000 38 300,000
18 gallery talks 39 severe drought
19 6114959615 40 demand
20 Study Centre
If you score...
0-12 13-21 28-40
Test 6 IH1
Reading
Reading Passage 1
21 pairs of objects
1 ix 22 abstract judgements
23 F
3 vi 24 NG
4 ii 25 T
5 C 26 F
6 B
1 C Reading Passage 3
8 D 27
9 D 28 B
10 A 29 G
11 C 30 L
12 H 31
13 E 32 y
33 N
Reading Passage 2
34 y
14 35 N
15 B 36 NG
16 G 37 B
17 D 38 C
18 A 39 D
19 social bonds 40 A
20 physical resemblance
If you score...
0-13 14-26 21-40
IELTS. IELTS.
112 I Test 6
this bag was bought for her. Now, both of them passed away, and this bag is the
reminder of them and the history of my family. We reserve it and we can hear the
story of them. We are going to keep it as long as our family exists.
PART3
Q: Why do you think people keep these things?

A: They are the reminders of ancient time. When the young generation sees the
objects, they can get a vivid understanding of the history and lifestyle of their
predecessors.
Q: Do you think young people are going to keep the things inherited?
A: Sure. Young people also care about their origin and they want to have a root
or trace in history, and these objects are the best witnesses.
Q: What's the value of the photos and those ancient objects kept in museums?
A: These objects are the symbol of historical events. Modern people can get to
know about their past and history. They will be amazed by the technique or
simple lifestyle of ancient time. They will know about the evolution of human
society.
Q: Do you think people will continue to visit museums in the future?
A: I think people will still go to the museums in the future. For one thing, it is a
good place to gain knowledge of various fields. Besides, it is a kind of tourist
attraction as well.
Q: What is the value (or, the importance) of collecting old things and putting them
in museums?
A: It is a kind of memory. The objects are the reminders of the past, and people
will remember what has happened in the past.
Q: What do you think is better to display in a museum, old photographs or old things?
A: Both are indispensible for a good museum. Old photographs can take us back
to a certain moment, and we are going to feel like standing there and
witnessing everything.
Speaking I 199
SECTION 1
Questions 1-5
Officer: Good morning. University of Canterbury student accommodation office.
Student: Good morning. I'm due to begin a course and would like to know what
type of accommodation you have available
Officer: Ok, no problem. When does your course begin?
Student: The first week in October.
Officer: OK. I'll need to take down some details then. Can I have your name
please?
Student: (1) Julie Drake. That's D-R-A-K-E.
Officer: Ok, fine. And do you mind telling me how old you are?
Student: No, not at all, I'm 35, but I'll be 36 by the time I begin my course.
Officer: 35. (2) So you were born in 1967, am I right?
Student: 68. 1968. June 16th, in fact.
Officer: Ok, well, we have accommodation both on and off campus that belongs
to the university. Also there's home stay, although most students prefer
to rent a (3) private house and live with other students.
Student: Isn't renting a house expensive?
Officer: Well, it is if you rent one on your own, but not if you share with two or
three other students. Then it's cheaper than homestay. But on-campus
accommodation is the cheapest.
Student: I see. So how much does it cost to live in student accommodation?
Officer: Well, we have two kinds of accommodation. To live on campus costs 125
per month but student accommodation off campus is 40 per week plus 3
per month for laund ry bills. So the monthly fee is (4) 163 per month.
200
Student: 163 per month. OK. And how far is it from the university?
Officer: Oh, it's very convenient. In fact, there's a free bus that runs every 30
minutes. It takes maybe (5) 10 minutes to get to the university.
Student: That sounds good. I'll go for a room off campus then.
Question 6-10
Officer: Now would you mind sharing an apartment with male students or do
you prefer to be with other women?
Student: (6) Well, I don't mind too much, although given the choice I'd prefer a
single sex house.
Officer: OK, that's not a problem. I'll put you down to share with other women
then. And what about smoking? Do you mind sharing with students who
smoke?
Student: (?) Well, I don't smoke, but, to be honest, smoking doesn't bother me.
I'm more concerned about noise.
Officer: Anyway, that's all the information I need. But do you have any
questions?
Student: Yes, I do. I have a couple of questions, in fact. What facilities are
available in the flats?
Officer: All the rooms are equipped with heating, but there is no TV, I'm afraid.
Although (8) Internet access is provided in each room if you have your
own computer. And all the houses have a communal kitchen with (9)
fridge, cooker and (10) microwave oven.
Student: Hmm ... no TV. That's shame. Are there any restrictions?
Officer: Don't like to put restrictions on mature students, but we do ask you to
consider your neighbors. You know, don't play music aloud at night,
that's sort of thing.
Student: Just one more thing. Could you send me a bus timetable?
Officer: Yes, of course. I'll just need to take down your home address then.
Student: Sure, it's Willow Crescent, London SE?.
Officer: That's fine then. I'll send you the information and see you in October.
Student: Yeah, I'll see you then. Bye.
Officer: Bye.
Test1 1201
SECTION 2
Questions 11-13
And now it's straight into the Eco Hotspot for today's programme. We are in fact
going to look at an intriguing trend in recent years in the world of eco-friendly
developments. (11) There has been a constant stream of new "green products"
coming into the market for the environmentally conscious. A new departure, which
I feel needs greater attention drawn to it, is the increasing interest in grass roofs.
(12) Environmentalists sing the praises of grass roofs as interest in sustainable
ecological building has led to the greening of the rooftops of residential and
commercial buildings around the world. And what does this type of roof consist of.
Instead of tiles which allow water to run off and create flash flooding, the roof has a
waterproof underlay which is laid over the roof deck. This waterproof layer is then
covered with layers for insulation and drainage. (13) Then on top of the insulation
and drainage layer is added a final layer of soil or crushed stones for the plants and
or grass to grow on. The roof can be planted with wild owners to add colour and life
to your rooftop.
Questions 14-20
As for the benefits of grass roofs, in spring and in summer they are very pretty as
flowers spring into bloom. Moreover, in summer grass roofs are of particular benefit
in cities because they keep any building cool by reflecting the sun's rays. In winter
the grass roofs insulate the building, helping to prevent heat loss. The roofs require
little (14) maintenance and are better than any other roofing material. They
encourage biodiversity by attracting bees and birds and they absorb water run off
which helps prevent flash flooding. In fact, the gravel layer retains 71 percent of
rainwater that falls, thus helping to prevent flash flooding. In winter, the brown soil
is a bit more evident, which can look (15) unattractive, if the roofs are not tended
carefully, but that is a price worth paying and I would say that they come highly
recommended by those who have them.
If you compare grass roofs with tiles, the latter do certainly look very (16) tidy, but at
a price to the future of the planet. The main drawbacks of tiles though are the water
run-off and the absorption of (1 7) heat from the sun's rays in summer. So if we are
to save the planet from the ecological point of view, tiles do not come
recommended. The only roof that I can think of which has similar ecological
credentials to the grass roof is the thatched roof. Thatched roofs are good insulators
and very attractive, but very (18) pricey (pricy) and not ideal for cities.
202 I Test 1
How can we make more of our roofs green. That is, how can people be persuaded
to install grass roofs? The World Green Roof Conference in Australia was a very
good start. (19-20) At a grassroots level, the best way to raise the profile of grass
roofs is to make them trendy by highlighting them in fashionable magazines so that
people begin to feel that they cannot do without them. But the idea I like best is
holding competitions for the best designed grass roofs.
Next week Eco-hotspot is going to look at...
SECTION 3
Questions 21-26
Tutor: Now, Mark, and Anna, I have to say that I thoroughly enjoyed your joint
presentation on the application of robotics in a non-industrial setting to
the group on (21) 2nd December and it is clear that you have both
devoted quite a lot of time and effort to it. Have you had a chance to fill
in the self- evaluation form for the session?
Mark: Yes, we have.
Tutor: So Mark, what do you think overall?
Mark: Well, generally, I felt the presentation worked very well; in fact, we
seemed to hold the attention of the others throughout. And the pace of
delivery was fairly even as were the range of activities we organized.
Anna: I agree with Mark, but I'm not sure we were comprehensive or (22)
academic enough.
Tutor: No comment really except that I don1t think there was any question of it
not being thorough.
Anna: I think we were a bit too chatty and too jokey at times rather than formal.
Tutor: Okay. What do you think were the best areas and which do you think
can be improved on?
Mark: Everything could have been improved on. I felt very good about the
hand-outs; we had spent a lot of time putting them together. They had a
very (23) professional appearance as we bound them into a booklet.
Anna: To me the hand-outs were the best part as we had a very extensive
bibliography and the booklet seemed to go down well.
Tutor: The booklet you did for the hand-outs certainly showed you had done a
lot of work. But I think that you put too much material into it and people
Test 1 I 203
got distracted by it. Perhaps, you could have cut the hand-outs by about
(24) a third.
Mark: I see. When I come to think about it, maybe you are right.
Anna: Okay.
Mark: But there were times in the middle of the presentation where things did
go a bit astray. I think that was my fault when I got the power-point
slides out of (25) sequence and I had difficulty getting back on track.
Anna: Mmm. I also think we rated our (26) technical ability too highly
especially when operating under pressure. I had never done a
presentation with technical equipment before, so it was a steep learning
curve for me in particular.
Tutor: Yes, I think you could have done with a bit more practice with the
equipment beforehand.
Questions 27-30
Tutor: What about the next item on the feedback form? The aims and
objectives?
Mark: I think they were very focused and we followed them through well,
think. We wanted to show how Europe was lagging behind other areas
of the world.
Anna: Yeah, I think they were clearly (2t') set out.
Tutor: Yes. Agreed. No comment there.
Mark: The diagrams and charts were appropriate.
Anna: Yes. I have put that too.
Tutor: They did work well in helping to illustrate and break up the presentation
by cutting down on the number of words and text on the screen. What
about delivery?
Mark: Well, I think our performance was (28) average.
Anna: It was difficult to coordinate speaking and presenting the material at the
same time. I was quite self-conscious of what I was doing. It was down to
a lack of experience.
Tutor: Unfortunately, both of you had the habit of standing in front of the
projector so you kept blocking the image on the screen. To me this is the
area that requires the (29) most improvement.
Mark: The section on the predictions of the commercial application in the
future, I think appeared a bit haphazard. To me it was a weak point of
204 I Test 1
the presentation. And I think that some of the slides could have had
fewer words.
Anna: And we could have done some fancy graphics with the words.
Tutor: If you had to give yourselves a mark overall how much would you give it
out of 1 O?
Mark: Six maybe. I would be happy with that, though bits were probably
nearer a (30) seven. So I'd say a six. Anna, what do you think?
Alma: I think for me it's perhaps a seven.
Tutor: Okay. Did you find the task and the evaluation useful?
Anna: I think...
SECTION 4
Questions 31-40
Last week we looked at some general principles associated with marketing and
today I'd like to look at some of those points in a little more detail.
So what is marketing? Or put another way, what does the term "marketing" mean?
Many people think of it simply as the process of selling and advertising. And this is
hardly surprising when every day we are bombarded with television adverts, mail
shots, and telephone sales. But (31) selling and advertising are only two functions of
marketing.
In fact, marketing, more than any other business function, deals with customers. So
perhaps the simplest definition is this one: marketing is the delivery of customer
value and satisfaction at a profit. In other words, finding customers, keeping those
customers happy and (32) making money out of the process!
The most basic concept underlying marketing is the concept of human needs. These
include basic physical needs for things like food, as well as (33) warmth and safety.
And marketers don't invent these needs; they're a basic part of our human make-up.
So besides physical needs, there are also social needs-for instance, the need to
belong and to be wanted. And in addition to social needs, we have the need for
knowledge and self-expression, often referred to as (34) individual needs. As
societies evolve, members of that society start to see things not so much in terms of
what they need, but in terms of what they want, and when people have enough
Test 1 I 205
money these wants become demands.
Now, it's important for the managers in a company to understand what their
customers want if they are going to create effective marketing strategies, so there are
various ways of doing this. (35) One way at supermarkets, for instance, is to
interview customers while they're doing their shopping. They can be asked about
their buying preferences and then the results of the survey can be analyzed. This
provides reliable feedback on which to base future marketing strategies. (36) It's also
quite normal for top executives from department stores to spend a day or two each
month visiting stores and mixing freely with the public, as if they were ordinary
customers, to get an idea of customer behavior.
Another way to get information from customers is to give them something. (37) For
instance, some fast-food outlets give away vouchers in magazines or on the street
that entitle customers to get part of their meal for nothing. As well as being a good
way of attracting customers into the restaurants to spend their money, it also allows
the managers to get a feel for where to advertise and which age-groups to target.
Another strategy employed at some well-known theme parks such as Disneyland is

for top managers to spend at least one day in their career, touring the park dressed
as Mickey Mouse or some other cartoon character. (38) This provides them with the
perfect opportunity to survey the scene and watch the customers without being
noticed.
OK, well we mentioned customer satisfaction at the beginning of this lecture, and I'd
like to return briefly to that, as it relates to what we've just been talking about. If the
performance of a product falls short of the customer's expectations, the buyer is
going to be dissatisfied. In other words, if the product you buy isn't as good as you'd
expected, then the chances are you'll be unhappy about it. If, on the other hand,
performance matches expectations, and the product you buy is as good as you
expected then generally speaking the buyer is (39) satisfied. But smart companies
should aim one step high. They should aim to delight customers by promising only
what they can be sure of delivering, all then delivering much more than they
promised. So then, if as sometimes happens, performance is (40) better than
expected, the buyer is delighted and is twice as likely to come back to the store.
Now let's move on to look at the role of advertising.
206 I Test 1
SECTION 1
Questions 1-4
Man: Hi, good morning. My name's Allen. What can I do for you?
Woman: Hi, my name's Rachel Wilson. I understand you hire out rooms in the
community centre as venues for parties.
Man: Yes, we do. We have various sized accommodation; it depends on what
you're looking for really.
Woman: We're looking to hold a party - a children's birthday party, and we need
a room that holds about (1) 90 people with space for a small disco area,
games, dancing, and food.
Man: Well, we have a large room and it would certainly hold at least 100
people comfortably. It is used a lot for parties, things like that.
Woman: That sounds as if it might be suitable. I've tried various venues and they're
either booked up or they don't hold enough people.
Man: Can you tell me when you were thinking of holding the party?
Woman: I know it's short notice, but we wanted to hold it Saturday week, that's
(2) September 21 st
Man: Let's have a look... Mmm yes. You're in luck. The (3) Mandela Suite is
free then.
Woman: I'll just write that down. M-A-N-0-E-L-A.
Man: And the time? When were you thinking of holding it?
Woman: In the afternoon from (4) 3:30 pm to 9:00 pm.
Man: Yes, okay. There's no smoking on the premises and we are only licensed
to have so drinks.
Woman: That's okay. I think I'm happy to go ahead.
Test 2 I 2o;r
Questions 5 and 6
Man: Can you just give your postcode?
Woman: It's (5) PAS 7GJ.
Man: Fine. And the flat and street number?
Woman: It's Flat number 40, and the street number is 38 Beeches Street.
Man: Okay. So...that's Flat 40, (6) 38 Beeches Street.
Woman: Yes, that's right.
Question 7
Man: And a contact number?
Woman: My landline is 22 32 79 with the code. But I'll give you my mobile
number which is (7) 078 97 29 33 81.
Questions 8-10
Woman: OK... Can you tell me how much it will cost?
Man: It's quite reasonable actually. It's 115 for the hire of the room, with (8)
tables and armchairs, but if you want to hire disco equipment we've got a
basic system with speakers and other equipment for 25, but there is no
technician around in case anything goes wrong. And of course it's optional.
Woman: That would save us carting something from home, but maybe we should
have a spare sound system just in case.
Man: We have never had any problem with the system but you might not
want to take any chances. What about catering?
Woman: Well, we had thought of getting everyone to bring something.
Man: We have someone who can do catering for 9 a head including the cake
if required.
Woman: That's handy, but it's a lot as we have a fairly tight budget.
Man: So you want to go ahead with the booking?
Woman: Yes, certainly.
Man: Okay. I need to take a deposit of (9) 30.50, which is refundable. The
balance needs to be paid two days before the event at the latest.
208 I Test 2
Woman: Fine.
Man: You can cancel up to two days before, but after that you lose the
deposit.
Woman: We don't intend to cancel, but is there any insurance we can take out?
Man: Yes. There is a form here somewhere.
Woman: How much?
Man: lt's...let me see it's only 9 for the 24-hour period and that covers you
for cancellation, (10) damage and injury.
Woman: Well, at least we'd better have a look at it.
Man: How would you like to pay the deposit?
Woman: Cash.
Man: I'll give you a receipt.
Woman: There you are, 10, 20, and 30.

Man: 30. Rachel Wilson.
Woman: Thank you very much. I'm really glad I've found somewhere. We have
been trying to book a place for the past two weeks. So thank you again
and bye for now.
SECTION 2
Questions 11-14
Pete: ... So as you see it's going to be quite an action packed weekend. Well,
that's all from me so I'd now like to hand you over to Mary who is going
to tell you about the camping trip we've arranged for the coming week.
Mary, it's over to you.
Mary: Thanks Pete. Well, as Pete just mentioned the camping trip has been
organised for the coming week, which means that it will probably be
quite chilly, especially at night, so I guess clothing would be a good place
for me to start.
Now as I said, be prepared for some chilly starts. (11) A good woolen
sweater is an absolute must. (12) Thermal underwear would also be a
good investment, although I'm not suggesting you dash out and buy
Test 2 I 209
some. But if you do happen to have some knocking around I'd certainly
recommend taking them.
You may also consider taking walking boots. They really do help to
protect your feet from the undergrowth, _and offer good support for your
ankles. In fact sprained ankles are one of the most common injuries on
trips such as this one. (13) But if you don't have any, don't worry too
much. A good, strong pair of shoes will do just as well. After all; we're
not going rambling or pot holing! (14) But what I strongly suggest is that
you buy some lightweight waterproof clothes. You know the sort of
thing. They fold up very small and easily fit into your pocket. But do
make sure they are both windproof and waterproof. This is very
important because it can get ve ry windy on the moors this time of year,
and the chill factor can actually be very dangerous. People have even
died from exposure simply because they weren't protected from the
wind. So make sure you have those waterproofs with you.
Questions 15-20
Now for equipment. A torch would be handy, especially if you need to
use the bathroom in the middle of the night. A small, pocket size torch is
ideal. You don't need anything that's too big. A pocketknife is always
handy too. Especially a multi-purpose knife. A Swiss army knife is ideal.
Now this may sound strange (15) but take some plastic bags along too.
They're ideal for putting over your shoes if the ground is wet, and they
really do keep your feet warm and d ry.
That's about it for equipment. Oh, by the way, I forget to mention, all the
camping equipment will be provided, so you don't need to bring your
own. In fact the tents will be erected by the time we get there so you
won't have much work to do which I'm sure will come as a welcome
relief.
We'll be camping on the edge of the forest, (16) so with some luck we
should see some wildlife. Deer, buck, badgers and hedgehogs are very
active this time of year, so it's certainly worth taking your camera along.
But I must insist that the animal's needs come first. Always remember
that we'll be camping in their home, (1 t') so we must respect both their
privacy and their territory. So it's very important that (a), you never, and I
repeat never, leave discarded rubbish lying around, and (b), that you
keep the noise level to a minimum at all times, especially at night.
210 I Test 2
I know that some of you are concerned about insects. After all, camping
does seem to have an image of creepy crawlies. (18) But let me reassure
you now that insects are never disturbing. In fact, and this may come as
a bit of a surprise, (19) they are generally very shy creatures and prefer to
keep well out of people's way.
Anyway, we're running short of time so I'll wrap up now. But what I'd like
to say before we go and have lunch is (20) that one of the greatest
rewards of camping is to simply appreciate nature. To get away from the
overcrowded cities and just enjoy the natural sights, sounds and smells of
the countryside. OK, so we can go for lunch now. But if there are any
questions you'd like to ask I'll be available all day. Just come along to my
office.
SECTION 3
Questions 21-25
Rosana: Hi, my name is Rosana McClaren. Mmm... I'm a bit early, but I have an
appointment to see the Assistant Registrar, Andy Matthews, at loam.
Andy: Hi, I'm Andy Matthews. Nice to meet you.
Rosana: Nice to meet you. My tutor advised me to come to see you about
changing my course.
Andy: Yes. I've had an email from your tutor, David Vine. Let me just call it up.
... Here we are. It says tutee... Rosana McClaren... Is on the Wednesday
part-time course and wants to change to the distance learning
programme. Have you any problems with the course itself?
Rosana: Oh no. I love it. (21) I think the course is ready worthwhile. The
theoretical sessions once a week on Wednesday from loam to 3pm are
really good.
Andy: You have two-hour sessions then?
Rosana: Yes, that's it. And I have to say I think the practical session from 4
through to9 in the fashion workshops are also good fun, (22) but I am
finding it all very tiring and it makes me too exhausted for my work on
Thursdays and Fridays.
Andy: You work the other four days of the week?
Test 2 I 211
Rosana: Yes, and some Saturdays.
Andy: I see. So what do you want to do?
Rosana: I'd like to change to the programme with the distance learning
component instead of the Wednesday sessions.
Andy: Yes. That is a possibility. (23) I see from your tutor Dr Vine that he has no
problem with this, but you realize it's possible you'll have a different
tutor.
Rosana: Yes, I'm aware of that. It's a shame because he's a very good tutor. What
do I need to do now?
Andy: First, we just need to fill in this transfer form and the claim form for the
reduction in fees.
Rosana: Oh. I didn't realize it was cheaper!
Andy: Oh yes. It's a thousand pounds less a year!
Rosana: It gets even better! Can I start the distance-learning programme from
now?
Andy: I don't see why not. I just need to get a signature from your tutor, which
should take only a short time. I'll email it to him now and then he can
sign it and put it in the internal mail.
Rosana: Okay.
Andy: But I also need to go through with you what is involved in the distance
learning programme to make sure you are clear about everything.
Rosana: Well, I understand I attend the weekend course once a month and that I
can book a bench in the fashion workshop at any other time.
Andy: You have a computer at home for the distance-learning?
Rosana: Oh yes. I have the necessary equipment for making video calls over the
internet already. (24) It's the flexibility of the distance-learning over the
Internet that is very useful. (25) What makes it even more interesting is
that I don't have to spend a lot of time travelling to and from the
university on the Wednesday. I can adapt it to my own routine, as I will
be able to do the theory over the internet from home when I want. The
same is true of booking a tutorial on line using Skype.
Andy: Yes, it is amazing, isn't it? It's in its infancy but it's been up and running
2121 Test2
for a year now and it's going rather well.
Rosana: Could I just ask if it's possible to have a face-to-face tutorial at any time
as well?
Andy: There is no reason why you shouldn't be able to.
Questions 26-30
Rosana: What about the assessment for the distance-learning? I take it that it's the
same as for the other programme?
Andy: Let me see. Each month you are expected to (26) keep a written course
diary and to present a seminar paper and at the very end of the course
(27) there will be a written exam which will account for 30 percent of
the total marks.
Rosana: What about the course work? How much does it account for?
Andy: (28) The design portfolio, which you need to present at the end, (29)
accounts for 50 percent. I would point out just one thing and that is that
on the distance-learning programme some tutors like to see the design
portfolio twice each term to make sure you are on the right track. But of
course you can take it in at any time to show your tutor. And as part of
the assessment for the portfolio, you have to present (30) at least one
fashion item at a fashion show at the end of the course.
Rosana: Is there anything else?
Andy: No, that's it.
Rosana: Thank you for all your help.
Andy: No problem. Hope it all works out well for you now.
SECTION 4
Questions 31-40
Now you may be wondering why I've entitled this lecture "Decline of the White
Man". Well, my lecture today is concerned with the population growth and decline
around the world, as well as migratory movements of people. But first of all it's
important for us to cast our minds back several hundred years to the time of the
great explorers, and the founding of America.
Test2 1213
When Columbus discovered America in the 15th century it sparked off the
imagination of many people. Europe, at the time, had reached a level of technology
and social stability that allowed them to explore the world. And in doing so they
realized that the world was much bigger than they'd previously imagined, (31) with
vast areas of largely uninhabited land such as the newly discovered America.
Moreover, overcrowding in European countries, together with the desire for
economic expansion, led many people to look to the newly discovered lands.
(32) However, not only was America sparsely inhabited, it was rich in natural
resources such as iron ore, coal and tin. In other words, it meant that the people of
Europe could increase their already significant wealth, and in doing so increase their
domination over the world. So it was that many thousands of people migrated to the
new land. (33) Over time, of course, America rose to become an economically very
powerful nation. A superpower, in fact. And as a superpower they now dominate
world trade.
But let us come back to modern day Europe for a moment. What we see happening
today is a rise in the number of educated people who are keen on developing well
paid careers. And whilst this, in itself, is not a problem, young people are marrying
much later in life, and having fewer, if any children. This is leading to a decline in
birth rates. (34) So what many Western countries, not just Europe, are suffering from
is an aging population. By an aging population I mean that there are too many old
people, who don't work, and therefore don't contribute to the economy. In contrast,
there are far too few young people to work, and create wealth for the country.
Now over the past several months I've been involved in some research with a
number of colleagues of mine from different universities around the world. As part
of our research we've been involved in conducting a demographic survey, when we
attempted to track, and catalogue the movement of the world's population.
Now if you take a look at this chart I've prepared ... If I can just get the machine
working ... Yes, there we are. OK. Now by looking at this chart you can clearly see
that in many countries there are fewer young people than there are old people. (35)
This means that the economic burden of caring for the elderly is placed on the
shoulders of a few young, working people, not just governments. In the past, of
course, fewer old people would have been cared for by a far greater number of
young people. Today the situation has reversed, putting a huge financial strain on
young people.
Now let's turn our attention to Asia. In Asia there are countries such as India and
China that have a vast population. This means that labour is very cheap. So two
214 I Test 2
things are happening. One is that more and more companies are outsourcing work
to Asia. In other words, they manufacture their goods in Asian countries, where
wages are low, and sell them in Western countries for inflated amounts.
This is good for Asian countries, of course, because it means they can develop their
economies. (36) But as Asian people grow wealthier many decide to go overseas to
study, or even immigrate, in some cases. Don't forget that many countries need
skilled people such as engineers and nurses. So what we are witnessing today is a
massive shift in the world's population from Eastern countries to Western countries.
Now if you take a look at this second chart I've prepared you'll see that in 1999
alone, over 250,000 people moved from Asia to Western countries such as Canada,
Australia, New Zealand and, of course, here in Britain. (3t') And over 80 percent of
migrants were university students.
But if we look back to the beginning of the 1990s, (38) we can see a gradual rise in
the number of migrants, from somewhere in the region of 45,000 in 1990, through
to 136,000 in 1995 and 200,000 twelve months later. And based on the present
rate of expansion, we estimate that by the year 2010 somewhere in the region of
three quarters of a million people will migrate from Asian countries to Western
countries every year!
Asians though are generally far more family-oriented than Western people are.
Obviously, this is merely a cultural difference. But what it does mean is that they are
more likely to have more children, and at a younger age. So what this means is that
as the white population decreases, the Asian population increases. Therefore, by the
end of the century, it may well be an Asian country that has the economic power.
(39) However, do not be misled into thinking that this is a modern-day

phenomenon. It's not. It's simply the natural ebb and flow of populations. It's a
universal law of nature that certain populations grow in strength as others weaken. It
happens just as much in the animal kingdom as it does in the world that humans
live. Therefore, it's wrong to assume that we should do something to change what is
happening, or try to prevent it in some way. (40) What we should do however, is
simply trying to understand the forces involved, and through our investigations try to
gain a better understanding of the world in which we live.
That concludes the lecture for today. But if any of you would like to follow up on
some points I've mentioned here today then I've put together quite a comprehensive
reading list for you.
Test 2 I 215
SECTION 1
Questions 1-5
Union Rep: Hi. I'm Debbie. How can I help?
David: Hi, my name's David. I'm just looking to place an advertisement on
the main Union notice-board to sell a laptop and a few accessories, if
that's possible.
Union Rep: Sure, that's not a problem. I take it you are a member of the Students'
Union?
David: Yes, I am.
Union Rep: Right then. I'll just get a form up and as there is no one around and it
looks as if it's going to be quiet for a while, I'll just type the details
straight into the computer for you
David: Thanks very much.
Union Rep: No problem. Shall we just title it Laptop for Sale?
David: Yeah, OK.
Union Rep: Can you describe it generally?
David: Well, it's in very good condition; in fact it's hardly been used.
Union Rep: Why are you selling it, if I may ask?
David: Well, I've got another one which is much lighter and I don't really
need two.
Union Rep: I see. What weight is the one you are selling?
David: It's (1) 3.5 kilograms.
Union Rep: That is heavy these days. Can you give more details about the one you
want to sell?
David: Right, mmm ... well, it's an Allegro and it's got all the latest programmes.
Union Rep: Okay. What about the memory?
216 I Test 3
David: The memory is (2) only 0.5 gigabytes.
Union Rep: And what about the screen size and the other features?
David: Well, mmm... the screen is... let's see, it's...mmm... (3) 31.5cm with a
standard size keyboard and a touch pad, but I've got a cordless mouse
that I can put in with it if necessary. Some people don't like using a
touch pad.
Union Rep: What about ports or holes for attaching things to the laptop?
David: It's got two ports.
Union Rep: Mmm. More modern laptops have more than two ports for all the
extra attachments.
David: They do. Let's see what else is important? Oh, yeah. The battery lasts
for (4) 2.5 hours, which is okay but not enough for train journeys. But
one thing is that it's not wireless.
Union Rep: Right. Okay, not (5) wireless.
Questions 6-10
Union Rep: Anything else I can put on the advertisement?
David: There's a webcam built at the top of the screen and I can throw in a
printer, a (6) scanner and headphones, which I got with it in a special
deal. It also comes with its own case for carrying it around. Actually
the case is quite smart. I'm hoping these things will help it sell.
Union Rep: They should do. Right. I think I've got all that. How much do you want
for it?
David: That I'm not sure about. It's worth about 900-1,000 new.
Union Rep: Yeah, but you won't get that much if it's used and even if it's in good
condition.
David: What about 500?
Union Rep: I doubt if you'd get as much as that. More like 200 or 300. If you
look at the notice board there is one on there which is comparable to
yours and it's not more than about 250, I think.
David: As little as that?
Union Rep: I'm afraid so. Shall we say (t') 300?
Test 3 I 21;r
David: Okay, put that.
Union Rep: Can I take some contact details for the advert?
David: The name's David (8) Bristow.

Union Rep: B-R-I-S-T-0-W.
David: Yes, that's it, and a mobile or email?
Union Rep: Both if you want.

David: That's (9) 098 "15 42 33 8"1.
Union Rep: That's it. If you send the picture, I'll add it and print it out and stick it
up for you.
David: Okay, I can get that to you today.

Union Rep: Right, I'll type in here: Advert placed: the (10) 22nd October. Fine, and
good luck with the sale.
David: Thanks.
SECTION 2
Questions 11-15
And now for the preparation plans for the town's 250th anniversary celebrations.
We are going to follow the same system we had last year, but with a few changes to
increase the party spirit.
(11) First of all, this time we are going to make the concert on the beach open to
everyone without charge. This is because we have been given money by the council
for the celebration and also because last year we had so many problems with
keeping people out who had not paid. (12) And on top of this, people will not have
to pay for refreshments either, as these are being donated.
Right now, mmm... We are going to divide into four teams: the first one, the Beach
Team, will be responsible for cleaning up the beach on the Saturday morning,
picking up litter, bottles, plastic bags, wood and anything else that's lying around.
(13) Everyone is meeting at the Beach Shop at 8am. It's an early start, but we want
to give everywhere a good thorough clean. We have had permission from the
council to close the beach to get it ready for the anniversary celebration on Sunday.
218 I Test 3
(14) The second team will be responsible for setting out seating in the square for the
speeches and prize giving. Again an early start is preferable, but the vans with the
seats can't be there until 9am, so (15) shall we say that everyone should meet at the
Village Hall at 9:30? Starting then will allow extra time if the vans are late.
Questions 16-20
Now the third team will be the judges. (16) For each of the various competitions we
will have three judges. On the whole, they will have had experience of judging
before. There will be a boat race, a swimming competition and the best fancy dress.
(17) A cash prize will be given to the winner in each category and for the two
runners-up there will be book-tokens.
There is a sponsored mini-marathon and by the deadline lunch-time today we had

263 applicants with ages ranging from 15-60. That's 80 more than last year. (18)
Each entrant has paid a 20 registration fee to enter and all the profits will go to the
local Children's Hospital to help fund much needed specialist apparatus.
The fourth team consists of the wardens for the day itself. We are expecting at least
10,000 people if last year is anything to go by. The fields near the entrance to the
beach can be used as car parks and (19) we need wardens to help make sure the
actual parking is more organized than last year, which was a mess. We also need
someone to be in charge of the first-aid, which will be at the entrance to the beach.
Finally, we need some volunteers for the clean-up. Last year we didn't do this very
well and so the (20) Council has agreed to provide large bags to collect all the
recyclable material like glass and plastic, etc. but we have to deal with the rest like
left-over food ourselves. We don't want to leave piles of rotten food around or
dangerous bottles.
SECTION 3
Questions 21-26
Tutor: OK, is everyone ready?... Over the past two weeks we've been listening to
different students giving a presentation on their research projects. So for this
morning's session I'd like to invite Susan to take the floor.
Susan: For my project I looked at different types of study techniques and tried to
Test 3 I 219
ascertain what students' opinions of the different methods were. I began
with lectures, because of course they're something we're all familiar with.
Now the problem with lectures is that you have to sit and listen for quite a
long time. Sometimes maybe as much as one hour. (21) Yet people's
average concentration span is only about 20 minutes. This means, of
course, within the first half an hour most people actually stop listening! Not
consciously, of course. But you know what it's like. Your mind tends to,
well..., kind of wander-you start thinking about what you're going to have
for dinner, or about the party you attended last night. So I wanted to know
what the most effective method of taking down all the important points
was.
Tutor: Susan, if I may interrupt you, what's your strategy for listening to lectures?
Susan: Personally, I always record the lectures. That way you can listen to the
lecture again afterwards and make really good notes. In fact I know a lot of
people who use this method. Yet surprisingly, when I talked to students,
they felt that it wasn't such a good method because the quality of the
recording is often very poor. So quite a few preferred to listen for the main
points and take notes. Some even used a form of shorthand. You know,
abbreviations and symbols, that sort of thing. (22) Although, everyone
agreed that the best way to approach lectures was to do the required
reading beforehand. That way it makes the lecture a lot easier to
understand because you already know something about the topic.
Tutor: Could you tell us something about how students approach their
assignments? You know, essays, reports, that sort of thing.
Susan: Actually, when it came to assignments, people were divided on the issue of
essay plans (23) Some thought it was a good method of planning, others,
well, didn't think so. Generally, though, most students didn't really express
much of an opinion. (24) Brainstorming, however, was different. You know,
must sitting down and thinking of as many ideas as you can. Just about
everyone said it was a really good method of preparing to write an
assignment, especially if they got together in groups. This, they said, was by
far the best method because it helped them to really analyze the issues.
Discussing ideas was the same. In fact, many respondents claimed they
often got together with friends for the purpose of discussing ideas, even if
they weren't preparing an assignment. They said it helped them to
understand the lectures better, and, surprisingly enough, get better grades
220 I Test 3
in their exams. Now reading, like lectures, is a necessary part of student life.
And we all know how much time we spend with our head banned deep in
a book? But what exactly is the best way to read? (25)(26) Well, I
discovered that hardly anyone tries to read the whole book, or even whole
chapters. But skim reading came out a real favorite. The majority of
students I spoke to, in fact, found this to be a really effective technique
because it saved lots of time, and it meant they could absorb far more
knowledge this way.
Questions 27-30
Tutor: Susan, in your opinion, what do you think is the biggest problem
students face at university?
Susan: Time management. What I mean to say is that it's a much

underestimated skill. And because it's underestimated it's an area often
neglected by students. Especially young students who are used to other
people planning their time for them. So I set about asking students
exactly how they planned their time. (27) Interestingly, however, nearly
everyone said that time management was significant. Yet few people
actually used the technique. Most commented that they were too busy
with their studies. When it came to studies I found that the vast majority
of students worked part-time, generally in the evening, which most
respondents claimed was the best time to study because they'd been
thinking about the subject all day and many ideas were fresh in their
minds. (28) In fact they said having to work was the biggest burden they
had, because it meant they couldn't study in an evening and had to study
on weekends instead, when they needed to relax and forget about their
studies. A few of the respondents even said they got up early in the
morning to study. On the whole, I found that time management is most
people's biggest problem, and I feel that more should be done by the
university to help students to plan their time more effectively.
Tutor: Sony, Susan, but I'm going to have to ask you to start wrapping up now.
We're quickly running out of time.
Susan: Ok, well the final component of my research was the dreaded exams. Now I
don't know about you but I really hate exams. But when I talked to the
students I found that some students actually liked them. (29) They were very
much in the minority though, and most students preferred not to have them.
I was, of course, interested to learn just how students prepare for their mid-
Test 3 I 221
term and end-of-term exams. And here people were evenly divided on the
issue. (30) I found that most of the younger students preferred to cram. That
is to say they'd spend many hours, just before the exam, trying to learn as
much as possible. Some even said they stayed up at night, and never went to
bed. And this was because they were too interested in their social life to pay
much attention to exams during the term. Older students, however, were
much more conservative. They tended to read much more widely, and
spend time thinking about the topic, making notes and so forth. They did
revise, of course, but they rarely spent time cramming. Cramming, they said,
is of no use because you only remember the information for the duration of
the exam and forget it afterwards.
SECTION 4
Questions 31-3 'i'
Student: My group has been doing a project on the importance of architecture

in people's lives and whether it has any impact on the lives of people in general.
(31) The main part I have played is in the collection of data to find out what effect,
if any, various buildings have on people's mood, i.e. whether ugly buildings make
people unhappy and whether beautiful buildings do the opposite. We had originally
thought of starting measuring people's reactions by using a questionnaire with about
40 questions, which we were going to hand out to people including students at the
university. (32) But we were worried that doing the questionnaire would be too
time-consuming for people to fill in, so we gave up the idea. I then asked several of
the postgraduate students for advice. One of them came up with the simple idea of
showing people images of various buildings from different eras and styles, instead of
giving out the questionnaire and asking them to indicate how they felt on a scale of
1-5 about the images, where I was unhappy and 5 was very happy. (33) People
would also be given the option of not saying what they felt. Using the scale meant
that it would be much simpler to record people's reactions. I decided to follow this
advice and so the first stage was to collect a large number of images. I used Google
to print off colour images of views of houses and apartment blocks where people
live and different types of buildings where they work. I started with about 30 or 40
and then reduced them to ten images. Media resources in the Amory Building at the
Judd Street branch of the university helped me produce the final images. I had them
blown up to A4 size and (34) we used colour rather than black and white to make
the detail on the images clearer. (35) We made five sets of images and for
222 I Test 3
protection when handling we pasted the images onto hard card. Then using a
machine to wrap them with plastic, we laminated the cards.
Five of us targeted different age groups; we went to a local school where we

obtained permission to ask a group of teenagers between 11 and 18. (36) We also
asked a sample of the general public including tourists from all over the world, as
they exited the Tate Modern in London, what they thought. We aimed to ask
people from different age groups, namely 20 to 40, and 50 and over. What our
group learnt most from the project was first of all the value of teamwork. (31) And
secondly we found that we had to appoint a leader to stop us pulling in different
directions and falling apart, so this turned out to be an invaluable lesson for all of us.
Questions 38-40
As to the findings, for us they proved intriguing. In the end the sample consisted of
311 respondents. I thought initially that people wouldn't be interested in taking part
in the activity. (38) With the youngest age group, their reaction was very mixed. It
was clear that the youngest group had no pattern of preference at all, as they
frequently gave no reaction to the pictures. (39) For the 20-40 age-groups, we found
that they tended to score more in the middle range around 3.
We found that out of the three groups, the most likely to be favourably affected by
the images, (40) that is, they were more likely to score the images as 5, were those
aged 50 and above. And nobody in this age group failed to say what their reaction
was, which was unique for the three groups. In total, I have to say that about 11
people indicated that they had no reaction at all to an image.
Our general conclusion is that we need to find out more about why people react as
they do by perhaps giving them a chance to give reasons for their decisions. I would
like to finish there and give my team-mates a chance to add anything I have missed,
or take any questions or suggestions.
Test 3 I 223
SECTION 1
Questions 1-5
Jim: Hi, Sarah. You know, we really should start thinking about the high
school prom. We've only got another three weeks so I reckon it's about
time we sat down and finalized the details.
Sarah: Yes, I know what you mean. What did you have in mind?
Jim: What about hiring a room?
Sarah: What, a big function room, you mean, like the one in the hotel down
the road? What's it called? (1) The Grand?
Jim: Yeah, that's the one. And to answer your question, yes. That is the hotel I
was thinking of.
Sarah: So how much does the room cost? Altogether, I mean?
Jim: 150 for the night.

Sarah: 150. Let me see now...That's... Emmm... There's what, 300 students
about to graduate?
Jim: (2) Approximately 360 actually.
Sarah: OK, then that'll work out at ... Well, about 2 per person. Little over in
fact. So if we factor in some drinks and the other stuff, you know,
decorations and that sort of thing, I guess we'd have to charge what, (3) 3
per student? But then on top of that they've got to hire their dresses and
suits. And they're not cheap. My sister paid 20 for hers, and that was 2
years ago. They're going to be more expensive now. And then there's
transport, although I guess we could call on the parents for that, (4) but
there's the drinks as well. I think it's gonna be too expensive ....What about
the school hall? It is, after all, a graduation dance, and the school seems
the ideal place. We can dress the room up. You know, make it look nice.
Jim: Yes, I guess you're right. At least it'll reduce the cost. Now what about a
dress code? I mean, we can't just have people wearing jeans and stuff.
Not to a school prom.
224 I Test 4
Sarah: Well, last year the boys had to wear a formal suit, and the girls were all
dressed in ball gowns. They looked great. All of them...
Jim: But...?
Sarah: (5) But I was thinking that we should make it less formal. You know,
stipulate no jeans and T-shirts-we don't want any scruffs at the party, but
other than that let people decide for themselves.
Questions 6-10
Sarah: (6) You know that last year some people said they couldn't attend the
prom, because they couldn't afford to hire an evening dress or suit? The
students from poor families, I mean. So I reckon if we relax the dress
code this won't be a problem.
Jim: OK, why not? Now about the shopping list.
Sarah: Shopping list?
Jim: Drinks and stuff. I can order the drinks from the same place as last time.
We got a good deal last year, remember 150, I think they were. And
that was for all the drinks. It'll be more than that this year though, of
course.
Sarah: Yeah, of course. Especially after the last budget. And then there's inflation
and stuff.
Jim: Actually, I've already checked it out. (l) 1 l5 for the drinks plus an extra
5 deposit. We get that back when we return the empty bottles. I'll pick
them up on the day of the prom.
Sarah: Well, that's cheap enough. And on your way why don't you go down to
the department store, (8) see if you can pick up a banner? You know
something that says welcome to the high school prom.
Jim: OK, so you'll get the leaflets then? (9) We need to get a notice printed
(10) next to the common room, don't forget, and let people know when
and where it is.
Sarah: No problem. I've already written it. I just need to get it to the printers.
Jim: Great. So let's get this lot done and we can meet again in, say, a couple
of days?
Sarah: Yeah, sure. Sounds good to me. How does Tuesday sound?
Test 4 I 225
Jim: Yeah, sure, no problem. I'll see you then.
Sarah: Will do. Bye.
Questions 11-14
Welcome everybody to this introduction to the University of Northumbria and the

City of Newcastle.
For those of you who are considering studying at the university I think you'll find it
an extremely rewarding experience. The university is, in fact, one of the largest in
the UK, with more than 900 academic staff and 24,000 students. And students
themselves come from many parts of the world, including China, Malaysia and the
Caribbean. (11) In fact, we currently have students on undergraduate courses from
more than 80 different countries. So I'm sure you'll agree that culturally it will be a
very rewarding experience indeed. And what's more, (12) if you are an overseas
student, you are guaranteed a room in one of the student dormitories on campus,
with two meals a day included in your rent.
Student life on campus is very varied. (13) There are many clubs formed by students
that arrange many different types of social events with the main aim of raising
money for good causes. These include discos, sports events and theme nights. They
also arrange excursions -to places of local interest, as well as trips farther afield,
including other European countries. And for the sports fans amongst you the
university has no fewer than 45 sports clubs, offering a variety of sports for all tastes.
Although the university offers courses in a wide range of subjects, business

management, psychology and modern languages are a specialty, and therefore it
serves the growing demands of modern employers who require graduates to be well
versed in the skills taught on these courses. (14) The courses are taught through
standard lectures as well as small group sessions, called seminars, which require
students to interact and share ideas thereby developing students' ability to think
independently.
Questions 15-20
(15) The University of Northumbria is set in the city of Newcastle, in the far north
east of England, which, as you can see from the picture here is a beautiful coastal
town bordering Scotland. (16) Yet at the same time it's only a 3-hour train journey to
London. Newcastle, however, (1 t') has its own international airport and shipping
226 I Test 4
port making it an ideal location to visit many other parts of Europe. In fact, many of
the courses on offer at the university allow students an opportunity to spend a
semester studying in one of several European universities, including France,
Germany and Spain.
But more about the city of Newcastle. (18) Despite its size it's about half as big as
London, (19) it has a surprisingly entertaining and different nightlife with theatres,
nightclubs, bars, pubs, and discos. (20) It even has its very own Chinatown, where
the food, I may add, is excellent, as well as a very good museum and a world
renowned art gallery.
SECTION 3
Questions 21-23
Karen: Excuse me, Dr Owen, I ...
Dr Owen: Oh, hello Karen.
Karen: Have you got a few moments?
Dr Owen: Yeah, sure. How can I help you?
Karen: Well, I've had difficulty finding data on the original question and I was
wondering if I could change my paper to "Investment in knowledge"
comparing some European countries with the United States and then
with others throughout the world including the OECD average. I've
found lots of data by way of graphs, etc.
Dr Owen: Where did you get the data from?
Karen: From various sources, books and journals.
Dr Owen: How are you going to present the material?
Karen: (21) I am going to use to be electronic whiteboard as suggested and do a

blend of graphs, pictures, text and podcasts to illustrate my presentation.
Dr Owen: It sounds very impressive.
Karen: Yes. (22) Let's hope the whiteboard works, but I'm also going to have a
Power Point presentation for a back-up - just to cover myself.
Dr Owen: Aback-up is a good idea, but it's a lot of work doing everything twice.
Test 4 I 227
Karen: It is, but at least I'll have experience of both. Before we talk about how to
use the data I've selected, (23) could you give me the names of a few
websites I should look at for more specific background material? When
you type in anything to do with knowledge there are millions of sites
listed.
Questions 24-30
Dr Owen: Let's see ... I'll print you off this list... There we go.
Karen: Right. Do I really need to study everything on these?
Dr Owen: No. I suggest there are five or six you can look at. The one you have to
go through is the IT department section on the university site, which is
www.kmul.org. It has articles by all of us in the department and has links
to useful information. So I think it is essential to look at this.
Karen: Okay. I've already been on it, but I'll tick that one as a must read.
Dr Owen: And there's a site, which is hosted by Pollock, it's investment IT.com. (24)
All you need to do is skim the abstracts of the articles on the site; they'll
give you a general idea about the effects of investment in knowledge.
Karen: Yes. That sounds good. It cuts our having to read everything. What about
this one knowledge journal.com?
Dr Owen: (25) If I remember it's not that useful. I would say that there are very few
things that you need to read there. Then there's IT knowledge
review.com. (26) It's got loads of articles, but it's probably best just to
read those that have come out in the last term or so.
Karen: Do you have to subscribe?
Dr Owen: No. It's free from the university library. And another free journal on line
is ITonline.com. (27) I wouldn't say it's essential to read it, but it is
beneficial and so I think it is worth a look.
Karen: If you think it's useful, there is no harm in looking at it.
Dr Owen: (28) But National statistics.com is worth looking at and trying out the
links that it gives. I think these are probably enough to be getting on
with.
Karen: I think so. There's another thing I want to ask about. How much material
should I use in my presentation?
228 I Test 4
Dr Owen: (29) Avoid crowding the screen, if you have lots of information at one
time, people will not be able to follow it and will just switch off.
Karen: That1s worth remembering. l 1ve been in lectures where there was too
much detail on the screen and it was impossible to read quickly. But
what about visuals? Do you think it1s okay to mix visuals and text?
Dr Owen: (30) Visuals are very useful, but they must be relevant or else people will
get confused about what they mean and why they are there. And they
won't pay attention to what you are saying. So be careful. From what I
can see, you have the makings of a very good presentation.
Karen: Thank you!
SECTION 4
Questions 31-35
The subject of this evening1s talk at the North Bank Business Centre is local
businesses in the area surrounding the university, and the benefit they bring to the
employment prospects of people in the local area, especially young people at the
beginning of their career.
We established the Centre in response to approaches from several business people

in the area who had wanted to start up new businesses but who had not managed
to find any help locally and did not know where to turn. (31) Moreover, they had all
without exception come up against enormous bureaucratic obstacles. We therefore
invited them in as a group to meet the members of the department and the
students. (32) Stemming from that is the Centre, which now focuses mainly but not
exclusively on business start-ups.
(33) just after the Centre was set up, snapshot research conducted by the
department over the telephone gave some startling results. The information about
local businesses revealed that three out of every ten local businesses start-ups, that
we could collect information on, had failed within the first six months, and another
five had gone within the year, leaving only two. (34) The most common reasons
given for the businesses closing were: first, high rents, which are 33% higher than
the national average due to the area being very central; second, lack of knowledge
about grants, basically because of ignorance about how to access them; and thirdly
a lack of business support, because they did not know where to obtain advice from.
Test 4 I 229
Since the Centre came into existence three years ago, we have helped to change
this climate of failure. The current statistics show a remarkable turnaround in the
fortunes of local businesses. And now, after a year, (35) only two businesses close
out of every ten compared to eight before the Centre was set up.
Questions 36-40
Six local businesses are now taking part in a work-placement and monitoring
scheme, which is of mutual benefit to ourselves and the companies involved.
Ofoods, a small start-up company with nine employees involved in organic food
and based at a local market, (36) has one final year graduate doing a year-long study
on improving the stock turnaround. This was a particular problem because the
company found that they were losing sometimes up to 30 percent of their stock.
Another start-up is innovations which deals with producing video games. This
company, which employs only five people all under the age of 25, is receiving
support in attracting (37) business partners and achieving production targets.
In the smaller business category, Sampsons Ltd, a courier company, which is

interested in developing a taxi service, (38) is being offered help with their business
expansion plans. Another small niche company, called Vintage Scooter, which
specializes in revamping old scooters, is taking part in a product-monitoring scheme,
offering customer service up to a year after purchase to check the quality of their
restoration.
The first of the two medium-sized companies that the scheme is monitoring is Build
Ltd, which employs 47 people. A comparison of their products and services with
other businesses in the area is being carried out by a researcher, (39) who is trying to
support them in their efforts to extend the company's product range.
The last company, Jones Systems, is perhaps the most interesting, because it has
been the victim of considerable personnel problems, which have been affecting the
day-to-day operations of the company. (40) And so we are looking at conflict
management and team building within the company.
To sum up, advisors help the companies look at different business options and
models, apply for grants, deal with employment issues, systems creation, and also
provide accommodation at the centre to help them start up. E-mentoring for
fledging businesses is also in operation for those who find it difficult to attend the
centre personally. The programme is funded by grants from local authorities.
230 I Test 4
SECTION 1
Assistant 1: Rawlings Insurance. Good morning. Can I help you?
Elisabeth: Oh, hello. I'm ringing to report an accident.

Assistant 1: A car accident?
Elisabeth: Yes.
Assistant 1: Just hold the line a moment please. I'm putting you through to our
Motor Insurance Department.
Assistant 2: Hello?
Elisabeth: Hello.
Assistant 2: You want to report an accident, right?
Elisabeth: Yes. My car's been damaged - someone came out in front of me...
Assistant 2: Can I just check a few personal details before we go any further?
Assistant: Oh yes, sorry.

Assistant 2: Your name, first of all.
Elisabeth: It's Elisabeth Ricard.
Assistant 2: Is that R-1-K-A-R-D? (Q1)
Elisabeth: It's spelt with a C not a K.
Assistant 2: Oh, OK ... And your date of birth please?
Elisabeth: It's the eighth of October, 1915.
Assistant 2: And lastly, I just need to check your address.
Elisabeth: Oh, actually I moved house last month so the street name's different.
It's 60 Forest Road (Q2). I think you've got 22 Ash Avenue on your
records.
Assistant 2: I have. So, I'll just make a note of that. .. That's fine ... And is that in
the same town? Callington?
Elisabeth: That's right.
Test 5 I 231
Assistant 2: Right, now ... do you have your insurance policy in front of you?
Elisabeth: Yes, I do.
Assistant 2: Can you give me the policy number please? It's at the top.
Elisabeth: Oh yes. Five-zero-nine-two-four?
Assistant 2: It's in a box - it should start with letters...
Elisabeth: Oh, C-Z- double eight-zero-nine? (Q3)
Assistant 2: That's the one. And now I want to ask you about the accident itself. Is
that OK?
Elisabeth: Yes, that's fine.
Assistant 2: First of all, did it happen today?
Elisabeth: No, it happened yesterday evening, but by the time I got home it was
late, so I didn't call.
Assistant 2: That's not a problem. So... let's see... today's the thirteenth of
September (Q4), so it happened on the twelfth. Is that right?
Elisabeth: Yes, it is.
Assistant 2: Do you know the approximate time when the accident happened?
Elisabeth: Er ... oh dear ... I wasn't wearing a watch, and I was a bit shocked. But
I'd say it was between 8.15 and 8.45.
Assistant 2: That's OK. I'll just record that it happened at about 8.30 (QS). It doesn't
matter exactly... And I don't suppose you've got any supporting
evidence, have you? I mean witness statements, that kind of thing.
Elisabeth: I don't have witness statements I'm afraid, but I've got a police report
(Q6). They came and measured up and checked the marks on the
road. But unfortunately, nobody else was around at the time of the
accident.
Assistant 2: Any hospital report?
Elisabeth: No.
Assistant 2: So I take it you don't have any medical problems then? Any injuries?
Elisabeth: Only minor ones (Qt'). It was mainly the car that got damaged.
Assistant 2: Absolutely. But we do recommend that you have a checkup anyway.
Within twenty-four hours if possible.
232 I Test 5
Elisabeth: Yes, OK. I'll make an appointment today.
Assistant 2: Fine. And now, can you tell me what happened exactly? I'm going to
make a few notes.
Elisabeth: I was driving home from the swimming pool and...
Assistant 2: I am not familiar with Callington, so could you describe it for me?
Where did the accident happen?
Elisabeth: On the road between New Town and Callington. I was driving from
New Town, heading towards Callington, and...
Assistant 2: OK, just let me draw the road layout... Right. OK.
Elisabeth: When you leave New Town, there's a sharp bend in the road and
then there's a railway bridge.
Assistant 2: OK.
Elisabeth: And then about half a kilometre further on, there's a crossroads with
traffic lights (Q8). And I was just in between the two when it
happened. I wasn't going very fast, in fact I definitely...
Assistant 2: So you'd already gone over the bridge?
Elisabeth: Yes. And I'd passed the park - that's on the right hand side. And I was
just approaching the petrol station...
Assistant 2: Where's that then?
Elisabeth: It's a bit further along, on the opposite side. (Q9)
Assistant 2: So, on your near side then?
Elisabeth: Yes. As I was approaching it, I saw a blue van coming towards me.
The driver had stopped in the middle of the road. (Q10)
Assistant 2: Was he indicating?
Elisabeth: Yes. He was waiting to turn into the petrol station. But then at the last
minute he decided to turn right in front of me. He must have thought
he had enough time, but I had to swerve to avoid him. And I came off
the road and landed in a ditch on the opposite side.
Assistant 2: Mmm. I don't suppose he stopped, did he?
Elisabeth: Oh yes. He came over to see if I was OK, but he tried to say it was my
fault. And there wasn't...
Test 5 I 233
SECTION 2
Hello and welcome to Lifestyle Today, in this programme we will be looking at ways
of living a healthier life. Many experts believe that including some of the elements
we will discuss today into your lifestyle can actually also lead to a longer life.
We'll start with the more familiar aspects of healthy living; these being diet and
exercise. For some time now, experts have been advising us that incorporation of a
Mediterranean-style diet into our eating habits can bring enormous benefits.
Research studies report, that those following such diets are 25% less likely to die at a
young age (Q11) - many of the advantages being attributed to the properties of olive
oil. Red wine drunk in moderation can also allow the body to detoxify and protect
the heart in particular, due to the high levels of anti-oxidants it contains.
Regarding exercise, many of us find it difficult to set time aside for visits to the gym
or an exercise class (Q12); however, it is important not to under-estimate the
contribution that walking can make to our health. More people nowadays are
buying a pedometer, which can count their steps as they go about their day to day
business. Health experts say that we should aim to take 10,000 steps everyday
(Q13). This can be achieved more easily than you think, using stairs instead of lifts,
walking to a bus stop further away than the one you may usually use if you travel to
work by bus, and ditching the car altogether for shorter trips. Any type of exercise is
beneficial; however, yoga in particular is thought to make a number of valuable
contributions to health. It has been proven to reduce stress, lower blood pressure,
and protect the body from disease. (Q14-15)
Also remember that it is not just important to exercise your body, but also your
mind. Like any muscle or body part, it becomes more robust through exercise and
stimulation. Playing chess, reading books or completing puzzles challenge our mind
and keep it active and healthy. Use it or lose it, some might say.
The type of lifestyle we lead also impacts enormously on our health. Getting enough
sleep is vital and getting too little can result in us becoming stressed, irritable and
can even speed up the aging process. What is 'enough' varies from person to person;
however, somewhere between 6 and 8 hours per night is a good benchmark. Our
bodies are given a chance to recuperate during sleep and it improves our
concentration, appearance and boosts the immune system (Q16). More recent
studies suggest that appropriate quantities of sleep can also help us burn calories
and maintain a healthy weight.
Being happy during our waking hours is also important; laughter is the body's natural
234 I Test 5
way of reducing stress and it also improves blood circulation. A research conducted
in the Netherlands indicates that there are close links between having a positive
attitude and health. According to the study, optimists are 55% less likely to die of
one of the most significant killer diseases of our time, such as heart disease, that
someone with a negative attitude (Q1 t'). In order to maintain happiness, it is also
important to be able to leave work in the workplace, employment-related stress is
on the increase and is not only detrimental to health, but can also have a knock-on
effect on our personal relationships, which can lead to a spiralling situation of
unhappiness and high anxiety levels. (Q18)
Human beings are naturally social animals and having someone close to share our
lives with also contributes to good health. Research studies suggest that being
married increases a person's life expectancy; however, getting divorced can have the
opposite effect, almost certainly due to the high levels of stress that are normally
involved in the ending of a relationship. Pet ownership, dogs in particular, has also
been observed to lower blood pressure and fight off depression.
Finally, recent studies from the UK revealed that people living in rural areas, on
average, live 6 years longer than urban dwellers; these findings are likely to be due
to the fact that air is cleaner and those living in the countryside tend to have more
active lifestyles (Q19-20). There are enormous benefits to spend time outdoors in
the fresh air. Although over-exposure to sun can be dangerous, provided we protect
ourselves from UV rays with sunscreen, sunshine is extremely beneficial as it allows
the body to metabolise vitamin D which contributes to bone strength.
Well, that's it for today. Thanks for listening. After the break we will be opening our
phone lines to hear what you think about our suggestions and to find out what ideas
our listeners have for leading a more healthy life.
SECTION 3
Tutor: Hello you two, have a seat... OK? So, you're going to tell me about the
presentation you're preparing for next week's marketing seminar, right?
Jack: That's right. We've drafted this plan for you to look at.
Tutor: OK, thanks. Perhaps you could just talk me through it, could you? Sarah, do
you want to begin?
Sarah: Yes. Well, we're going to compare the websites of two bicycle companies...
Tutor: Right... And they're called Hills Cycles and Wheels Unlimited?
Test 5 I 235
Sarah: Yes. And first of all, we've compared the content of each site, and the
presentation. Then we've done an evaluation of each one.
Tutor: OK... And did you find much difference between the two websites? Jack?
Jack: Quite a bit, yes. Wheels Unlimited has a lot more pages, for a start... Both
companies show their catalogue - I mean pictures of different models of
bike (Q21 ), with specifications.
Tutor: And prices? (Q22)
Jack: Yes, they're there too, although they list them in different ways - Hills Cycles
have got them next to the pictures and Wheels Unlimited show them on a
separate page.
Sarah: But Wheels Unlimited advertises lots of other products connected with
bikes - like helmets, and clothing, and tools. (Q23)
Jack: Yes, all kinds of things.
Tutor: And Hills Cycles?
Sarah: No. They only show the bikes themselves.
Tutor: OK. Well... is there anything on the Hills Cycles website that Wheels
Unlimited doesn't have? (Q24)
Jack: Not really.
Sarah: Yes there is - it's got a little photo of the original shop, and a paragraph
about the history of the company - it's family owned.
Jack: Oh yes, I forgot about that.
Tutor: Right... That's the content then. And you compared the functions of the two
websites, did you?
Jack: Yes. Hills Cycles doesn't have any facility for online ordering. You have to
ring up to order something. That's the only way you can do it.
Sarah: Well no, you can send off for a paper catalogue with an order form.
Jack: Oh yes, I suppose so. But with Wheels Unlimited you can order online or in
the conventional ways. (Q25)
Sarah: That's right.
Tutor: Fine, OK. And what about the presentation? Did you find any particular
differences there? Or similarities? What about visuals?
Jack: As I said, both the sites have got pictures, and they're both quite attractive,
but Wheels Unlimited hasn't got any moving graphics. (Q26)
Sarah: Yes. Hills Cycles has got an animated cartoon at the top of the Home Page.
236 I Test 5
Tutor: Right. Well, it looks as if you've got plenty to talk about.
.
Sarah: There are other things too, but those are the main things we noticed.
Tutor: OK, well you'd better stick to the most obvious differences, because you've
only got ten minutes for the whole presentation, haven't you? And you said
you're going to evaluate each site as well, didn't you? How are you going to
do that? I mean what criteria will you use?
Sarah: We thought we'd use three criteria: how attractive each website is, how
user friendly it is, and how closely it targets its potential customers. Do you
think that's OK?
Tutor: Sounds fine. But I'd look at the criteria in a different order if I were you.
Because really you've got to look at attractiveness and user-friendliness in
relation to the people the website is aiming at (Q27). So, I'd deal with that
criterion first if I were you.
Sarah: Right.
Tutor: What about the timing? Have you thought of that? Ten minutes is very short
you know.
Jack: Yes. We tried it out.
Sarah: Several times!
Jack: And we've decided to spend four minutes comparing the two sites, then
three minutes evaluating them, and leave three minutes for questions.
That's not really enough, but...
Tutor: Well it sounds about right to me (Q28). You've got ten minutes altogether
and you have got to stick to that limit. It's good practice, and at least the
audience won't have time to get bored! What visuals are you going to use?
Jack: We're going to use Powerpoint and a flip chart as well.
Sarah: So we can show two things at once. For example, we're going to start by
showing the Home Pages of each website, and we're going to put up a list
of key features on the flip chart at the same time.
Tutor: OK. And it's a joint presentation, so have you decided how you're going to
share the work? (Q29)
Jack: Yes. First we thought we'd keep taking it in turns to speak - Sarah would say
a bit, then I'd take over, and so on. Then we thought we'd just divide it into
two equal parts and do one part each. But it was all too complicated. So
Sarah's going to do all the talking, and I'm going to manage the visuals
(Q29). And hope we can coordinate properly!
Test 5 I 23;r
Sarah: It's the only way we can fit everything in.
Tutor: Well, good. You've obviously worked hard and you've been very careful
with the details. Only one thing I would say: make sure that you keep your
visuals simple (Q30). I mean, if you're showing a list of key features, for
example, you should make it as brief as possible. Just use bullet points and
simple phrases, even single words. Your audience won't have much reading
time. It's a classic mistake with seminar presentations to present so much
information that the audience can't process it quickly enough, and they stop
listening to what you're saying. OK?
Jack: Yes. Right. OK.
Tutor: And now let's talk about...
SECTION 4
Today, I am going to give you some information on the little known atoll - St
Lawrence Island - which is situated west of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea.
Although it is politically classified as belonging to Alaska and therefore the U.S.A., St
Lawrence Island is geographically closer to Russia than it is to the Alaskan mainland.
It is in fact situated just under t'Okms from Siberia and over 160 kilometres from
Alaska (Q31 ). It is thought to be one of the last remaining portions of land mass
above sea level that once joined Asia with the North American continent. (Q32)
To the south of the island is a permanent 11polynya" which is an area of open water
surrounded by sea ice. A polynya such as this is formed due to the action of winds
and ocean currents which force frozen water away from the coastline (Q33). As new
ice forms in the open water area, the wind and currents push the new ice
downwind to the existing ice formation. The term "polynya" refers to the open area
of unfrozen sea and not the ice itself.
The island and its surrounding area is home to a high number of seabirds and
marine animals. This is thought to be due to the influence of the "Anadyr" current
which is an ocean current that brings cold but nutrient-rich water from the deep
waters of the Bering Sea.
There are many lakes and small streams, though no trees growing on St Lawrence
Island and the only woody plant species in existence there is the Arctic Willow
which grows no taller than 30 centimetres in height. Although the central part of the
island is mountainous (Q34), the majority of the landscape is flat tundra; many parts
238 I Test 5
of this turning into swampy land in summer which is difficult to cross.
St Lawrence Island is thought to have been first occupied around 2500 years ago;
this settlement has been dated due to archeological investigation of the area and the
findings of Okvik (early Eskimo) artifacts and statues. It is thought, however, that
early occupation of the island was never permanent and that in fact populations
would leave and return as governed by the availability of resources (Q35) and food
and seasonal weather patterns.
The island is the first area of Alaska known to have been visited by European
explorers, the first of whom was Vitus Bering who was of Russian and Danish
decent. He first visited the island on St Lawrence's Day, August 10th 1728, hence its
name. Prior to Bering's visit, the island was known as Sivuqaq by the Yupik people
who are native people of the central Alaskan region.
In the mid 1800s there were around 4,000 Yupik people living in several villages on
St Lawrence Island. These days there are around 1200 people living there. The
significant drop in population size occurred between 1878 and 1880 when extreme
famine hit the island causing many to die of starvation (Q36) and forcing many
others to leave and relocate to different parts of Alaska.
It is mainly Yupik people who live there still and their main pursuits are hunting,
fishing and reindeer herding. In 1900, reindeer were introduced to the island with the
intention of developing larger scale farming to enhance the island's economy (Q37).
By 1917, there were 10,000 of the animals on St. Lawrence, (Q38) but numbers
today are significantly reduced. Reindeers are now as source of subsistence meat to
sustain the island's population and are not farmed for commercial or export purposes.
The island's people are also renowned for their carving expertise, most of their
carvings and statues being made from walrus ivory and whalebone. Today, only two
significant villages still exist on the island, which are Gambell and Savoonga.
From 1952 to 1972 a multi-functional US Airforce station was operated from the
North East Cape of St Lawrence Island. After its closure in the 1970s, it was observed
that a seemingly large proportion of local families began to experience health
problems (Q39). Some experts believe that these illnesses were linked to high levels of
chemical contamination from the site; the effects of pollutants being intensified by the
cold Arctic air (Q40). Whilst links have not been confirmed, in 2003, the majority of
the facility was completely removed in a cleanup project. The site continues to be
monitored, as do unusual incidences of ill health in the local population.
Tests 1239
IL_ TE
r--_____
---_
SECTION 1
Elme: Good morning. I'd like to open a bank account, please.

Clerk: Yes, certainly. If you'd like to take a seat, I'll just get some details for you.
Elme: Thanks.
Clerk: What type of account do you want?
Elme: Well, I'm going to Edinburgh University this October and I want to open a
studentaccount.
Clerk: I see. Is it a current account or a deposit account you wanted?
Elme: A current one is much more convenient I think. (Q1)
Clerk: Right. I've got the application form here then. First of all, can I have your
full name please?
Elme: Yes, it's Elme Lewis. That is E-L-M-E.

Clerk: OK, and what's your birthday please?
Elme: I was born on the 14th February, 1982. (Q2)
Clerk: Woo, the Valentine's Day! Where are you living now, MrElme?
Elme: 1 t, Smithfield Drive. (Q3)
Clerk: I know this place. Do you have a daytime telephone number?
Elme: Yes, I've got it here. The number is 198643.

Clerk: Great! Normally, the student account will offer you an account book and a
connect card (Q4). You can use the card 24 hours a day in the ATMs at any
branches.
Elme: I see. Will I get interest on the money in my account?
Clerk: Yes, of course. The interest depends on the sum in your account, i.e. lower
than 600, interest is 4.5%. 600 and more, the interest goes up to 5.5%.
(QS)
Elme: That sounds reasonable. What advantages does the student account have?
240 I Test 6
Clerk: We offer a 300 overdraft limit at a low interest. (Q6)
Elme: I see.
Clerk: Now, can I have your passport and your student card?
Elme: Here is my passport, but I don't have a student card right now. The
university gave me a reference letter (Qr), would that do?
Clerk: Yes, that's fine. Now we usually ask for a piece of information which we can
use to check your identity, for security reasons.
Elme: My little sister's name? Is that OK?
Clerk: Yes. It's less likely to be known.
Elme: Yes, it's Emma, E-M-M-A. (QB)
Clerk: Well, let's see, how often would you like to receive statements?
Elme: I haven't really thought about it. Can I have them sent once a month? (Q9)
Clerk: Yes, that's fine. One more thing I'd like to mention is that we have two types
of special services. One is the mobile phone service and the other is
Internet bank account. Do you have interest in any of them?
Elme: En... I surf the Internet almost every day, and I think it's much more
convenient for shopping by using the intenet bank account. So I would like
to register for the internet bank account as well. (Q10)
Clerk: That's OK then. And one last thing, I need your signature and...
SECTION 2
Are you all settled? Well, thank you! Welcome to Harvard Art Museum. I'm here to
explain what we can offer you.
First, I'd like to give you a brief account of Art Museum. In 1874 when the President
and Fellows of Harvard College appointed Charles Eliot Norton the first professor of
art history in America, they could hardly have anticipated a day when Harvard
would have three distinct art museums, each a vital part of the university and the
larger museum community. (Q11)
The three museums that comprise the Harvard Art Museum are entities of their
own, each with a particular focus and collection strength (Q12). They are linked
through a common mission and with a common administration, and all are deeply
Test 6 I 241
engaged with the university and the communities that surround it.
As we move toward the future, a new building will unite the three museums under
one roof and as a single destination that will more effectively carry out the mission
of the Harvard Art Museum. Each museum will maintain its separate identity, closely
tied to the ideas that inspired its creation and that inform the institution's rich
history.
Now, as a new student, you will probably need some sort of guidance to help you
to use the museum effectively to study and research. The Art Museum seeks to
engage the Harvard community in many ways. Harvard students are our most
important constituency, and we invite students to use the galleries as a place to
meet friends or family for a social experience, to study works of art related to their
courses (Q13-14), and to enjoy the museum as a resource for contemplation and
inspiration.
Gallery talks, scholarly lectures, seminars, and symposia are offered throughout the
year (Q1 5), presenting current research in the field of art history and related
disciplines. These programs, open to the- public, often feature graduate student
research and dynamic scholars whose work relates to student and faculty interests.
(Q16)
Undergraduate art enthusiasts may get involved by joining the Harvard Art Museum
Undergraduate Connection, an organization of like-minded students who raise
awareness of the Art Museum and its programs across campus. Last year nearly a
thousand students came to social events (Q1 t') at the museum that were entirely
organized by this undergraduate support group. Undergraduate Connection events
featured gallery talks (Q18) and tours developed by specially trained student guides,
sketching stations, and live music - as well as free pizza and refreshments!
Experienced museum educators and curators are available to consult with faculty in
various disciplines on how the collections might support course goals. Our educators
are enthusiastic generalists, with graduate training in various humanities disciplines
and experience engaging students with original works of art. They are available to
give workshops for Teaching Fellows in preparation for section meetings, develop
course-specific materials for students to use in the galleries independently, and
provide digital files for use in PowerPoint presentations. The primary focus,
however, is on developing and leading gallery experiences that relate directly to
course readings and topics of discussion.
242 I Test 6
Contact Kelsey McNiff, Educator for University Audiences, at 61 t'-495-9615 to learn
more (Q19) about our newly expanded resources to support collections-based
teaching at the Harvard Art Museum. Kelsey and others among the museum's staff of
curators and educators work closely with faculty to develop course-related content
and gallery experiences that feature works now on display in the Sackler Museum,
as well as digital images of works in storage. The renovation of our building at 32
Quincy Street will also include a new Study Center complex in which works from
storage (Q20) may be made available to faculty and students in study and seminar
rooms, as well as space for informal installations especially designed to support
courses throughout FAS.
And one final piece of information before we move on to our guided tour is...
SECTION 3
Woman: Hey, Mike, how've you been lately?
Man: Stressed. My marketing professor just gave us an assignment, a monster
project, I'd say. We have to do online research and make a presentation
using some kind of computer program. I have no idea about how to use
that program. I've never even heard of it before. Say, you don't know
anything about how the computer labs work here, do you? I've never
really had to do any assignments with computers before, so I've never
been to the computer labs on campus. (Q21)
Woman: Actually, I worked in one of the open labs for two terms. What do you
wanna know?
Man: Wow, thanks, Jennifer. Where to begin... Well, first of all, where are
they?
Woman: Well, the open labs are in the basement of the library, in the student
union building (Q22), and then there are two more on campus. One in
the science building, and one in the building where they do freshmen
orientation.
Man: Oh yeah, I know the one you're talking about.
Woman: Anyway, the largest open computer lab is in the library.
Man: Oh, OK. Are they open 24 hours?
Test 6 I 243
Woman: Unfortunately, no. They're open from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through
Friday, and 9:00 to 5:30 on Saturday.
Man: Uh huh, and do they offer any kind of training on the computers? Like I
said, I don't know much about computer.
Woman: Yes, they do actually. They hold computer workshops several times a
term in the library.
Man: Oh? What are they on?
Woman: Er, let me see. The first one is on download information - yes, how to
access the loaded information. (Q23)
Man: Well, that sounds interesting.
Woman: And another I think is about the Internet. Last term I took Finding
research materials online, and it's really useful. And this term it might be
Internet that works, but I'm not quite sure about that.
Man: Anyway, is there anything on data collection program?
'
Woman: Yes, collecting and analyzing data (Q24). It's a very popular one and it's a
must for you. And the last one I think is about the skills for presentation,
which is... which is presenting yourself (Q25).
Man: Oh, that's really something, isn't it? You know we are going to do the
presentation. And I just dare not to think about it! Speaking in front of all
the classmates and the professor.... oh, no!
Woman: Relax, Mike! And be brave! It's for everyone, not just for you!
Man: Yeah, I know. But, Jennifer, how can I register the workshop?
Woman: Well, it's easy. And you can sign up for one in the library. You just find
any of the librarians in the library. And they wiil give you an application
card (Q26). Write down your name, department and your e-mail
address (Q27) on the card, and of course, at the same time, choose the
workshops you are interested in, and write down the code of the
workshop (Q28). Remember, the code, not the name. And hand the
card in at the Information Centre (029). Later on, they will send you a
confirmation letter and the timetable as well. Next, print your
confirmation letter (Q30) and take it along with you as the identification
for the workshop.
Man: Well, this is getting complicated.
Woman: It's not really. It just sounds daunting if you've never done it before. Hey,
244 I Test 6
do you have some time right now? I can go with you and help you
register for the workshop.
Man: Thank you, Jennifer. Lead the way, I'm right behind you.
SECTION 4
As we all know, Australia is one of the driest continent in the world. So in the last
few sessions, we've been looking at various aspect of the water resource of Australia,
and this morning, we're focus on the history of Melbourne's water supply.
The area surrounding the Yarra River and Port Phillip Bay that is now Melbourne
was originally inhabited by the Wurundjeri people, you may probably know. And
these indigenous Australians had no need for complicated water supply systems.
Instead, they relied on local rivers and creeks or dug shallow wells to tap supplies of
underground water.
The first European settlers who arrived in Melbourne in 1803 also drew water from
local creeks. However as their settlements grew, demand for a reliable water supply
system began to grow.
In 1803, the first attempt at settlement of the Port Phillip region was on the
Mornington Peninsula when Colonel David Collins established a camp at Sullivan's
Bay. The only source of water for almost 400 convicts, marines and free settlers was
six wooden barrels sunk in the sand to tap groundwater (Q31-32). Although
settlement of the Port Phillip region had gradually grown after Collins arrived, it was
not until 1835 that John Batman officially claimed the establishment of Melbourne.
5 years after its official beginning, Melbourne's population had already reached
t',000. Water pumps were installed on the northern bank of the Yarra River. Men
with water carts sold water, door to door, for three shillings a barrel, equal to about
30 cents for 550 litres. (Q33-34)
Due to the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, Melbourne's population rapidly
increased and Melbourne was transformed into a major city. At the same time many
new industries and buildings were being developed. These factors all meant that
systems needed to be created to supply water to Melbourne. And in 1851, Yan
Yean Reservoir, Melbourne's first water supply reservoir, was completed (Q35) and
began to supply water to Melbourne, which by now had a population of 100,000.
Test 6 I 245
In 1891, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) was formed
and became responsible for Melbourne's water supply. Melbourne had grown to a
city of half a million people. To provide water to this rapidly growing city, especially
the eastern suburbs, the Watts River (near Healesville) (Q36) was tapped. It supplied
water to Melbourne, via the Maroondah aqueduct.
Time takes us to the twentieth century. By 1910, there were 123,221 connections
to Melbourne's water supply system. And in 1920s, in response to growing
complaints about water quality and lack of water pressure in Melbourne's eastern
suburbs, a large-scale dam construction program began (Q3l). Maroondah
Reservoir, about 55 kilometres northeast of Melbourne, was completed in 1921.
The completion of Maroondah Reservoir, O'Shannassy Reservoir in 1928 and Silvan
Reservoir in 1932 saw Melbourne's storages boosted from a capacity of 30,000
million litres to 104,500 million litres.
A very d ry summer in 1931/38 resulted in water restrictions being imposed in

Melbourne. The Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works also started planning
for the building of a new dam to expand Melbourne's water supplies in 1940.
After the Second World War, the population in Melbourne was increased sharply in
the 1950s, which meant that new water supply requirement occurred. The Upper
Yarra Reservoir was completed, tripling Melbourne's total water storage to nearly
300,000 million litres. (Q38)
In the 1960s, Many parts of the water supply system in Melbourne were replaced.
And following the severe drought of 1961/68, the building of Cardinia Reservoir
commenced (Q39). Work also commenced on diverting part of the flow of the
Thomson River in Gippsland into the Upper Yarra River 32 catchment.
To meet growing demand in the western suburbs, particularly during summer, a

reservoir with a capacity of 21,000 million litres was completed at Greenvale in
1910 (Q40). Now before I move on to 1980s, I'd like to say something about...
246 I Test 6
NBRITISH IELTS U UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE
NCOUNCIL AUSTRALIA V ESOL Examinations
Centre number:
Please write your name below,
then write your six digit Candidate number In the bo,ras

atd shade the number in the grid on the right In PENCIL.
Test date [shade 01' box for the day. ONE box for the month and ONE box for the year):
y: ggMgM
Listening answer sheet

1 =
,/ 1
= 21 = =
./ 21 'It
2 = = 22 = =
3 = = 23 23
=
4 = = 24 24
=
5 = = 25 25
=
6 = = 26 = =
7 = =- 27 = 27 =
8 = = 28 = =
9 = = 29 = c::::,
10 = 10 = 30 = =
11 = 11 = 31 = 31 =
12 = 12 = 32 = =
13 = 13 = 33 = 33 =
14 = = 14
34 = =
15 = 15
c::,
35 = =
16 = 16 = 36 = =
17 = 17 = 37 37
c::,
18 = 18 = 38 = =
19 = 19 = 39 =
20 = = 40 =
24;r
Are you: Female? = Male?=
Your first language code:
Reading answer sheet

Module taken (shade one box): Academic = General Training =
1 = ., 1
= 21 .( 21
=
Jt
2 = 22 = =
3 = """ 23 = 23 =
4 = = 24 = 24 =
5 = = 25 = 25 =
6 = = 26 = =
7 = 27 = =
27
8 = = 28 = 28 =
9 = = 29 = =
10 = 10
= 30 = =
11 = ,1
= 31 = =31
12 = 12
= 32 32
=
13 = 13
c:::::J
33 = =33
14 = 14
= 34 = =
15 ,s
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35 = =JS
16 = 16 = 36 = =
17 = = 17
37 = 37 =
18 = = 18
38 = =
19 19
= 39 <=
20 = 40 = =40
Band
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248
Sample Speaking Test
PART1
Q: Do you do exercises regularly? Why/ Why not?

A: Well, I go jogging/hiking/swimming on a regular basis. Regular exercises really
make me fit and healthy.
Q: Do you enjoy swimming? Where do you often go for swimming? Why/ Why not?
A: The thing I really loathe is swimming, because I find it so interesting and it
really keeps me fit. I've learned the different styles of swimming, like
backstroke, breaststroke, etc.
Q: Should we do more exercises in daily life?
A: I surely believe/I ought to/I should do more exercises, but most of times I take taxi
instead because of the overcrowded and uncomfortable atmosphere on bus.
Q: How do competitive sports benefit children?
A: Competitive sports can have a very positive impact on children. They can
teach children that being competitive is important in life. Competitive sports
are also usually full of fun which therefore can be enjoyable for the children.
PART2
One of the most enjoyable parties I attended was the 80th birthday party of a
neighbour. It was quite amazing! His younger brother aged 87 travelled hundreds of
miles to be there and the guests were aged from about 1 year old to even older than
90. I am sure that there were over 160 people there, both family and friends.
The party was held in Hilton hotel and everyone soon got to know the other guests.
After the dinner, people stood up to do something to entertain the others. Some
guests sang songs and danced, others told funny stories and some played music. I
played some Scottish dance music on my fiddle land people clapped their hands
and tapped the floor with their feet, beat time all the times. Later I played the fiddle
again for people to dance.
Speaking I 185
At the end of the evening, the 80-year old man's friend from schooldays-now aged 82
told stories of what they had both done when they were little boys at primary school and
everyone laughed. After this the man's sons and daughters all stood up and said how
important their father had been to them and how much they loved him.
At the very end of the evening we all drank toasts to the health of the man and all
this made him cry, and everyone was very touched and moved by the scene.
PART3
Discussion topics:
Family parties
Q: Do you think traditional festival like the Spring Festival should be preserved?
Why/ Why not?
A: Of course, it should be. Any country in the world ought to preserve its own culture,
which is best embodied in festivals. The celebration of those festivals has long been
considered as traditional culture or cultural heritage of the country. The traditional
festivals are becoming an indispensable part to people's life.
Q: What are the differences between now and the past regarding the way people
celebrate their festivals?
A: Definitely, it has changed quite a lot. In the past, people reserved their most
delicious food and best clothes fur festivals like the Spring Festival, because of the
less-living standard situation, I mean at that time many people lived a simple life,
and such things were considered a luxury for many families. Nowadays, the
standard of living has been dramatically improved and more people than before
prefer to go travelling on festival holidays in order to have a relaxation.
Q: Are there many differences between family parties and parties given by your
friends? Do you think so?
A: There are many differences between my family parties and that of my friends.
My family parties tend to be more formal and focused on the event that we
are celebrating. The parties with my friends tend to be more casual and the
main purpose is to have fun. Although they are quite different from each other
I still have great fun in both cases.
Q: In some places people spend a lot of money on parties to celebrate special

A: Definitely yes, it is true that people spend a lot of money on celebrating family
186 I Speaking
events such as a new born baby, a new job, marriage or getting into a good
school/university. I believe that though it is necessary to spend money to organize
the party and provide food, drinks, wines, etc. it is just as important to know why
we are there. It is more important to have quality time with family. The interaction
and happiness of family life is what is important, not the money.
Q: What kinds of national celebrations do you have in your country?
A: Britain is made up of 4 countries - England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland and celebrations are held on the days belonging to the patron saint of
those countries. In England, St George's day is on 23rd April. In Scotland, St
Andrew's day is on November 30th. Wales keeps St David's day on March I,
and March 11th is St Patrick's Day for Northern Ireland. The other celebrations
in Britain are religious ones, such as Christmas or Easter and we also have a
special day for the Queen's birthday. Sometimes where there is a special
anniversary-like the 50th anniversary of the Queen becoming Queen, there
will be parties organized in many streets to celebrate, with neighbour's all
getting together to plan the occasion and they will dine outside in the open air
and have songs and dances and children's games. When I was younger we
used to have other special days - like Trafalgar Day - which celebrated a
famous sea battle, but this celebration seems to have died out.
Q: Who tends to enjoy national celebrations more: young people or old people?
Why?
A: I surely believe that older people tend to enjoy national celebrations more
than the younger generation. Older people tend to value traditional holidays
because they feel more connected to them. The younger people like western
holidays such as Valentine's Day because they like the romantic aspects that
are not present in national holidays. Also because of an interest in different
countries they like to celebrate holidays that are not part of the Chinese
calendar.
Q: Why do you think some people think that national celebrations/festivals are a
A: I don't think that it is a waste of money for the government to plan national
celebrations. Because the celebrations often remind us who we are as a nation
and make us united and of course they are great fun too! While some people
view the money as misspent, I believe that it is important to properly celebrate
our culture and identity.
Speaking I 181
PART 1
Q: What's your typical day?/ What's your routine ?

A: Every day I travel to my university by bike, switch on my laptop, connect to
the Internet, check my e-mail, and reply to some mails, this is my
preparation for my daily life. And then, have my classes.
Q: Does your school offer non-academic courses?
A: Yes, of course. It offers some extra-curricular courses, such as music,
physical education, painting, etc.
Q: Is it necessary for school to offer these non-academic courses?
A: Yes, for sure. Because school ought to focus on students' moral ground/
ethical judgment to some extent, intellectual and physical development in a
comprehensive way.
Q: Could you say something about your English study?
A: I have studied English for more than 5 years, including the four skills in listening,
speaking, reading, writing, etc. But I'm not proficient in English yet.
PART2
My Mum is a very good cook. Ever since I was a little boy, my Mum always made
our family lots of delicious dishes. My Mum makes many different types of dishes.
For breakfast she often cooks us a traditional English breakfast, which consists of
sausages, bacon, eggs and beans. For lunch she will make us pasta or spaghetti and
for dinner she usually cooks us pizza, casserole and sometimes curry. My favorite
dish that she makes is pizza. I love pizza; it is my favorite type of food.
I love my Mum's cooking, we always have different meals every day, which is really nice
as the food never gets boring. My Mum also puts a lot of effort into making her food to
ensure that it always tastes delicious and that we are happy when we are eating it.
Traditional English breakfast
How to make a traditional English breakfast
Fried eggs and bacon, once the national breakfast in England is nowadays usually
reserved for all Sunday morning treat. This is probably because very few people now
188 I Speaking
engage in manual labour and the ingredients for this breakfast are no longer as
cheap as they used to be. There is also now the concern that too much saturated fat
is not a good thing.
Ingredients
1 -2 eggs per person
2-3 rashers bacon per person
mushrooms, wiped and peeled and stalks removed
tomatoes, cut in half
bread, 1 slice per person
lard or oil for frying, as preferred
black pudding, cut into slices as you require
Method
- Use two large, heavy frying pans.
- Melt a small amount of lard in one and lay the bacon and black pudding in it.
- When the bacon and black pudding begin to cook, push them to one side in the
pan and put the mushrooms [n, adding a little more fat if necessary.
- Keep turning the bacon and black pudding, making sure they do not burn.
- When the bacon and black pudding are cooked to your liking, remove them onto
a plate and put in a warm oven.
- Push the mushrooms aside in the pan and put in the tomatoes.
- In the other pan gently melt some more fat and break the eggs into it.
- As the eggs f , flick fat over them to cook the top.
ry
- Keep an eye on the mushrooms and tomatoes.
- The eggs should have a runny yolk and the whites should be set and a little frilly
at the edges.
- Remove the mushrooms and tomatoes and put in the oven with the bacon and
black pudding.
- Using a fish slice to remove the eggs, taking care not to break them, and put
them on a plate. Keep warm.
- Turn up the heat under the f ing pan which the bacon was cooked in and f
ry ry
the bread in it turning once.
- Dish all up onto individual plates and serve with tomato ketchup.
Speaking I 189
PART3
About food
Q: Do you usually eat healthy food?
A: No, I don't like most healthy food such as fruit and vegetables. I know I should
eat more healthy food but I just don't want to. I usually eat unhealthy food
such as burgers and pizza.
Q: How should Governments encourage people to eat healthy food?
A: The Government could encourage people to eat more healthy food by
increasing the tax on unhealthy food. This will make healthy food relatively
cheaper and therefore more attractive. The Government could also encourage
people to eat healthy food by warning people of the dangers of eating too
much unhealthy food. They could do this by using television, the radio and
newspapers.
About shopping
Q: Do you often go shopping? Why do you like it? Which one do you like better,
window-shopping, online shopping, or typical shopping?
A: I do often go shopping. I find shopping (1) very enjoyable, it's nice to spend
time choosing nice things to buy yourself or to buy for others. If you have
worked very hard it is nice to reward yourself by buying something nice. For
the shopping style, for sure, I like online shopping best, because online
shopping often contains variety of goods, also with a (2) nice/reasonable price,
but sometimes (3) the quality is not guaranteed.
Q: Do you think that it is good for children to go shopping?
A: It depends; I think that adults should do most of the shopping, however
children also need time to shop. Children need to buy things and therefore do
need to go shopping. For example, a child may need to buy a present for
his/her friend's birthday.
Q: What is the difference between going to the supermarket and going to a small
shop?
A: A supermarket will have a better range of products that can be beneficial if
you want to buy a lot of things. Goods at a supermarket are also a lot cheaper
than in a small shop which also makes them more attractive to go to. However
it can be nicer to go to a small shop as you may get to know the people there,
this is less likely to happen at a supermarket as they are a lot bigger and
therefore more people go there.
190 I Speaking
Online shopping: An Increasing Trend
With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a
lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to
browse around the shops. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the
comfort of their own home with the help of the internet.
Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons;
prices are often lower online, you don't have to queue up in busy shops and you
can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.
Computer trends are often male-dominated but this year women are expected to do
more shopping on the internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted
to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be.
Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to 240 (3,360 Yuan)
compared to the slightly lower average of 233 for men; while the average spend
per person on the high street is only 191. t'Oo/o of internet users, male and female,
are now buying their Christmas gifts online.
In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about
the security of entering their card details on the internet and the reliability of the
internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these women have
begun to disappear. 45o/o of internet users still do have security worries but it hasn't
slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.
One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. Christmas trading can
represent up to 160% of turnover for some stores. Many companies are concerned
that not enough shoppers are coming through their doors in the run-up to
Christmas. As a result there are lots of special offers in the shops.
Most shops traditionally have sales after Christmas but this year the bargains have
come early in an attempt to lure consumers to spend. Bad news for the high street
has become good news for the bank balances of UK shoppers this Christmas?
Speaking I 191
PART1
Q: Tell me something about your campus life in leisure time.
A: Leisure times for me, there are many things to do on my university campus. I
often go to the cafe called Bingo, and have a cup of coffee with my friends.
Another choice like gym, go swimming, to play snooker.
Q: Which style of arts do you like and why?
A: I really enjoy modern art. Modern art, for there are no rules or boundaries to this
type of art form, people can create whatever they want, and this makes the art very
unique. My favourite museum is the Tate Modern Museum in London.
Q: What do you think about arts? Are they important?
A: Art is very important, I'm sure. Art can be used to express a person's feeling or
to help a person feel better. If you are in a bad mood, sometimes looking at a
piece of art work can cheer you up. Art can also be used politically to make a
statement about something that one can read between the lines.
Q: Do you usually go to museum or music hall? Why?/ Why not?
A: Music hall, of course. Because I love music, especially the live music. The most
enjoyable thing is dancing with live music, it was fantastic. I often go to music concerts.
I do not enjoy going to museums often, because it's kind of boring sometimes.
PART2
I once stuck in/ got caught in a traffic jam on a road in England called the King's
Lynn. I and my classmate were driving on the road in order to get to London so that
we could watch a basketball match. England was playing Russia at Wembley
Stadium in a very important game.
The traffic jam was caused by a very bad crash; a lorry on the other side of the road
which was going in the different direction, and lost control, crashed across the side
of the road that we were driving on.
This caused much damage on both sides of the road. Sadly, a lot of people were
hurt, but luckily we were not. The crash occurred approximately one mile ahead of
where we were driving.
We were sitting in the traffic jam for a very long time with impatience, and we were
very worried that we might miss the basketball match. But luckily the traffic police
managed to clear some of the crash away and started to let cars drive past the crash.
We got to the basketball match just as it was starting.
We felt very lucky to have made it.
192 I Speaking
PART3
Discussion topics:
About Hi-tech:
Q: Some people cannot keep up with the development of science and technology.
What should they do?
A: Cutting edge. To keep up with the latest development in science and
technology, it is important that you keep up to date with the news and read as
much as you can. The news often informs us when there has been an update
in science and technology and there are many magazines and books that
cover the subject.
Q: Do you think it is important to develop science and technology
A: Yes, I surely believe. Developing science and technology can improve the
quality of our life. For instance, the development of the internet has made
information far more accessible than ever, and made it easier and quicker to
contact people who live far from you.
Q: How does scientific research benefit space, medical, environmental and
A: Scientific research benefits all of the above because it improves all of them; it's
really beneficial to all. For example, scientific research can lead to environmental
breakthroughs such as the development of new types of energy.
About Job:
Q: What will people take into consideration when they choose their jobs?
A: There are a number of things to take into consideration when choosing a job,
such as pay, position, future career, etc. You may have to judge from the
questions of where the location of the job is, how many hours you have to
work each week, what you have to do in the job and how much money you
will get paid and your welfare, etc.
Q: Does your company offer any training courses as welfare?
A: Yes, my company offers a number of training courses. One that I recently took
is a course called "interpersonal communication", which is designed to
improve our presentation skills. The company feels that all its employees
should be able to give good presentations so they developed this course.
Q: What do you think of workaholics? Do you think it's a good trend?
A: I think they must be very sad to overwork under pressure. It is important to
work for a living. However it's also important to enjoy life. If you work all the
time you will not have any fun which is a very important part of life. All work
and no play make Jack a dull boy.
Speaking I 193
TEST4
PART1
Q: Why do you think some people want to emigrate?

A: People emigrate for many reasons. First, they want their children to have
better education in Western countries. Second, I surely believe that
experience in UK/USA could cultivate kid's self-reliance and self
independence.
Q: As you can imagine, what are your goals in life?
A: My short-term goal is to improve my English in order to pass the IELTS exam
and go overseas, whereas my long-term goals like, getting into a new country,
a new school, of course, a part-time job are also important.
Q: What are your plans in Britain/Canada/Australia?
A: To get into my dream university, I planned to study at University of
Melbourne, and hope to get a Ph.D degree in about 4 to 5 years. While
studying, I'll also be doing a lot of research in my field, and hopefully I'll be
able to contribute quite a lot to my related work. And also, I really want to
have a better and deeper understanding of Australia.
Q: Do you think you will have any difficulties with your English when you study
abroad?
A: The words and phrases used in everyday life are easy to understand, but in the
study programme they are more complicated. However, I think I can
overcome the difficulty in a short time, because I have already studied English
for more than ten years in China. For sure, I will be able to cope with the
English demands of my intended study programme in Australia as long as I
study hard.
PART2
A very happy event in my childhood was when I went to Cardiff's Millennium
Stadium to watch Southampton vs Arsenal in the FA Cup Final. The match took
place on the 18th May, 2003. I was just 14 years old.
The FA Cup Final is a football match that takes place every year in England at the
end of the football season. The FA Cup is the oldest football competition in the
I
194 Speaking
world and therefore the final is a very important event. To win the FA Cup is
extremely special.
I am from Southampton and therefore I support the Southampton football team. It is
not a very good team and therefore it was very surprising that it got to the FA Cup
Final. I never thought that I would ever see my team in the FA Cup Final.
We lost the match 0-1 and Arsenal won the FA Cup. However, even though we lost
it was still the best moment of my life. As I explained that Southampton is not a very
good team and I never thought it would get to the final, so to see it in the final was
very special for me. I will never forget this day.
PART3
Discussion topics:
About Sports
Q: How do competitive sports benefit children?
A: Competitive sports can have a very positive impact on children. They can teach
children that being competitive is important in life. Competitive sports are also
usually a great fun which therefore can be enjoyable for children. Some people
think that competition leads to a better performance for sports stars. Others think it
just makes players feel insecure. What is your opinion? Sports stars must surely be
used to competition. After all, the word "star" suggests that they are professional,
and they must know that competition is part of their career.
Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive training for young
sports people?
A: I would guess that some advantages of intensive training at a young age are
that the children become goal focused and learn early that they must work
hard in life to achieve something. However, depending on how intensive the
training is, I also imagine that it could be bad for children's development-both
socially and physically. Perhaps they will spend all their time training instead of
playing with their friends and doing their schoolwork.
Q: Do you think that it is possible to become too competitive in sports? In what way?
A: It is possible. It is important to have a healthy work-life balance in any job, and
the sports profession shouldn't be any different. Maybe some sports players
become too obsessed with their sport. Usually the career of a sports player is a
short one, so if all his/her focus is on sport and competition... What happens
when it is no longer there?
Speaking I 195
TESTS
PART1
Q: What kind of place do you live in?

A: I live in a large flat, and my home is on the top floor. There are four
bedrooms, a living room, two bathrooms and a kitchen.
Q: Which room is your favourite? (Why?)
A: My favourite room is my bedroom. I like the decoration in it. I chose the curtains by
myself. When I go to sleep at night, I enjoy the tranquillity of the room. The room
totally belongs to me, and I have the freedom to do what I like.
Q: What kind of house do you want to have in the future? (Why?)
A: I'd like to own a garden and plant some trees and flowers in it. I like to be near
the lake. Ever since I was young, I liked nature, and if I had enough money in
the future, I would like to have a large house.
Q: What kind of living place is popular in China?
A: Most Chinese people live in flats, and they have two or three bedrooms, a
bathroom and a kitchen.
PART2
It happened about 3 years ago. I was tired of going to my workplace by bus for it
took me about two hours on the way. I decided to buy a flat. I saved some money
and got a secondhand flat. The greatest advantage is that I don't have to spend a lot
of time on the way. It takes me just fifteen minutes to walk to my company. Now I
can enjoy my life much better. After I finish my work, I walk home and on the way,
I can buy some daily necessities. I don't feel so exhausted and busy any longer. I
have the positive ideas about my life now. Oh, I forgot to mention. There is a park
near my home, and I can do morning exercises every day. Now I am in good
condition.
PART3
Q: What do you think the main changes are over the past 20 years in your country?
A: The environmental pollution is serious now, while the air was fresh in the past.
Besides, the leisure activities of people are more colorful. People can listen to
196 I Speaking
music, go to concerts or travel abroad.
Q: What do you think of women's situation in your country?
A: They have equal working opportunities as men, and they are liberated from the
burden of housework. The housework is shared with their family members.
Q: What do you think of the rights of women?
A: Women have the rights to do what they like, but domestic violence is a
problem. I'm not sure whether we have laws to protect the rights of women.
Women should have the rights to retire at the same age as men.
Q: What are the major social changes in your country?
A: People's value has changed. They shift the focus from family to money.
Tradition is not what they care any longer.
Q: Do you think that there are changes in work for people in your country?
A: In the past, people had to work six days every week. Now, the time has been
shortened to five days per week. Besides, people like to change their jobs
frequently.
Q: What are the changes in family structure?
A: In the past, extended families were popular, but now, you can see a lot of
nuclear families or OINK families.
Q: What are the changes brought by modern technology? Why do you think so?
A: People are freed from the labour. For example, the washing machine can
wash clothes for you. You just need to put the dirty clothes into the machine
and then press the button. The appliances save us a lot of trouble.
Speaking I 19;r
PART1
Noise
Q: Do you think there will be more and more noise? (Why?/ Why not?)
A: Yes, I guess so. As there is more traffic in the city, we hear the horns around
us. Besides, the construction site is also the source of noise. If people are
decorating their home, the noise will disturb others.
Q: Do you suffer from noise?
A: Yes. My home is close to the street, and sometimes I can't go to sleep at night
as there is a market going on.
Q: Can you work under noise?
A: Yes. It doesn't matter. I can concentrate on my work, and if it is too noisy, I
will put on my earphones to shut the noise out.
Q: What can you do about noise?
A: I can do nothing about it, but the government should make rules and
regulations. For example, there should be no noise after 10 pm.
Q: What sound you like and dislike? (Why?/Why not?)
A: I really like the sound of creek in the forest, and I also like the meowing of my
cats. I think that kind of sound is most beautiful in nature. I hate hearing the
noise of air-conditioners. It drives me crazy.
PART2
Why you reserve it

I've got an elegant ostrich leather bag in my family. It was bought by my great
grandfather for my great-grandmother as a wedding gift. It was made in Britain. It
has been in my family for more than eighty years. It is in perfect condition with the
exception of small dark spot in upper right corner. On the back is a leather clutch
strap, stitched at both ends. There are several compartments inside, one with
zipper, one in center with brass clasp. Label is attached to original mirror with fabric
backing. It is chocolate brown and made of satin fabric. It is important in my family
because of the love shown by my ancestors. It was not easy to buy goods imported
from other countries at that time, but my great-grandmother liked fancy things, so
198 I Speaking
this bag was bought for her. Now, both of them passed away, and this bag is the
reminder of them and the history of my family. We reserve it and we can hear the
story of them. We are going to keep it as long as our family exists.
PART3
Q: Why do you think people keep these things?

A: They are the reminders of ancient time. When the young generation sees the
objects, they can get a vivid understanding of the history and lifestyle of their
predecessors.
Q: Do you think young people are going to keep the things inherited?
A: Sure. Young people also care about their origin and they want to have a root
or trace in history, and these objects are the best witnesses.
Q: What's the value of the photos and those ancient objects kept in museums?
A: These objects are the symbol of historical events. Modern people can get to
know about their past and history. They will be amazed by the technique or
simple lifestyle of ancient time. They will know about the evolution of human
society.
Q: Do you think people will continue to visit museums in the future?
A: I think people will still go to the museums in the future. For one thing, it is a
good place to gain knowledge of various fields. Besides, it is a kind of tourist
attraction as well.
Q: What is the value (or, the importance) of collecting old things and putting them
in museums?
A: It is a kind of memory. The objects are the reminders of the past, and people
will remember what has happened in the past.
Q: What do you think is better to display in a museum, old photographs or old things?
A: Both are indispensible for a good museum. Old photographs can take us back
to a certain moment, and we are going to feel like standing there and
witnessing everything.
Speaking I 199
SECTION 1
Questions 1-5
Officer: Good morning. University of Canterbu ry student accommodation office.
Student: Good morning. I'm due to begin a course and would like to know what
type of accommodation you have available
Officer: Ok, no problem. When does your course begin?
Student: The first week in October.
Officer: OK. I'll need to take down some details then. Can I have your name
please?
Student: (1) Julie Drake. That's 0-R-A-K-E.
Officer: Ok, fine. And do you mind telling me how old you are?
Student: No, not at all, I'm 35, but I'll be 36 by the time I begin my course.
Officer: 35. (2) So you were born in 1967, am I right?
Student: 68. 1968. June 16th, in fact.
Officer: Ok, well, we have accommodation both on and off campus that belongs
to the university. Also there's home stay, although most students prefer
to rent a (3) private house and live with other students.
Student: Isn't renting a house expensive?
Officer: Well, it is if you rent one on your own, but not if you share with two or
three other students. Then it's cheaper than homestay. But on-campus
accommodation is the cheapest.
Student: I see. So how much does it cost to live in student accommodation?
Officer: Well, we have two kinds of accommodation. To live on campus costs 125
per month but student accommodation off campus is 40 per week plus 3
per month for laundry bills. So the monthly fee is (4) 163 per month.
200
Model and sample answers for
writing tasks
WRITING TASK 1
This model has been prepared as an example of a very good answer. However,
please note that this is just one example out of many possible approaches.
The table chart unfolds the different percentages of Australian families living under
the poverty line in 1999. Those 'families include single aged person, aged couple,
single family without children, couple without children, sole parent, and couple
with children.
Generally speaking, among these six family types, there was only 12% (1,833,000)
living in poor conditions. In detail, we can know that single families without children
and sole-parent families shared almost the same percentages of 19% (369,000) and
21o/o (242,000), far more than that of aged couple of 4% (58,000). The percentage
of single aged person was approximately equivalent to that of couple without
children, respectively 8% (51,000) and 1% (212,000). Finally, the situation of the
family of couple with children (13%) was slightly higher than that of the average
(12%).
Based on the statistics, a possible explanation for this consequence revealed in the
diagram is that perhaps with the help of increasingly sound pension system, old
people in aged-couple families enjoy the higher living standards compared with
other types of families.
(170 words - Score: 8)
Writing I HJ
WRITING TASK 2
Whenever we turn on TV or read a newspaper, more often than not we can read a
lengthy description of atrocious crime, which has become so-called features of
modern media. I, as one of common readers, advocate the proposal that such
reports should be strictly controlled, if not abolished.
Alarmingly, those criminal descriptions wield adverse influence on audience,

especially fragile youngsters. Due to vulnerable mentality and lack of ample
experience, upon contacting violent programmes, those kids are tempted to follow
suit, thus breaking the law and such juvenile delinquencies are too often to be
ignored. If this trend is out of control, then more teenagers will fall victim to those
evil reports.
Moreover, numerous would-be criminals can learn skills of committing crimes from
similar cases, also the police find it more formidable to crack down on crimes
efficiently. Although the original purpose of crime description is to warn people
against offenses and teach them valuable lessons, the fact is that there, indeed, exists
a discrepancy between what is desired and what is achieved. The latest research
reveals that some habitual law-breakers have access to criminal skills and even the
police's detective methods from TV programmes and newspaper stories about
crimes. By contrast, if we restrict strictly the programmes of tackling criminal cases,
the ways employed by the police to combat crimes win be kept as the top secret,
and it is out of the question to be disclosed to the public, especially those potential
offenders.
Granted, criminal content, which is not a usual experience for commons, can
enhance the TV rating substantially. Satisfying people's curiosity and adding varieties
to choices, those programmes can always attract more audience. As for me,
however, the overwhelming detriments have overshadowed whatever benefits.
Overall, no matter what excuse media can find for detailed criminal description,
there should be a strict regulation to limit such broadcasting. Government and
relevant organisations should co-operate fully, guaranteeing healthier circumstances.
(320 words - Score: t')
114 I Writing
WRITING TASK 1
The two charts respectively illustrate the figures of UK citizens traveling abroad and
foreign tourists visiting the UK from 1969 to 1989, and the preferred countries for
UK residents in 1989.
From the graph, apparently, we can access the fact that the number of UK residents
going abroad was always more than that of people visiting UK in two decades. In
details, from 1969 to about 1975 the number of UK residents increased gradually
but from 1975 to 1989 it jumped sharply.
In 1969 the number hit a trough at about 12 million while the peak 52 million in
1989. Similarly, from 1969 to 1989 the number of people to the UK was always on
the rise, and compared with the first line, it was more stable. Furthermore, the bar
chart presented detailed information of UK travellers' most popular destinations in
1989. France and Spain were similar in popularity with 12 and 19 million, whereas
Turkey, Greece and USA were less attractive.
Based on the statistics, perhaps more holidays and higher pays promote UK people
to enjoy more travelling.
Writing I 1'15
WRITING TASK 2
As the symbol of 21st century, white-hot technology has transformed nearly every
aspect of our life, such as communications, traffic, and housing. Environmental
pollution, however, haunts technological advance up until now. Greenhouse gas
emissions from private cars, poisonous pollutants from modern factories, and even
noise pollution from air flights have promoted us to suspect whether we have paid
too much for what we have already obtained.
On the one hand, if less technological applications in our life are harnessed,
environmental pollution will be alleviated. There is no doubt that our life becomes
more comfortable and convenient with the help advanced technologies, for
example, private cars and air planes, facilitating travel substantially and enhancing
our working efficiency considerably. Living in one country while working in another
turns out to be a common practice for employees in some multinational companies.
Nevertheless, from the perspectives of climate change and noise pollution, cars and
planes are the main culprit. If we can live a simple life without those conveniences,
then it is greatly conducive to safeguarding our surroundings.
On the other hand, with the development of technology, the harms caused will be
naturally lessened. More countries begin to realize that a deteriorating environment
accompanies a comprehensive growth in people's living standards and hinders
further economic development. If the local environment is in a mess, no other
countries will be willing to invest there, so harmonious surroundings are the
foundation for a sound development of a country. Under such circumstances, green
technology is the future direction for every country, and the balance between
technology and environment is the top priority for national policy. As for me,
however, I doubt that technological leap can be really compatible with the
environment, and, honestly, the possibility is slim.
Taking into account our fragile environment, I hope that our life can return to nature
and every one of us drives less, away from those modern inventions detrimental to
environment. After all, it is easy to pollute while formidable to improve.
(331 words - Score: ;i')
116 j Writing
WRITING TASK 1
These two diagrams respectively illustrate daily electricity consumption in England in

autumn and spring, and the four specific aspects of electricity in a common English
family.
From the graph, apparently, the amount of electricity consumed in autumn was
twice as much as that in spring. In details, in autumn the number hit a trough at
about 30,000 units at 9 o'clock while the peak at nearly 50,000 at 22 o'clock.
Between 13 to 19 o'clock there was hardly any change in the amount of electricity
and in the rest of the day it fluctuated. As for spring, the lowest number was 12,000
at similar 9 o'clock, but there were two similar high points at 20,000 at both 13, and
23 o'clock, though the latter is slightly less than the former. Furthermore, compared
with that in autumn, the number remained stable between 16 and 22 o'clock. The
bar chart unfolds the fact that the statistics in heating was more than half of the total
demand whilst the rest three in other fields, such as ovens, lighting or vacuum
r
cleaners took up similar percentages of 1 .5%, 16% and 15%.
The possible reason for these charts is heating substantially boosts electricity
demand in autumn.
Writing I u;r
WRITING TASK 2
For the research purpose, it is a fact that humans experiment on various animals,
which is quite a sensitive issue arousing a spirited discussion. One side of the debate
believes that human benefits are not the excuse for slaughtering animals, the best
friend of humanity, whereas others lend justification to those experiments in the
interest of human welfare.
Advocates of the research maintain that animals can assist human beings in making
breakthroughs in the medical field, which will increase life expectancy considerably.
In the past, people who could live 50 or 60 years were considered to have the
greater longevity while, nowadays a 1 GO-newly-invented medicines and advanced
treatments largely attributed to experiments on live animals. Undoubtedly, if more
knowledge concerning rare animals can be acquired, it is most likely that people
can preserve those precious species more efficiently and accurately.
On the other hand, people deplore cruelty of those experiments. As we know, in
order to obtain more accurate information, people seldom apply pain killers or
anaesthetics to animals, thereby imposing tremendous sufferings on helpless
animals. If that is true, this practice is against human civilization. Moreover, more
often than not, the results obtained from the experiments are not always true, and
sometimes they are misleading information. If humans trust the same effect will take
place in people. Numerous medical tragedies owing to diverse reactions between
animals and humans have presented strong proof.
In my opinion, both from ethical and practical perspectives, humans are not entitled
to exploiting animals for their own interests. In the future, more humanitarian and
accurate ways should be hopefully designed to replace animal research.
(269 words - Score: ?)
1 ?8 I Writing
TEST4
WRITING TASK 1
This model has been prepared as an example of a very good answer. However
The diagram unfolds the statistics about the sale of three categories of publications
in a college bookshop for February 1998. Those books include fiction, non-fiction
and magazines.
Generally speaking, the number of books sold to non-book club members was
approximately twice as many as that to book club members, 2,063 and 1,051'. At
the same time, people bought much more magazines and non-fictions (1,682 and
1,290) than fictions. In detail, among non-club members, college students bought
more publications (1,452) and members of public read less than college staff. As for
different categories of books, members of public bought no fiction while the rest of
people had similar numbers. While the number of non-fiction bought by book. The
favourite readings for college students were magazines (1,228) and the numbers of
college staff members of Public and book club members decreased gradually. (332;
86; 36)
Writing 11 ;r9
WRITING TASK 2
This model has been prepared as an example of a very good answer. However
In this fast-pacing society, various scientific researchers have been conducted to

better our lives. Sometimes the experiments are in the charge of the nation while
others are carried out by private companies. In view of inherent enforcing power
and essential security need, I recommend that government should be responsible
for scientific research.
As a powerful organization in society, government enjoys the executive power,

which can force other sectors to cooperate if necessary. A successful research calls
for not only sufficient capitals but many talents in various fields such as economy or
engineering. If that is true only by efficient coordination of government can essential
money and suitable experts be guaranteed for successful experiments.
Moreover, some scientific researchers are of particular importance to national

security. For example, the space research is so sensitive that if evil people happen to
have acquired relevant information, the potential dangers are self-evident. Terrorist
activities where advanced weapons of mass destruction are employed are the telling
evidence against the possibility of scientific research controlled by private
companies.
Numerous researchers, of course, pose an overwhelming burden on national purse,

so private companies can provide some essential assistance. After all, government
has to deal with a mountain of social urgencies, such as environmental pollution,
traffic jam, and crime control. If some researches are not closely related with
national security, it is reasonable to be in the charge of private companies.
Human progress cannot live without the breakthrough in science and technology,
and it is government's obligation to ensure successful experiments. Meanwhile, as an
indispensable part of society, private companies can serve as valuable complement
to scientific research.
(269 words - Score: t')
180 I Writing
TESTS
WRITING TASK 1
The first table compares the four reasons why 100,000 UK people traveled abroad
for 5 years from 1994 to 1998. The second table illustrates which areas they visited
during this time period.
It can be seen from the first table that there was a slight decrease in the number of
UK travelers for holiday from 1994 to 1995. After that, the number increased
sharply until 1998, peaking at 20,700. The 5 years witnessed a gradual rise in the
number for business from 3,155 to 3,957. From 1994 to 1998, holiday had the
highest number of UK travelers among all the reasons.
We can see from the second table that the number of travelers to Western Europe
increased from 19,371 in 1994 to 24,519 in 1998. The number of travelers to North
America nearly, doubled from 919 in 1994 to 1,823 in 1998. There was a growth in
the number of travelers to other areas from 1,782 in 1994 to 2,486 in 1998. Among
all the destinations, Western Europe had the highest number.
Writing I 181
WRITING TASK 2
Since the beginning of time, water has been shaping the face of the Earth. Water
sustains human life, our environment and our cultures. But the global demand for
water is increasing and the destruction of water-dependent ecosystems has
accelerated.
From my point of view, the main reason of scarcity of water resource is the rapid
population growth, especially in developing countries. In order to meet the great
demand for water, people exploit water resource in various ways. Water supply
sources are being stretched to their limits. And surface and groundwater pollution is
increasing rapidly. Research indicates that over 1 billion people still do not have
access to safe water supplies and over 1] billion do not have access to adequate
sanitation facilities.
Another reason is the development of industry and agriculture. In some developing

countries, some private factories make use of water resource low-efficiently and
make much pollution. Irrigated agriculture also contributes to water scarcity. Despite
the high yield, irrigation is extremely water intensive. It takes about 1,000 tons of
water to grow one ton of grain and 2,000 tons to grow one ton of rice.
Finding solutions to the problem involves the increase of worldwide awareness and
international cooperation. Every individual should realise water crisis and save
water. As to the government some effective measures should be taken, including
erecting modern irrigation systems and increasing the number of sewage water
recycling plants. Building more dams can also be an effective solution. Dams play an
important role in detaining the surface rain water flowing from the mountains and
would prevent the loss of rainwater straight into the sea.
182 I Writing
TEST6
WRITING TASK 1
The diagram shows in four stages how plastic is produced and then broken down.
According to the diagram, in the first stage, cereal crops are harvested and taken to
a factory. Next, in the factory, glucose is extracted from cereal crops. Stage three of
the process is when the glucose then passes into a bacterial fermentation chamber,
where the process of fermentation produces a type of plastic called PHB polymer.
This can be used to make plastic bottles to hold shampoos and detergents. When
these plastic bottles are thrown away, they may be disposed in three ways. First,
they may be recycled. Another way is that they may also be filled in land. In this
way, the oxidation products from the landfill sites are released slowly into the
atmosphere. Other discarded bottles are burnt or biodegraded and send out carbon
dioxide into atmosphere. Finally, cereal crops require carbon dioxide in order to
grow, and these crops are used in the manufacture of the new plastic.
Thus, the process diagram illustrates the cycle of the plastic.
(1 ;r5 words - Score: 8)
Writing I 183
WRITING TASK 2
Every year, men and women crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent
living, and the stimulation of urban life. According to a research, the population in
Shanghai alone has increased 26o/o in the last three years. With rise in urban
population, many big cities have met problems of their own.
One big problem is that city dwellers lose touch with the nature. A few flowers in a
public park, if we have the time to visit it, may remind us that spring comes. A few
leaves clinging to the pavement may remind us that it is autumn. All the simple,
good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium.
A second problem is that we pay dearly for the privilege of living in a city. The
demand for accommodation is so great that it is often impossible for ordinary
people to buy a house of their own. Costly rents must be paid for tiny flats which
even country hens would disdain to live in. Just about everything we buy is likely to
be more expensive than it would be in the country.
But of all our problems, the most serious and pressing one which threatens to
paralyze the city is the widespread crime. City residents live under constant threat.
The crime rate in most cities is very high. Bank robberies which were unheard of in
the past now occur more frequently. Today, even walking in the street in broad
daylight will make you nervous, let alone in the late night.
All these problems make big cities no longer attractive to people as years before.
Only a madman would choose to live in a large modern city.
184 I Writing

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IELTS Practice Test 1

....., Listening (30 minutes - 40 Questions)

....., Reading (60 minutes - 40 Questions)

....., Writing (60 minutes - 2 Tasks)

....., Speaking (15 minutes - 3 Parts)

HEC-VN006 HAI JIM'S TESTING DOCUMENT

University of Leeds Accommodation Office

Applicant's name: l_____

Date of birth: 2-----

Most students prefer to live 3_____

Accommodation off campus costs 4_____ per month

Approximately 5_____ bus from the university

12. Grass roofs have been used

A. the insulation and drainage layer.

Mark Suggestions: Tut.or

General impression Worked well Not thorough or No comment

and-outs ___ looking The best part Reduce by

Delivery Performance was Difficult to coordinate Needs the

ensuring customer satisfaction.

36. department stores

8. African women smoke as frequently as men at present.

G. A different approach uses a group of particles that act collectively as

H. The trick is to make sure it removes faster than it adds. Horodecki,

I. This work suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom,

READING PASSAGE 2 has nine paragraphs A-I.

14. methods physicists learn from parents' supervising kids

15. two distinctive types of entanglements

16. a particular reason why quantum effects are overlooked

1 '1. a mention of storing information not in individual particles

18. geometric restrictions of a newly devised approach

20. details of international collaborations of experts

Do the following statements agree with the information given in READING

21. Quantum mechanics are applicable to the present social life.

22. The efforts to preserve entanglement are not always successful.

together for a long time.

Questions 26 and 27'

Answer the questions below.

Growing Skyscrapers: The Rise of Vertical Farms

F. Clearly, radical change is needed. One strategic shift would do away

G. The working descriptions sound outrageous at first. But engineers,

Demographers estimate that the world population would increase

29_____ and the situation is threatening to some SO _____

intensive industrial farming for more efficient farming. However, this is a

wastelands would be created by much more serious 34_____ . The

most serious concern should be paid to 35 contributing

made in 36 _____ which could bring about revolutions in the way we

feed ourselves and the coming on-the-rise population.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in READING

owing directly to a range of technologies developed for the well-being of us.

cropped lands into meadow or forest.

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

Family type Proportion of people from each

household type living in poverty

Single aged person 8% (55,000)

Aged couple 4% (48,000)

Single, no children 19% (359,000)

Couple, no children 1% (211,000)

Sole parent 21% (232,000)

Couple with children 13% (933,000)

All households 12% (1,837,000)

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

IELTS Practice Test 2

29_ and the situation is threatening to some SO _