Geo-Thermal Heat Pump - Application Aspects in India

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Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
Geo-Thermal Heat Pump Application Aspects

in India
SouravPandit 1,Dr. A Kundu2
Mechanical Engineering Department
Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College
Jalpaiguri 735102,India
1
sourav.mechanic@gmail.com
2
arijit.kundu@me.jgec.ac.in
Abstract: Geo-Thermal Heat Pump or Ground space conditioning purpose and also help India to
reduce GHGs emission and leave a mark over global
Source Heat Pump or Ground Coupled Heat Pump is
warming effects. This study deals with the review of
utilize a heat pump for Space Conditioning purpose by
GSHP and explorer the opportunity of its application
using the high enthalpy ground energy (use ground as
in India with its benefit.
heat sink in summer season or as heat source in winter
season). They use earth as a heat exchange medium Keywords: Geothermal Energy, Heat Pump,
which can use source and sink vice versa. They Sustainability, Space conditioning; Indian Space
convey heat from the ground to the evaporator of the Conditioning, Ground: Heating; Cooling
heat pump in heating mode and they can also extract
heat from room or space to the ground heat exchanger
(GHE) in cooling mode. More than two decades of
research work make GSHP a well-recognized concept 1. INTRODUCTION
for space conditioning, for its contribution on
sustainable development on energy crisis and Rising energy demand and enormous increasing global
mitigation of environmental energy degradation. Huge warming with increasing greenhouse gas in our
energy consumption of India as a developing country environment, pushes us to find other energy resources
make him as one of biggest energy importer and also a over non-renewable energy sources. In now a day, our
top ranked producer of greenhouse gases (GHGs)in trend become, a shifting towards energy efficient
the world. For sustainable growth of GDP in any renewable energy sources as compared to conventional
country needs an uninterrupted supply of energy. The energy sources with reducing GHGs emission. The use
geographical position of India is responsible for its hot of geothermal heat pump for space cooling and heating
climate condition. So there are huge usage of space purpose can reduce conventional energy consumption
conditioning systems in domestic, commercial and in with reducing GHGs emission to the environment. As
industrial sector. In India, all space heating and a developing country India consume huge energy
cooling is done with fossil fuels and air to air heat resources for maintain its GDP and its steady growth.
pumps, huge amount of energy is used for space As a primary energy consumer India is after China and
conditioning purpose. There are huge potential of USA [1]. The electricity generation in India 70%
GSHP application in India to reduce its energy dependent on fossil fuel. India is mainly dependent on
dependency over conventional energy sources for import fossil fuel to meet its fossil fuel demand [1].
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India also is in the top list of GHGs emitted country Geothermal energy resources are considered as
[2]. Due to the geographical position India has a warm renewable and green [9]; however there are very few
climatic condition [3], for which there are extensive ecological encroachments those are affected our
use of space conditioning systems and huge environment [10], but for the long run or by applying
requirement of energy for this purpose. There some extra arrangements can reduce these effects.
geothermal heat pumps come as a solution of reducing These make the use of geothermal energy very popular
energy usage for space conditioning and mitigation of now a days. Some gasses are discharged during the
environment degradation. A GCHPs extract heat from process of drilling or hot water extraction in geo
earth (utilize as heat source) in winter season and thermal power plant, ex: CO2, SO2, N2O, H2S etc.
utilize as a heat sink in summer season as the But these can be easily converted in their elemental
temperature below the earth surface or ground remains form, like H2S regularly processed at geothermal
nearly same throughout the year [4]. The large amount power plants and converted to elemental sulfur, which
of radiated energy absorbed by earth and damped or doesnt affect environment [11]. The noise is produced
restrained by the earth mass [5]. In the cooling mode a commonly at a power plant or direct-use site during
GCHP extract heat from the system or space and the well drilling process. Mostly noise comes only at
convey it to the ground heat exchanger (GHEs) and is the very first time only. The other sound comes from
taken out to the earth. In heating mode heat is cooling fan and turbine section, which is not affect
extracted from ground and send it to the evaporator of environment. Geothermal plant utilize 20 liters of
heat pump. Generally earth is more thermally stable fresh water for per MWh energy production in
heat exchange medium with high heat carrying comparison generally a conventional coal plant takes
capacity than air, which is almost inexhaustible and 1,370 liters per MWh production; about 15% less is
easy available throughout the world. Many countries used in oil plant and about 25% more than coal plant is
utilize geothermal energy resources, but those at low required by a nuclear power plant
temperature those are frequently used in winter (www.cleanenergy.org). So huge savings of fresh
heating [6, 7]. In many countries GCHPs are used to usable water can be achieved by geothermal plant.
cool the room temperature and reject heat in the There are also huge land area saving can be achieved.
ground. The use of earth energy reduces the use of Increasing population density there are huge demand
fossil fuel and reduce of degradation of air quality. of environmental resources. So we need to use all
However ground source water is typically available at these resource in optimize way. In same way reducing
35-50 C directly, it is difficult to extract or utilize conventional practice for space conditioning can also
[6]. But in many developing countries GCHPs used reduce the environment pollution and starts the
frequently to solve environmental pollution problem optimize use of energy. An analysis modeling results
and reduce the use of energy. As ground can exchange [12] to estimate the total equivalent warming impact
heat more efficiently then air so GCHPs run efficiently (TEWI) of GCHPs in residential, commercial and
and reduce the energy usage. As a developing country, institutional buildings can achieve reduction of CO2
India is always a power hungry nation to maintain its emission from 15% to 77%.
growth [8] and also a top producer of CO2 gas [2]. So
it will be very much popular of using GCHPs for India is the fastest growing developing country in
space conditioning in place of conventional space present day and 2nd populated country of the world
conditioning systems. next to china [13]. It is hold 17.86% of total world
population. 32.8% of these population of India lives is
2. Ecological Concerns in urban area. To maintain its development rate every
country needs continuous supply of energy and to
secure its growth and future generation it have to find


some sustainable energy supply. As a developing Source: U.S. Energy Information
country India is in top position in GHGs emission. It is Administration, International Energy Statistics
in top 4 position in GHGs emitted country [2]. As
effect of this environment pollution there are many India is the fourth largest energy consumer in the
effects have already be seen. Due to geographical world in 2011 [15] after China, US and Russia. The
position Indian climate varies widely, most of its continuous rising energy demand for its dynamic
places are warm and many places are found cold in economic growth and socio economic development
winter time [14]. So for better comfort there are huge with modernization, makes India worlds one of the
application of space conditioning in residential, largest economy on a purchasing power parity basis
commercial and industrial purpose. Every year huge according to World Bank data [15]. There are huge
amount GHGs are emitted and also huge energy increasing urbanization and life standard change in the
requirement, which mainly comes from fossil fuel lifestyle of countrys citizen make them more
burning. Increasing the use of GCHPs can decrease the dependent over energy. There are also increasing
energy requirement and emission of GHGs. It can help
to increase air quality in India, which can also take an
effective part to improve the worlds environment.
3. Energy & Sustainability

India is still developing and to maintain its growth
there should be a continuous supply of energy. In
India the energy demand is mainly fulfill by the fossil usage of space conditioner in residential, industrial,
fuel burning. Though it has significant domestic fossil and commercial areas. People use conventional space
fuel resources it mainly depends on fossil fuel import, conditioning system and there are huge energy
38% import rise in 2012 [15]. requirement for this purpose. The increasing use of air
conditioning system also rise emission of HFCs which
is the main reason of global warming. Conventional
space conditioning system extract heat in atmosphere
by exchanging heat with the air by forced convection
method. In case Ground Coupled Heat Pump systems
here heat pump extract heat from the room and convey
it to the ground heat exchanger (GHE). In ground heat
is exchanged by direct exchange of heatdue to
temperature difference. There are high fluctuation in
atmospheric air due to cyclic change in temp. Though
the temperature below 1-2m of earth surface is almost
steady and same throughout the year [11]. So using
GCHPs can decrease energy use due to its high energy


efficiency with decreasing GHGs emission. In India Table 1. Top fifteen countries on direct use [19]
due to its geographical scenario there are huge variety Here China occupies the top position of the list of
of climate changes in different location. Using GCHPs direct user of geothermal energy. Some 14% of these
can surely meet its space conditioning requirement direct use energy is utilized for space heating and
efficiently and reduce its energy usage with decreasing cooling purpose in China. The no of geothermal
HFC emission. Ground source heat pump can help its energy user countries has more than double since
sustainable development. 1975, increasing from 10 in 1975 to 24 in 2004 [18].
The contribution of geothermal energy supply is 7.1%
4. Present Scenario: India and in total renewable energy supply in the earth. Many
countries already make many rules and policies to give
the world
In the international energy tables, geothermal energy is
categorized among the new renewable though it is
used since dawn of civilization in various way [16].
Using geothermal steam first commercially electricity
produced in 1913 and the utilization is increased
rapidly in last two decades in the form of both
electricity generation and direct use. Especially direct
use of geothermal energy increased 45% in all over the enthusiasm for increasing the use of geothermal
world from 1999 to 2004. Still now very little fraction energy.
of potential of geothermal energy is discovered, so
there are plenty of space to discover the potential of India has good potential for geothermal energy and
these energy [17]. Electricity produced from there are potential of 10,600 MW of power extraction.
geothermal energy is in 24 countries [18] and among But yet any geothermal project has not been started
top 15 countries there are 10 developing nation [11]. [18]. But due to increasing environmental degradation
Geothermal energy used directly in 78 countries till now India shifting its focus to clean and eco-friendly
2010 [18] and among top 15 countries, who are direct energy sources and geothermal could be very strong
user of geothermal energy, there are 6 developing contender. Total primary energy used in India is 775
nations [Table 1]. Mtoe in 2013 [fig 2] [20].


Fig 2
Total installed Power generation Capacity (end of
January 2017) [20] heating/cooling. Though these energy is available
In India there are huge energy requirement which

comes mainly from fossil fuel burning. The fossil fuel
burning is the main source of CO2 emission. India is
in no 4th position in top 20 CO2 emitted countries [21].
Here below is the list of 20 countries according to
CO2 emission (data are foe 2011) [Table-2].
Table 2. List of top 20 countries according to CO2

emission [2]
from the very first, but the main growth in the direct
Though India has a good carbon credit score [22], use of GSHP is found only in last decade. Due to the
India produce huge amount of CO2 gas which trigger ability to use ground energy anywhere in the earth
the Global warming. So as a responsible country, India virtually to meet any load, it is now in main attraction
has to find how to reduce energy use and efficiently for utilization of renewable source in space
use of these nonrenewable energy sources, which help conditioning purpose. Though GSHPs are used in
to reduce degradation of environment. The many countries but in India it is very much neglected.
geographical position of India place it in tropical Now government realize and started various R&D to
region, which surrounded by Himalayan mountain explorer the potential and its commercial viability
range in north and by Indian Oscan in west, east and [24]. Ambient temperature in India varies from -10
south [23]. There are a desert region and also a C to 50 C depending on the location, but earth
location which is extremely cold in throughout the temperature remains same throughout the year which
year. So there are huge requirement of energy for generally lies between 16-24 C, which is roughly
space conditioning and if some portion of it comes equal to the mean air temperature [24]. GCHPs uses
from geothermal energy source there can be a huge the earth as a heat source in winter season or cold
energy savings. Also GSHPs can reduce CFC climate zone and utilize earth as a heat sink in summer
emission and improve air quality. season or hot climate zone. COP of HVAC system
effected due to change in temperature, whereas the
5. Ground coupled Heat pump

applications and type
There are two major types of geothermal energy
utilization. Electricity production and direct use. From
the dawn of civilization this low enthalpy energy is
used various way. They are mainly bathing and
washing, horticulture, aquaculture and space
constant temperature in earth maximize COP or EER

of GCHP system. EER or COP decrease with increase
in ambient temperature in conventional space


conditioning system. Still many research work In case of GCHP condenser is replaced by GHE which
continues to evaluate the performance and commercial grounded under 2-6 meter depth and in case of
viability in Indian climatic region and government also SWHPs condenser id submerged in nearby surface
now start encourage their people or stake holder for water and exchange heat with it (its initial cost is low
deployment Geothermal Heat Pump in India due to its due to non-requirement of digging). Surface water is
high energy competence and ecological affability. excellent thermal reservoir if it is used suitably. There
can be two types of GCHPs depending upon GHEs,
The GCHPs incorporate mainly 3 methods to horizontal GCHP and Vertical GCHP. Vertical GCHP
exchange heat with ground, they use ground, ground- consumes less ground space and can achieve higher
water or surface water as energy reservoir. GCHP COP or EER in comparison of horizontal GCHP. In
systems are categorized by American Society of case of GEHPs there are a refrigerant cycle which
Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers exchange heat with ground water extracted from
extraction well and reject through rejection well. A
schematic diagram of a GWHP is given below (fig: 4).
The major advantages of GWHP are:
Establishment investments are low in

compare to other GSHP
Wells with trenches o big surfaces are
not needed
Deep boring of rejection well is not
necessary.
Fig: 4 Schematic diagram of a GWHP

(ASHRAE) [25]: (a) Surface water heat pump
(SWHP), (b) Ground water heat pump (GWHP) and 7. Application and future
(c) Ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems (fig:
3) development
The geothermal cooling or heating can be effective in
Surface water heat pump (SWHP)
Fig: 3
6. Description
The GSHP systems are basically 2 types. (1) closed-
loop heat pump and (2) open-loop heat pump. GCHPs
and SWHP are example of close-loop system and
GWHPs are open loop system. In case of close loop
system working fluid convey heat from evaporator,
which is extracted from room, to condenser and
reject it to the earth and again goes to evaporator (in
cooling mode) [11].
all kind of climate zones [11]. GCHP use ground as


heat source (in heating mode) and heat sink (in cooling season. GSHP system can be used there to defrost the
mode) to meet any lode in any location virtually. For land and ready for utilization [16].
space heating and cooling purpose there huge
requirement of energy in every country. In developing
country there are huge requirement of continuous
energy supply for its sustainable development. Due to CONCLUSION
its geographical location there are various climate
condition in India, but due to in tropical zone the Geothermal energy is one of renewable energy
weather condition is mainly warm weather. There are sources, employed in many parts of the world for
also some area where cold freeze condition also be many years. Many developing country is utilize
found. GCHPs are used as space conditioner and also geothermal energy as it is easy available and
it can supply hot water without any fossil fuel burning. inexhaustible. It can also reduce dependency over
It also be used to defreeze the land area in many fossil fuel and reduce environment pollution
country. In commercial, residential, and office degradation. These energy can utilize in two ways; (1)
building GCHP can be used and it will help to electricity production and (2) direct use. India is a
minimize the energy bill and also mitigate developing country, it has a huge requirement of
environment pollution degradation. By using of GCHP energy supply, which is mainly dependent on fossil
we can also use this heat in process. fuel burning. So it faces the consequences of
environmental degradation and like other country it
In extreme cold climatic zone GCHPs are used with a already focused on the renewable energy utilization.
solar heat collector attachment [11] to meet excess the Though it has huge reserve of geothermal resources;
heat requirement. This full system is called Hybrid still now the implementation of utilization of these
GCHP with solar collector. In extreme hot climatic ground energy in its research stage. As India is in
zone due to heat depletion in GHEs can reduce the tropical region, there are mainly warm climatic zone
efficiency of GCHP system [11]. But the GCHP with and for better comfort there are huge requirement of
cooling tower attachment can reduce the thermal the use of space conditioning systems. The use of
depletion in the ground and also maintain the GSHPs can minimize its dependency over
efficiency or COP or EER of the system in highly conventional energy resources and also decrease the
warm region. emission of GHGs. The GSHPs can achieve more
COP or EER than conventional ACHPs and reduce the
Fig: 5 Schematic of HGCHP systems [11] energy consumption for space conditioning of the
country. All stake holders like HVAC Contractors &
The components of GCHPs (pump and compressor)
suppliers, Food Processing Units and Manufacturers,
liberate heat which can be used to preheat and also it
Builders & contractors, Cold Storage, Hotel or
can be utilize in the process which will increase the
Restaurant owners, Industry owners, Social Institutes,
performance (auxiliary cooling) [11]. GSHPs are also
Schools owners can enjoying the benefits of GCHP by
be used for defrosting of ground in many country. In
very little changes or up-gradations in their current
India there are huge variety of climatic zone and there
space conditioning systems and also they can take part
are some places where ground is frost in winter
in countries sustainable energy development and
improvement of environment for their future
generations.
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