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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 FLUID POWER P&IDs
Valves
Valves are the most complicated symbols in fluid power systems. Valves provide the control that
is required to ensure that the motive media is routed to the correct point when needed. Fluid

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power system diagrams require much more complex valve symbology than standard P&IDs due
to the complicated valving used in fluid power systems. In a typical P&ID, a valve opens, closes,
or throttles the process fluid, but is rarely required to route the process fluid in any complex
manner (three- and four-way valves being the common exceptions). In fluid power systems it
is common for a valve to have three to eight pipes attached to the valve body, with the valve
being capable
input and of flowpaths.
output routing the fluid, or several separate fluids, in any number of combinations of
The symbols used to represent fluid power valves must contain much more information than the
standard P&ID valve symbology. To meet this need, the valve symbology shown in the
following figures was developed for fluid power P&IDs. Figure 24, a cutaway view, provides
an example of the internal complexity of a simple fluid power type valve. Figure 24 illustrates
a four-way/three-position valve and how it operates to vary the flow of the fluid. Note that in
Figure 24 the operator of the valve is not identified, but like a standard process fluid valve the
valve could be operated by a diaphragm, motor, hydraulic, solenoid, or manual operator. Fluid
power valves, when electrically operated by a solenoid, are drawn in the de-energized position.
Energizing the solenoid will cause the valve to shift to the other port. If the valve is operated
by other than a solenoid or is a multiport valve, the information necessary to determine how the
valve operates will be provided on each drawing or on its accompanying legend print.
Figure 24 Valve Operation
Rev. 0 Page 27 PR-02
FLUID POWER P&IDs DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
Refer to Figure 25 to see how the valve in Figure 24 is transformed into a usable symbol.

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Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development
PR-02 Page 28 Rev. 0
Figure 26 shows symbols for the various valve types used in fluid power systems.

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Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols
FLUID POWER P&IDs DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints
Reading Fluid Power Diagra ms

Using the symbology previously
discussed, a fluid power diagram can
now be read. But before reading some
complex examples, let's look at a
simple hydraulic system and convert it
into a fluid power diagram.
Using the drawing in Figure 27, the

left portion of Figure 28 lists each part
and its fluid power symbol. The right
side of Figure 28 shows the fluid
power diagram that represents the
drawing in Figure 27.
Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System

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Figure 28 Line Diagram of Simple Hydraulic Power System
PR-02 Page 30 Rev. 0
With an understanding of the principles involved in reading fluid power diagram, any diagram
can be interpreted. Figure 29 shows the kind of diagram that is likely to be encountered in the
engineering field. To read this diagram, a step-by-step interpretation of what is happening in the
system will be presented.

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Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram
The first step is to get an overall view of what is happening. The arrows between A and B in
the lower right-hand corner of the figure indicate that the system is designed to press or clamp
some type of part between two sections of the machine. Hydraulic systems are often used in
press work or other applications where the work piece must be held in place.

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