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B9 Fertilisers are soluble salts containing one or more of the essential elements required for plant
growth.
(a) Ammonium
and [1]
[1]
(e) State the names of two ions in the table which move to the cathode when seawater is
electrolysed.
and [2]
(f) When concentrated seawater is electrolysed, chlorine is formed at one of the electrodes.
[1]
(ii) Draw the electronic structure of a chlorine molecule. Show only the outer electrons.
[2]
(g) Drinking water can be obtained by purifying seawater.
Explain why distillation rather than filtration is used to purify seawater for drinking.
5 Pure dry crystals of magnesium sulphate can be made by reacting excess magnesium powder with
dilute sulphuric acid.
(a) During the reaction, bubbles of a colourless gas are given off.
State the name of this gas.
[1]
[1]
(ii) How is the excess magnesium removed from the reaction mixture?
[1]
(c) Describe how you can obtain pure dry crystals of magnesium sulphate from a solution of
magnesium sulphate.
[2]
(d) (i) Describe one other reaction that makes magnesium sulphate.
[1]
chloride can be prepared by the reaction between aqueous ammonia and hydrochloric acid.
(b) State suitable reagents and outline the experimental procedure by which a pure sample of the
fertiliser potassium chloride could be prepared in the laboratory. [4]
(c) Potassium sulphate can be prepared by the reaction between dilute sulphuric acid and
potassium carbonate.
Calculate the mass of potassium sulphate that can be prepared from 3.45 g of potassium
carbonate. [3]
(d) Give electronic structures, including the charges, of the ions present in potassium chloride. [2]
bromide Br 0.07
calcium Ca
2+ 0.4
chloride Cl 19.1
magnesium Mg
2+ 1.2
potassium K
+ 0.3
+
sodium Na 10.6
SO 2
4 0.8
[1]
[1]
(c) Which two ions in the table are formed from Group I elements?
(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction you suggested in part (d)(i).
[1]
(iii) Magnesium sulphate can be used as a medicine. Explain why the chemicals used in
medicines need to be as pure as possible.
[1]
water
copper(II) sulphate
after 1 hour after 48 hours
crystal
(a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations. the
spot
whe
e
the
solu
ion
con
aini
ng
cop
[2] er
ions
is
plac
(b) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in the copper(II)
ed.
sulphate crystal. arrangement
motion
[2]
(c) Copper ions can be separated from other metal ions by paper
chromatography. Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus for paper
chromatography.
the solvent,
[2]
copper(II) sulphate
solution
(i) Choose a word from the list below which describes the pure copper foil.
Put a ring around the correct answer.
anion anode cathode cation electrolyte [1]
[Total: 9]
ammonium sulfate
and sodium hydroxide
heat gently
(a
Name one other gas which relights a glowing splint.
[1]
[1]
[Total: 10]
3 Read the foIIowing instructions for the preparation of hydrated nickeI(II) suIphate
(NiS04.7H20), then answer the questions which foIIow.
3
1 Put 25 cm of diIute suIphuric acid in a beaker. T
2 Heat the suIphuric acid untiI it is just boiIing then add a smaII amount of nickeI(II) h
carbonate.
e
3 When the nickeI(II) carbonate has dissoIved, stop heating, then add a IittIe more nickeI
carbonate. Continue in this way untiI nickeI(II) carbonate is in excess.
5 Make the hydrated nickeI(II) suIphate crystaIs from the nickeI(II) suIphate soIution. q
uation for the reaction is
[1]
[1]
[1]
[3]
(e) After fiItration, which one of the foIIowing describes the nickeI(II) suIphate in the beaker?
(f) ExpIain how you wouId obtain pure dry crystaIs of hydrated nickeI(II) suIphate from the
soIution of nickeI(II) suIphate.
[2]
(g) When hydrated nickeI(II) suIphate is heated gentIy in a test tube, it changes coIour
from green to white.
NiS04.7H20(s) NiS04(s) +
[1]
[1]
[1]
(c) Complete the word equation for the reaction of ammonium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid.
[1]
(ii) Explain why ammonium nitrate is a better fertiliser than ammonium chloride.
..
[1]
[1]
[1]
(iii) How can you obtain a sampIe of green nickeI(II) suIphate starting with white
nickeI(II) suIphate?
[1]
tests observations
tests on solid T
white solid
(a) Appearance of solid T.
(b) A little of solid T was dissolved
in distilled water. The solution
was divided into three test-
tubes.
colour orange
(i) The pH of the first portion of
the solution was tested. pH 5
[2]
(iii) To the third portion of
solution was added excess
ammonia solution.
[2]
tests observations
tests on solid V
[2]
[2]
[Total: 8]
5 Insoluble salts are made by precipitation.
solution
precipitate of
the phosphate
height of
of metal T
precipitate
The experiment was repeated using different volumes of the phosphate solution. The
results are shown on the following graph.
16
12
height of
precipitate 8
/ mm
4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
volume of phosphate solution / cm3
What is the formula of the phosphate of metal T? Give your reasoning.
[3]
[Total: 8]
2 The salt copper(II) sulphate can be prepared by reacting copper(II) oxide with sulphuric acid.
Complete the list of instructions for making copper(II) sulphate using six of the words below.
Instructions
(a) Most metal nitrates decompose when heated to form the metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide
and oxygen.
(ii) Potassium nitrate does not form nitrogen dioxide on heating. Write the word
equation for its decomposition.
3
30 cm of aqueous sodium fluoride is added. The concentration of both solutions is
1.00 mol / dm . The mixture is filtered and the precipitate washed with distilled water.
Finally, the precipitate is heated in an oven.
[1]
[1]
(b) When nitrogen dioxide is cooled, it forms a yellow liquid and then pale yellow crystals.
These crystals are heated and the temperature is measured every minute. The
following graph can be drawn.
temperature
B yellow liquid
C
.
..........
pale yellow crystals ..........
A
..........
..........
..........
time ..........
..........
..........
(i) Describe the arrangement and movement of the molecules in the region AB. ..........
..........
.................................................................................................................................. .
(ii) Name the change that occurs in the region BC
...............................................................................................................................[4] (i
)
(c) Nitrogen dioxide and other oxides of nitrogen are formed in car engines.
Explain how these oxides are formed.
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...............................................................................................................................[4]
1 This question is about the chemistry of chlorine and some of its compounds.
(a) Describe, with the aid of an ionic equation, the reaction of chlorine with aqueous
potassiumbromide. Explain why this reaction involves the reduction of chlorine.
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......................................................................................................................................[3]
[2]
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(d) State one environmental problem associated with the molecule C2F3Cl 3.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10]
3 There are three methods of preparing salts.
Method C add an excess of base or a metal to a dilute acid and remove the excess by
filtration.
[Total: 10]
Questions
1. a) Give an example of a hydrated salt, including the formula. [2]
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b) Draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus you would use to see whether water is loss on heating this
salt. [4]
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2. a) Draw and label the apparatus you would use for a titration. [6]
b) how accurately can you measure volumes with this apparatus? [2]
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3. a) Describe how you would prepare the insoluble salt barium sulphate form soluble salts. [5]
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method reagent
(ii) the soluble salt, potassium chloride, from the soluble base, potassium hydroxide
method reagent
(iii) the insoluble salt, lead(II) iodide, from the soluble salt, lead(II) nitrate
method reagent
2+
equation Pb + [4]
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c) Write word and balanced symbol equations for the reaction. [2]
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4. a) Draw particle diagrams to explain the making of insoluble salts by precipitation. [4]
b) How could you recover the spectator ions from a precipitation reaction? [3]
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c) Give two examples of salts that can be prepared by this method and write word equations for each
reaction. [2]
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5. Sort the following compounds into two lists those which are soluble in water, and those which are
insoluble.
Sodium chloride, lead (ii) sulphate, xinc nitrate, calcium carbonate, iron(III) sulphate, lead(II) chloride,
Potassium ulphate, copper(II) carbonate, silver chloride, aluminum nitrate, barium sulphate,
Ammonium chloride, magnesium nitrate, calcium sulphate, sodium phosphate, nickel(II) carbonate,
chlomium(III) hydroxide, potassium dichromate(VI) [8]
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9. a) Describe in detail the preparation of pure dry sample of copper(II) sulphate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O
Starting from copper(II) oxide. [6]
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b) Write full equations for i) the reaction producing copper(II) sulphate solution, ii) the crystallization
reaction. [4]
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10. a) Read the following description of method for making sodium sulphate crystals, Na2SO4.10H2O, and
then explain the reason for each of the underlined phrases or sentences.
25.0 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution was transferred to a conical flask using a pipette, and a few
drops of methyl orange were added. Dilute sulphuric acid was run in from a burette until the solution
became orange. The volume of acid added was noted. That same volume of dilute sulphuric acid was
added to a fresh clean flask, but without he methyl orange. The mixture was evaporated until a sample
taken on the end of a glass rod crystallisaed on cooling in the air. The solution was left to cool. The
crystals formed were separated from the remaining solution and dried.
b) Write equations for i) the reaction producing sodium sulphate solution, ii) the crystallization reaction.
[6]
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