OLGA GLADYS ZURITA REYES

Have got = tener = to have.

Used to british english Used in present tense to indicate property

Present continuous / Progressive

Have I/ You/ We/ They EG:
To express the idea that something is happening
+ I have now,
got aatcar
this/ Ive
very moment or in the moment when you are
got a car.
talking. - I have not got a car/ I havent got a car.
ING ? Have you got a car? Yes, Formula
I have./ No I havent.

Has andoHe/ She/endo

It EG: Subject (+) to be (+) verb ing (+) complement.
+Mary (she)
+ Peter has+ isgot
+ swimming + on the ocean.
many friends.
EG: Corriendo (spanish) - Peter has not got many friends.
Running (english) - Daniel
? Hasisnt running
Peter in thefriends?
got many park. Yes, hes got a lot.
Stopping (english)
Have got (+)To be (+) subject
infinitive (+) verbaction
= urgent/ ing (+) complement ?
(tener que = to have to) If something is an obligation.
? Are you working on any special projects at work?
Have to (+) infinitive Has to
I
You Rules He
We Do Does Sh
The
If the verb
y ends in e you have to drop e and add ing. e It
EG: love loving
EG:
write writing
I ve got to get up early tomorrow because I have my exam at 7:00 am.
They ve got to study very hard for their TOEFL exam.
If the verb ends in vowel + consonants and Its one silable you have to add double the last consonant and
ing.
EG: swim- swimming
sit- sitting

If the verb ends in ie you have to change for y and then add ing.

EG: Die- Dying

Tie- Tying
OLGA GLADYS ZURITA REYES

Past continuous (I was doing)

I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time, but
had not finished:

EG:

This time last year I was living in Brazil. What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? I waved to Helen, but she wasn't looking.

Past continuous (in the middle of an action) Past simple (complete action)

I was walking home when Imet Dan. I walked home after the party last night.

(in the middle of walking home) ( = all the way, completely)

Kate was watching TV when we arrived. Kate watched television a lot when she was ill last year.

We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:

Matt phoned while we were having dinner.

lt was raining when Igot up.

I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.

I hurt my back while Iwas working in the garden.

But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:

I was walking along the road when Isaw Dan. So Istopped, and we had a chat.
 OLGA GLADYS ZURITA REYES Parallel verbs
When speaking and writing in English, we sometimes use more than one verb to describe what is happening.
EG:
Thomas speaks and studies English.

The important thing to remember is, when the subject does two or more things, the verbs use the same tense.
EG:
Thomas spoke and studied English. Using nouns as adjetives
Thomas will speak and (will) study English.
Thomas A
cannoun
speakis and
a person,
(can) place
studyorEnglish.
thing, and an adjective is a word that describes a noun. When a noun is used as an adjetive, it is singular in form, not
Thomas plural.
is speaking and (is) studying English.
adjective
noun

ever
teacher
small
office
black
horse

The "noun as adjective" always comes first

EG:
The program is on televisin. Its a televisin program.

The "noun as adjective" is singular.

Just like a real adjective, the "noun as adjective" is invariable. It is usually in the singular form.
Right Wrong
boat race boat races NOT boats race, boats races
toothbrush toothbrushes NOT
Exceptions: When we use certain nouns teethbrush,
"as teethbrushes
adjectives" (clothes, sports, customs, accounts, arms), we use them in the plural form:
shoe-lace shoe-laces
clothes shop, clothes shops NOT shoes-lace, shoes-laces
cigarette packet
sports club, sports cigarette
clubs packets NOT cigarettes packet, cigarettes packets
customs duty, customs duties
accounts department, accounts departments.
OLGA GLADYS ZURITA REYES

Question tags (do you? isnt it? etc.)

We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English.
They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment and so keep the conversation open.
Making a tag is very mechanical: To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does or did.

With a positive sentence, make a negative It's beautiful, isn't it? Remember
tag You can, can't you?
It must be, mustn't it? The meaning of a question tag depends on how
You know him, dont you? you say it.
He finished it, didn't he?
He will come, won't he? If your voice goes down, you are not really
With a negative sentence, make a positive It isn't very good, is it? asking a question; you are only inviting the
tag. It hasn't rained, has it? listener to agree with you.
It can't be, can it?
But if the voice goes up, its a real question.
Jenny doesn't know James, does she?
They didn't leave, did they?
He wont do it, will he?
OLGA GLADYS ZURITA REYES

A friend of mine/ my own/ on my own/ by myself.

We say '(a friend) of mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs'. A friend of mine= one of my friends:

EG: I'm going to a wedding on Saturday. A friend of mine is getting married. (not a friend of me)

We went on holiday with some friends of ours. (not some friends of us)

It was a good idea of yours to go to the cinema.

In the same way we say '(a friend) of my sister's

EG: That woman over there is a friend of my sister's.

My own ... I your own ... etc.

We use my/your/his/her/its/our/their before own:my own house your own car her own room (not an own house, an own car etc.)

(=one of my sister's friends)

My own ... I your own .. . etc.= something that is only mine/yours, not shared or borrowed: U I don't want to share a room with anybody. I
want my own room.

We also use own to say that we do something ourselves instead of somebody else doing it for us.

EG: Brian usually cuts his own hair. (=he cuts it himself; he doesn't go to a barber)

On my own I by myselfOn my own and by myself both mean 'alone'.

EG: I like living on my own I by myself.

OLGA GLADYS ZURITA REYES

Used to (do)
Something used to happen = it happened often in the past, but no longer happens: I used to play tennis a lot, but I don't
play very much now.

We also use used to ... for things that were true, but are not true any more: This building is now a furniture shop. lt used
to be a cinema.

I used to do something' is past. There is no present. You cannot say 'I use to do'. To talk about the present, use the
present simple (1 do).

We used to Live in a small village, but now we Live in London.

There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.

The normal question form is did (you) use to ... ?: Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

The negative form is didn't use to .. . (used not to ... is also possible) I didn't use to like him. (or I used not to like him.)

Compare I used to do and I was doing:I used to watch TV a lot. (=I watched TV often in the past, but I no longer do this)

I was watching TV when Rob called. (= I was in the middle of watching TV)