Global Studies And World Languages Academy Forbes 1

The influence social media has on the

relationship between African Americans and
the Law Enforcement
How does social media affect one's bias towards African Americans and the Law Enforcement?

Maya N. Forbes

Global Connections

Mr. Falls

11/6/16
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 2

Table of Contents

Abstract3

Introduction..4

Limitations...5

Literary Review...6

History...8

The Civil Rights Movement9

Social Media..10

Modern America11

Retaliation..16

United Kingdom....17

Conclusion..18

References...20
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 3

Abstract

People grow up with different biases. Whether they were taught to have a bias against

something or it is their own that they have created. Many things can help trigger a bias that can

make you believe or think a certain way and in this day and age social media plays a big role in

the way people think.

From the beginning to the end of the Civil Rights Movement, one can see recurring

events and issues that current generations are facing. Police brutality in the 50s and 60s does

compare differently to the current issues that are happening now in America due to new laws,

regulations, and the easy access of social media. Project C, led by Dr. King, and the Berkeley

protest which led to tear gas and excessive violence by the Law Enforcement seem to have much

in common when looking at the retaliations on police brutality

From the televised Baton Rouge photograph of an innocent looking women facing

heavily armored, war ready police officers, to videos on Twitter of Law Enforcement using

aggressive force during peaceful demonstrations, social media shows importance to the current

issue. With it being readily available for anyone, many can see the currents events that are taking

place. More importantly, these videos and pictures were posted with a drive to promote a one

sided way of thinking.

Truly understanding these photographs and videos, looking into the cases and protests as

a whole, will help conclude a better understanding of the issue at hand. Although, without the

media there is no exposure and only the local areas would learn about these cases. Social media

continues to be a key factor present in the police brutality issue, nationally and globally.
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 4

Introduction

Social media has created a way for everyone to connect nationally and globally while

creating a network for self expression through pictures, videos, and opinionated comments. It has

become a part of our daily lives, influencing our thoughts and feelings towards different subjects

or even people.

Life in the 21st century is moving fast, causing people to create these networks as a way

to get information in the matter of just two seconds. Social media helps us to keep up with

everything. Whether it is when the next party is or even what Donald Trump said at his last rally.

Having internet access allows you to find any information you want, but social media is where

you can express your opinions on everything.

Whenever there is an opportunity for a picture or a video, many will take their

opportunity to capture and post it. We feed off of the reactions we get from the posts and that

drives us to give more. A hashtag is an easy way for people to categorize, find and join

conversations on a particular topic using a keyword or words( Hashtag Analytics, 2016). When

people post hashtags, that is an even faster way for someone to search and find what they are

looking for.

We see now that social issues are a big topic that people like to capture. It is uncensored

and emotional, grabbing people's attention. Most of the videos we see were made to get one side

of these issues causing us to overlook the other perspective. Social media videos of police

brutality against African Americans has caused an increased bias in their communities towards

the law enforcement and are exposing a problem that must be addressed because it is creating a

barrier to cooperation necessary for the police to do their job as they should. These videos can be
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 5

seen on a wide variety of networks such as Facebook, Youtube, Instagram, and Twitter, the four

most used social networking sites around the world.( Cit)

These police brutality videos are posted to show people the side of the law enforcement

you would normally not see on Cops. People post these videos to show that something is

wrong in our country and that we need to shine a light on the situation. As this issue continues to

grow across our country, so are the videos and the awareness towards this social issue.

Limitations

This research paper serves the purpose to shine a light on and inform readers of the police

brutality against African Americans and how social media plays a part on this issue.This paper

provides past and present examples of what the African American community has been through

and continues to go through while also presenting ways for this issue to be solved.

This paper was written by an African American female who has grown up learning and

participating in the culture of the black community. She has in depth knowledge of African

American history and their struggle through time. Although the researcher knows little

information about the law enforcement, the researcher was not raised to have a bias against the

law enforcement and attempts to present information with as little African American bias as

possible. Some of this paper is written with more bias towards the African American community

to show the contrasting perspective.

The researcher has social media networks that she uses to stay in touch with global or

national issues. Seeing videos that contain police brutality against the black community gives her

more knowledge about the perspectives of the black community. Having media at her fingertips,
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 6

she has been inspired to write this paper expressing the challenges that African Americans and

the Law enforcement face daily.

Although the writer has not personally seen these brutality allegations, she has been

informed by news channels and social networks. The writer has done research on how different

countries view the United States and their police brutality issue. For example, in England they

demonstrate the same way the United States does with its Black Lives Matter campaign.

England's perspective on the issue sparked an interest to the writer because of the similarities

between American culture and the culture in England.

This paper contains primary and secondary resources to present the most accurate and

strong research. Throughout this writing process, facts, interviews, and and dates from many

different networks provides the best research the writer could give to show the truth to her paper

and to the subject.

Literature Review

Introduction:

Over the course of the past decade, social media has advanced to fit our needs.

These social networks are now at our fingertips as well as any information we want to access

providing awareness to the social issues between African Americans and the law enforcement. I

have laid out my research so that it correlates with the different features social media contains

which provides an understanding of what social media provides for us.

The underlying problem:

Over the past two years there has been a noticeable negative increase on the

populations bias between the black community and the law enforcement. I have discovered the
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 7

statistics of this increase which lay out a general idea of how much this issue is rising and

comparing it social media, inquired if it is helping or hindering as well.

History of this issue

This tension between the black community and the law enforcement has always

been a consistent issue in history. I have found statistics and demonstrations of how the

relationship has stayed consistent through history.

Viral videos

There are many videos that went viral demonstrating the police brutality between

African Americans and the law enforcement. They demonstrate the cruelty that the black

community endures. I have researched if it is bias or fact and have presented the evidence to

provide knowledge.

Retaliation (Black lives matter)

Many people have taken a stand to this violence. This results in retaliation by

protest or riots. Many people also create movements that bring awareness to these issues. To get

the message out to more people, the organizers use social media to reach out and seek followers.

Some of the retaliation leads to violence towards the police which has caused many deaths

between the protestors and even the police.

How demographics affect communities viewpoints on law enforcement

Many people were born or grew up having a bias towards the law enforcement in

some parts of cities or towns. They are influenced by their peers and that is what they have been

taught. Through my research I have discovered the correlation between the demographics of

areas and the law enforcement.

The side we dont see

The effect social media has on biases Forbes 8

As we are viewing these videos in the media, they are only showing one side of the

situation at hand. What about what the police have to endure. We are also only seeing that law

enforcement is bad when there are some good police. There are examples like Officer Norman in

Arkansas where he demonstrates how he is making a difference in different communities. He

goes to communities where many are taught to hate the law enforcement and what Officer

Norman is trying to demonstrate is that the law enforcement is there to protect and make

everyone safe. I have personally been to his Instagram page and watched his videos as well as

doing research on who he is.

Body

History

The tension between African Americans and Law Enforcement has proven to be a

reoccurring issue in history. To fully understand what really took place, one must look deeper

into the meaning of the type of force Law Enforcement used on the African American people.

Described as instances of serious physical or psychological harm to civilians, police brutality

was the overlying problem in society. However, the use of excessive force to result in death

formed to be contemporary police brutality which, in contemporary America, was the preferred

form of social control (Police Brutality, 2016).

During this 17th and 18th century, many African Americans were killed at the hands of

Law Enforcement with unjust cause due to racial motivations and bias towards the African

American community. As a result of local officials not interested in this issue, the police were

able to avoid culpability when abusing the civil rights of African Americans (The Road to

Justice, 2016).
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 9

After the Emancipation Proclamation, racist violence reached its peak. From 1882-1910,

lynching was the major form of violence used against African Americans and between 1882 and

1930 approximately 3,000 blacks (mostly male) were lynched. After about 1930, race riots and

legal executions replaced lynching as means of social control.

In dealing with the contemporary brutality, police administrators have ignored or were

lenient in using internal department policies and procedures to punish officers who have

displayed a pattern of brutality and/or misconduct. Internal department policies were often weak

and internal investigations were generally conducted poorly (Police Brutality and Misconduct,

2016).

The Civil Rights Movement

Many are familiar with the Civil Rights Movement starting in 1954 to 1968, led by many

African American activists who wanted to take a stand against the violence that was occurring

during this time. Jim Crow laws back in the 50s and 60s made it hard for many Americans to

envision a legal system of equal opportunities and protection that extended to all Americans.

Jim Crow laws segregated African Americans to second class citizens for which rights

such as voting, education and housing rights were restricted. It also denied equal opportunity for

African Americans to have adequate government protection from the racial violence employed to

maintain a proper caste system as a status quo.

During this time African Americans wanted justice which resulted in the creation of

movements and demonstrating different forms of protest such as sit-ins, freedom rides, and

boycotts. These protests usually included acts of police brutality even when the people involved

were using non-violent or peaceful demonstrations.

The effect social media has on biases Forbes 10

Led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

(SCLC), Project C was a demonstration that was planned to challenge the system of

segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. The C, standing for confrontation, would be a strategy

of nonviolent direct action which was designed to confront segregation through peaceful

demonstrations, rallies, boycotts, and appeals to justice. The strategy was purposefully created to

anticipate reaction of Police Commissioner Bull Conner. The reason being, that the response

from Connor and the police would be to suppress the demonstrations, through means of violence,

so that the peaceful protest would attract national attention creating public sympathy for the

cause of desegregation..The response rained true where the police used police dogs and fire hoses

to disperse the demonstrators and Martin Luther King was arrested (Brutality and Misconduct,

2016).

Social Media

The use of social media has become more relevant in today's society. Todays audiences

expect to be able to choose what they read or see, and most believe they should be able to

contribute content and opinions too. This shift is presented as the social media revolution, which

to some Americans, is the death of journalism. Rather than a death, it is a birth of a democratic

movement that emphasizes some of journalisms key factors: transparency, honesty, and giving a

voice to the person who doesnt have one ( Al-Rawi, 2016).

By 2000, 100 million people had access to the internet which would make engaging in

social activity easier for anyone who wanted to engage. With the creation of Facebook in 2004

by Mark Zuckerberg, it set a bar for all other social media services. Facebook is the number one

social media website with over a billion users (Fowler, 2014)

The effect social media has on biases Forbes 11

As the internet advanced, in 2006, the popularity of text messaging or SMS inspired Jack

Dorsey, Biz Stone, Noah Glass and Evan Williams to create Twitter. This network allows users to

send tweets of 140 characters or less. Today, Twitter has over 500 million users who can now

post Tweets, which may contain photos, and videos ( The History, 2016).

In today's society, people want information as soon as possible. They use media

for the purpose of political, entertainment, business, academic, and social information (Abidin,

2016). Along with these sites, people use it to share what you think about certain articles,

photos, and videos (University, 2016).

Modern America

Social media is considered a provider for accessing the content related to issues of

police brutality towards the African American community. Over half of the U.S. adults, 56% to

be exact, now own a smartphone. 18 to 44 year olds who own smartphones, spend an excess of

two hours a day communicating with people via messaging or social media on their phones and

80% of this group check their phones within 15 minutes after waking up (University, 2016). With

how frequently Americans check their phones and different social media sources, they have

direct access to the videos labeled as and portrayed as police brutality on the African American

community.

The year 2012 may contradict the common belief of what led to the now modern issues of

police brutality against African Americans. Trayvon Martin, killed by George Zimmerman,

caused a lot of people to believe the killing to be racially motivated. Zimmerman reportedly

called 911 describing a suspicious person, was instructed not to get out of his car or approach

the person, and was reported killing the person, Trayvon Martin (Trayvon Martin, 2016). As a
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 12

result of social media, his death sparked national and global attention(The impact of Trayvon,

2014).

As some may believe Trayvon Martin's case led to what America is dealing with now,

there are many other cases that brought the issue to everyone's attention. With the deaths of

Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, and Eric Garner in 2014, America was becoming more disturbed

about what was happening during these cases.

Michael Brown's case led to protests and some violence 10 days after he was shot and
killed on August 9, 2014 by 28 year old Darren Wilson. The debate still remains if Brown had
his hands up or not. A grand jury said the officer who killed Brown should not face criminal
charges in the case that led to a nationwide discussion about the treatment of African Americans
by law enforcers (What happened, 2016). The protests that followed this case presented the issue
of Law Enforcement officers of being too quick to use lethal force against unarmed African
Americans.
Another case raised more awareness to the brutality issue in America when a 12 year old,
Tamir Rice was shot by Ohio police in a public park on November 22, 2014. Tamir was playing
with a BB gun when a man called police about the situation adding that it was probably fake.
Frank Garmback and Timothy Loehmann were accused of acting recklessly and failing to
provide first aid after shooting and killing Tamir. The grand jury cleared the fatal shooting after
the Rice family filed a lawsuit against them (Clevel, 2016).
On July 17, 2014 the famous I can't breath video came out providing details about how
Eric Garner was killed by Daniel Pantaleo. He was wrestled to the ground for selling loose
cigarettes and had several police officers hold him down while one, Pantaleo, used a banned
chokehold technique on Garner. This chokehold resulted in Garner saying I cant breath which
was adopted by protesters after Pantaleo was the only officer investigate and not charged (D.,
2014).
Although African American men make up only 6% of the U.S. population, they account
for 40% of the unarmed men shot to death by police this year. In the majority of cases in which
Law Enforcement shot and killed a person who had attacked someone with a weapon or
brandished a gun, the person who was shot was white. The situation however, was different for
an African American or Hispanic and presented a hugely disproportionate number 3 in 5 of
those killed after exhibiting less threatening behavior (Kindy,2016).
Compared to other Americans, young black men were nine times more likely than other

Americans to be killed by Law Enforcement officers in 2015. Also during this year, a total of

1,134 deaths of African Americans were at the hands of Law Enforcement officers this year.

Between the ages of 15 and 34, African American males comprised more than 15% of all deaths
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 13

logged this year by an ongoing investigation into the use of deadly force by police. Overall in

2015, African Americans were killed at twice the rate of white, Hispanic and Native Americans.

About 25% of the African Americans killed were unarmed, compared with 17% of white

people(Swaine, 2015).

Race remains an issue in any accounting of police shootings. Noted by Officer

Washington, former police officer at Tallwood High School, They have cases of these

shootings, and acts of violence, and what I find is bias. The news has a story they are selling,

they show where the cop is jumping on someone, they don't show where the cop walks up and

talks to them calmly, where the person doesn't follow directions, where there's confrontation and

they result in fighting. Whether you're African American, Caucasian, depending who you side

with or favor more, you almost want the information to support your outcome. If you want

African Americans to be a victim, you're going to watch more videos that shows them being

attacked. When asked if he thought some of the videos he has seen were racially motivated he

stated, Not race, bias, everybody has one and depending on who you identify closely with there

would a police officer who will treat an African American differently or a Caucasian

differently(Washington).

Another problem that goes along with the racial allegations, is the fact that many African

Americans want to point out that these incidents are being caught on camera, yet there is little to

no justice. The African American community believes that all of these cases have been caught on

camera and nothing is being done.

As found in the Political Lies about Police Brutality published on October 27, 2015, the

article touches upon how the evidence is right in front of our eyes and with the use of social

media, the truth is being spilled. It is showing us the truth behind police misconduct against
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 14

minorities, yet the law tends to find their way around the actual facts (Political Lies, 2015).

When Officer Washington was asked to explain further into what takes place after a police

officer shoots someone he informed, A lot of people do not know what takes place. Officers get

called to a place because of a situation, they get called and they do not have no intent. You need

intent for murder, so when the police react to a threat that they see and they get charged with

murder, they will get off every time. Their intent wasn't to kill the person, it was the reaction on

you aggression or the presentation of a weapon and the fear of the officer's life and someone else

could be injured (Washington).

Noted by Officer Washington about why it seems like the police do not get any type of

punishment for their actions, he states, It depends on every situation. This is why I like to be

objective and I want to know what's going on because a lot of times the officer is right. But they

don't show you, there was a time when an officer would beat, attack, or kill someone and nothing

would happen. Now what happens is they are put on trial, fired from their job or put on

suspension. Their lifestyle is changed, they can't get a job because as a cop you are one of the

most credible people and when you loose that you can't even get a job at Mcdonalds. They don't

have any credibility anymore, so now your whole life is altered and that's a punishment in itself.

If you break the law, you have to serve that criminally and you can be sued personally. They

never put that on the news, why, the story is over and it's not entertaining to know this cop got

arrested (Washington).

The way that the media has portrayed it to be, makes the majority of society look at this
issue as a brutal form of police misconduct. African Americans are upset with the confrontations
that have been happening, which has led many to believe that this problem is more than just
misconduct. Videos of law enforcement hurting and brutally handling African Americans, has
gone viral as well as the media pointing out how bad it has become. In exposing these incidents
of police brutality, it has caused stress among the African American community. With people
being entitled to their own opinions, they realize how racial discrimination can play a huge part
in the brutal actions towards African Americans. The media has brought out attention to this
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 15

problem in which people are seeing the worse come out of the Law Enforcement. With this being
a relevant issue, only a select few of these cases show that the suspects are either unrightfully
charged, or not charged at all causing conflicts between the African American community, law
enforcement, and the law itself (Police Brutality, 2016).
Retaliation
Despite the fact that many believe social networking has hindered this police brutality
issue, the media has been a major contribution to informing the public on the cases. News
networks such as CNN, BBC, ABC, and your local news, along with social networks such as
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. have brought cases to light. Showcasing the Eric Garner
incident, these news networks are trying to make people see the wrongdoings of the law.
Along with these networks showcasing these stories, it has created awareness to start
movements, bringing many people together (Police Brutality, 2016). Following the decisions
made by grand juries not to indict the police officers involved in the deaths of Michael Brown, a
black man shot by a white officer in Ferguson, Missouri, and Eric Garner, who died after a New
York officer put him in an apparent chokehold, people of America came to the streets for protest
(n.d, 2016). This was the recent Berkeley protests in California. After the decision was
announced, the St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney's Office released transcripts of the
proceedings, offering a rare glimpse into the closed-door hearing along with CNN broadcasting
interviews and a story about what happened (n.d, 2014).
Protests were not the only form of retaliation that has taken place. Black Lives Matter is a
chapter-based national organization working for the validity of Black life. They are working to
rebuild the Black liberation movement. BlackLivesMatter was created in 2012 after Trayvon
Martins murderer, George Zimmerman, was acquitted for his crime, and dead 17-year old
Trayvon was posthumously placed on trial for his own murder. Rooted in the experiences of
Black people in this country who actively resist our dehumanization, BlackLivesMatter is a call
to action and a response to the virulent anti-Black racism that permeates our society. The hashtag
#BlackLivesMatter became a popular way for many to connect with the organization and can be
found on almost all social medias sites (Police Brutality, 2016).
United Kingdom
America is not the only country reacting to this social issue found across this
country.Black Lives Matter protesters across the U.K. laid down in the road to obstruct traffic,
including motorways leading to main airports. The reaction from much of the media and general
public was one of bafflement and disdain. Many may have come to the conclusion of this is just
an American issue but as Britain has since discovered, the movement is bigger and broader than
many initially believed.
Clive Henry is a U.K. Black Lives Matter organizer based in Nottingham. When at the
scene of an August protest, he mentions that The mainstream media just doesnt cover [black
oppression] here the way it does in the U.S., he told Occupy.com.Theres this idea that Black
Lives Matter activists in the U.K. are just jumping on a bandwagon and campaigning about a
problem that doesnt exist, but it really does exist. Theres a lot of prejudiced treatment of black
youth, black workers, black people in custody in the U.K. If youre a black male and you walk
down the street in a hooded top, you are very likely to get targeted by the police, even if youre
The effect social media has on biases Forbes 16

just minding your own business," he added. "Its very difficult to live in Britain as a black person
on a daily basis. There have been over 1,500 cases of black deaths in police custody since 1990.
A film about these deaths, Injustice, was actually banned for a while. Not one of these deaths has
ever resulted in the arrest of a police officer or prison guard. He mentions that a case in 2011
when 29-year-old Mark Duggan was shot and killed by police in Londons Tottenham, became
high-profile. Also adding in that he killing prompted investigations into police misconduct and
sparked riots across London, which resulted in five deaths and large-scale looting and
arson( Focus to Britain, 2016).

Conclusion
Through peaceful protests to riots, Americans work together to create movements striving

for justice and to be heard not only through the nation but globally as well. With the Berkeley

protest being a more recent social movement and Project C being decades old, one can see that

these events are similar where law enforcement violence is concerned. When comparing the two,

one can see how this past and present issue is still relevant in today's society.

Through this paper the importance of social media has been stressed, with its growth

starting back when Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook and explaining how it has affected the

way people think and view different subjects. When reading the current examples in this paper,

one can see that social media was used to bring light to each situation.

All together, the issue of police brutality and the public wanting justice remains the

problem. When reflecting back to social media, looking at the pictures and videos that were

posted, bias is the root to which started it all.

The effect social media has on biases Forbes 17

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