Chemistry Project Report on Rate of Evaporation of

Different Liquids

Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids

Objective of the Project

This project is of the rate of evaporation of different liquid, in which we also
discuss the factors which affect the rate of liquid.

Introduction
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold
molecules together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into
gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of
liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction
of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces
and escapes into gaseous phase.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which
undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the
molecules which are left behind is less.

Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic energy.
Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same
distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept
one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open vessel
evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.
 Factors affecting the rate of evaporation
(1) Nature of Liquids : The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in
liquid determine the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of
attraction larger is the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is
greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

(2)Temperature:Therateofevaporationofliquidsvariesdirectlywith
temperature.Withtheincreaseinthetemperature,fractionofmoleculeshaving
sufficientkineticenergytoescapeoutfromthesurfacealsoincreases.Thuswith
theincreaseintemperaturerateofevaporationalsoincreases.

(3)SurfaceArea:Moleculesthatescapethesurfaceoftheliquidsconstitutethe
evaporation.Thereforelargersurfaceareacontributesacceleratingevaporation.

(4) Composition of Environment : The rate of evaporation of liquids depends

upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing
over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapour
state there by preventing condensation.

Experiment no. 1
Aim : To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Requirement:ThreesamesizePetridishesofdiameter10cm.,10ml.pipettes,
stopwatch,acetonebenzeneandchloroform.

Procedure :

1.CleananddryallPetridishesandidentifythemasA,BandC.

2.Pipetteoutof10ml.acetoneinPetridish"A"withstoppersimilarlypipetteout
of10ml.ofbenzeneandchloroformineachofPetri"B"and"C".

3.RemovethecoverplatesfromallPetridishesandstartthestopwatch.

4.LetthePetridishesremainexposedfor10minute.Nowcovereachofthepetri
dishandnotethevolumeofremainingmaterialinthem.
Observation:

Time:10min.=600Sec.

Volume
Petri dishes Liquid Taken Vol. Evap.
remaining (V2) Rate (V/T) ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. V=V1V2
ml.

A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133

B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116

C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

Results :

Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.

Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.

Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.

Conclusion :

The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.

Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

Experiment no. 2
Aim : To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethylether.
Requirement : Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm., 5 cm., 7.5 cm. with cover,
10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.

Procedure :

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethylether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and
cover them immediately.

3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from each
Petri dish.

Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Vol. Evaporated

Marked P.T.Ds. (ml.) (ml.) volume

A 2.5 10 4 6

B 5.0 10 2 8

C 7.5 10 0 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 >
2.5 cm.

Conclusion : Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

Experiment no. 3
Aim : To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement:TwoPetridishesof5cm.diametereachstopwatch,10ml.pipette,
thermometer,thermostat.

Procedure :

1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.

3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.

4. Note the reading.

Observation :

Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Volume Taken Evaporated

Time (Sec.) Temperature (0C)
Marked (ml.) volume (ml.)

A 10 30 10 10

B 20 40 10 10

Results:TheorderofevaporationofacetoneintwoPetridishesasgiven

RoomTemperature<Heating.

Conclusion:Observationclearlyshowsthattheevaporationincreaseswith
temperature.

Experiment no. 4
Aim : To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement:TwoPetridishesacetone.
Procedure :

1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.

2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.

3. Note the reading.

Observation :
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Petri dishes volume

Conditions Time (Sec.)
Marked Evaporated (ml.)

A With fan 40 10

B without fan 50 10

Results:TheorderofevaporationofacetoneintwoPetridishesasgiven

Withfan>WithoutFan..

Conclusion : The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the

increase in rate of flow of air current.

Reference: http://www.allprojectreports.com