IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid)

......
......
(c) The farmer adds calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, to ......
the soil. ......
......
Explain the purpose of using each compound. ......
......
.......................................................................................................................................... ......
......
.......................................................................................................................................... ......
......
..................................................................................................................................... [3] ......
......
(d) A reaction occurs between calcium hydroxide and ammonium sulphate. ......
......
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction. ......
......
......
Ca(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + + 2H2O
......
......
(ii) Explain why the farmer should not have added these two compounds to the soil at
......
the same time.
......
. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8 marks]
3 This table shows the soil pH ranges required by different crops for growth.

crop pH range
peanut 5.0 6.5
millet 6.0 6.5
sunflower 6.0 7.5
paprika 7.0 8.5
mango 5.5 6.0

(a) A farmer plants peanut and millet crops. Only the peanut crop grows well.
Predict the pH of the soil.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Which other crop is most likely to grow well in the same soil?
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid, mol calculations, Test and organic compounds)

5 The diagram shows a cross section of a soil.

decaying leaves

topsoil

subsoil

limestone

3
(a) A student took 10 g of topsoil and shook it with 200 cm of distilled water.

[1]
(iii) Which ion in the t a bl e w i l l release ammonia when h e a t e d with aqueous sodium
hydroxide and aluminium foil?
(iv)

)
 [1]
ions. test

result [3]
(d) The air trapped in the soil has a different composition from the air in the atmosphere.
The table shows the composition of the air in the soil.

gas percentage of gas in soil air

carbon dioxide 2

nitrogen 82

oxygen 15

other gases 1

State how the composition of soil air compares with the composition of air in the
atmosphere.
 carbon dioxide

nitrogen

oxygen [3]

(e) Decaying leaves produce ethanoic acid.

Complete the formula for ethanoic acid showing all atoms and bonds.

H C C

[1]
Total / 14
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid)

A6 A student adds aqueous sodium hydroxide from a burette into 25.0 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid. The
student measures the pH value of the mixture during the addition of the sodium hydroxide.

(a) Describe how the pH value changes.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Give an ionic equation to represent the neutralisation reaction between sodium hydroxide
and sulphuric acid.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid.

(i) What is meant by the term acid ?

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [3]

(d) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with magnesium to give hydrogen.

Give the ionic equation for this reaction.

......................................................................................................................................[1]
Total / 6

IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid)

 3 A student investigated the redox reaction between potassium iodate(V) and iodide ions. Two
experiments were carried out.

Experiment 1

A burette was filled up to the 0.0 cm3 mark with the solution A of sodium thiosulphate. By
using a measuring cylinder, a 10 cm3 sample of the solution B of potassium iodate(V) was
added into a conical flask. A 10 cm3 sample of dilute sulphuric acid was added to the flask
followed by 20 cm3 of aqueous potassium iodide.
Solution A was added slowly to the flask until there was a pale yellow colour in the contents of
the flask. Starch solution was then added into the flask and the colour changed to blue-
black. Solution A was added to the flask until the colour just disappeared. Use the burette
diagram to record the volume in the table.

final burette reading / cm3

18

17

16

Experiment 2

Experiment 1 was repeated using solution C of potassium iodate(V) instead of solution B.

Use the burette diagrams to record the volumes in the table and complete the table.

initial burette reading / cm3

Table of results

Burette readings/cm3

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

Final reading

Initial reading 0.0

Difference
[4]
The reaction of the mixture of potassium iodate(V), sulphuric acid and potassium iodide in the
flask produces iodine. Sodium thiosulphate then reacts with the iodine.

(a) (i) In which Experiment was the greatest volume of aqueous sodium thiosulphate used?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Compare the volumes of sodium thiosulphate used in Experiments 1 and 2.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Suggest an explanation for the difference in the volumes.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) Predict the volume of solution A which would be needed to react completely if
Experiment 1 was repeated with 20.0 cm3 of the solution of potassium iodate.
Explain your prediction.

volume of solution A .................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Suggest the reason starch solution was added. (i) How can the student separate the solids in
the soil from the solution?

stro
(ii) The topsoil had a pH of 6. gly
Which of the following gives the best description of this pH? acid
Tick one box. c

weakly acidic

neutral

weakly alkaline

[1]

(b) The soil contained large amounts of calcium ions and carbonate ions.

(i) Use the information in the diagram to suggest where these ions came from.

[1]

(ii) Complete the word equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric
acid.
 hydrochloric calcium + .................
chloride + .................
calcium + acid .................
carbonate

[2]
 3
(c) The table shows the mass of each ion present in 200 cm of soil solution.

ion formula of ion mass present/milligrams

calcium Ca2+ 12

-
carbonate CO 23 20

iron(III) Fe3+ 4

magnesium Mg2+ 5

-
nitrate NO 3 2

-
phosphate PO3 1
4

others 6

(i) Which negative ion has the highest concentration in the soil solution?

[1]

3
(ii) Calculate the mass of iron(III) ions in one litre (1000 cm ) of solution.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]
Total / 13

IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Tests)

7 Describe a chemical test to distinguish between each of the following pairs of substances.
An example is given

potassium chloride and potassium iodide

test: add aqueous lead(II) nitrate

result:potassium chloride gives a white precipitate, potassium iodide gives a yellow

precipitate
(a) water and ethanol

test

result with water

result with ethanol [2]

(b) sulphuric acid and aqueous sodium sulphate

test
 result with sulphuric acid

result with aqueous sodium sulphate [2]

(c) hydrochloric acid and nitric acid

test

result with hydrochloric acid

result with nitric acid [2]

Total / 6
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid & Tests)

5 A sample of a solution of acid A was analysed.

The tests on A, and some of the observations are in the following

table. Complete the observations in the table.

tests observations

(a) The pH of the solution was colour orange

tested using indicator paper
pH 4

(b) The solution was divided into

three test-tubes
(i) To the first portion was
added a piece of
magnesium ribbon. The
gas was tested with a
lighted splint.
[2]
(ii) To the second portion of
A was added sodium
carbonate. The gas was
tested with limewater.
(iii) To the third portion of [2]
liquid A was added a
spatula measure of solid
B. The mixture was boiled
gently. By using a teat
pipette the solution was
transferred to another test green solution formed
tube. Excess aqueous
ammonia was added.
dark blue solution formed

(c) What does test (a) tell you about the type of acid in solution A?
 [4]
Total / 6
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid)

7 Samples of concrete were placed in solutions of different pH. The graph shows the percentage
corrosion of the samples.

70

60

50

40

% corrosion

30

20

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pH

(a) Draw a smooth line graph on the grid [1]

(b) Which point on the grid appears to be inaccurate? Explain your reason for identifying
this point.

[2]

(c) What happens to the percentage corrosion as the pH changes from 1 to 7?

[1]
Total / 4

IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Separation & Analysis)

1 The diagrams show the apparatus used to find the concentration of a nitric acid solution.
 25.0 cm3 of nitric acid was added to a flask.

Sodium hydroxide was added to the acid until the solution was neutral. The volume of the
sodium hydroxide was noted.

nitric acid

sodium
hydroxide

flask

nitric acid

nitric acid

(a) Complete the boxes to name the apparatus used. [3]

(b) How could you tell when the solution was neutral?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) How could the accuracy of the results be checked?

......................................................................................................................................[1]
Total / 6

IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid)

1 A student investigated the neutralisation of dilute hydrochloric acid, using an excess of calcium
carbonate.
 Step 1 Excess calcium carbonate was added to hydrochloric acid.

calcium carbonate

dilute hydrochloric acid

Step 2. Excess calcium carbonate was removed from the solution.

C
excess calcium carbonate

solution of calcium chloride

Step 3. The solution of calcium chloride was tested with indicator paper.

(a) Identify the pieces of apparatus labelled:

A........................................................................................................................................

B........................................................................................................................................

C....................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) What does the term excess mean?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Suggest the pH value of the solution of calcium chloride.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

3 (a) Four bottles were known to contain aqueous ammonia, dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide
solution and vinegar, which is dilute ethanoic acid. The bottles had lost their labels. The pH values
of the four solutions were 1, 4, 10 and 13.
 Complete the table.

solution pH

aqueous ammonia

dilute hydrochloric acid

sodium hydroxide solution

vinegar
[2]

(b) The following apparatus was set up to investigate the electrical conductivity of dilute
acids.

_ bulb/lamp
+

carbon carbon
anode cathode

dilute sulphuric acid

bubbles of bubbles of
oxygen gas hydrogen gas

Dilute sulphuric acid is a strong acid. If it was replaced by a weak acid, what two
differences in the observations would you expect to make?

[2]

(c) When nitric acid is added to water the following reaction occurs.

+
HNO3 + H2O
- + H3O
NO 3
[1]
Give the name and the formula of the particle which is transferred
from nitric acid to water.

name

formula

[2]
(d) (i) Name the gas given off in test (b)(i).

[1]
(ii) Name the gas given off in test (b)(ii).
. [1]
 (e) Explain the observations in test (b)(iii).

[2]

IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Acid)

6 The label below is from a bottle of concentrated lemon drink.

Concentrated lemon drink

Ingredients: Water, sugar, citric acid, preservatives, potassium sorbate

(artificial sweetener). Yellow colourings E102 and E104.

(a) What is meant by the term concentrated?

[1]

(b) Predict the pH of the lemon drink.

[1]

(c) Describe an experiment to show that two different yellow colourings are present in the
drink.
 (d) This question is concerned with the following oxides.
a
q
aluminium oxide Al2O3
u
e
calcium oxide CaO
o
carbon dioxide CO2 u
s
carbon monoxide CO
s
magnesium oxide MgO o
d
sulphur dioxide SO2 i
u
m
(i) Which of the above oxides will react with hydrochloric acid but not with aqueous h
sodium hydroxide? y
d
[1] r
o
(ii) Which of the above oxides will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide but not with x
hydrochloric acid? i
d
[1] e
?
(iii) Which of the above oxides will react both with hydrochloric acid and with aqueous
sodium hydroxide? [1]

[1]

(iv) Which of the above oxides will react neither with hydrochloric acid nor with
1. Sally is testing the pH of soil in her garden.

The garden is divided into five different areas called plots. She

tests the soil on each plot

Look at the diagram. It shows her results.

A
pH 8.0
D
pH 6.4
C E
B pH 7.0 pH 5.9
pH 7.5

(a) Which soil is the most alkaline?

Choose from A, B, C, D or E.

.Answer ............................................................................................................................[1]
 (b) The table shows the names of some plants Sally wants to grow.

It also shows the soil pH the plants need to grow well.

name of plant best pH of soil

apple 5.0 6.5
blackcurrant 6.0 8.0
mint 7.0 8.0
potato 4.5 6.0
strawberry 5.0 7.0

Use the information to answer these questions.

(i) Sally wants to grow potatoes.

Which would be the best plot to plant them in? Choose from

A, B, C, D or E.

Answer ...................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Sally wants to increase the pH of plot D.

Which type of substance should she add to the soil. Choose from

the list

an acid an alcohol an

alkali

a salt

Answer ...................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Sally puts calcium oxide onto the soil in plot D.

Calcium oxide reacts with the nitric acid in the soil. Look at the
 word equation for this reaction.

calcium oxide + nitric acid calcium nitrate + water

Write down the names of the products in this reaction.

..........................................................................and .................................................................[1]

(d) Sally adds a chemical to plot B.

The pH of plot B changes from 7.5 to 7.0. What type of

reaction has taken place? Put a tick (9) in the correct

box

electrolysis

neutralisation

oxidation

reduction

[1]

[Total: 5]

3 Jack investigates some reactions of dilute sulfuric acid.

(a) Jack adds some sodium hydroxide solution to dilute sulfuric acid.

Sodium hydroxide is an alkali.

The pH value of the acid increases as the sodium hydroxide is added.

(i) Explain why the pH value increases.

...........................................................................................................................................
 .......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) A salt is made when sodium hydroxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

What is the name of this salt?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Jack also uses the internet to investigate sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

He finds out that dilute sulfuric acid contains ions.

One of these is the sulphate ion, SO42.

Write down the name or formula of another ion found in dilute sulfuric acid.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 3]
5 This question is about acid-base titrations.

Judy wants to find out the volume of dilute nitric acid needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of an alkali. The

alkali used is potassium hydroxide solution.

Look at the apparatus she uses.

burette

dilute nitric acid

25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution and

two drops of litmus indicator

She adds dilute nitric acid slowly until the litmus suddenly changes colour. She

repeats the experiment two more times.

Look at Judys results table.

titration
1 2 3
number
final burette reading
29.7 27.0 34.8
in cm3
initial burette reading
8.5 6.9 14.9
in cm3
volume of acid used (titre)
21.2 20.1 19.9
in cm3

(a) It is important that the colour of the indicator changes suddenly.

Suggest why Judy cannot use universal indicator instead of litmus.

 ...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Judy decides to only use the second and third titration results.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

OCR 2008

9
(c) Look at the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between potassium hydroxide and nitric
acid.

KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O

(i) The concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 0.100 mol / dm3.

Calculate the number of moles in 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

number of moles of potassium hydroxide = .................................. [1]

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to work out the number of moles of nitric acid that will react with the
potassium hydroxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

number of moles of nitric acid = .................................. [1]

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the dilute nitric acid.

Use the

average titre of titrations 2 and 3

answer to part (ii).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

concentration of nitric acid = .................................. mol / dm3 [2]

[Total: 6]
2 This question is about acids and bases.

(a) What is the name of the type of reaction that happens when an acid reacts with a base?

Choose from:

decomposition
 electrolysis

neutralisation

precipitation

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Look at the table. It shows the name and formula of some bases.

name of base formula of base

ammonia NH3

calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

copper oxide CuO

sodium oxide Na2O

(i) How many different elements are chemically bonded in sodium oxide?

................................................................... [1]

(ii) Which base has a formula with five atoms in total?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i) Copper oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

It makes copper sulfate and one other product. What is

the name of the other product?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Copper oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid to make a salt.

What is the name of this salt?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Copper carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid. It makes a gas.

What is the name of this gas?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]
2 This question is about acids and bases.

(a) Look at the table. It shows the name and formula of some bases.

name of base formula of base

ammonia NH3

calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

copper oxide CuO

 sodium oxide Na2O

Which base has a formula with five atoms in total?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) (i) Copper oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

It makes copper sulfate and one other product.

What is the name of the other product?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Copper oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid to make a salt.

What is the name of the salt?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Copper carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid. It makes a gas.

What is the name of this gas?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Calcium hydroxide contains hydroxide ions, OH.

Nitric acid contains hydrogen ions, H+.

Calcium hydroxide solution reacts with nitric acid.

This is a neutralisation reaction.

Write down the ionic equation for this neutralisation reaction.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 5]
Questions:

1
a Which of the following will react with dilute sulfuric acid? Copper, copper(ii) oxide, copper(ii) hydroxide,
copper(II) carbonate.

b In the case of each of the substances which do react, write the full equation (including state symbols)
for the reaction. All of these substances are insoluble solids.

2
a Draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus you would use to collect between magnesium and dilute
hydrochloric acid. Write the full equation for the reaction.

Describe how you would test for the hydrogen.

b Name a metal that wont react with dilute hydrochloric acid.

c Name a metal that would be dangerous to add to dilute hydrochloric acid.

d In the Hindenburg airship disaster, most of the people who died so because they jumped out of the
airship. Those who didnt jump tended to survive the fire. This is because when the hydrogen caught
fire, the flame rose very quickly instead of engulfing the passenger section of the airship.

i What is formed when hydrogen burns? Write the equation for the reaction.

ii Why do you think that, hydrogen burns, the flame rises quickly?

3 Read this description of the chemistry of metal A and some of its compounds, and then answer the
questions.
Metal A has no reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid. It forms a black oxide, B, which
reacts with hot dilute sulfuric acid to give a blue solution, C. Metal A also forms a green compound, D,
which reacts with dilute nitric acid to give a colorless gas, E, and another blue solution, F. The colorless
gas, E, turned lime water milky.
a Name A, B, C, D, E and F.

b Write the full equations for the reactions between

i B and dilute sulfuric acid

ii D and dilute nitric acid.

4
a Nickel, Ni, is a silvery metal just above hydrogen in the reactivity series. Nickel (II) compounds in
solution are green. Describe what you would see if you warmed some nickel with dilute sulfuric acid in
a test tube. Include a nickel with dilute sulfuric acid in a test tube. Include a description of how you
would test for any gas given off.

b Write the full equation for the reaction between nickel and dilute sulfuric acid.

c Nickel (II) carbonate is a green, insoluble powder. Describe what you would see if you added a spatula
measure of nickel (II) carbonate to some dilute hydrochloric acid in a test tube. Include a description of
how you would test for any gas given off.

d Write (i) a full equation and (ii) the ionic equation for the reaction between nickel (II) carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid.

5 Which of the following equations represent reactions between acids and bases? For each of the equations
that is an acid-base reaction, state which substance is the acid and which the base.
a MgO + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O

b CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O

c 2Al + HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

d H2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl-

 e Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

f NH3 + HCl NH4+ + Cl-

g NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

6 Sodium hydride, NaH, is a white ionic solid in which the hydrogen exists as an H - ion. The electronic
structures of the two ions:
Sodium hydride reacts violently with water. The hydride ions react with the water like this.
a At the beginning of the reaction there were sodium ions, hydride ions and water molecules present.

i Which of these acts as an acid? Explain your reasoning

ii Which of these acts as a base? Explain your reasoning

b Name the products of this reaction.

c Describe what you might expect to see during the course of the reaction.

Assuming that you used a reasonable quantity of sodium hydride, what would you expect the pH of the final
solution to be

7 Zinc granules react slowly with cod dilute sulfuric acid to give hydrogen gas and a colorless of zinc sulfate.
Small amounts of copper(II) sulfate solution are often added to the mixture to increase the rate of the
reaction. The copper (II) sulfate reacts with some of the zinc to produces copper. The copper in contact
with the zinc speeds up the reaction.
Design an experiment to find out whether the rate of the reaction depends on how much copper (II) sulfate
you added.
Remember if you do an experiment like this, it is important to change only one thing at a time. As you
want to find out what happens if you change the amount of copper(II) sulfate, it is important that
everything else stays the same from one part of the experiment to the next.
Your account should include a diagram of the apparatus you are going to use, and an outline of how you
will do t he experiment. Full practical details are not expected to experiment. Full practical details are not
expected to describe this in detail could take you several hours of work.

4 Sulphuric acid is a typical strong acid.

(a) Change the equations given into a different format.

(i) Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2

Change into a word equation.
[1]

(ii) lithium oxide + sulphuric acid lithium sulphate + water

Change into a symbol equation.

[2]

(iii) CuO + 2H + Cu 2+ + H2O

Change the ionic equation into a symbol equation.
H
2
O

C
h
a
(iv) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + n
 ge into a word equation. [2]

[1]

(b) When sulphuric acid dissolves in water, the following reaction occurs.
+

H2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O

-

Explain why water is behaving as a base in this reaction.

[2]

(c) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid, ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

Explain the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid.

[2]

[Total: 10]

5 Methylamine, CH3NH2, is a weak base. Its properties are similar to those of ammonia.

(a) When methylamine is dissolved in water, the following equilibrium is set up.

CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3+ + OH

base acid

(i) Suggest why the arrows are not the same length.
[1]

(ii) Explain why water is stated to behave as an acid and methylamine as a base.

[2]

(b) An aqueous solution of the strong base, sodium hydroxide, is pH 12. Predict the pH of
an aqueous solution of methylamine which has the same concentration. Give a reason
for your choice of pH.

[2]

(c) Methylamine is a weak base like ammonia.

(i) Methylamine can neutralise acids.

2CH3NH2 + H2SO4 (CH3NH3)2 SO4
methylammonium sulphate
 Write the equation for the reaction between methylamine and hydrochloric acid.
Name the salt formed.

[2]

(ii) When aqueous methylamine is added to aqueous iron(II) sulphate, a green

precipitate is formed. What would you see if iron(III) chloride solution had been
used instead of iron(II) sulphate?

[1]

(iii) Suggest the name of a reagent that will displace methylamine from one of its salts,
for example methylammonium sulphate.

[1]

[Total: 9]

2 Oxides are classified as acidic, basic, neutral and amphoteric.

(a) Complete the table.

type of oxide pH of solution of oxide example

acidic

basic

neutral

[6]

(b) (i) Explain the term amphoteric.

[1]

(ii) Name two reagents that are needed to show that an oxide is amphoteric.

[2]

[Total: 9]
4 Jack investigates sulfuric acid by using the internet.

He finds out that the formula of sulfuric acid is H2SO4.

(a) What is the total number of atoms in one molecule of sulfuric acid?

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Jack finds out that sulfuric acid is used to clean the surface of metals.

Write down one other use of sulfuric acid.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Jack decides to do some experiments with dilute sulfuric acid.

(i) He measures the pH of dilute sulfuric acid.

Suggest a pH value for dilute sulfuric acid.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Jack adds some sodium hydroxide solution to dilute sulfuric acid.

Sodium hydroxide is an alkali.

The pH value of the acid changes as the sodium hydroxide is added.

Describe and explain what happens to the pH value.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) A salt is made when sodium hydroxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

What is the name of this salt?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 6]

4 Jack investigates sulfuric acid by using the internet.

He finds out that the formula of sulfuric acid is H2SO4.

(a) What is the total number of atoms in one molecule of sulfuric acid?

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Jack finds out that sulfuric acid is used to clean the surface of metals.

Write down one other use of sulfuric acid.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Jack decides to do some experiments with dilute sulfuric acid.

(i) He measures the pH of dilute sulfuric acid.

 Suggest a pH value for dilute sulfuric acid.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Jack adds some sodium hydroxide solution to dilute sulfuric acid.

Sodium hydroxide is an alkali.

The pH value of the acid changes as the sodium hydroxide is added.

Describe and explain what happens to the pH value.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) A salt is made when sodium hydroxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

What is the name of this salt?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 6]
8 Imran researches acids using the internet.

He finds out that hydrobromic acid is a strong acid. He

also finds out that citric acid is a weak acid.

(a) Imran tests the pH value of both acids.

Both acids have the same concentration.

Finish the sentence.

Choose words from the list.

less than more

than the same

as

The pH value of hydrobromic acid is the pH value of citric acid.

[1]

(b) Write down the name of another weak acid.

Choose from the list.

ethanoic acid

hydrochloric acid

nitric acid

sulfuric acid
 answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.

It makes a gas.

What is the name of this gas?

Choose from the list.

carbon dioxide

ethane hydrogen

oxygen

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) The molar mass of hydrochloric acid, HCl, is 36.5 g / mol.

What is the molar mass of nitric acid, HNO3?

The relative atomic mass (Ar) of H is 1, of N is 14, of O is 16 and of Cl is 35.5.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

molar mass = .............................................. g / mol [1]

[Total: 4]
2 This question is about acids and bases.

(a) Look at the table. It shows the name and formula of some bases.

name of base formula of base

ammonia NH3

calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

copper oxide CuO

sodium oxide Na2O

Which base has a formula with five atoms in total?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) (i) Copper oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

It makes copper sulfate and one other product.

What is the name of the other product?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Copper oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid to make a salt.
 What is the name of the salt?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Copper carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid. It makes a gas.

What is the name of this gas?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Calcium hydroxide contains hydroxide ions, OH.

Nitric acid contains hydrogen ions, H+.

Calcium hydroxide solution reacts with nitric acid.

This is a neutralisation reaction.

Write down the ionic equation for this neutralisation reaction.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 5]
Structured Questions:

11. Classify these substances as acidic, alkaline, or neural, giving an approximate pH value:

a Sugar; 1

b Baking powder; 1

c Onion juice; 1

d Cider; 1

e Washing soda; 1

f Soap; 1

g Orange juice; 1

h Saccharin; 1

i Common salt; 1

j Vinegar 1

12. Below are the two equations showing how two alkalis react with water.

NaOH (aq) + H2O Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+ + OH-(OH)

a Name both alkalis. 2

b Which is classified as a weak alkali and why? 2

c Which is classified as a strong alkali and why? 2

d What is the likely pH of each alkali? 2

13. The graph below shows the neutralization of an acid by an alkali. 2

Study the graph and answer the following question.

a Which solution, acid or alkali is stronger? Explain your choice. 2

 b What volume of alkali was needed for neutralisaiton? 1

c Sketch what the graph would look like if the neutralization had been carried out the another way,
e.g. the volume of acid was increased to a fixed volume of alkali. 4

d Such graph was called pH curves. Sketch what the curve would look like if we used a weak acid and
weak alkali. Give an example of a weak acid and weak alkali.
4

14. Aspirin can be regarded as an acid. Although its formula is completed, it can be regarded by H+A-where
A- is the anion. Aspirin is not very soluble, but its sodium salt is. Addition of hydrochloric acid to this
soluble aspirin will cause the aspirin to precipitate out.

a If H+A- is aspirin, what is the formula of soluble aspirin?

b Complete the aspirin equation:

..(aq) + HCl (aq) ..(s) + NaCl (aq)

c Describe how you could prepare a dry sample of aspirin from a solution of aspirin.

d The precipitation of soluble aspirin takes place in your stomach. Why?

e Soluble aspirin is supposed to work faster because it is precipitated in your stomach. Is this true?

15.
a Name two gases which can produce acid rain.

b What are the two main sources of these gases?

c What type of stonework does this mainly affect?

d Stone can be preserved by using a calcium sulphate coating, waxing, or silicone impregnation. How
do these work?

16. Oxides can be classified as acidic, basic or amphoteric.

a) How can the classification of oxides be related to their metallic and non-metallic character?

b) Give two examples of each type of oxide.

c) For each type of oxide, write a balanced chemical equation to show its reaction with

i Water;

ii An acid or alkali.

Questions (Longman)
 (1)

a) Wrote the word equation for the general reaction for metals reacting with acids. 2

b) Write word and balanced symbol equations of the reaction of magnesium with sulphuric acid. 4

c) What is the test for hydrogen? 2

d) How could you obtain crystals from the reaction in part b? 2

(2)

a) How could you collect a sample of the gas from the reaction of zinc with sulphuric acid? 3

b) Draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus you would use. 4

c) Is hydrogen soluble in water? Explain your answer. 2

d) What is produced when hydrogen burns? 1

(3)

a) What do you see when carbonate react with acids? 2

b) How could you identify the gas produced? Give the result of the test you use. 1

c) Write a word equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. 2

d) Calcium sulphate is insoluble. What would you expect to happened if you reacted calcium carbonate with
sulphuric acid? Is a good method of producing calcium sulphate. 4

e) Name a hydrogen carbonate used in cooking. 1

(3)

Which of the following equations represent reactions between acids and bases? For each acid-base
reaction, state which substance is the acid and which the base.

i. MgO + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O 2

ii. CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O 2

iii. 2Al + HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 2

iv. H2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl- 2

v. Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu 2

vi. NH3 + HCl NH4+ + Cl- 2

vii. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- 2

viii. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O 2