BMSN2202 Life Science II

Year 2, 5 Year Curriculum

Tutorial 3 Physiology
2015-03-24 08:30-10:20

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 Topics to cover
Endocrine tissues and organs
Hypothalamus & pituitary disorders
Thyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders
Disorders of pancreas
Disorders of adrenal glands

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 Topics to cover
Endocrine tissues and organs
Hypothalamus & pituitary disorders
Thyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders
Disorders of pancreas
Disorders of adrenal glands

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 Endocrine glands
glands that secrete substances out through ducts
Lack the _____
ducts that are present in exocrine glands
Secrete their products, which are biologically active molecules
called ___________,
hormones into the blood
The blood carries the hormones to target cells that contain
specific ____________for
receptor protein the hormones, and which therefore
can respond in a specific fashion to them
Hormones affect the metabolism of their target cells/organs
and help regulate total body metabolism, growth and
reproduction

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Q1. Which of these statements about hypothalamic-releasing
hormones is true?
A. They are secreted into capillaries in the median
eminence.
B. They are transported by portal vessels to the anterior
pituitary.
C. They stimulate the secretion of specific hormones from
the anterior pituitary.
D. All of these are true.

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 Blood vessels that
connect two capillary
beds

Neural and vascular connections

between hypothalamus and pituitary 6
Q2. The _____ half of the pituitary gland is of neural origin and is
an extension of the brain.
A. Anterior
B. Posterior

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Q3. Name the two posterior pituitary hormones and describe
their site of synthesis and action.

The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones:

1. _________________________________:
Vasopressin/ ADH

a. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells around blood vessels

_________________
vasoconstriction increase BP
b. Promotes water retention in kidneys maintain blood __________
volume

2. ___________________:
Oxytocin

1. Stimulates ____________
contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary gland
milk released during lactation
2. Stimulates ____________
contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor
Both hormones are produced in the ________________!
hypothalamus

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Q4. List the major hypophysiotropic hormones and the
hormone whose release each controls.
a. hypothalamic hormones that regulate _________
anterior pituitary function
b. commonly called hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormones

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Major known Major effect on anterior pituitary
hypophysiotropic hormones
CRH-- Corticotropin Releasing Stimulates
Hormone secretion of ACTH

TRH-- Thyrotropin Releasing Stimulates

Hormone secretion of TSH

GHRH-- Growth Hormone Stimulates

Releasing Hormone secretion of GH

SS-- Somatostatin Inhibits

secretion of GH

GnRH-- Gonadotropin Releasing Stimulates

Hormone secretion of
LH, FSH

DA-- Dopamine Inhibits

secretion of Prolactin
Others
Hypophysiotropic hormone Anterior pituitary hormone
controls secretion of
controls secretion of
Prolactin Acts on target cells A hormone from some other endocrine gland
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Q5. Which of the following hormones is not released into the
hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?
A. Somatostatin
B. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
C. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
D. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
E. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

from the anterior pituitary gland

Released from _______________ into the general circulation

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Q6. Which of the following is NOT an effect of growth hormone?
A. Promote growth GH > Liver > IGF > increased cell division
B. Stimulate protein synthesis
C. Stimulate gluconeogenesis
stimulates
D. Inhibit catabolism of lipids
E. Inhibit glucose utilization

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Q7. Which of the following would inhibit the
secretion of growth hormone?
A. Increase in plasma level of amino acids > protein & growth
B. Decrease in plasma glucose concentration > increase glucose level
C. Somatostatin
D. Growth hormone-releasing hormone

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Q8.
An inadequate secretion of ________________
GH during the
growing years results in dwarfism.
Acromegaly arises when chronic, excess amounts of
_______________
GH are secreted into the blood.
hyperglycemia hypertension
Acromegaly is associated with hypoglycemia and hypotension.
True or False

1. Elongation of the jaw and deformities in bones of face, hands and feet;
2. Growth of soft tissues and coarsening of skin
3. Associated with elevated plasma glucose and fatty acids level.
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 Topics to cover
Endocrine tissues and organs
Hypothalamus & pituitary disorders
Thyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders
Disorders of pancreas
Disorders of adrenal glands

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Q9. The hormone primarily responsible for setting the basal
metabolic rate and for promoting the maturation of the
brain is:
A. Cortisol
B. ACTH
C. TSH
D. Thyroid hormone
E. Growth hormone

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Q10. On a microscopic level, the thyroid gland consists of numerous
spherical hollow sacs called _______________.
thyroid follicles These follicles
are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium composed of
______________,
follicular cells which participate in almost all phases of
thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. The interior of the
follicles contains________,
colloid a protein-rich fluid.
thyroglobulin

Parafollicular cells parafollicular cells

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> secrete calcitonin
 1. Major hormone secreted by thyroid gland
2. Less active than T3
3. Chief circulating form
__________________of thyroid hormone

follicular cells
Q11. Thyroid gland produces two iodine-containing
molecules of physiological importance:
______________(called
Triiodothyronine T3 as it contains 3 iodines)
__________
Thyroxine (called T4 as it contains 4 iodines)

Approximately 99.96% of the thyroxine in the blood are

attached to ______________
carrier proteins in plasma; the rest is free.
Only the free T3 & T4 can enter target cells to exert their
effects.

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 (Enzyme: thyroid
peroxidase)

Na+

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Q12. The thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, are made in this region of
the thyroid gland:

A. Within the thyroid follicular cells

B. Within the thyroid parafollicular cells
C. Within the lumen of the thyroid follicles

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Q13. The thyroid hormone receptors are present in the _______
nuclei
of most of the cells of the body.

Thus, the actions of T3 and T4 are

______________
widespread and affect many
organs and tissues!

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 TRH & TSH
Q14. Increased thyroid hormones decrease ______________via
negative feedback mechanism.

Hypothalamus TRH

Anterior pituitary gland TSH

Thyroid
Thyroid gland
hormones

Target cells throughout body

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Q15. Which of the following is an action of thyroid hormones?
A. Simulate lipolysis
B. Stimulate carbohydrate absorption from small intestine
C. Stimulate carbohydrate metabolism
D. Increase cardiac output
E. Promote vasodilation
F. Promote protein synthesis for proper body growth & development,
particularly, of the CNS
G. All of the above

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Q16. List three symptoms of hypothyroidism:

- cold intolerance
- weight gain
- fatigue
- slow, weak pulse
- mental irresponsiveness

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Q17. Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of
hyperthyroidism? Possible causes:
Excess ____ secretion , _____________ disease
A. Excessive perspiration (Graves disease)
B. Weight loss
The body produces antibodies that
C. Bradycardia recognize and bind to _______
D. Decreased sleep receptor and mimic the action of
______
E. Intolerance to heat
activate _____ receptor
increased TH production

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Q18. Which of the following can be a treatment for
hyperthyroidism?
A. Drugs that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis
B. Surgical removal of thyroid gland
C. Destroying a portion of the thyroid using radioactive
iodine
D. All of the above

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 Topics to cover
Endocrine tissues and organs
Hypothalamus & pituitary disorders
Thyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders
Disorders of pancreas
Disorders of adrenal glands

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 Q20. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the
__________________,
parathyroid gland which are in the neck, embedded in
the surface of thyroid gland, but are distinct from it.

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http://www.parathyroidglands.com/images/parathyroid-glands-2.jpg
Q21. Parathyroid hormone production is controlled by the
extracellular ________concentration.
Ca

__________
decreased plasma calcium concentration stimulates
parathyroid hormone secretion, and an __________
increased

plasma calcium concentration does just the opposite.

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Q22. Describe the mechanisms by which parathyroid hormone
helps to raise the blood calcium concentration.
VS osteoblasts > bone-forming cells

break down previously formed bone

by secreting ___
H ions and __________________
hydrolytic enzymes

PTH stimulates ______________

osteoclasts to resorb bone, thereby adding
calcium and phosphate to the blood.

PTH stimulates the formation of ____________

calcitriol
intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
urinary Ca2+ excretion
PTH stimulates the _______
kidneys to reabsorb calcium, but acts to
decrease the renal reabsorption of _____________.
phosphate

urinary phosphate excretion

keeps plasma phosphate from increasing
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Q23. Low plasma calcium intake causes
A. a PTH-mediated decrease in calcitriol.
B. a decrease in the urinary excretion of calcium.
C. a decrease in bone resorption.
D. an increase in vitamin D release from skin.

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Q24. The increased intestinal absorption of calcium is stimulated
directly by: 1. Secreted by _______________in
parafollicular cells thyroid gland
2. Action is antagonistic to that of PTH
A. Parathyroid hormone 3. As plasma [Ca2+] :
B. Calcitriol
C. Calcitonin
D. All of the above

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Q25. Which of the following is NOT consistent with primary
hyperparathyroidism?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Elevated plasma calcitriol
C. Phosphaturia
D. A decrease in bone resorption
E. An increase in calcium reabsorption in kidney

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 Topics to cover
Endocrine tissues and organs
Hypothalamus & pituitary disorders
Thyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders
Disorders of pancreas
Disorders of adrenal glands

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Q26. The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
True or False
Q27. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of scattered
clusters of cells called the _________________.
islets of langerhans

Q28. On a microscopic level, the

most conspicuous cells in the
islets are the
________________. The
alpha cells secrete the
hormone _________, and the
beta cells secrete _________.
There are more than twice as
many ___________ as
____________ in each islet.

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 Q29. Insulin is made up of:
A. a single polypeptide chain
B. 2 polypeptide chains A and B chains
C. 3 polypeptide chains: A, B and C chains

Converting preproinsulin to insulin.

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http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2005/Dresser/My%20favorite%20Protein.html
Q30. Fill in the blanks:
Secretion of insulin
5

3 4

6
1 2

1. A rise in blood glucose causes more ___________ to enter the beta cell of
the islets of Langerhans via the GLUT-2 transporter.
2. Inside the cell, glucose is metabolized to generate _______.
3. This causes the ATP-sensitive K+ channel to _______.
4. Closure of K + channel leads to cell membrane _________________.
5. Voltage-gated calcium channel opens to allow ______ influx.
6. Calcium stimulates intracellular vesicles containing insulin to fuse with the
plasma membrane and release __________ by _____________.
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Q31. Insulin binding sites are present on the:
A. a subunits of insulin receptor
B. b subunits of insulin receptor
C. g subunits of insulin receptor
D. a and b subunits of insulin receptor

e.g. fat cells use glucose to

produce fat;
e.g. liver cells use glucose to
produce glycogen

_______________by the cell

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Q32. Describe the major stimulus for secretion of insulin and its
effects:
Major stimulus for
secretion
Effect on blood
glucose

Effect on blood
fatty acids

Effect on blood
amino acids
Effect on muscle
protein
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Q33. Describe the major stimulus for secretion of glucagon and
its effects:

Major stimulus for

secretion
Effect on blood
glucose

Effect on blood
fatty acids

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Q34. Which of the following is/are symptom(s) of diabetes
mellitus?

A. Glucosuria

B. Polyuria
C. Polydipsia
D. Polyphagia
E. Muscle wasting

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Q35.
Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is
characterized by a lack of_______. Because their
pancreatic B cells do not secrete insulin, Type 1 diabetics
require exogenous insulin for survival. It occurs more in
__________.

Type 2 (non-inuslin-dependent) diabetes mellitus,

insulin secretion may be _______________________, but
insulins target cells are ______________ than normal to
this hormone. That is, Type 2 diabetics are insulin-
___________. It generally arises in __________. Lifestyle
factors appear important in development of T2DM, of
which _________is the biggest risk factor.

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 Topics to cover
Endocrine tissues and organs
Hypothalamus & pituitary disorders
Thyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders
Disorders of pancreas
Disorders of adrenal glands

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 Q41. Adrenal glands are paired organs that cap the superior
borders of the __________. Each adrenal consists of an
outer ________ and inner _________ that function as
separate glands.

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http://www.laurelalexander.co.uk/membersarticles/gifs/adrenal.jpg
Q42. The adrenal medulla secretes ______________
hormones (mainly _____________ , with lesser
amounts of _______________) into the blood in
response to stimulation by preganglionic
_____________ axons.

The adrenal cortex does not receive neural innervation,

and so must be stimulated hormonally (by _________
secreted from the __________________________).

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 Q43. Which number on the figure represents the region of the
adrenal gland that releases mineralocorticoids?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
2

Q44. What is the name of the 4 3

region?
5
A. Capsule
6
B. Zona glomerulosa
C. Zona fasciculata 1
D. Zona reticularis
E. Medulla
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http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/intranetstuff/dept/scienceLRC/wissmann_site/adrenal.htm#
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http://antranik.org/the-endocrine-system/
Q45. The hormone _______________, which is secreted by the adrenal
_______________, causes the kidney to conserve sodium and
indirectly helps to maintain systemic blood pressure.

A. aldosterone; cortex Principal actions:

1. stimulates the kidneys to retain
B. angiotensin I; medulla
_______________
C. cortisol; cortex 2. stimulates excretion of _____ in urine
D. epinephrine; medulla

Q46. Hyposecretion of aldosterone causes

A. alkalosis.
B. hyperkalemia.
C. high blood pressure.
D. skeletal muscle weakness.
E. hypernatremia.

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Q47. The zona __________ releases ___________ that are
involved with the metabolism of ____________, whereas the
zona glomerulosa releases _________ that are involved with
the metabolism of _____________.
A. reticularis /mineralocorticoids /sex hormones /
glucocorticoids /glucose
B. medullaris /androgens /fats /mineralocorticoids /calcium
C. fasciculata /glucocorticoids /glucose /mineralocorticoids /
sodium and potassium
D. reticularis /glucocorticoids /calcium /ACTH /thyroid hormones

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Q48. Which of these stimulates cortisol secretion?
A. Stress Stress Diurnal rhythm
B. CRH
C. ACTH Hypothalamus
D. Hypoglycemia
E. All of the above Anterior pituitary gland

Adrenal cortex Cortisol

Liver, fat, muscle, lymphocyte,

etc
Increase blood ______, blood
__________, blood
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_________
Q49. If cortisol secretion increases,
A. protein catabolism (breakdown) decreases.
B. fat catabolism (breakdown) decreases.
C. the inflammatory response decreases.
D. blood glucose level decreases.
E. gluconeogenesis is inhibited.

Overall metabolic effect:

Increase concentration of blood glucose at
the expense of protein and fat stores!

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 Q51. What is the name of the hormone producing cells in the adrenal
medulla?
A. Chromaffin cells
B. Chief cells
C. Principle cells
D. F cells

Q50. Which hormone constitutes 80% of the total secretions of the

adrenal medulla?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Epinephrine
C. Cortisol
D. Aldosterone
E. Androgens
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http://faculty.pasadena.edu/dkwon/PNS%20and%20propioception/peripheral%20nervous%20system%20and%20propioception_files/textmostly/slide19.html
Q52. Which of the following is a metabolic action of
epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A. Increases blood glucose Catecholamines
-secreted from adrenal medulla
B. Increases blood fatty acids
whenever sympathetic nervous
C. Increases metabolic rate system is activated during
D. Increases heart rate _________________________

E. Increases mental alertness

F. All of the above

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 Q53. A person with Addisons disease ___________.
A. is unable to replenish blood glucose levels under stressful
conditions
B. develops dramatically more male features
C. develops a rounded face and edema
D. has overgrowth of hands and face
E. all of the above

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http://www.zuniv.net/physiology/book/chapter30.html
Q54. A patient with Cushings syndrome might present with any
of the following EXCEPT:
A. Obesity
B. A buffalo hump
C. Moon faces
D. Hypotension
E. Glucose intolerance

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 References
Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D: Human
Physiology: The mechanisms of body function
New York: McGraw Hill; 2012.
Fox SI: Human physiology. New York:
McGraw-Hill; 2010.

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