Fracture mechanics session 2

Exercises

La grande Dixence
The burglar and the window pane
Potential energy release rate ?

1
La Grande Dixence
Altitude : 2364 m
Heigth : 285 m

Hydroelectric powerplant in
the valley (altitude 234 m)

Dcember the 12th, 2000

A pipeline exploded

Hundreds of tons of water and

mud flooded on the village of
Nendaz

2
How can we determine the risk of failure

Internal pressure ?
Stress field ?
Stress intensity factor ?
Crack growth criterion ?

3
 The burglar and the window pane.
Open a window silently

A succion grip is set on a glass panel

A circular cut is made around that succion grip

with a carbide cutting wheel (depth c < 100 m)

A load is applied on the succion grip, which allows breaking the glass from
the cut and removing the disc of glass

Realistic or Hollywoodistic ??? 4

 The burglar and the window pane.

2 Patm

Max load of the succion grip : Fmax R
2

The shear stress is as follows:

F R 2 Patm
= =
2eR 2eR 2
RP
2Rcut=2Rgrip = atm
4e

e is the thickness of the glass pane 5

The burglar and the window pane.

For a cut with a depth c ,

Stress intensity factor :

RPatm
K II = 1.122 c = 1.122 c
4e

The crack propagates if :

RPatm
2Rcut=2Rgrip
K IIc = 1.122 c
4e
2
1 4eK IIc
c =
1.122RPatm

6
 The burglar and the window pane.

2
1 4eK IIc
c =
1.122RPatm

Patm 0.1 MPa.m1/2

R 100 mm
e 3 mm
KIIc 1 MPa.m1/2
c 364.1 mm

Impossible !
7
 The burglar and the window pane.
Mixed-mode conditions
The radius of the cut is larger than that of the cut
Shear stress :
F F
= = max where 0 < k < 1
e 2R cut e 2R cut
R 2grip Patm
=
4eRcut
Tensile stress at the surface of the glass pane (bending):
y =e 2
2Rgrip 2y Fmax R cut
e surf ydy = 2R
y = e 2 cut

3 e 2
R 2grip Patm
2 y
surf =
e 3 e 2 4
2Rcut
3R 2grip Patm
surf =
2e 2 8
 The burglar and the window pane.

Depth c of the cut R 2grip Patm 3R 2grip Patm

= surf =
Stress intensity factors : 4eRcut 2e 2
K II 1.122 c = YII c
K I YI surf c
2 3 4
c c c c c
YI = 1.122 1.40 + 7.33 13.08 + 14.0
e e e e e

2Rgrip
The crack propagates if :

G = Gc
1 2 2
(
)
2
1
2Rcut K I + K II2 = K Ic2
E E
9
 The burglar and the window pane.

K I2 + K II2 = K Ic2
YI2 surf
2
c + YII2 2c = K Ic2
3R 2grip Patm 2
surf = 1 K Ic
2e 2 c =
YI surf + YII
2 2 2 2

R 2grip Patm
=
4eRcut

1 K Ic2
cR 4grip = 2
2Rgrip Patm 9YI2 YII2
4 + 2 2
4 e 16 e R cut
2Rcut 10
 The burglar and the window pane.
KIC 1 Mpa.m1/2
Patm 0.1 Mpa
YI 1.122
e 0.003 m 1 K Ic2
cR 4grip = 2
Patm 9YI2
Rcut 0.1 m
c 0.0001 m YII2
cRgrip4 9.1024E-10 m5 4 + 2 2
Rgrip 0.054927396 m 4 e 16 e R cut
Rgrip 54.92739648 mm

Use a succion grip

With a radius approx. one half of that of the cut

11
 Potential energy release rate ?

Analysis of a tensile test on an elastic-brittle material

So A cylinder, with a section S, a length L and a Youngs

modulus E, contains a microcrack (area negligible).
L0 L0
The cyclinder is submitted to a tensile test, the load F
applied by the actuator and the displacement U of the
St actuator are registered.

Ut+L0 Lt The total length L of the cylinder is also measured during

the tensile test and after the fracture of the sample (for
instance using a film)
Sf=So

Lf1 Heat exchanges are neglected

Uf+L0 L0=Lf1+Lf2
Wext+Q=Eelast+Esurf+Eother
Lf2
12
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2
Schematic of the results
F

0 3
4

Ut
1
2
F

3 L-L0
4
13
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Questions
F For each time interval, explain what happens and
determine the mechanical energy provided
during the time increment by the actuator
0 3 4 and the variation of that of the sample
Ut
1 1. Time increment 0 to 1 ?
2
F
2. Time increment 3 to 4 ?

3. Time increment 2 to 3 ? Where goes the

0
difference between the two energy
3 variations ?
4 L-L0

4. Time increment 1 to 2 ? Where goes the

difference between the two energy
variations ?

5. Use the graphic to calculate the energy

required to break the sample 14
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Time increment 0 to 1 ?

The sample is deformed elastically

0 3 4
The mechanical energy provided by the
Ut
1 actuator to the sample is :
2
F t =1 r
r 1
Wext = F v dt =
2
F1U 1
t =0

0 The variation of the mechanical energy of the

3
4 L-L0 sample is:
1
Eelast = F1U 1
2

Energy balance : Wext = Eelast

15
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F
1. Time increment 3 to 4 ?

The sample is broken, the actuator is free to

0 3 4 move
Ut
1
2 The mechanical energy provided by the
F actuator to the sample is :
t =4 r
r
Wext = dt = 0
F v
0 t =3
3 The variation of the mechanical energy of the
4 L-L0 sample is:
Eelast = 0

Energy balance : OK 16
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Time increment 2 to 3 ?

A crack has grown inside the sample during the

0 3 4 previous time increments. The final failure of
the sample occurs between 2 and 3. The
Ut
1 actuator does not move if an ideal
2
F controller is used. The two pieces of the
sample are unloaded and the elastic strain is
converted into vibrations of the sample and
finally of the air (the sound of the fracture)
0
3
4 L-L0

The mechanical energy provided by The variation of the mechanical energy of the
the actuator to the sample is : sample is:
t =3 r
r 1
Wext = F v dt = 0 Eelast = Eelast (3) Eelast (2 ) = 0 F1U 2
2
t =2
Energy balance : the difference is converted into acoustic energy 17
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Time increment 1 to 2 ?

The initial micro-crack is growing inside the

0 3 4 sample, which modifies the compliance of the
sample. The energy provided by the actuator
Ut
1 to the sample is used to grow the crack and
2
F to modify the mechanical energy inside the
sample.

0
The variation of the mechanical energy of the
3 sample is:
4 L-L0

The mechanical energy provided by

the actuator to the sample is :
Eelast + Esurface = Wext
t =2 r
r Esurface = Wext Eelast
Wext = dt = F1 (U 2 U1 )
F v
t =1
18
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Energy required to break the sample

Esurface = Wext Eelast

0 3 4 Esurface = F1 (U 2 U 1 ) Eelast (2 ) + Eelast (1)
Ut
1
2 The value of Eint(2) is known, because at the end of
F step 2-3 the energy of the sample goes back to zero

1
ESurface = F1 (U 2 U 1 ) F1U 2 + Eelast (1)
0 2
3
4 L-L0
The value of Eint(1) is also known,
1 1
Esurface = F1 (U 2 U 1 ) F1U 2 + F1U 1
2 2

1 1
Therefore : Esurface = F1U 2 F1U 1 = Eelast (2 ) Eelast (1)
2 2 19
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Energy release rate

Energy per unit area of crack created :

0 3 4

Ut Esurface Eelast (2 ) Eelast (1)

1
2 =
F area ( 2 ) area(1) area ( 2 ) area (1)

dE pot
0 G= potential energy release rate
3 d (area )
4 L-L0

20
 Potential energy release rate ?

Analysis of a tensile test on an elastic-plastic material

So A cylinder, with a section S, a length L and a Youngs

modulus E, contains a microcrack (area negligible).
L0 L0
The cyclinder is submitted to a tensile test, the load F
applied by the actuator and the displacement U of the
St actuator are registered.

Ut+L0 Lt The total length L of the cylinder is also measured during

the tensile test and after the fracture of the sample (for
instance using a film)
Sf=So

Lf1 Energy balance equation

Uf+L0 L0=Lf1+Lf2
Wext+Q=Eelast+Esurf+Eother
Lf2
21
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2
Schematic of the results
F

0 3
4

Ut
1
2
F

Same questions !
0

3 L-L0
4
22
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Time increment 0 to 1 ?

The sample is deformed elastically

0 3 4

Ut The mechanical energy provided by the

1
2
actuator to the sample is :
F t =1 r
r 1
Wext = F v dt =
2
F1U 1
t =0
0
The variation of the mechanical energy of the
3 sample is:
4 L-L0
1
Eelast = F1U 1
2

Energy balance : Wext = Eelast

23
 Potential energy release rate ?
Answers
1
2
F 1. Time increment 3 to 4 ?

The sample is broken, the actuator is free to

0 3 4 move
Ut The mechanical energy provided by the
1
2
F actuator to the sample is :
t =4 r
r
Wext = dt = 0
F v
0
t =3
The variation of the mechanical energy of the
3
4 L-L0 sample is:
Eelast = 0

Energy balance : OK 24
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Time increment 2 to 3 ?

A crack has grown inside the sample during the

0 3 4 previous time increments. Plastic deformation
Ut has also occured (heating). The final failure of
1
2
the sample occurs between 2 and 3. The
F actuator does not move if an ideal
controller is used. The two pieces of the
sample are unloaded and the elastic strain is
0
converted into vibrations of the sample and of
the air (the sound of the fracture). The step
3
4 L-L0 2-3 is adiabatic.

The mechanical energy provided by The variation of the mechanical energy of the
the actuator to the sample is : sample is:
t =3 r
r 1
Wext = F v dt = 0 Eelast = Eelast (3) Eelast (2 ) = 0 F1 (U 2 U 3 )
2
t =2
Energy balance : the difference is converted into acoustic energy 25
 Potential energy release rate ?
1
2 Answers
F 1. Time increment 1 to 2 ?

The initial micro-crack is growing inside the

0 3 4 sample, which modifies the compliance of the
Ut sample, and there is also plastic dformation.
1
2
The energy provided by the actuator to the
F sample is used to grow the crack and to
modify the internal energy of the sample
(potential energy + internal heat).
0
The variation of the mechanical energy of the
3
4 L-L0 sample is:

The mechanical energy provided by

the actuator to the sample is : Eelast + EFracture + EHeat = Wext
t =2 r
r EFracture = Wext Eelast EHeat
Wext = dt = F1 (U 2 U1 )
F v
t =1
26
 Potential energy release rate ?
Answers
1
2 1. Energy required to break the sample
F Esurface = Wext Eelast Eheat
Esurface = F1 (U 2 U 1 ) Eelast (2 ) + Eelast (1) Eheat
0 3 4

Ut The value of Eelast(2) is known, because at the end of

1 step 2-3 the energy of the sample goes back to zero
2
F
1
Esurface = F1 (U 2 U 1 ) F1 (U 2 U 3 ) + Eelast (1) Eheat
2
0
3 The value of Eelast(1) is also known,
4 L-L0
1 1
Esurface = F1 (U 2 U 3 ) F1U 1 + (F1U 3 Eheat )
2 2

1 1
Therefore : Esurface = F1 (U 2 U 3 ) F1U 1 = Eelast (2 ) Eelast (1)
2 2 27
Stress intensity factor, by the weight function
- 1 : Get the stress field of the uncracked problem

- 2 : Use a weigth function (point load)

- 3 : Integrate the weigth function over the whole surface

P
a
c

28
 Example

k > 0 : stress concentration

k < 0 : residual stress field

l
(x)

oo
x

29
Solution

30
Solution

31