The slavery had been abolished throughout the United States for nearly a century.

The

expectations of freedom for blacks in the early abolition of slavery was gone. They still

find discriminations and violence from the whites. Although the blacks had been freed,

the fact that they are still despised and considered as a lower class race by the whites is

still experienced. Racial prejudice as the root of the problem in inter-race relations

between whites and blacks are still embedded in the head of every American, especially

in the south.

The blacks who used to work in the farm as a slave had been farming independently

although most farmer had to rent the land and used sharecropping system. This

condition made the black farmer was in a large debt to the landowner each year. It

forced them to work continuously just to pay the debt that not only paid off, but it

continues to grow each time.

Such conditions led to the great migration of African-American from south to north. This

migration took place from 1910 to 1950. Blacks hoped to have a better life in an

industrial environment in the north. In the south, only 536,000 African-American who

chose not to move to the north. Most of them were farmer and as much as 195,000

farmer were sharecropper. The results of the sale of a farm owned by a black man was

also rated very low when compared with the results of the white-owned farm.

Jim Crow laws are still enforced in the southern states. The qualities of school for

blacks were very far from decent. It causing imbalance on the level of aptness and the

quality of academic graduates between blacks and whites. It led to the lacking of land

jobs for blacks and farming was the only way to make a living.
Beside in the schools, segregation based on the skin color was also applied in the

public space. Public facilities are intentionally provided separately for whites and blacks.

As an example, the public toilets in South America is divided into three, namely to

"Ladies", "Men", and "Colored". This rule seemed to confirm that people of color,

especially blacks, are considered as a thing" else outside of man. If the toilet facilities

for whites differentiated by gender, toilet facilities for color were indifferentiated by the

thought "blacks living wildly, therefore the gender segregation is not required." From the

same reason the toilet "men" placed between "ladies" and "colored" so that blacks

which was considered barbaric was unable to do anything to the white ladies.

The blacks no longer had civil rights. They cannot choose or put himself forward as an

option in any democratic process. So none of African-American who occupy the seats of

bureaucracy. All rules in the terms of economic, political, and social were arranged

without involving any black people. This conditions were advantageous for whites who

have concerns so that blacks stay "in the position.

Since its establishment in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People (NAACP) has struggled against discrimination toward colored people.

Racial desegregation and restoration of civil rights for blacks were some of its greatest

mission. The NAACP is the organization that designed the Buss Montgomery Boycott in

Alabama from 1955 to 1956. The action was a protest of the separation of bus facilities

for blacks and whites.

The case of Brown vs. Board occurred in 1954. The Supreme Court stated that school

segregation based on the skin color was illegal and should be abolished. However, the
decision was opposed by many southern states. Throughout the 1950s, racial

segregation still continues to run. It was only in the next decade Jim Crow laws can be

completely abolished throughout the US mainland.