Report of Goat Farming

ADVANCE GOAT FARMING SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
We live in a world where everything can be controlled and operated automatically, but there are
still a few important sectors in our country where automation has not been adopted or not been
put to a full-fledged use, perhaps because of several reasons one such reason is cost. One such
field is that of agriculture. Farming has been one of the primary occupations of man since early
civilizations and even today manual interventions in farming are inevitable.
Most of you are aware that you should quarantine new animals brought from outside your ranch
property in order to protect your goats from the bacteria and viruses that the new animals might
be carrying. However, the reverse is just as true: newly-introduced goats need to be protected
from organisms present on your property to which they've never had their immune systems
previously exposed. These goats are on a new property in a changed environment and often in a
much different climate from which they have been previously adapted to living. From the
moment they left their previous homes, these new goats' immune systems were under assault.
Our main purpose of project is to develop prohibitive system to avoid losses due to environment
and conditions. Main aim of the system is to provide the safety to goat. The proposed Embedded
goat farming System is use to check the temperature of goat. If any temperature conditions gets
varies then send notification get by the buzzer also we check the heartbeat of goat and
continuously check by controller and if any unsafe condition detected then the buzzer gives us
notification. Load cell is provided there to check the weight of goats food. Depend on the load
we system serve the food to goats. The level sensor check for water level, depend on that water
will provided to the goats.
INTRODUCTION
The scale of dairy farming worldwide has changed significantly over recent years, with a move
towards larger, more intensive, profit-driven enterprises, primarily due to market pressures. This
change has resulted in demand for technologies that can reduce costs and labour inputs while
increasing farm productivity. This is mainly achieved through the use of farm automation and
advanced technological techniques. An important aspect of farm automation that is currently
being researched is the area of automated animal health monitoring. In this research, we have
identified specific diseases which are common in dairy animals which can be identified through
the use of non-invasive, low-cost, sensor technology. These diseases have been mapped to
specific aspects of animal behavior that have been mapped to the three sensors which are most
significant to identify these diseases.
The identified sensors will be shown to be vital in the development of the next generation
of health monitoring system for dairy animals. Such a system will allow the automatic
identification of animal health events, greatly increasing overall herd health and yield while
reducing animal health inspection and long-term animal healthcare costs.
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Sensor Technology For Animal Health Monitoring
Author :- Miss. Amruta Helwatkar&Daniel Riordan & Joseph Walsh
Miss. Amruta Helwatkar&Daniel Riordan & Joseph Walsh proposed system has An important aspect of
farm automation that is currently being researched is the area of automated animal health monitoring. In
this research, we have identified specific diseases which are common in dairy animals which can be
identified through the use of non-invasive, low-cost, sensor technology. These diseases have been
mapped to specific aspects of animal behaviour that have been mapped to the three sensors which are
most significant to identify these diseases. The identified sensors will be shown to be vital in the
development of the next generation of health monitoring system for dairy animals. Such a system will
allow the automatic identification of animal health events, greatly increasing overall herd health and
yield while reducing animal health inspection and long-term animal healthcare costs.
2. Animal Health Planning and Animal Health Plans Concepts, principles and practicalities
Author:- Chris Atkinson & Madeleine Neale
In the United Kingdom it is mandatory for organic livestock farms to have an animal health plan as a
document providing evidence of active management of disease and building positive health (Anon
2006). Many organisations, both organic and non organic, (e.g. BCVA, Defra Compendium of UK
Organic Standards, Soil Association, RSPCA Freedom Food, NDFAS, FAWL) develop, describe and
use animal health planning as a part of their strategy (see Box 1). Currently, it is the presence of a
regularly updated health plan document that serves as evidence that this is in place.
The benefits of health plans, including animal welfare improvement, financial gain and increased farm
efficacy have all been highlighted in various publications (Sibley 2000, Gray & Hovi 2001, Dobbs
2005, Lovatt 2004). It has frequently been suggested that, through good stockmanship and appropriate
use of veterinary medicinal products, health planning can improve the smooth running of a farm.
An animal health plan should be an active tool for animal health and welfare planning. However, as
organic certification and several farm assurance schemes require a health plan there is a danger that
they become seen as something to be policed when in fact they should being used as a forum for advice.
In order to fulfil this challenge a health plan must therefore be farm specific and relate to farm specific
issues.
3. Common Diseases and Health Problems in Sheep and Goats
Author:- Lynn Pezzanite, Animal Sciences Student, Purdue University Dr. Michael Neary,
Extension Small Ruminant Specialist.
A sound management program to keep animals healthy is basic to production of both sheep and
goats. Producers must observe animals closely to keep individual animals and the whole herd or
flock healthy and productive. If the heath status of a herd is compromised, that operation will not
be as efficient as possible.There are some human health risks when dealing with diseased
animals. While most diseases affecting sheep and goats do not pose any human health risks,
some are zoonotic and it is important to protect not only caretakers, but anyone else that may
come in contact with diseased animals. Sheep and goats share many health problems. While
there are some important differences between the species, this publication gives a broad
overview of diseases and health problems. For further information on specific diseases,
references and sources of additional information are available at the end of this document.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
An animal health monitoring system (AHMS) for monitoring the physiological parameters such
as rumination, body temperature, and heart rate with surrounding temperature and humidity has
been developed. These diseases have been mapped to specific aspects of animal behavior that
have been mapped to the three sensors which are most significant to identify these diseases. Our
main purpose of project is to develop prohibitive system to avoid losses due to environment and
conditions. Main aim of the system is to provide the safety to goat.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
LCD
Temp sensor L
P
C
2
1
load cell
4 DRIVER CIRCUIT BUZZER
8
Heart beat sensor
level sensor Relay Water motor
motor driver DC motor
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR REGULATED POWER SUPPLY (RPS):
Figure: Power Supply

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
Most of you are aware that you should quarantine new animals brought from outside your ranch
property in order to protect your goats from the bacteria and viruses that the new animals might
be carrying. However, the reverse is just as true: newly-introduced goats need to be protected
from organisms present on your property to which they've never had their immune systems
previously exposed. These goats are on a new property in a changed environment and often in a
much different climate from which they have been previously adapted to living. From the
moment they left their previous homes, these new goats' immune systems were under assault.
Our main purpose of project is to develop prohibitive system to avoid losses due to environment
and conditions. Main aim of the system is to provide the safety to goat. The proposed Embedded
goat farming System is use to check the temperature of goat. If any temperature conditions gets
varies then send notification get by the buzzer also we check the heartbeat of goat and
continuously check by controller and if any unsafe condition detected then the buzzer gives us
notification. Load cell is provided there to check the weight of goats food. Depend on the load
we system serve the food to goats. The level sensor check for water level, depend on that water
will provided to the goats.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
LCD1
LM016L
V DD
V SS
V EE
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
U1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
62 19
XTAL1 P0.0/TxD0/PWM1
61 21
XTAL2 P0.1/RxD0/PWM3/EINT0
22
P0.2/SCL0/CAP0.0
3 26
RTXC1 P0.3/SDA0/MAT0..0/EINT1
5 27
RTXC2 P0.4/SCK0/CAP0.1/AD0.6
29
P0.5/MISO0/MAT0.1/AD0.7
57 30
RST P0.6/MOSI0/CAP0.2/AD1.0
31
P0.7/SSEL0/PWM2/EINT2
33
P0.8/TxD1/PWM4/AD1.1
34
P0.9/RxD1/PWM6/EINT3
35
P0.10/RTS1/CAP1.0/AD1.2
37
P0.11/CTS1/CAP1.1/SCL1
38
P0.12/DSR1/MAT1.0/AD1.3
39
P0.13/DTR1/MAT1.1/AD1.4
41
P0.14/DCD1/EINT1/SDA1
45
P0.15/RI1/EINT2/AD1.5
46
P0.16/EINT0/MAT0.2/CAP0.2
47
P0.17/CAP1.2/SCK1/MAT1.2
53
HEART BEAT
P0.18/CAP1.3/MISO1/MAT1.3
54
P0.19/MAT1.2/MOSI1/CAP1.2
55
P0.20/MAT1.3/SSEL1/EINT3
1
+3.3v P0.21/PWM5/AD1.6/CAP1.3
2
LOAD CELL
P0.22/AD1.7/CAP0.0/MAT0.0
58
P0.23
9
P0.25/AD0.4/AOUT
10
LEVEL SENSOR 1
P0.26/AD0.5
11
P0.27/AD0.0/CAP0.1/MAT0.1
13
P0.28/AD0.1/CAP0.2/MAT0.2
14
P0.29/AD0.2/CAP0.3/MAT0.3
15
LEVEL SENSOR 2
P0.30/AD0.3/EINT3/CAP0.0
17 16 8 U2
P0.31
16 2 3
P1.16/TRACEPKT0 IN1 VSS VS OUT1
12 7 6
P1.17/TRACEPKT1 IN2 OUT2
49 8 1
VBAT P1.18/TRACEPKT2 EN1
4
P1.19/TRACEPKT3 +12v
63 48
VREF P1.20/TRACESYNC +12v
7 44 9
V3A P1.21/PIPESTAT0 EN2
51 40 10 11
V3 P1.22/PIPESTAT1 IN3 OUT3
43 36 15 14
V3 P1.23/PIPESTAT2 IN4 GND GND OUT4
23 32
V3 P1.24/TRACECLK
28
P1.25/EXTIN0
59 24 L293D
VSSA P1.26/RTCK
50
VSS P1.27/TDO
64 RL1
42 60 12V
VSS P1.28/TDI
25 56
VSS P1.29/TCK
18 52
6
VSS P1.30/TMS
20
WATER MOTOR
VSS P1.31/TRST
LPC2138 Q1
BC547
POWER SUPPLY
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
1. LCD DISPLAY
2. ARM7 MICROCONTROLLER
3. TEMPERATURE SENSOR
4. LOAD SENSOR
5. LEVEL SENSOR
6. HEART BEAT SENSOR
7. RELAY
8. BUZZER
9. MOTOR
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
1. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Embedded C
2. COMPILERS:
Keil 4.0uv
3. DUMPING SOFTWARE:
Using Micro controller flash magic/ proload Software we are dumping our HEX
Code into Micro Controller
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
1. RASPBERRY PI
RASPBERRY PI DISCRIPTION
Raspberry Pi Model, 512 Mb with a nice black plastic case: The Raspberry Pi is a low cost,
credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard
keyboard and mouse. It has the ability to interact with the outside world, and has been used in
real time applications. This board is the central module of the whole embedded image capturing
and processing system as given in figure. Its main parts include: main processing chip, memory,
power supply HDMI Out, Ethernet port, USB ports andabundant global interfaces.
Fig. Raspberry pi module
The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer developed in the UK by

the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a
chip which includes an ARM1176JZF 700 MHz processor Video CoreIV GPU and was
originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later Upgraded to 512 MB. It does not include a
built-in hard disk or solid-state drive, but Uses an SD card for booting and long-term storage.
The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip(SoC), which includes

an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHzprocessor (The firmware includes a number of "Turbo" modes so
that the user can attempt over clocking, up to 1 GHz, without affecting the warranty),
VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded to
512 MB. It does not include a built-in hard disk or solid-state drive, but uses an SD card for
booting and long-term storage. The Foundation's goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25
and US$35. They started accepting orders for the higher priced model B on 29 February 2012,
and the lower cost model A on 4 February 2013.
The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for download. Tools are
available for Python as the main programming language, with support for BBC BASIC (via
the RISC OS image or the "Brandy Basic" clone for Linux), C, and Perl.
Hardware:
Initial sales were of the Model B, with Model A following in early 2013. Model A has
one USB port and no Ethernet controller, and will cost less than the Model B with two USB ports
and a 10/100 Ethernet controller.
Though the Model A doesn't have an 8P8C (RJ45) Ethernet port, it can connect to a network by
using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On the model B the Ethernet port
is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter. As is typical of modern computers, generic
USB keyboards and mice are compatible with the Raspberry Pi.
The Raspberry Pi does not come with a real-time clock, so an OS must use a network time
server, or ask the user for time information at boot time to get access to time and date for file
time and date stamping. However, a real-time clock (such as the DS1307) with battery backup
can be added via the IC interface.
On 20 April 2012 the schematics for the Model-A and Model-B were released by the Raspberry
Pi Foundation.
Hardware accelerated video encoding became available on 24 August 2012 when it became
known that the existing license also covered encoding. Previously it was thought that encoding
would be added with the release of the announced camera module. However, for the time being
there is no stable software support for hardware H.264 encoding.
At the same time the Raspberry Pi Foundation released two additional codecs that can be bought
separately, MPEG-2 and Microsoft's VC-1. Also it was announced that the Pi will support CEC,
enabling it to be controlled with the television's remote control.
On 5 September 2012, a revision 2.0 board was announced, with a number of minor corrections
and improvements. On 15 October 2012, the Raspberry Pi foundation announced that all new
Raspberry Pi model B's would be fitted with 512 MB instead of 256 MBRAM.
USB hub
A USB hub is a device that expands a single Universal Serial Bus (USB) port into several so that
there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system. USB hubs are often built into
equipment such as computers, keyboards, monitors, or printers. When such a device has many
USB ports, they all usually stem from one or two internal USB hubs rather than each port having
independent USB circuitry. Physically separate USB hubs come in a wide variety of form
factors: from external boxes (looking similar to an Ethernet or network hub) connectible with a
long cable, to small designs that can be directly plugged into a USB port (see the "compact
design" picture). In the middle case, there are "short cable" hubs which typically use an integral
6-inch cable to slightly distance a small hub away from physical port congestion and of course
increase the number of available ports.
In order to connect additional devices to the RPi, you may want to obtain a USB hub,
which will allow multiple devices to be used. It is recommended that a powered hub is used - this
will provide any additional power to the devices without affecting the RPi itself. A USB 2.0
model is recommended. USB 1.1 is fine for keyboards and mice, but may not be fast enough for
other accessories.
SD Card
The SD card is a key part of the Raspberry Pi, provides the initial storage for the Operating
System and files. Storage can be extended through many types of USB connected peripherals. 32
GB SD card is used for our Project.
Secure Digital (SD) is a nonvolatile memory card used extensively in portable devices, such
as mobile phones, digital cameras, GPS navigation devices, handheld consoles, and tablet
computers. It is a family of solid-state storage media. The Secure Digital standard was
introduced in August 1999 as an improvement over Multimedia Cards (MMC). The Secure
Digital standard is maintained by the SD Association (SDA). SD technologies have been
implemented in more than 400 brands across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000
models. The Secure Digital format includes four card families available in three different form
factors. The four families are the original Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity
(SDHC), the extended-Capacity (SDXC), and the SDIO, which combines input/output functions
with data storage. The three form factors are the original size, the mini size, and the micro size.
Electrically passive adapters allow a smaller card to fit and function in a device built for a larger
card.There are many combinations of form factors and device families, although as of 2013, the
prevailing formats are full- or micro-size SDHC and full or micro SDXC.
Power supply:
Raspberry Pi can work without the main connection by using power bank that can be connected
to Pi using an USB cable.The unit uses a Micro USB connection to power itself (only the power
pins are connected so it will not transfer data over this connection). A standard modern phone
charger with a micro- USB connector will do, but needs to produce at least 700mA at 5 volts.
Check your power supply's ratings carefully. Suitable mains adaptors will be available from the
RPi Shop and are recommended if you are unsure what to useyou can use a range of other power
sources (assuming they are able to provide enough current ~700mA):
Computer USB Port or powered USB hub (will depend on power output)
Special wall warts with USB ports
Mobile Phone Backup Battery (will depend on power output) (in theory needs
confirmation).
To use the above, you'll need a USB A 'male' to USB micro 'male' cable - these are often shipped
as data cables with MP3 players.
GPIO: One powerful feature of the Raspberry Pi is the row of GPIO (general purpose
input/output) pins along the edge of the board, next to the yellow video out socket.26 GPIO
Header in Model A/B and 40 GPIO Header in Model BThese pins are a physical interface
between the Pi and the outside world.Out of 26, 8 are dedicated IO Lines, 2 are for UART, 4 are
for SPI (+1 for Another Chip Select) , and another 2 for the I2C Interface (Total 17 out of 26)
These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world.Rest is Supply Rails.
WiringPi : Easy to use C Library for accessing the GPIO Lines via Programming (Arduino Style
Programming) These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world. At the
simplest level, you can think of them as switches that you can turn on or off (input) or that the Pi
can turn on or off (output). Seventeen of the 26 pins are GPIO pins; the others are power or
ground pins.
The GPIO port is one of the most powerful tools at the Raspberry Pis disposal, allowing you to
connect directly to an electronic circuit to control it. In such a system, the Pi is referred to as a
microcontroller. This is what makes the Raspberry Pi great for big projects, as you can use it to
program a machine or circuit, and even have it connect to the internet via the other Raspberry Pi
functions so that it can control contraptions with web data. Each of the GPIO pins can do
something different and very specific. At the basic core, though, you can have them provide
power consistently to part of a circuit, program a power switch to one of the pins, and even have
it sense a change over the pins (thanks to resistance). These three basic functions allow you to do
a lot, and can be programmed with Python.
Fig . GPIO Pin Diagram of raspberry pi
GPIO.output(7,True) The GPIO.BOARD option specifies that you are referring to the pins by the
number of the pin the plug - i.e the numbers printed on the board (e.g. P1) and in the middle of
the diagrams below.
The GPIO.BCM option means that you are referring to the pins by the "Broadcom SOC channel"
number, these are the numbers after "GPIO" in the green rectangles around the outside of the
below diagrams:
Unfortunately the BCM numbers changed between versions of the Pi1 Model B, and you'll need
to work out which one you. So it may be safer to use the BOARD numbers if you are going to
use more than one Raspberry Pi in a project.
The Model B+ uses the same numbering as the Model B r2.0, and adds new pins (board numbers
27-40).
The Raspberry Pi Zero, Pi 2B and Pi 3B use the same numbering as the B+.
importRPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(7, GPIO.OUT)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(7,False)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(7,True)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(7,False)
print Done
GPIO.cleanup()
To wire up an LED bulb to be programmable from the Raspberry Pi, to turn it on and off again a
few times. For this, you will need a breadboard prototyping circuit board, an LED, a 50-ohm
resistor, and some wires. Refer to our Frizzing diagram on the right, to see how its wired up; the
negative end of the LED goes to a ground pin on the Raspberry Pi (which is where the flow of
electricity ends), and a programmable pin goes through the 50-ohm resistor to provide power to
the LED when its turned on. Open up IDLE, the Python programming software, and create a
new file. Save it as led.py, and input the code from the code listing. What the code does is first
tell Python to use the GPIO module so we can connect to the GPIO pins, by importing the
module. We then import the time module so we can create a delay between commands. We then
tell the code to treat the GPIO pins as the number they are on the board, and to turn the seventh
pin into an output. We alternate between True and False so that it turns the pin on and off. Once
its cycled a few times, it will print the message Done into IDLE, and finally turn off the GPIO
pins. You can do a lot more with GPIO if you want to, and this is a good way to start before
moving on to bigger projects.
2. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven
segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep
displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are specialized for being used with the microcontrollers, which
means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different
messages on a miniature LCD.
Function Pin Number Name Logic State Description
Ground 1 Vss - 0V
Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V
Contrast 3 Vee - 0 Vdd
D0 D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 D7 are interpreted as data
0 Write data (from controller to LCD)

Control of 5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to controller)
operating
Access to LCD disabled
0
Normal operating
6 E 1
Data/commands are transferred to
From 1 to 0
LCD
7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB
8 D1 0/1 Bit 1
9 D2 0/1 Bit 2
10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
Data / commands
11 D4 0/1 Bit 4
12 D5 0/1 Bit 5
13 D6 0/1 Bit 6
14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two
lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks,
mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its
own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer,
backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.
Pins Functions
There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light
is built in). Their function is described in the table below:
LCD screen:
LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot
matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are
displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as
Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have
built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current
limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).
LCD Basic Commands:
All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data,
which depends on logic state on pin RS:
RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor
addresses built in map of characters and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position
is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of
previously transferred character is automatically incremented.
RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands which
LCD recognizes are given in the table below:
Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution Time
Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS
Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS
Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS
Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS
Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS
Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS
Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS
Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS
Read BUSY flag

0 1 BF DDRAM address -
(BF)
Write to CGRAM or
1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
DDRAM
Read from CGRAM

1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
or DDRAM
List of commands which LCD recognizes

I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right
0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left
S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface
0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface
D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines
0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line
U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots
0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots
B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift
0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift
LCD Connection:
Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there are 8-bit and
4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the process in a phase
called initialization. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has
been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of saving valuable I/O pins of
the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other
may be left unconnected. Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits
are sent first (that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent
afterwards. With the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data
received. Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are
transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting
R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message displaying will be
normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it is not possible to read
from display.
LCD Initialization:
Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by
default. This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots
3. Display/Cursor on/off
D = 0 Display off
U = 0 Cursor off
B = 0 Cursor blink off
4. Character entry
ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1
S = 0 Display shift off
Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for any
reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in the course of 10mS, display will start
perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit can not meet this condition or if it is
needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a new reset
enabling display to operate normally must be applied.
Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed depends on whether
connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All leftover to be done after
that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.
SPECIFICATION
Display :- 16 Char* 2 Lines

Controller:-LSI HD44780 IN BUILT
Power Supply :- + 5v Dc
Display Color :-Gray
Weight :- 35g
3. TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room
temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by
trimming and calibration at the wafer level.
The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power
supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low
self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C
temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10 with improved
accuracy).
4. HEART BEAT SENSOR

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is placed on it.
When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with each heart beat.
This digital output can be connected to microcontroller directly to measure the Beats Per
Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow through
finger at each pulse.
WORKING
Doctors measure our heart rate manually. By holding our hands they feel the pulse in the nerve
and look at their watch to count our heart beats per minute. Even we also can feel the pulse on
our finger when our heart pumps blood into our blood vessels. This pulse is felt due to the
expansion and contraction of blood vessel when blood enters and leaves it. Our heart does this
around 72 to 84 times a minute for an healthy person.
What we do to measure the heart rate is, first we will detect the heart beat/pulse and count the
pulses for one minute to get the beats per minute. So in order to detect the pulse we will pass
light (using an LED) from one side of the finger and measure the intensity of light received on
the other side (using an LDR). Whenever the heart pumps blood more light is absorbed by
increased blood cells and we will observe a decrease in the intensity of light received on the
LDR. As a result the resistance value of the LDR increases. This variation in resistance is
converted into voltage variation using a signal conditioning circuit usually an OP-AMP. The
signal is amplified enough to be detectable by the microcontroller inputs. The signal given to the
microcontroller input will look somewhat like shown in the image above in a oscilloscope. The
microcontroller can be programmed to receive an interrupt for every pulse detected and count the
number of interrupts or pulses in a minute. The count value of pulses per minute will give you
the Heart rate in bpm (Beats Per Minute).
Alternatively to save time, only the number of pulses for ten seconds are counted and then
multiplied by 6 to get pulse count for 60 seconds/1 minute.
FEATURES
Heat beat indication by LED

Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to microcontroller
Compact Size
SPECIFICATION
Operating Voltage:-+5V DC regulated
Operating Current:-100 mA
Output Data Level: - 5V TTL level
Heart Beat detection Indicated by: - LED and Output High Pulse
Light source: - 660nm Super Red LED
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or
other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts,
instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from
overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic Latching Relays Magnetic Latching relays require one pulse of coil power to
move their contacts in one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated
pulses from the same input have no effect. Magnetic Latching relays are useful in applications
where interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic Latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the
relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset when
the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil
the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ
steering diodes to differentiate between operate and reset commands.
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core,
an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature,
and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to
the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts.
It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the
magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed,
and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on
their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This
ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit
track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the
armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks
(depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed
when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the
connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off,
the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its
relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in
industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage
application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
Features:
12VDC SPDT Relay
Rated up to 10A (@125VAC)
Fully Sealed
Can be mounted directly into breadboard - 300mil spacing!

5. BUZZER
Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight, simple
construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck reversing
indicator, computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezo
electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of generating
electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa is also
true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials are either
naturally available or manmade. Piezoceramic is class of manmade material, which poses piezo
electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an
alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal
thereby producing sound.
Types of Buzzers
There are several different kinds of buzzers. At Future Electronics we stock many of the most
common types categorized by Type, Sound Level, Frequency, Rated Voltage, Dimension and
Packaging Type. The parametric filters on our website can help refine your search results
depending on the required specifications.
The most common sizes for Sound Level are 80 dB, 85 dB, 90 dB and 95 dB. We also carry
buzzers with Sound Level up to 105 dB. There are several types available including Electro-
Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Electro mechanic, Magnetic and Piezo, among others.
Choosing the Right Buzzer:
When you are looking for the right buzzers, you can filter the results by various attributes with
the FutureElectronics.com parametric search: by Sound Level (57 dB, 80 dB, 85 dB, 90 dB, 95
dB,), Type (Electro-Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Electro mechanic, Magnetic or Piezo) and
Frequency (from 400 Hz to 20 kHz), to name a few. You will be able to find the right
electromagnetic buzzer, electro-acoustic transducer, piezo electric transducers, magnetic buzzer,
acoustic transducer or piezo buzzer for an electric circuit.
Applications for Buzzers:
Typical uses of buzzers include:
Alarm devices
Timers
Confirmation of user input (ex: mouse click or keystroke)
Electronic metronomes
Game shows
Sporting events
Household appliances
Specification Of Buzzer
Tone Type Continuous

Sound Level 85dB
Drive Type Internal

Mounting Type Through Hole
Dimensions 12 (Dia.) x 9.5mm
Supply Current 30mA
Diameter 12mm
Height 9.5mm
Maximum Frequency 2700Hz
Maximum Operating Temperature +70C
Maximum Supply Voltage 5V dc
Minimum Frequency 1900Hz
Minimum Operating Temperature -30C
Minimum Supply Voltage 2V dc
6. L293D (MOTOR DRIVER)
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which is used to drive DC on either
direction. It is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any
direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge
Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC).The l293d can drive small and quiet big motors as well. A H
bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction.
These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run
forwards and backwards.
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC pushpull
converter, most motor controllers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In
particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost invariably driven by a motor controller containing
Two H Bridges. H bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete
components.
The term H bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H
bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4
(according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be
applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this
voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time,
as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches
S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.
Image :Pin Diagram L293D
Pin Description:
Pin No Function
1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high
2 Input 1 for Motor 1
3 Output 1 for Motor 1
4 Ground (0V)
5 Ground (0V)
8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to
9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high
12 Ground (0V)
13 Ground (0V)
15 Input2 for Motor 1
16 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V)

7. DC MOTOR:
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power
into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields.
Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic; to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types
produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide
range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances.
Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for
steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC
motors possible in many applications.
This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field; it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This
is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of
rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical
force, and based on that the working principle of dc motor established. The direction of rotation
of a this motor is given by Flemings left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle
finger and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the
index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of
current, then the thumb represents the direction in which force is experienced by the shaft of the
dc motor.
Working Principle Of A DC Motor

A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current(electrical energy) into
mechanical energy. Its of vital importance for the industry today, and is equally important for
engineers to look into the working principle of DC motor in details that has been discussed in
this article. In order to understand the operating principle of DC motor we need to first look
into its constructional feature.
A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The principle of working of a DC motor is that "whenever a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force". The direction of this force is given
by Fleming's left hand rule and it's magnitude is given by F = BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux
density, I = current and L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
Fleming's left hand rule: If we stretch the first finger, second finger and thumb of our left hand to
be perpendicular to each other AND direction of magnetic field is represented by the first finger,
direction of the current is represented by second finger then the thumb represents the direction of
the force experienced by the current carrying conductor.
Working of DC Motor
Above animation helps in understanding the working principle of a DC motor. When armature
windingsare connected to a DC supply, current sets up in the winding. Magnetic field may be
provided by field winding (electromagnetism) or by using permanent magnets. In this case,
current carrying armature conductors experience force due to the magnetic field, according to the
principle stated above.
Commutator is made segmented to achieve unidirectional torque. Otherwise, the direction of

force would have reversed every time when the direction of movement of conductor is reversed
the magnetic field.
This is how a DC motor works!
Back EMF
According to fundamental laws of nature, no energy conversion is possible until there is

something to oppose the conversion. In case of generators this opposition is provided by
magnetic drag, but in case of dc motors there is back emf.
When the armature of the motor is rotating, the conductors are also cutting the magnetic flux
lines and hence according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, an emf induces in
the armature conductors. The direction of this induced emf is such that it opposes the armature
current (Ia) . The circuit diagram below illustrates the direction of the back emf and armature
current. Magnitude of Back emf can be given by the emf equation of DC generator.
Significance Of Back Emf:
Magnitude of back emf is directly proportional to speed of the motor. Consider the load on a dc
motor is suddenly reduced. In this case, required torque will be small as compared to the current
torque. Speed of the motor will start increasing due to the excess torque. Hence, being
proportional to the speed, magnitude of the back emf will also increase. With increasing back
emf armature current will start decreasing. Torque being proportional to the armature current, it
will also decrease until it becomes sufficient for the load. Thus, speed of the motor will regulate.
On the other hand, if a dc motor is suddenly loaded, the load will cause decrease in the speed.
Due to decrease in speed, back emf will also decrease allowing more armature current. Increased
armature current will increase the torque to satisfy the load requirement. Hence, presence of
the back emf makes a dc motor self-regulating.
Characteristics of DC motors.
(i) Torque vs. armature current,
(ii) Speed vs. armature current and
(iii) Speed vs.torque.
Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)
This characteristic is also known as electrical characteristic. We know that torque is directly
proportional to the product of armature current and field flux, Ta .Ia. In DC series motors, field
winding is connected in series with the armature, i.e. I a = If. Therefore, before magnetic
saturation of the field, flux is directly proportional to Ia.Hence, before magnetic saturation Ta
Ia2. Therefore, the Ta-Ia curve is parabola for smaller values of Ia.
After magnetic saturation of the field poles, flux is independent of armature current Ia.
Therefore, the torque varies proportionally to Ia only, T Ia.Therefore, after magnetic saturation,
Ta-Ia curve becomes a straight line.
The shaft torque (Tsh) is less than armature torque (Ta) due to stray losses. Hence, the curve
TshvsIa lies slightly lower.
In DC series motors, (prior to magnetic saturation) torque increases as the square of armature
current, these motors are used where high starting torque is required.
Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)
We know the relation, N Eb/
For small load current (and hence for small armature current) change in back emfEb is small and
it may be neglected. Hence, for small currents speed is inversely proportional to . As we know,
flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is inversely proportional to Ia. Therefore, when armature
current is very small the speed becomes dangerously high. That is why a series motor should
never be started without some mechanical load.
But, at heavy loads, armature current Ia is large. And hence, speed is low which results in
decreased back emfEb. Due to decreased Eb, more armature current is allowed.
Speed Vs. Torque (N-Ta)
This characteristic is also called as mechanical characteristic. From the above

two characteristics of DC series motor, it can be found that when speed is high, torque is low
and vice versa.
Characteristics Of DC Shunt Motors
Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)

In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the field flux to be constant. Though at heavy
loads, decreases in a small amount due to increased armature reaction. As we are neglecting
the change in the flux , we can say that torque is proportional to armature current. Hence, the
Ta-Ia characteristic for a dc shunt motor will be a straight line through the origin.
Since heavy starting load needs heavy starting current.
Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)
As flux is assumed to be constant, we can say N Eb. But, as back emf is also almost constant,
the speed should remain constant. But practically, as well as Eb decreases with increase in
load. Back emfEb decreases slightly more than , therefore, the speed decreases slightly.
Generally, the speed decreases only by 5 to 15% of full load speed. Therefore, a shunt motor
can be assumed as a constant speed motor. In speed vs. armature current characteristic in the
following figure, the straight horizontal line represents the ideal characteristic and the actual
characteristic is shown by the dotted line.
Characteristics Of DC Compound Motor
DC compound motors have both series as well as shunt winding. In a compound motor, if series
and shunt windings are connected such that series flux is in direction as that of the shunt flux
then the motor is said to be cumulatively compounded. And if the series flux is opposite to the
direction of the shunt flux, then the motor is said to be differentially compounded.
Characteristics of both these compound motors are explained below.
(a)Cumulative compound motor
Cumulative compound motors are used where series characteristics are required but the load is
likely to be removed completely. Series winding takes care of the heavy load, whereas the shunt
winding prevents the motor from running at dangerously high speed when the load is suddenly
removed. These motors have generally employed a flywheel, where sudden and temporary loads
are applied like in rolling mills.
(b) Differential compound motor
Since in differential field motors, series flux opposes shunt flux, the total flux decreases with
increase in load. Due to this, the speed remains almost constant or even it may increase slightly
with increase in load (N Eb/). Differential compound motors are not commonly used, but they
find limited applications in experimental and research work.
Image:DC motor construction
8. LEVEL SENSOR
Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances
that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because
of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be
measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level
measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level
within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while
point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point.
Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level
monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the
physical: phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric
constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or
electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the
application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease
of calibration or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or
control of continuous or discrete (point) levels. In short, level sensors are one of the very
important sensors and play very important role in variety of consumer/ industrial applications. As
with other type of sensors, level sensors are available or can be designed using variety of sensing
principles. Selection of an appropriate type of sensor suiting to the application requirement is
very important.
Point And Continuous Level Detection For Solids
Vibrating Point
Principle of vibration point probe
These detect levels of very fine powders (bulk density: 0.02 g/cm 3 0.2 g/cm3), fine powders
(bulk density: 0.2 0.5 g/cm3), and granular solids (bulk density: 0.5 g/cm3 or greater). With
proper selection of vibration frequency and suitable sensitivity adjustments, they can also sense
the level of highly fluidized powders and electrostatic materials.
Single-probe vibrating level sensors are ideal for bulk powder level. Since only one sensing
element contacts the powder, bridging between two probe elements is eliminated and media
build-up is minimized. The vibration of the probe tends to eliminate build-up of material on the
probe element. Vibrating level sensors are not affected by dust, static-charge build-up from
dielectric powders, or changes in conductivity, temperature, pressure, humidity or moisture
content. Tuning-fork style vibration sensors are another alternative. They tend to be less costly,
but are prone to material buildup between the tines,
Rotating paddle
Rotating paddle level sensors are a very old and established technique for bulk solid point level
indication. The technique uses a low-speed gear motor that rotates a paddle wheel. When the
paddle is stalled by solid materials, the motor is rotated on its shaft by its own torque until a
flange mounted on the motor contacts a mechanical switch. The paddle can be constructed from
a variety of materials, but tacky material must not be allowed to build up on the paddle. Build-up
may occur if the process material becomes tacky because of high moisture levels or high ambient
humidity in the hopper. For materials with very low weight per unit volume such
as Pearlite, Bentonite or fly ash, special paddle designs and low-torque motors are used. Fine
particles or dust must be prevented from penetrating the shaft bearings and motor by proper
placement of the paddle in the hopper or bin and using appropriate seals.
Admittance-type
An RF Admittance level sensor uses a rod probe and RF source to measure the change
in admittance. The probe is driven through a shielded coaxial cable to eliminate the effects of
changing cable capacitance to ground. When the level changes around the probe, a corresponding
change in the di-electric is observed. This changes the admittance of this imperfect capacitor and
this change is measured to detect change of level.[1]
Pneumatic
Pneumatic level sensors are used where hazardous conditions exist, where there is no electric
power or its use is restricted, and in applications involving heavy sludge or slurry. As the
compression of a column of air against a diaphragm is used to actuate a switch, no process liquid
contacts the sensor's moving parts. These sensors are suitable for use with highly viscous liquids
such as grease, as well as water-based and corrosive liquids. This has the additional benefit of
being a relatively low cost technique for point level monitoring.
Conductive
Conductive level sensors are ideal for the point level detection of a wide range of conductive
liquids such as water, and is especially well suited for highly corrosive liquids such as caustic
soda, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, ferric chloride, and similar liquids. For those conductive
liquids that are corrosive, the sensors electrodes need to be constructed from titanium, Hastelloy
B or C, or 316 stainless steel and insulated with spacers, separators or holders of ceramic,
polyethylene and Teflon-based materials. Depending on their design, multiple electrodes of
differing lengths can be used with one holder. Since corrosive liquids become more aggressive as
temperature and pressure increase, these extreme conditions need to be considered when
specifying these sensors.
Conductive level sensors use a low-voltage, current-limited power source applied across separate
electrodes. The power supply is matched to the conductivity of the liquid, with higher voltage
versions designed to operate in less conductive (higher resistance) mediums. The power source
frequently incorporates some aspect of control, such as high-low or alternating pump control. A
conductive liquid contacting both the longest probe (common) and a shorter probe (return)
completes a conductive circuit. Conductive sensors are extremely safe because they use low
voltages and currents. Since the current and voltage used is inherently small, for personal safety
reasons, the technique is also capable of being made Intrinsically Safe to meet international
standards for hazardous locations. Conductive probes have the additional benefit of being solid-
state devices and are very simple to install and use. In some liquids and applications,
maintenance can be an issue. The probe must continue to be conductive. If buildup insulates the
probe from the medium, it will stop working properly. A simple inspection of the probe will
require an ohmmeter connected across the suspect probe and the ground reference.
Typically, in most water and wastewater wells, the well itself with its ladders, pumps and other
metal installations, provides a ground return. However, in chemical tanks, and other non-
grounded wells, the installer must supply a ground return, typically an earth rod.
9. LOAD CELL
Load cells are designed to sense force or weight under a wide range of adverse
conditions; they are not only the most essential part of an electronic weighing system, but also
the most vulnerable. In order to get the most benefit from the load cell, the user must have a
thorough understanding of the technology, construction and operation of this unique device. In
addition, it is imperative that the user selects the correct load cell for the application and provide
the necessary care for the load cell during its lifetime.Load cell selection in the context
of trouble free operation concerns itself primarily with the right capacity,
accuracy class and environmental protection, rather then with a particular
measuring principle like bending, shear, compression or ring torsion.
This module uses 24 high precision A/D converter chip HX711. It is a specially designed for the
high precision electronic scale design, with two analog input channel, the internal integration of
128 times the programmable gain amplifier. The input circuit can be configured to provide a
bridge type pressure bridge (such as pressure, weighing sensor mode), is of high precision, low
cost is an ideal sampling front-end module.
Specifications
Differential input voltage: 40mV (Full-scale differential input voltage is 40mV)
Data accuracy: 24 bit (24 bit A / D converter chip.)
Refresh frequency: 10/80 Hz
Operating Voltage: 2.7V to 5VDC
Operating current: <10 mA

Size: 24x16mm
Fig. 1 Typical weigh scale application block diagram

Fig. Hx711 module
.
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
1. KEIL IDE
ABOUT KEIL:-
1 Click on the Keil u Vision4 Icon on Desktop
2 .The following fig will appear
3.Click on the Project menu from the title bar
4. Then Click on New Project

5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder
sited in either C:\ or D:\
6 Then Click on Save button above.
7 Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel
8 Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel
9 Select AT89S52 as shown below
10 Then Click on OK
11 The Following fig will appear
12 Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO

13 Now your project is ready to USE
14 Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in
next page.
15 Click on the file option from menu bar and select new
16 The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on
its blue boarder.
17 Now start writing program in either in C or ASM

18 For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C
based program save it with extension .C
19 Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source
20. Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.
20 Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file
21 Click only one time on option ADD
22 Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.
23 If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.
24 The new window is as follows

25 Then Click OK
26 Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in
fig below
27 Drag the port a side and click in the program file.
28 Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe.
29 You are running your program successfully
2. FLASH MAGIC
Introduction Of Flash Magic
NXP Semiconductors produce a range of Microcontrollers that feature both on-chip Flash
memory and the ability to be reprogrammed using In-System Programming technology.
Flash Magic is Windows software from the Embedded Systems Academy that allows easy access
to all the ISP features provided by the devices. These features include
Erasing the Flash memory (individual blocks or the whole device)
Programming the Flash memory
Modifying the Boot Vector and Status Byte
Reading Flash memory
Performing a blank check on a section of Flash memory
Reading the signature bytes
Reading and writing the security bits
Direct load of a new baud rate (high speed communications)
Sending commands to place device in Boot loader mode
Flash Magic provides a clear and simple user interface to these features. Under Windows, only
one application may have access the COM Port at any one time, preventing other applications
from using the COM Port.Magic only obtains access to the selected COM Port when ISP
operations are being performed. This means that other applications that need to use the COM
Port, such as debugging tools, may be used while Flash Magic is loaded.
Screenshot of Flash Magic Window

The window is divided up into five sections. Work your way from section 1 to section 5 to
program a device using the most common functions.
At the very bottom left of the window is an area where progress messages will be displayed and
at the very bottom right is where the progress bar is displayed. In between the messages and the
progress bar is a count of the number of times the currently selected hex file has been
programmed since it was last modified or selected.
Just above the progress information Embedded Hints are displayed. These are rotating Internet
links that you can click on to go to a web page using your default browser.
Menus
There are five menus, File, ISP, Options, Tools and Help.
The File menu provides access to loading and saving Hex Files, loading and saving settings files
and exiting the application.
The Options menu allows access to the advanced options and includes an item to reset all
options.
The ISP menu provides access to the less commonly used ISP features.
The Tools menu provides features that support the operation and use of Flash Magic.
The Help menu contains items that link directly to useful web pages and also open the Help
About window showing the version number.
Tooltips
Throughout the Flash Magic user interface extensive use has been made of tooltips. These are
small text boxes that appear when you place the pointer over something and keep it still for a
second or two.
Note that tooltips do not appear for items that are disabled (grayed out).
Saving Options
The options in the main window and the Advanced Options window are automatically saved to
the registry whenever Flash Magic is closed. This removes the need for an explicit save
operation. When Flash Magic is restarted the main window and the Advanced Options window
will appear as you left it, so you do not have to repeatedly make the same selections every time
you start the application. If you wish to reset the options to the original defaults then choose
Reset from the Options menu.
FIVE STEP PROGRAMMING
For each step there is a corresponding section in the main window as described in the User
Interface Tour.
Step 1 Connection Settings
Before the device can be used the settings required to make a connection must be specified.
COM Port Settings

Select the desired COM port from the drop down list or type the desired COM port directly into
the box. If you enter the COM port yourself then you must enter it in one of the following
formats
COM n
n
Any other format will generate an error. So if you want to use COM 5 (which is not present on
the drop down list) you can directly type in either COM 5 or 5.
Baud Rate Settings

Select the baud rate to connect at. Try a low speed first. The maximum speed that can be used
depends on the crystal frequency on your hardware. You can try connecting at higher and higher
speeds until connections fail. Then you have found the highest baud rate to connect at.
Alternatively, some devices support high speed communications.
Device Selection
Select the device being used from the drop down list. Ensure you select the correct one as
different devices have different feature sets and different methods of setting up the serial
communications.
Interface Selection
Select the interface being used, if any. An interface is a device that connects between your PC
and the target hardware. If you simply have a serial cable or USB to serial cable connecting your
COM port to the target hardware, then you can choose "None (ISP)". Choosing the correct
interface will automatically configure Flash Magic for that interface, along with enabling and
disabling the relevant features.
Oscillator Frequency
Enter the oscillator frequency used on the hardware. Do not round the frequency, instead enter it
as precisely as possible. Some devices do not require the oscillator frequency to be entered, so
this field will not be displayed.
Once the options are set ensure the device is running the on-chip Boot loader if you are using a
manual ISP entry method.
Note that the connection settings affect all ISP features provided by Flash Magic.
Step 2 Erasing
This step is optional, however if you attempt to program the device without first erasing at least
one Flash block, then Flash Magic will warn you and ask you if you are sure you want to
program the device.
Select each Flash block that you wish to erase by clicking on its name.
If you wish to erase all the Flash then check that option.
If you want to check to erase a Flash block and all the Flash then the Flash block will not
be individually erased.
If you wish to erase only the Flash blocks used by the hex file you are going to select,
then check that option.
For most devices erasing all the Flash also results in the Boot Vector and Status Byte being set to
default values, which ensure that the Boot loader will be executed on reset, regardless of the state
of the PSEN pin or other hardware requirements.
Only when programming a Hex File has been completed will the Status Byte be set to 00H to
allow the code to execute.
This is a safeguard against accidentally attempting to execute when the Flash is erased.
On some devices erasing all the Flash will also erase the security bits. This will be indicated by
the text next to the Erase all Flash option.
On some devices erasing all the Flash will also erase the speed setting of the device (the number
of clocks per cycle) setting it back to the default.This will be indicated by the text next to the
Erase all Flash option.
Step 3 Selecting the Hex File

This step is optional. If you do not wish to program a Hex File then do not select one.
You can either enter a path name in the text box or click on the Browse button to select a Hex
File by browsing to it.
Also you can choose Open from the File menu.
Note that the Hex file is not loaded or cached in any way. This means that if the Hex File is
modified, you do not have to reselect it in Flash Magic. Every time the Hex File is programmed
it is first re-read from the location specified in the main window.
The date the Hex file was last modified is shown in this section. This information is updated
whenever the hex file is modified. The hex file does not need to be reselected.
Clicking on more info or choosing Information from the File menu will display additional
information about the Hex file.
The information includes the range of Flash memory used by the Hex file, the number of bytes of
Flash memory used and the percentage of the currently selected device that will be filled by
programming the Hex file.
If the device supports programming and execution from RAM, for example the ARM devices,
then the hex file may contain records for the RAM.
First the flash will be programmed followed by the RAM. Programs loaded into RAM via a hex
file may be executed using such features as the Go option.
Step 4 Options
Flash Magic provides various options that may be used after the Hex File has been programmed.
This section is optional; however verify After Programming, Fill Unused Flash and Gen Block
Checksums may only be used if a Hex File is selected (and therefore being programmed), as they
all need to know either the Hex File contents or memory locations used by the Hex File.
Verify After Programming

Checking the Verify after Programming option will result in the data contained in the Hex File
being read back from Flash and compared with the Hex File after programming. This helps to
ensure that the Hex File was correctly programmed. If the device does not support verifying then
this item will be disabled.
Fill Unused Flash
Checking the Fill Unused Flash option will result in every memory location not used by the Hex
File being programmed with the value that sets all the bits to a programmed state.
Once a location has been programmed with this feature it cannot be reprogrammed with any
other value, preventing someone from programming the device with a small program to read out
the contents of Flash or altering the applications operation.
General Block Checksums

Checking the Gen Block Checksums option will instruct Flash Magic to program the highest
location in every Flash block used by the Hex File with a special checksum adjuster value.
This value ensures that when a checksum is calculated for the whole Flash Block it will equal
55H, providing the contents of the Flash block have not be altered or corrupted. Please refer to
the Block Checksums section for more information.
Execute option
Checking the Execute option will cause the downloaded firmware to be executed automatically
after the programming is complete. Note that this will not work if using the Hardware Reset
option or a device that does not support this feature.
Step 5 Performing the Operations

Step 5 contains a Start button.
Clicking the Start button will result in all the selected operations in the main window taking
place. They are:
Erasing Flash
Programming the Hex File
Verifying the Hex File
Filling Unused Flash
Generating Checksums
Programming the clocks bit
Programming the Security Bits
Executing the firmware
Once started the progress information and a progress bar will be displayed at the bottom of the
main window.
In addition the Start button will change to a cancel button. Click on the cancel button to cancel
the operation.
Note that if you cancel during erasing all the Flash, it may take a few seconds before the
operation is cancelled.
Once the operations have finished the progress information will briefly show the message
Finished.
The Programmed Count shown next to the progress bar will increment. This shows the total
number of times the hex file has been programmed.
Modifying the hex file or selecting another hex file will reset the count.
Alternatively, right-clicking over the count provides a menu with the option to immediately reset
the count.
-
3. PROTEUS
What Is Proteus ??
Basically PROTEUS is also a simulating software but it helps you attach many
components with the 8051. Like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, LCDs, keypads, ICs etc. and
these are just few that I have named in general. It has a complete library and you will find
everything that you will ever need. You can design your complete circuit and then
simulate it to view the final output. This means that after perfecting your project on the
programming side in KEIL, you'll need to simulate it on PROTEUS to determine the
output of the hardware components and change it if need be. This will completely ensure
your project's success.
USING PROTEUS
PROTEUS is designed to be user-friendly and you will get the hold of it instantly. There is no
need to worry about some complex configuration / settings prior to simulation. Here are the basic
steps.
Place your components from the library
Connect them accordingly
Load HEX file (if 8051 is involved)
Simulate the circuit

UNDERSTAND EACH STEP IN DETAIL
1. PLACING COMPONENTS
Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure
Select any category
Select item from the list
Click OK
After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and then click
again to place it
2. CONNECTING COMPONENTS
Place all the required components
Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points
3. LOAD HEX FILE
Double click the 8051 component to open its properties
Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it

And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or crystal
oscillator to the microcontroller. It will work just fine even without it. The frequency can be
adjusted in the properties window as well.
4. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT
The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real time
The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling (ON / OFF)
through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point, you will just see the
LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.
Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.
PCB DESIGN
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components capacitors, resistors or active
devices are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components
embedded in the substrate.
PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-
layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are connected with vias. Multi-layer
PCBs allow for much higher component density.
FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate. A basic building block of the PCB is an FR-
4 panel with a thin layer of copper foil laminated to one or both sides. In multi-layer boards
multiple layers of material are laminated together.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to
lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits
with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted and
wired with one single part.A minimal PCB with a single component used for easier modeling is
called breakout board.
When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into
disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred
term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),[2] and for assembled backplanes it
is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.
ExpressPCB is a free CAD software , specially designed to help us to create printed circuit
board. ExpressPCB is the program that will be used to design printed circuits boards and
ExpressSCH is a program that can be used do design a circuit diagram ( to draw circuits) ..
Steps To Start With Express SCH
Step 1- Select the Components
Begin your schematic by placing the components. Select the parts from the Component
Manager dialog box.ExpressSCH includes a large library with hundreds of component symbols
(ICs, resistors, capacitors) that you can use to draw your electronic circuits.
Step 2- Position the Components
Drag each component to the desired location on the page. The Snap to grid feature makes it easy
to neatly align the symbols.If all of the components do not fit on a single page, add additional
sheets. All the sheets of a schematic are linked together and saved in one file.
Step 3- Add the Wires

Now draw the wires to connect the parts together. Add each wire by clicking on a components
pin, then dragging the wire to the pin it connects to.
Step 4- Edit the Schematic
Making changes to a schematic is simple using standard commands such as Copy, Cut and Paste.
Rearranging the components is easy by dragging them with the mouse. Wires always stay
connected to their pins, even when you move things around
Step 5- Link the Schematic and PCB
After you complete your schematic, it can be linked to your circuit board layout file.
This image of the ExpressPCB layout program shows how it guides you in designing your board
by highlighting in blue the pins that should be wired together.
Steps To Start With Express PCB
Step 1- Select the Components
Begin your layout by adding the components. Select the parts from the Component Manager
dialog box. Many components (such as connectors) include Digi-key part numbers to make
ordering easy.
Step 2:- Position the Components
Drag each component to the desired location on your board. The Snap to grid feature makes it
easy to neatly align the parts.
Step 3:-Add the Traces
Now add each trace by clicking on the pin of a component and dragging the trace to another pin.
If you link your schematic file to the PCB, then the ExpressPCB program highlights the pins that
should be wired together in blue.
Step 4- Edit the Layout

Making changes is simple using standard commands such as Copy, Cut and Paste. Rearrange the
parts by dragging them with the mouse. Traces always stay connected to their pins, even when
you move things around.You can set the properties of items in your layout by double-clicking on
them. For example, double-click on a trace to change its layer or width.
Step 5:-
Completing PCB layout in Express PCB.

BOARD LAYOUT
Power supply
Buzzer
ALGORITHM
Step 1:- Start
Step 2: power supply on
STEP 2:- Initialize hardware Module.
STEP 3:-Display On LCD as Gaot Farming
STEP 4:-Temperature sensor sense temperature of goat.
STEP 5:- level sensor sense the level of water. If low level detected water motor is ON.
STEP 6:- . Load cell is provided there to check the weight of goats food.
STEP 7:- we check the heart beat of goat using heart beat sensor.
STEP 8:- If any sensor exceeds than its set value at that time buzzer get activated and LCD is
ON.
Step 9:- stop.
FLOWCHART
Check
IF START Check level
Check heart
IF Check IF Load IF
Temp
Temperature
> 45 beat sensor
H.B. > 75 H.B.
Load
> 75
gets
cell low Low level
high
value detected
POWER SUPPLY ON
Stop
LCD & LCD & LCD & Water
YesBUZZER No YesBUZZER No Yes BUZZER N Yes motorON No
ADVANTAGES
Prevention of Disease
Bio-security begins with the goal of preventing the spread of infectious agents
from infected to susceptible animals.
The security system is less costly.
The cost of this system is low , therefore more systems can be implemented for
goat security .
Provide safety and good health
We will check an heart beat and temperature due to this it will help to improve the
health of goats.
Provide management
we use load cell and water level sensor which will help to manage the food and
water distribution automatically which will help to improve the management.
APPLICATION
Infection and illness
Poor health management.
Health monitoring
Food management
FUTURE SCOPE
In the future, there will be very large scope, this project can be made based on Image processing
in which wild animal can detect by cameras and if it comes towards farm then system will be
directly activated through wireless networks. Wild animals can also be detected by using wireless
networks such as laser wireless sensors and by sensing this laser or sensors security system will
be activated.
CONCLUSION
Here we have designed a simple, low-cost controller based Goat Farming . Our main purpose
of project is to develop prohibitive system to avoid losses due to environment and conditions.
Main aim of the system is to provide the safety to goat..using load cell, level sensor, temp sensor,
and heart beat sensor.
REFERENCES
1. C. J. Rutten, A. G. J. Velthuis, W. Steeneveld, and H. Hogeveen, Invited review: Sensors

to support health management on dairy farms, J. Dairy Sci., vol. 96, pp. 19521928,
2013.
2. W. Steeneveld, L. C. van der Gaag, W. Ouweltjes, H. Mollenhorst, and H. Hogeveen,
Discriminating between true-positive and false-positive clinical mastitis alerts from
automatic milking systems., J. Dairy Sci., vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 255968, Jun. 2010.
3. Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Gesundheitszustandes eines Tiereuters. 28-Nov-2002.
4. T. T. F. Mottram, H. R. Whay, S. G. Vass, and Birte Lindstrom Nielsen, Patent
US6270462 - Apparatus for animal health monitoring - Google Patents, 2001.
5. Chaya Khandelwal S. and Manish Patil M., Implementation of Patient Monitoring
System Using GSM Technology, International Journal of Electronics and Communication
technology ,4(1) 18-24 (2013)
6. Qun Hou, Research and Implementation of Remote Heart Rate Monitoring System Based
on GSM and MCU, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 978-1- 4244- 7618-
3 (2010)
7. Edwards S., Heart rate Monitor Book, Leisure systems international, 1(3), 122-134
(1993)
8. Weeraporn P., Basic diagnosis of heart disease using wireless sensor network for
telemedicine," Electrical Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North
Bangkok, 1(3), (2007) .

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ADVANCE GOAT FARMING SYSTEM

Author :- Miss. Amruta Helwatkar&Daniel Riordan & Joseph Walsh

Author:- Chris Atkinson & Madeleine Neale

3. Common Diseases and Health Problems in Sheep and Goats

level sensor Relay Water motor

motor driver DC motor

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR REGULATED POWER SUPPLY (RPS):

Figure: Power Supply

6. HEART BEAT SENSOR

Fig. Raspberry pi module

The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer developed in the UK by

The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip(SoC), which includes

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 Vdd

0 Write data (from controller to LCD)

7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

LCD Basic Commands:

Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read BUSY flag

Read from CGRAM

List of commands which LCD recognizes

0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left

S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface

0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface

D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines

0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line

U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots

0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots

B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift

0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift

Display :- 16 Char* 2 Lines

4. HEART BEAT SENSOR

Heat beat indication by LED

12VDC SPDT Relay

Rated up to 10A (@125VAC)

Can be mounted directly into breadboard - 300mil spacing!

Choosing the Right Buzzer:

Applications for Buzzers:

Typical uses of buzzers include:

Confirmation of user input (ex: mouse click or keystroke)

Tone Type Continuous

Drive Type Internal

6. L293D (MOTOR DRIVER)

1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high

2 Input 1 for Motor 1

3 Output 1 for Motor 1

6 Output 2 for Motor 1

7 Input 2 for Motor 1

8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to

9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high

10 Input 1 for Motor 1

11 Output 1 for Motor 1

14 Output 2 for Motor 1