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conditions and panel structure. Step2Leakage current calculation
According to the German DIN VDE 0126-1-1 standard,
in case of transformer-less PV inverters connected to the According to Superposition Theorem, the total leakage
grid, there needs to be a Residual Current Monitoring Unit current icm1 is the sum of icm1, icm2, and icm3, which are
(RCMU), which is sensitive for DC and AC currents and generated by the gird and two PWM voltage sources
can sense DC fault currents. It must be possible to respectively.
disconnect PV systems from the grid within 0.3s when the
leakage current with respect to ground (peak value) is icm = icm1 + icm 2 + icm 3 (1)
greater than 300mA as shown in TABLE 1.
B L/2
vAO
O
Cp
Icm
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1 commutation states, leakage current could be restricted to
v grid j g L
icm1 = 2 nearly zero (ignore the leakage current caused by the grid).
1 1 1 1 We can also use (5) to calculate the leakage current.
j g L j g L +
1 2 j C 2 j Cp
j g L + g p g
(2) 1
2 1 1 v cm = (v AO + v BO ) = cet
j g L +
2 j g C p 2 (7)
1
j v grid
= 2
1 1
gL +
4 gCp
1
j v AO
2 (3)
icm 2 =
1 1 Fig. 6 Equivalent circuit of common-mode leakage current
L + model
4 C p
1
j v BO III. TRADITIONAL TOPOLOGY LEAKAGE CURRENT ANALYSIS
2 (4)
icm 3 =
1 1
L + All parameters in the simulation model are given as: L=20mH, switching
4 C p frequency f=8kHz, grid frequency fg=60Hz, stray capacitance Cp=200nF, grid
voltage Vgrid=220V, DC bus voltage Vdc=400V
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unipolar topology, is introduced in the following section.
1 1 1
v cm = (v AO + v BO ) = (v dc + 0) = v dc (8)
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
v cm = (v AO + v BO ) = v dc + v dc = v dc (9)
2 2 2 2
288
Gonzalez, Jesus Lopes, Poblo Sanchis, High-Efficiency
Transformerless Single-phase Photovoltaic Inverter [C], EPE-PEMC
2006, pp.1895-1900.
[2] Barbel Epp, "Big crowds [J]", Sun & Wind energy, February 2005, pp.
69-77.
[3] Soeren Baekhoej Kjaer A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected
Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules [J]IEEE transactions on industry
applications2005 Vol.41pp.1292-1306.
[4] Gonzalez, R.; Lopez, J.; Sanchis, P.; Marroyo, L, Transformer-less
Inverter for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems [J], Power Electronics,
IEEE Transactions on Volume 22, Issue 2, March 2007, pp.693
697.
[5] Kerekes, T.; Teodorescu, R.; Borup, U, Transformer-less Photovoltaic
Inverters Connected to the Grid [C], Applied Power Electronics
Conference, APEC 2007 - Twenty Second Annual IEEE, Feb. 2007,
pp.1733 1737
Fig. 11 Simulation waveforms of FB-DCBP topology
from top to down, inductor current, vAB, vAO+vBO, icm
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the principle of the common-mode
leakage current analysis is given, and different methods
used to eliminate the leakage current are compared.. Then,
a novel transformer-less topology is introduced.
Grid-connected photovoltaic systems usually include a
line transformer in their power conversion stage. This
transformer guarantees galvanic isolation between the grid
and the PV system, thus providing personal protection and
avoiding leakage currents between the PV system and the
ground. Furthermore, it also ensures that no continuous
current is injected into the grid. However, because of its
low frequency (60 Hz), the transformer is big, heavy and
expensive. The evolution of the technology has made
possible the use of an inverter without the line transformer
and no impact on the characteristics of the system
concerning personal safety and grid integration.
If no transformer is used, it is necessary to develop
new inverter topologies, as simple as possible, that avoid
common-mode voltages.
The full-bridge with dc-bypass (FB-DCBP)
single-phase PV inverter with six IGBTs and two diodes is
proposed. This topology generates no common-mode
voltage and has a higher efficiency (compared to bipolar
topologies). The topology has been validated by simulation
with MATLAB Simulink, and now it is being constructed
to verify the experimental results.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] H. Schmidt, B. Burger, Chr. Siedle; Gefahrdungspotenzial
transformatorloser Wechselrichter- Fakten und Geruchte, 18 Symposium
Photovoltaische Sonnenenergie, Staffelstein, Germany 2003.Roberto
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