Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.1 (Safety Prec

PIATRAININGCENTRE(PTC)
Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Category A/B1
MODULE 7: MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Sub Module 7.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP
Sub Module 7.2 WORKSHOP PRACTICES
Sub Module 7.3 TOOLS
Sub Module 7.4 AVIONIC GENERAL TEST EQUIPMENT
Sub Module 7.5 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS, DIAGRAMS & STANDARDS
Sub Module 7.6 FITS AND CLEARANCES
Sub Module 7.7 ELECTRICAL WIRING INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM (EWIS)
Sub Module 7.8 RIVETING
Sub Module 7.9 PIPES AND HOSES
Sub Module 7.10 SPRINGS
Sub Module 7.11 BEARINGS
Sub Module 7.12 TRANSMISSIONS
Sub Module 7.13 CONTROL CABLES
Sub Module 7.14 MATERIAL HANDLING
Sub Module 7.15 WELDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING AND BONDING
Sub Module 7.16 AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Sub Module 7.17 AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND STORAGE
Sub Module 7.18 DISASSEMBLY, INSPECTION, REPAIR AND ASSEMBLY
Sub Module 7.19 ABNORMAL EVENTS
Sub Module 7.20 MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

ISO9001:2008Certified ForTrainingPurposeOnly
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7/01 Rev. 00
Mar 2014

PIATRAININGCENTRE(PTC) Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 Safety Precautions Aircraft and Workshop
List of Amendments
Sub-Module &
Amendment No. Issue Date: Date Inserted: Inserted By: Date Removed: Removed By:
Pages:
Issue 01, Rev-00 All 31 March 2014
Mar 2014

MODULE 7

Sub Module 7.1

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP

7.1 Mar 2014
Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ........................................ 1
SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY .................................................. 2
SAFETY WITH GASES ............................................................. 6
SAFETY WITH OXYGEN .......................................................... 9
SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS ................................... 13
SAFETY WITH FIRE ................................................................ 20
PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES ............................. 26
INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE ........................................ 32
7.1 i Mar 2014
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

INTRODUCTION
Aircraft, by their very nature and design, make for a dangerous
Most accidents are, in the main, caused by human carelessness working environment. The danger is further increased by the
and accidents in the work place are among the main causes of wide variety of machines, tools and materials required to
death and disability. support and maintain aircraft.
They are, additionally, the cause of a great loss of man-hours
and, thus, cost companies (and individuals) large amounts of Technicians should only operate equipment with which
money. they are familiar and can operate safely.
All personnel should be aware, not only of the potential for
accidents and injury, wherever they work, but also of the Hand tools should be kept in proper working order.
legislation and information that is available in an attempt to
prevent accidents actually happening. Technicians should know the location of the first aid box
While it is incumbent upon companies, to ensure that all and emergency equipment.
personnel receive adequate training in Health and Safety
matters, this Module contains a reminder of some of the general Good housekeeping in hangars, shops, and on the flight
safety precautions which are necessary, when working in the line is essential to safe and efficient maintenance. The
aerospace industry. highest standards of orderly work arrangements and
The Module continues with further topics, which are concerned cleanliness should be observed while maintaining an
with the practices recommended for the safe and efficient aircraft. When a maintenance task is complete, the
maintenance of aircraft and aerospace components. technician should remove and properly store
maintenance stands, hoses, electrical cords, hoists,
crates, boxes, and anything else used to perform the
work.
Pedestrian lanes and fire lanes should be marked and

used as a safety measure to prevent accidents and to
keep pedestrian traffic out of work areas.
Power cords and air hoses should be straightened,
7.1 1 Mar 2014
coiled, and properly stored when not in use. are available. They must also be aware of the types of
emergency that can occur in the workplace (whether in the
Oil, grease, and other substances spilled on hangar or workshop, hangar or on the ramp), and of the procedures to be
shop floors should be immediately cleaned or covered followed in any emergency.
with an absorbent material to prevent fire or personal
injury.
Under no circumstances should oil or cleaning fluid be

emptied into floor drains. Fumes from this type of
disposal may ignite and cause severe property damage.
Gasoline spills on the hangar floor should be flushed

away with water. Sweeping these fuel spills with a dry
broom could cause static electricity that might ignite the
fuel.
Aircraft finishes should be applied in a controlled

environment (paint room) whenever possible. A
technician should never do this type of work near an
open flame or in the presence of lights that are not
explosion proof. No other work should be done on an
aircraft while it is being painted.
Never use unstable piles of boxes, inadequate

scaffolding, or un-secured ladders for working at heights.
Always use designated ladders, work stands,
maintenance steps that are equipped with appropriate
handholds, handrails and safety railing.
Always walk and never run, and never hurry when

engaged in hazardous work.
It is very important, that all personnel know the location of the SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY
fixed points where firefighting equipment and First Aid treatment
7.1 2 Mar 2014
The human body conducts electricity. Furthermore, electrical safety. To show that this has been done, a dated label should
current, passing through the body, disrupts the nervous system be attached, showing when the equipment was last tested and
and causes burns at the entry and exit points. The current, used when the next inspection is due.
in domestic 220-240 volt, 50Hz ac electricity, is particularly Any new item of equipment must have a test label attached.
dangerous because it affects nerves in such a way that a The presence of a test label does not, however, absolve the
person, holding a current-carrying conductor, is unable to user from checking the equipment for any external signs of
release it. Table 1 shows some typical harmful values and damage, such as a frayed power cord (or missing safety
effects of both ac and dc electricity supplies. devices) before use.
In the event of a person witnessing another person receiving an
Since water also conducts electricity, great care must be taken electric shock, the basic actions, to be followed by the witness,
to avoid handling electrical equipment of all kinds when are:
standing on a wet surface or when wearing wet shoes. The
water provides a path to earth and heightens the possibility of Shout for help and ensure there is no danger of also
electric shock. To ensure that equipment is safe, the minimum becoming a victim
requirement is through the use of three-core cable (which Switch off the electrical current or remove the victim from
includes an earth lead) and, possibly, a safety cut-out device. the supply by means of insulated material
In conjunction, more often than not, with ignorance or If the victim has ceased breathing, initiate resuscitation
carelessness, electrical hazards generally arise due to one or Call for professional medical help
more of the following factors: If the victim is suffering from burns, exclude air from
wounds
Inadequate or non-existent earthing Treat for shock by keeping the victim warm
Worn or damaged wiring, insulation, plugs, sockets and
other installations
Bad wiring systems and the misuse of good systems
Incorrect use of fuses
Inadequate inspection and maintenance of power tools
and equipment
The approved methods of artificial resuscitation must, by law,
be displayed on wall charts in workplaces.
All electrical equipment must be regularly checked and tested

for correct operation and electrical
7.1 3 Mar 2014
to be aware of the safety procedures associated with its use.
Voltage/Current Possible Outcome
Single phase supply
50V ac or 100V dc May give rise to dangerous shocks
Most shop equipment operating on 110/230-volt single-phase
1 mA Harmless tingle alternating current is connected with a three-conductor cord.
1 12 mA Painful, but can be released Of the three conductors one wire carries the power and is
referred to as the 'Live' wire. The second wire is the 'Neutral'
12 20 mA Very painful, cannot be released and is connected to the earth ground where the power enters
the building or at the transformer. The third wire is the Earth
20 50 mA Paralysis of respiration equipment ground and connects the housing of the equipment
to the earth ground.
> 50 mA Heart stoppage
Single phase wire/connector identification
Live Wire - The live wire is connected to the right-

hand connector of the 'Plug Base'.
Neutral Wire - The neutral wire is connected to the left-

hand connector of the 'Plug Base'
Earth Wire - Earth wire is connected to the larger sized

top center connector of the 'Plug Base'
Workshop electrical supply The following table is a guide to different wire insulation
color combinations available for the above wires.
Every shop in which aircraft maintenance is performed depends
upon electrical power for its operation, and it is the responsibility
of every one that uses electrical power
7.1 4 Mar 2014
Insulator Color Safety issued regarding 3 phase supply is the same as for the
single phase supply, the only difference being that a failure in
220V/240V 110V/120V one phase will result in isolation of power for all phases
provided that proper protective equipment (such as 3 phase
Live Red Brown Black circuit breakers) are installed.
Neutral Black Blue White
Earth Green Green/Yellow Green
110v Single-phase Plug Top
Three phase supply
Three phase power supply may be available in certain

workshop to operate machinery that requires more power than
could be afforded by a single-phase supply or to repair and test
aircraft equipment. 3-phase outlet is different in design to the
single-phase outlet and will accept only compatible connectors.
7.1 5 Mar 2014
SAFETY WITH GASES
Path of an electrical circuit Aircraft maintenance personnel are required to

work with some form of gas at one time or
another. Therefore a knowledge of the hazards involved and the
safety precautions to be taken when working with such gases
is mandatory.
Here the discussion will be on:
7.1 6 Mar 2014
Compressed Air Compressed air is primarily used as a power
source for maintenance equipment and tools In addition Always use safety eye-shields when handling and using
compressed air is also used for painting, as a pressure source compressed gases.
for carrying out leak checks, for purging of blocked plumbing,
etc. If a concentrated stream of compressed air is blown
across a cut in the skin, it is possible for air to enter the
Oxygen Oxygen is available in the compressed form as bloodstream and cause severe injury. For this reason,
Industrial Oxygen and Breathing oxygen. Industrial Oxygen air-dusting guns are usually equipped with a restrictor
is primarily used for oxy-acetylene welding Breathing Oxygen is that reduces the pressure at their discharge to 30psi or
used in the crew emergency oxygen system. On some aircraft, less.
breathing Oxygen is also used in the passenger emergency
oxygen system. Be very careful when using compressed air that you do
not blow dirt or chips into the face of anyone standing
near by
Nitrogen Used to inflate aircraft wheel assemblies, pre-charge
accumulators, as a pressure source for testing of
Do not use compressed air to clean hands or clothing as
certain equipment and systems and as a propellant. pressure can force debris into the flesh leading to
infection.
Other gases Gases such as Argon, Acetylene,
Carbon Dioxide, etc. have limited application in the aviation Never use a cylinder that cannot be positively identified
industry. Argon and Acetylene is used in welding, CO2 of its contents.
as a fire extinguishing agent and as a propellant.
When storing or moving a cylinder, have the cap

Compressed gas safety securely in place to protect the valve stem.
Compressed gases are frequently used in the maintenance and When large cylinders are moved, strap them to a
servicing of aircraft. Most shop compressed air is held in the properly designed wheeled cart to ensure stability.
tanks and lines under a pressure of about 100psi. The use of
compressed gases requires a special set of safety measures. Use the appropriate regulator on each gas cylinder.
The following rules apply for the use of compressed gases: Adapters or homemade modifications can be dangerous.
Handle cylinders of compressed gases as you would Do not use compressed gas or compressed air to blow
high- energy sources and therefore potential explosives.
7.1 7 Mar 2014
away dust or dirt, since the resultant flying particles are removing associated distribution equipment.
dangerous.
Shutting the cylinders valve, disconnecting and
Release compressed gas slowly; the rapid release of a removing associated distribution equipment.
compressed gas will cause an unsecured gas hose to
whip dangerously and also may build up a static charge, A requirement that only properly trained personnel are
which could ignite a combustible gas. permitted to move cylinders.
Inspect air hoses regularly for breaks and worn spots Use properly designed lifting equipment for the
and replace unsafe hoses immediately. movement of larger gas cylinders.
All connections should be kept in a no leak condition
Inline oilers, if installed, should be maintained in

operating conditions.
The system should have water sumps/traps installed

and these should be drained regularly.
Air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly

stowed when not in use.
Moving cylinders
The majority of accidents involving gas cylinders occur while

moving them from one location to another. The following control
measures should be used to reduce the potential for an
accident:
The use of purpose-built trolleys or other suitable

devices for gas cylinder transportation.
Securing the gas cylinders valve, disconnecting and
7.1 8 Mar 2014
addition, oxygen combines with oil, grease, or bituminous
material to form a highly explosive mixture, which is sensitive to
impact.
Physical damage to, or failure of, Oxygen containers, valves, or

plumbing can result in explosive rupture, with danger to life and
property. It is imperative that the highest standard of
housekeeping is observed in handling oxygen and that only
authorized persons are permitted to service aircraft.
In addition to aggravating the fire hazard, liquid oxygen

will cause severe "burns" (frostbite) if it comes in contact
with the skin because of its low temperature. (Oxygen boils at -
297 F.)
Oxygen is often found in aviation maintenance shops stored in

steel cylinders under a pressure of around 2,000psi. These
cylinders have brass valves screwed into them, and if a cylinder
should be knocked over and the valve knocked off, the escaping
high-pressure gas will propel the tank like a rocket. Be sure that
all gas cylinders are properly supported, and that the cap
Fig. A Compressed Gas Bottle with safety Cap fitted is screwed securely on any tank that is not connected into
a system to protect the valve from damage.
SAFETY WITH OXYGEN Oxygen must never be allowed to come in contact with
petroleum products such as oil or grease as oxygen will cause
Oxygen is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas. Gaseous the oil to ignite spontaneously and burn. Never use an oily rag
oxygen is chemically stable and is non-flammable; however, or tools that are oily or greasy to install a fitting or a regulator on
combustible materials ignite more rapidly and burn with greater an oxygen cylinder.
intensity in Oxygen-rich atmosphere. In
7.1 9 Mar 2014
potable water tank in aircraft equipped with potable water
Only oxygen marked "Aviators Breathing Oxygen" which meets system in case of normal pressure supply failure.
Federal Specification BB-O-925a.Grade A or equivalent may be
used in aircraft breathing oxygen systems. Nitrogen is usually supplied in compressed gaseous form in
steel cylinders pressurized up to 2500psi. Nitrogen is also
Before servicing any aircraft, consult the specific aircraft supplied as liquid Nitrogen in cryogenic cylinders that is to be
maintenance manual to determine the proper type of servicing installed in special Nitrogen carts that convert liquid Nitrogen to
equipment to be used. gaseous form for supply.
Two persons are required to service an aircraft with gaseous Nitrogen is used in place of compressed air mainly due to
oxygen. One man should be stationed at the control valves two reasons.
of the servicing equipment and one man stationed where
he can observe the pressure in the aircraft system.
a. Nitrogen is much cleaner than compressed air drawn
Communication between the two men is required in case of an
from pneumatic system or a cart as it does not contain
emergency.
moisture or lubricants such as oil.
Aircraft should not be serviced with oxygen during refueling, de-
fueling, or other maintenance work, which could provide a b. Nitrogen is benign to most materials and reduces the fire
source of ignition. Oxygen servicing of aircraft should be hazard especially at elevated temperatures. This is the
accomplished outside hangars. main reason why Nitrogen is used for charging aircraft
tires.
An important hazards associated with Nitrogen is that it tends to

displace Oxygen (in an enclosed area) resulting in asphyxiation.
It also causes frostbites if it comes in contact with the skin.
Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Acetylene are some of the other gases

that have various application in the aviation industry.
Nitrogen and other gases
Carbon Dioxide is supplied in compressed form stored in steel
Nitrogen is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is or aluminum cylinders and is used for inflating passenger life
widely used in the aviation industry as a compressed gas
jackets and Slide/Rafts.
for pre- charging all types of accumulators, pneumatic
reservoirs of standby systems and most importantly for inflating
aircraft tires. Nitrogen is also used to pre-charge the Argon is used as the blanket medium in Tungsten Inert
Gas ForTrainingPurposeOnly
ISO9001:2008Certified
7.1 10 Mar 2014
(TIG) Welding. Argon is used for this purpose as it is an inert Communications Standard. MSDSs should be provided by the
gas and does not react with any substance even at such manufacturer for each hazardous material supplied by them.
high temperatures.
The Material Safety Data Sheet is the primary source of
Nitrogen and Argon are not toxic to humans but may displace information about hazardous chemicals used in your work site.
air if released in large quantities in to a poorly ventilated Your employer is required to have an MSDS for every
enclosure. hazardous chemical used or stored at your work site, and to
make it available for review on request.
Acetylene gas is a flammable, colorless gas that has
a distinctive, disagreeable odor, readily detectable even when Material Safety Data Sheets repeat the hazard information
heavily diluted with air. Acetylene is used as the fuel that is required on a product's label, however, MSDSs are also
combined with Oxygen in oxyacetylene welding. Acetylene is required to specify other information such as emergency and
stable under low pressures and normal temperatures but clean-up procedures, chemical names, and a phone number for
becomes dangerously unstable when compressed to a pressure the manufacturer or importer.
greater than 15psi. Acetylene is therefore supplied in cylinders
containing asbestos and charcoal that is saturated with acetone. The arrangement of information on the MSDSs may vary from
Since acetone is capable of absorbing approximately 25 times manufacturer to manufacturer, but all MSDS' must contain the
its own volume of Acetylene gas, this mixture can be eight basic elements described on the following screens.
pressurized up to 250psi.
When working with acetylene gas, take necessary precaution as

with a highly combustible gas and also ensure proper ventilation
to prevent displacement of air in an enclosure.
Material safety data sheet data

Material safety data sheets
A Material Safety Data Sheet is divided into nine (9) sections.
A material safety data sheet (MSDS) is a document provided by
the material manufacturer or subsequent material processor Section I Product Identification: Section I lists information
that contains information related to the material hazard and used by the manufacturer to identify the following:
includes safe handling and disposal procedures.
Manufacturers name, address, contact number and
The format of these sheets must be consistent with Emergency contact number
the requirements of the Hazard
7.1 11 Mar 2014
Chemical name, Trade name, Chemical family, formula containment, evacuation procedures, and disposal.
Section II Hazardous Ingredients: Section II describes Section VIII Special Protection: The required special
the various hazardous ingredients contained in the product that safety equipment when using the material is included in
are more than 1 percent (1%) of the total, their Section VIII. The need for such equipment is dependent upon
percentages, and exposure limits. the exposure incurred when using the material and the duration
of use.
Section III Physical Data: Section III includes such
important physical properties as follows; Boiling point, Section IX Special Precautions: Special handling and storage
Specific gravity, Vapor pressure, Percent volatile, Vapor information are listed in the section IX.
density, Evaporation rate, Solubility in water, Appearance and
odor.
Section IV Fire and Explosive Data: Section IV describes the

nature of the fire and explosion hazard data. Based upon the
flash point and other fire and explosive data, the appropriate
extinguishing agent for fires involving each material is listed.
Section V Reactivity Data: Section V describes the ability of

the material to react and release energy or heat under specific
conditions.
Section VI - Health Hazard Information: Known health hazards

for the material are described in this section. Information is also
available to assist the user and the medical personnel to identify
overexposure and if so, the material involved, active ingredient
and known antidote. Emergency and First Aid procedures for
ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact.
Section VII Spill Leak and Disposal Procedures: Section VII

lists the procedures, in a general sense, that are to be followed
in case of an accidental spill or release. The procedure normally
includes information regarding
7.1 12 Mar 2014
many cases, particularly when dealing with hazardous

materials, the technician may not easily recognize those
hazards. Some of these dangerous environments may be
caused directly by the materials with which the aviation
maintenance technician must work. In addition, exposures may
SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS be caused by other activities occurring in the area that are not
directly related to the technician's activities.
The aviation maintenance technician frequently must work in
potentially dangerous environments. In
7.1 13 Mar 2014
Hazardous materials are typically grouped into three categories: substance interacts with them. For example, the necessary
components for a fire to occur are fuel, oxygen, and heat. In that
Chemical agents relationship, flammables are the fuel, and heat and oxygen are
the outside agents. Reactive material when combined with
Physical hazards certain other materials, are capable of generating heat and/or
gases, causing an explosion.
Biological hazards
Corrosives and toxins on the other hand, act directly on
Chemical agents the human body when exposure occurs. Exposing the skin,
eyes, and other mucous membranes (such as the nose) to
A wide variety of oils and chemicals are used in the these elements can cause varying degrees of harm. Toxic
aviation industry. Oils are mainly used as lubricants and agents cause poisoning. Aviation maintenance technicians
hydraulic fluids. Chemicals refer to myriad of categories from should be particularly concerned when using toxic agents,
detergents to sealants. Almost every process in aviation because the ultimate effects of toxic poisoning are frequently
maintenance has some involvement with at least one delayed. It may take weeks, months, or even years for the
chemical. Therefore, it is impossible to give detailed safety poisoning to become apparent; because the toxic materials are
practices associated with their use. Always refer the appropriate capable of using the bloodstream to move through the body, the
manuals (especially chemical manufacturers manuals) for cause-and-effect relationship may not be easily recognized.
correct method of use and necessary precautions to take.
Flammables (and combustibles)

Chemicals are categorized into four classes based on their
properties. Flammables are materials that may easily ignite in the presence
of a catalyst such as heat, sparks, or flame. They may be in any
1. Flammable of the three physical forms: solid, liquid, or gas. Combustible
liquids are very similar to flammable liquids, but they are not as
2. Corrosive easy to ignite.
3. Toxic Frequently found flammable or combustible materials in the

aviation industry include fuels, paint-related products, alcohols,
4. Reactive acetone, toluene, and some metal filings.
Flammable and reactive chemicals become hazardous primarily Generally recommended personal safety equipment
after some outside event, condition, or
7.1 14 Mar 2014
Fire-retardant clothing For large spills, leave the area immediately and notify
your supervisor.
Fire extinguisher
In case of direct contact with skin or eyes, rinse
Handling and Storage immediately with water.
Limit access to open flames, sparks, hot surfaces, etc. If toxic substances are inhaled, go to a fresh-air area.
Note: Static electricity may produce sparks. To avoid If contact is made through clothing, remove wet clothing
sparks, containers should be grounded. and store it in a proper container.
Limit quantities to the minimum needed to accomplish Do not attempt to remove the substance with
the desired task. compressed air.
Store the materials in approved containers only and in

designated areas only
Corrosives
Store flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials Corrosive materials are materials that can react with metallic
separately. The corrosive gases could attack the surfaces and/or cause bumming of the skin.
flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
flammable materials. Frequently found corrosives in the aviation industry include
acids and bases, such as battery acids and metal cleaning
Typical emergency procedures solutions. Strong acids are most normally found in a liquid form,
whereas bases tend to come in powdered form.
Turn off electrical equipment or any other potential
source of sparks. Generally recommended personal safety equipment
Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,

Attempt to close shutoff valve(s).
sometimes, protective footwear.
Remove container(s) from the area. Handling and Storage
7.1 15 Mar 2014
Containers must be corrosive resistant. Toxins
Eye (goggles and/or faces shields) and skin protection Toxins are generally defined as any substance that can
(such as gloves) should always be worn. cause an illness or injury .The effects of toxins may appear all at
once, (called acute effects) or may build up over time with
Never add water to acid. additional exposure (chronic effects). Some toxins may
dissipate over time when further exposure is eliminated, while
Acids and bases should be stored separately.
others remain in a human's system, even after death.
Eye washes and showers should be easily accessible to
the work area.
Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should

be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
flammable materials.
Frequently found toxins in the aviation industry may be grouped

Typical emergency procedures into eight categories.
Remove any corrosives that have come in contact with 1 Solvents and thinners, paints, ketones, and adhesives.
your skin or eyes by rinsing with fresh water
(approximately 15 minutes).
2 Solids such as metal dust or asbestos.
Remove any contaminated clothing-
3 Machine lubricants, cutting fluids, and oils.
Go to an area with fresh air.
4 Gases such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen
Ventilate the area. 5 Polymers, epoxies, and plastics. Although not normally
toxic
Check safety equipment before attempting to stop the 6 in their final form, these materials posses toxic
flow of spillage by creating a darn. properties during the fabrication process.
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCES VOMITING. Drink large 7 Sensitizers, such as epoxy systems. Such materials
amounts of water. Seek medical attention immediately.
7.1 16 Mar 2014
react with and may destroy portions of the body's reduce the rate of evaporation into the surrounding
immune system. The effects of sensitizers may be environment.
cumulative, so minimal levels of exposure are
recommended. Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should
be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
8 Carcinogens. Carcinogens may cause changes in the the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
genetic makeup of a human cell, resulting in cancer. flammable materials.
9 Reproductive hazards, such as carcinogens. These

hazards are rare in the aviation industry. Such materials
may either interfere with the reproductive process or
affect the developing process of the fetus.
Typical emergency procedures

Generally recommended personal safety equipment
If there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree
Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and, of toxicity of the substance spilled, LEAVE THE AREA
sometimes, protective footwear are recommended. IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR.
Be sure to use the environmental control systems that Generally speaking, if the spillage is less than 1 gal, it
may already be in place, such as ventilation fans and may be cleaned up by wiping it up with absorbent
filters. materials.
Handling and Storage Reactive agents
Minimize the release of toxic agents into the Reactive agents are those materials that react violently with
environment by capping all containers and storing them other materials (not necessarily solids). The reactions that may
in properly ventilated areas. When toxins are used in take place range from violent explosions to the emission of heat
and/or gases.
open containers, such as dip tanks and trays, their
surface areas should be kept to a minimum in order to The following reactive agents are frequently found in the
7.1 17 Mar 2014
aviation industry: Many reactive agents are both toxic and corrosive.
Oxidizers, which add oxygen to situations where high Typical emergency procedures
levels of heat and burning are present
Shut down electrical equipment whenever possible. If
a) Peroxides there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree of
reactivity and toxicity of the substances involved,
b) Perchloric acid and chromic acid
LEAVE THE AREA IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR
c) Halogens, such as bromine and iodine SUPERVISOR.
Water-reactive materials, such as lithium, react with water and

form hydrogen gases, which are very explosive.
Safety practices chemical agents
Examples of incompatible reactive materials include Safety practices that are of general nature associated with the
use of oils and chemicals are given below.
Cyanides (frequently used in plating) and acids;
Identify the correct oil/chemical to be used. Improper
Chloride bleach and ammonia (this combination forms and Incorrect use may result in injury or damage as
high toxic chlorine gas). certain chemicals when mixed together form highly
combustible explosive mixtures.
Generally recommended personal safety equipment
Follow manufacturers instructions printed on the
Gloves, aprons, respirator, and face shield or goggles container or leaflets accompanying the material.
are suggested.
Check for conditions for use as some chemicals may be
forbidden from use unless certain conditions are met
Be sure to use the environmental-control systems.
(E.g. proper ventilation, temperature etc.).
Handling and Storage
Use protective equipment such as gloves, goggles,
Store reactive materials in a location separate from other masks, etc. Avoid contact at all costs with material such
materials. Always review the MSDS (material safety data as sealants and lubrication compounds that are used in
sheet) for incompatible materials. the aviation industry as most of them are identified
7.1 18 Mar 2014
carcinogens, which means exposure to such material In case of a fire with oil or chemicals involved the type of
(inhalation, skin contact) can significantly increase the chemical involved will be a factor of how intense or how fast the
chance of developing malignant cancers. fire may spread and how much danger it may pose to the
personnel and property.
After use make sure by-products and any leftover
material is disposed according to guidelines set by Most chemicals are likely to give off toxic fumes at
manufacturer or local authority. elevated temperatures, therefore it is most advisable to vacate
and isolate the area and let emergency services handle the
situation. Only try to extinguish such fires if personally not at risk
to do so and the fire is contained in a small area.
If material that can react violently (explode) are present: vacate

the area immediately and move to a location remote enough to
Most of the oils and chemicals used in aviation are be considered safe, or to pre-designated assembly areas to be
considered to be combustible especially in the presence used in case of such an emergency. Once assembled, a person
of Oxygen. Therefore special consideration should be in charge or designated person should perform a roll-call
paid to working practices associated with such to ensure all personnel have evacuated the area and that no
chemicals. one is missing. If possible cut off supply of all other types
of fluids and de- energize the electrical system in the area of
emergency.
Always try to keep working area free from spills and
clean up as soon as possible if spills do occur. Also try Physical hazards
to keep the lids and caps closed of containers that hold
such chemicals at all times except when in use. Physical hazards are those that are usually caused by the use
of some type of equipment not directly controllable by
If any combustible material is to be used then avoid the technician. Typically, this type of hazard is generated
by the operation of equipment that can be detected by the
taking large quantities to the work area, this can reduce
human senses.
the risk involved by trying to maintain a manageable
situation even if something does go wrong. However, many physical hazards that fall into this classification
are not detectable by the human senses. These hazards include
In an emergency oil and chemicals X rays, microwaves, beta or gamma rays, invisible laser beams,
and high-frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves.
7.1 19 Mar 2014
Compressed liquids and gases, such as welding oxygen and The aviation maintenance technician should remain conscious
acetylene, aviator's breathing oxygen, nitrogen, and hydraulic that potentially hazardous equipment is portable and remain
accumulators, present another physical hazard to the aviation vigilant for possible exposure in the work area.
maintenance technician. Although some of these substances by
themselves present hazards as chemical agents, placing them
under pressure may create another unique hazard.
According to labor rules it is required that areas where such

exposure exists be clearly marked and that individuals exposed
to these hazards be provided with the proper safety equipment.
In many cases this is easily accomplished, but in the aerospace

industry particular concern should be paid to portable
equipment that generates these hazards. Such equipment
results in the potential for hazards to exist in areas where
exposure is not usually a concern. X ray of aircraft structural
parts is an example of such a situation.
SAFETY WITH FIRE
Fire is one of humanitys greatest discoveries. For all its many

advantages, however, fire is capable of producing disaster in a
matter of seconds. Fires continue to take their toll even though
know how exists to prevent and retard fires.
The fire triangle

Fire results from the chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen
combines rapidly with fuel to produce heat, (and light). Three
essentials of this process form the Fire Triangle.
7.1 20 Mar 2014
There are a number of types of portable fire extinguishers. Each
type of extinguisher may be rated for one or more classes of
fire. In some cases, particular extinguishers are not only
considered ineffective against certain classes of fire, they can
be dangerous if used in those circumstances. The classes of
fire are:
Class A Ordinary Combustibles

Class B Flammable and combustible liquids
Class C Flammable gases
Class D Combustible metals
Class E electrically energized equipment
Class F Cooking oils and fats
As can be seen, a fire requires three components to burn, and

the removal of any one of these components will extinguish the
fire. The requirements of the three components, forming the
Fire Triangle, are:
Fuel: a combustible material, which may be a solid, liquid or

gas
Oxygen: in sufficient volume to support the process of
combustion
Heat: of sufficient intensity to raise the temperature of the
fuel to its ignition (or kindling) point.
Classes of fire
Selection of Fire Extinguishers

7.1 21 Mar 2014
colors of some portable fire extinguishers were changed. It is
therefore likely that you may encounter two of the same type of
extinguisher with different colorings.
Spontaneous ignition
Aviation technicians need to be particularly aware of

spontaneous ignition caused by the lubricants and solvents that
are used in maintaining aircraft. Certain materials, such as rags
soaked with oil or solvents, are capable of generating sufficient
heat to cause combustion. These rags should be disposed of in
airtight cans.
1. Ordinary combustibles
"Ordinary combustible" fires are the most common type of fire,

and are designated Class A under both systems. These occur
when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth, rubber, or
some plastics [1] become heated to their flash point and ignite.
At this point the material undergoes combustion and will
continue burning as long as the four components of the fire
tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, and the sustaining chemical
reaction) are available.
This class of fire is commonly used in controlled circumstances,

such as a campfire, match or wood-burning stove. To use the
Portable fire extinguishers are distinguishable by their labels
ISO9001:2008Certified and their coloring. In 1999 the standard ForTrainingPurposeOnly
7.1 22 Mar 2014
campfire as an example, it has a fire tetrahedron - the heat is themselves having to call for special equipment such as foam in
provided by another fire (such as a match or lighter), the fuel is the case of other fires.
the wood, the oxygen is naturally available in the open-air
environment of a forest, and the chemical reaction links the 2. Flammable liquid and gas
three other facets. This fire is not dangerous, because the fire is
contained to the wood alone and is usually isolated from other A CO2 fire extinguisher rated for flammable liquids and gasses
flammable materials, for example by bare ground and rocks. Flammable or combustible liquid or gaseous fuels. The US
However, when a class-A fire burns in a less-restricted system designates all such fires "Class B". In the
environment the fire can quickly grow out of control and become European/Australian system, flammable liquids are designated
a wildfire. This is the case when firefighting and fire control "Class B", while burning gases are separately designated
techniques are required. "Class C". These fires follow the same basic fire tetrahedron
(heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as ordinary combustible
This class of fire is fairly simple to fight and contain - by simply fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such
removing the heat, oxygen, or fuel, or by suppressing the as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas. A solid stream of water
underlying chemical reaction, the fire tetrahedron collapses and should never be used to extinguish this type because it can
the fire dies out. The most common way to do this is by cause the fuel to scatter, spreading the flames. The most
removing heat by spraying the burning material with water; effective way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is by
oxygen can be removed by smothering the fire with foam from a inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done
fire extinguisher; forest fires are often by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents, although
smothering with CO2 or, for liquids, foam is also effective. Some
fought by removing fuel by back burning; and an ammonium newer clean agents designed to replace halon work by cooling
phosphate dry chemical powder fire extinguisher (but not the liquid below its flash point, but these have limited class B
sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate both of which are effectiveness.
rated for B-class (fires) breaks the fire's underlying chemical
reaction.
3. Electrical
As these fires are the most commonly encountered, most fire
departments have equipment to handle them specifically. While Electrical fires are fires involving potentially energized electrical
this is acceptable for most ordinary
ISO9001:2008Certified conditions, most firefighters find ForTrainingPurposeOnly
7.1 23 Mar 2014
equipment. The US system designates these "Class C"; the magnesium, potassium, steel, uranium, lithium, plutonium, and
European/Australian system designates them "Class E". This calcium. Magnesium and titanium fires are common, and 2006-
sort of fire may be caused by, for example, short-circuiting 7 saw the recall of laptop computer models containing lithium
machinery or overloaded electrical cables. These fires can be a batteries susceptible to spontaneous ignition. When one of
severe hazard to firefighters using water or other conductive these combustible metals ignites, it can easily and rapidly
agents: Electricity may be conducted from the fire, through spread to surrounding ordinary combustible materials.
water, the firefighter's body, and then earth. Electrical shocks
have caused many firefighter deaths.
With the exception of the metals that burn in contact with air or
Electrical fire may be fought in the same way as an ordinary water (for example, sodium), masses of combustible metals do
combustible fire, but water, foam, and other conductive agents not represent unusual fire risks because they have the ability to
are not to be used. While the fire is, or could possibly be conduct heat away from hot spots so efficiently that the heat of
electrically energized, it can be fought with any extinguishing combustion cannot be maintained - this means that it will
agent rated for electrical fire. Carbon dioxide CO2, Halo and dry require a lot of heat to ignite a mass of combustible metal.
chemical powder extinguishers such as PKP and even baking Generally, metal fire risks exist when sawdust, machine
soda are especially suited to extinguishing this sort of fire. Once shavings and other metal 'fines' are present. Generally, these
electricity is shut off to the equipment involved, it will generally fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that
become an ordinary combustible fire. would start other common fires.
Water and other common firefighting materials can excite metal

fires and make them worse. The NFPA recommends that metal
fires be fought with 'dry powder' extinguishing agents. Dry
Powder agents work by smothering and heat absorption. The
most common of these agents are sodium chloride granules
and graphite powder. In recent years powdered copper has also
come into use.
Some extinguishers are labeled as containing dry chemical

4. Metal extinguishing agents. This may be confused with dry powder.
The two are not the same. Using one of these extinguishers in
Certain metals are flammable or combustible. Fires involving error, in place of dry powder, can be ineffective or actually
such are designated "Class D" in both systems. Examples of increase the intensity of a metal fire.
such metals include sodium, titanium, ForTrainingPurposeOnly
ISO9001:2008Certified
7.1 24 Mar 2014
Metal fires represent a unique hazard because people are often then poured into the beaker. The water sinks to the bottom and
not aware of the characteristics of these fires and are not vaporizes instantly, ejecting a plume of burning liquid wax into
properly prepared to fight them. Therefore, even a small metal the air.
fire can spread and become a larger fire in the surrounding
ordinary combustible materials. Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K"
under the US system, and "Class F" under the
European/Australasian systems. Though such fires are
technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the
special characteristics of these types of fires are considered
important enough to recognize separately. Saponification can
be used to extinguish such fires. Appropriate fire extinguishers
may also have hoods over them that help extinguish the fire.
5. Cooking oil
Laboratory simulation of a chip pan fire: a beaker containing

wax is heated until it catches fire. A small amount of water is
7.1 25 Mar 2014
Fire Extinguisher PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES
7.1 26 Mar 2014
Depending on the nature of a class of fire the best method for responds best to carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 displaces the
suppression may be one of the following: oxygen in the atmosphere, making combustion impossible.
a. Cooling the fuel below its kindling point The CO2 extinguisher must be equipped with a nonmetallic horn
to be approved for use on electrical fires. Two reasons for this
b. Excluding the Oxygen supply requirement must be considered:
c. Separating the fuel from the Oxygen The discharge of CO2 through a metal horn can
generate static electricity. The static discharge could re-
These methods have led to the development of different types ignite the fire.
of extinguishers for different types of fires.
The metal horn, if in contact with the electric current,
Fire extinguishing agents would transmit that current to the extinguisher's
operator.
Class A Agents Class A fire extinguishers are water
or water-type extinguishers as they are the most suited Halogenated hydrocarbons are very effective on Class C fires.
for suppressing class A fires. These extinguishers cool the The vapor reacts chemically with the flame to extinguish the fire.
fuel below combustion temperatures, which is the most Dry chemicals are effective but have the disadvantage
effective method in containing class A fires. Class B and C of contaminating the local area with powder. Also, if used on
wet and energized electrical equipment, they may aggravate
extinguishers are effective but not equal to the
current leakage. Water or foam are not acceptable agents
wetting/cooling action of the Class A extinguisher. for use on electrical equipment, as they also may
aggravate current leakage.
Class B Agents Class B fires respond to carbon
dioxide (CO2), Halogenated hydrocarbons (halons), and dry Class D Agents Class D fires respond to the application of
chemicals, all of which displace the oxygen in the air, dry powder, which prevents oxidation and the resulting flame.
thereby making combustion impossible. Foam is effective, The application may be from an extinguisher, a scoop, or
especially when used in large quantities. Water is ineffective on a shovel.
Class B fires and in fact will cause the fire to spread.
Special techniques are needed in combating fires involving

metal. Manufacturers' recommendations should be followed at
Class C Agents Class C fires are fires involving all times. Areas, which could be subjected to metal fires, should
electrical wiring and equipment, have
7.1 27 Mar 2014
the proper protective equipment installed. Under no conditions Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four
should a person use water on a metal fire. It will cause the fire parts of the fire tetrahedron. It prevents the chemical reaction
to burn more violently and can cause explosions. between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire
sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
The most common types of extinguishers are:
Ammonium phosphate, also known as "tri-class",
Water - solid red "multipurpose" or "ABC" dry chemical, used on class A,
B, and C fires. It receives its class A rating from the
Suitable for Class A fires. Not considered effective for Class agent's ability to melt and flow at 177 C (350 F) to
Band Class C fires, and dangerous if used for electrically smother the fire. More corrosive than other dry chemical
energized equipment or cooking oils or fats. agents. Pale yellow in color.
Foam - red with blue band or label (previously solid blue) Sodium bicarbonate, "regular" or "ordinary" used on
class B and C fires, was the first of the dry chemical
Suitable for Class A and Class B fires, with limited effectiveness agents developed. It interrupts the fire's chemical
for Class F fires. Not considered effective for Class C fires, and reaction, and was very common in commercial kitchens
dangerous if used for electrically energized equipment. before the advent of wet chemical agents. White or blue
in color.
Powder - red with a white band or label
Potassium bicarbonate , used on class B and C fires.
These extinguishers are rated as either ABE or BE. ABE rated About two times as effective on class B fires as sodium
extinguishers are considered suitable for Class A, Class B, and bicarbonate, it is the preferred dry chemical agent of the
Class C and Class E fires. They are not considered effective for oil and gas industry. The only dry chemical agent
Class F fires. BE rated extinguishers are considered suitable for certified for use in ARFF by the NFPA. Violet in color.
Class B, Class C and Class E fires, and may be used with
limited effectiveness on Class F fires. They are considered
effective for Class A fires., or replacement, should be carried
out annually.
Potassium bicarbonate & Urea Complex used on Class

B and C fires. More effective than all other powders due
Types of extinguishing agents to its ability to decrepitate (where the powder breaks up
into smaller particles) in the flame zone creating a larger
Dry chemical surface area for free radical inhibition.
7.1 28 Mar 2014
Potassium Chloride, or Super-K dry chemical was
developed in an effort to create a high efficiency, AFFF (aqueous film forming foam), used on A and B
protein-foam compatible dry chemical. For B and C fires, fires and for vapor suppression. The most common type
white in color. in portable foam extinguishers. It contains fluoro
tensides which can be accumulated in human body. The
Foam-Compatible, which is a sodium bicarbonate (BC) long-term effects of this on the human body and
based dry chemical, was developed for use with protein environment are unclear at this time.
foams for fighting class B fires. Most dry chemicals
contain metal stearates to waterproof them, but these AR-AFFF (Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming
will tend to destroy the foam blanket created by protein foams), used on fuel fires containing alcohol. Forms a
(animal) based foams. Foam compatible type uses membrane between the fuel and the foam preventing the
silicone as a waterproofing agent, which does not harm alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket.
foam. Effectiveness is identical to regular dry chemical,
and it is light green in color. This agent is generally no FFFP (film forming fluoroprotein) contains naturally
longer used since most modern dry chemicals are occurring proteins from animal by-products and synthetic
considered compatible with synthetic foams such as film-forming agents to create a foam blanket that is more
AFFF. heat resistant than the strictly synthetic AFFF foams.
FFFP works well on alcohol-based liquids and is used
widely in motor sports.
CAFS (compressed air foam system) Any extinguisher

Foams that is charged with a foam solution and pressurized with
compressed air. Generally used to extend a water
Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed & expanded supply in wild land operations. Used on class A fires and
with air in a branch pipe) or non-aspirated form to form a frothy with very dry foam on class B for vapor suppression.
blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing oxygen reaching it.
Unlike powder, foam can be used to progressively extinguish
fires without flashback.
7.1 29 Mar 2014
Arctic Fire is a liquid fire extinguishing agent that Wet chemical and water additives
emulsifies and cools heated materials more quickly than
water or ordinary foam. It is used extensively in the steel Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate)
industry. Effective on classes A, B, and D. extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket
over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its
FireAde, a foaming agent that emulsifies burning liquids ignition temperature. Generally class A and F only,
and renders them non-flammable. It is able to cool although newer models are outfitted with misting nozzles
heated material and surfaces similar to CAFS. Used on as those used on water mist units to give these
A and B (said to be effective on some class D hazards, extinguishers class B and C firefighting capability.
although not recommended due to the fact that fireade
still contains amounts of water which will react with
some metal fires). Wetting Agents Detergent based additives used to break
the surface tension of water and improve penetration of
Water Class A fires.
Cools burning material. Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its

freezing point to about -40 degrees Fahrenheit. Has no
APW (Air pressurized water) cools burning material by appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
absorbing heat from burning material. Effective on Class
A fires, it has the advantage of being inexpensive,
harmless, and relatively easy to clean up. In the United
States, APW units contain 2.5 gallons (9 litres) of water
in a tall, stainless steel cylinder. In Europe, they are
typically mild steel lined with polyethylene, painted red,
containing 6-9 litres (1.75-2.5 gallons) of water.
Clean agents and carbon dioxide
Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a Agent displaces oxygen (CO2 or inert gases), removes heat
stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting from the combustion zone (Halotron, FE-36) or inhibits chemical
electricity back to the operator. Class A and C rated. It is chain reaction (Halons). They are labeled clean agents because
used widely in hospitals for the reason that, unlike other they do not leave any residue after discharge, which is ideal for
clean-agent suppressants, it is harmless and non- sensitive electronics and documents.
contaminant. These extinguishers come in 1.75 and 2.5
gallon units, painted white in the United States and red
Halo (including Halo 1211 and Halo 1301), a gaseous
in Europe.
7.1 30 Mar 2014
agent that inhibits the chemical reaction of the fire. titanium, aluminum, and zirconium.
Classes B: C for lower weight fire extinguishers (2.3 kg ;
under 9 lbs) and A:B:C for heavier weights (4.1-7.7 kg ; Copper based powder developed by the U.S. Navy in
9-17 lbs). Banned from new production, except for the 70s for hard-to-control lithium and lithium-alloy fires.
military use, as its properties contribute to ozone Powder smothers and acts as a heat sink to dissipate
depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400 heat, but also forms a copper-lithium alloy on the surface
years. Halon 1301 and 1211 are being replaced with which is non-combustible and cuts off the oxygen
new halocarbon agents which have no ozone depletion
supply. Will cling to a vertical surface-lithium only.
properties and low atmospheric lifetimes, but are less
effective. Currently Halotron I, Halotron II, FE-36 Clean
guard and FM-200 are meant to be replacements with Graphite based extinguisher contains dry graphite that
significantly reduced ozone depletion potential. smothers burning metals. First type developed, designed
for magnesium, works on other metals as well. Unlike
CO2, a clean gaseous agent that displaces oxygen. sodium chloride powder extinguishers, the graphite
Highest rating for 7.7 kg (20 pound) portable CO2 powder fire extinguishers can be used on very hot
extinguishers is 10B:C. Not intended for Class A fires, as burning metal fires such as lithium, but unlike copper
the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning powder extinguishers will not stick to and extinguish
materials. CO2 is not suitable for use on fires containing flowing or vertical lithium fires. Like copper
their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media. extinguishers, the graphite powder acts as a heat sink
Although it can be rather successful on a person on fire, as well as smothering the metal fire.
its use should be avoided where possible as it can
cause frostbite and is dangerous to use as it may
displace the oxygen needed for breathing, causing
suffocation.
Sodium carbonate based extinguisher used where
Class D stainless steel piping and equipment could be damaged
by sodium chloride based agents to control sodium,
There are several Class D fire extinguisher agents available, potassium, and sodium-potassium alloy fires. Limited
some will handle multiple types of metals, others will not. use on other metals. Smothers and forms a crust.
Sodium Chloride contains sodium chloride salt and Some water based suppressants may be used on
thermoplastic additive. Plastic melts to form an oxygen- certain class D fires, such as burning titanium and
excluding crust over the metal, and the salt dissipates magnesium. Examples include the Fire Blockade and
heat. Useful on most alkali metals including sodium and FireAde brands of suppressant. Some metals, such as
potassium, and other metals including magnesium,
7.1 31 Mar 2014
elemental Lithium, will react explosively with water,
therefore water-based chemicals should never be used
on such fires due to the possibility of a violent reaction.
Most Class D extinguishers will have a special low velocity

nozzle or discharge wand to gently apply the agent in large
volumes to avoid disrupting any finely divided burning materials.
Agents are also available in bulk and can be applied with a
scoop or shovel.
INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE
Action that an individual take in case of an emergency can

make the difference between life and death. Therefore, a
proper training program can avert a disaster as personnel can
take the right decisions and make the right actions to minimize
damages and save lives.
In case of an emergency that requires the involvement

of emergency services (e.g. fire): always sound the
alarm first. This can either be by activating a fire alarm
7.1 32 Mar 2014
lever/pushbutton or calling the emergency desk number
by phone. Give following details, Name, Location of Fire in an enclosed area can be in a state of hibernation
emergency, Type of emergency and number of people if because of lack of oxygen within the compartment and
any involved. could instantly intensify if oxygen is reintroduced; this is
called Flash back. Therefore it is advisable to open any
If danger exists of any physical harm to the people in the door slowly and just wide enough to get the extinguisher
area take necessary action to vacate the area. nozzle in to extinguish any fire.
Isolate electrical, compressed air gas supply if continued
When using an extinguisher aim at the base of the
supply can aggravate the situation or endanger rescue
flames, at the near edge and bottom of the fire first, and
personnel.
then progress forward and upward. The discharge
Identify the type of fire and the extent before taking any nozzle should be moved rapidly with a side-to-side
action to extinguish the fire. sweeping motion. (Fig. B & D)
Put on any protection clothing available in the area In case of a fire on a person, smother flamed with a coat
provided for such purposes. or blanket, do not fan the flames and never use a fire
extinguisher on a person. Give medical attention
When searching for fire source or survivors, stay low if immediately.
not wearing portable breathing equipment
If you had been successful in extinguishing the fire,
maintain a vigil in case the fire re-ignites.
Select the appropriate type of fire extinguisher, check for

contents and activate to check for proper operation.
If compartments or enclosed spaces need to be checked

always use the back of the hand against the door to
sense the temperature of the door, this is to ensure that
a raging fire is not present within the compartment.
7.1 33 Mar 2014
7.1 34 Mar 2014
Everyone has left or is leaving the building.
The fire is small and confined to the immediate area

where it started.
You can fight fire with your back to a safe escape route.
Your extinguisher is rated for the type of fire you are

fighting, and is in good working order.
You have had training in use of the extinguisher and are

confident that you can operate it effectively.
If you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to

fight the fire- DON'T! Instead, get out, and close the door
behind you.
Do not fight a fire if:
The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area where

it started, or is already a large fire.
Firefighter The fire could block your escape route.
You are unsure of the proper operation of the

extinguisher.
You are in doubt whether the extinguisher you are

holding is appropriate for the type of fire.
If any of these conditions are true, leave

Fight a fire only if: immediately, close off the area, and leave the fire to
the Fire Department.
The Fire Department has been called.
7.1 35 Mar 2014
Inspection and maintenance
f. Examination for obvious physical damage, corrosion,
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets the leakage, or clogged nozzle.
standard for fire extinguishers in the regulation NFPA 10.
This section will briefly explain the inspection and maintenance g. Pressure gauge reading or indicator in the operable
requirements for fire extinguishers. range or position. Note: Internal pressure is affected by
temperature.
Inspection
h. Condition of tires, wheels, carriage, hose, and nozzle
checked (for wheeled units).
An inspection is a "quick check" that an extinguisher is available
and will operate. It is intended to give reasonable assurance
Personnel making inspections should keep a record of
that the fire extinguisher is fully charged and operable. This is
inspections, including those found to require corrective action.
done by verifying that it is in its designated place, that it has not
The record should include the date the inspection was
been actuated or tampered with, and that there is no obvious or
performed, and the identity of the person conducting the
physical damage or condition to prevent its operation. Fire
inspection.
extinguishers should be inspected when they are initially placed
in service and thereafter at 30-day intervals. They may require
Maintenance
more frequent inspections if circumstances dictate.
Maintenance intervals begin on the date of manufacture, which
Inspection procedures:
can usually be found on the extinguisher nameplate.
a. Located in designated place
b. No obstruction to access or visibility
c. Operating instructions on nameplate legible and facing

outward
d. Safety seals and tampers indicators not broken or

missing.
e. Fullness determined by weighing or "hefting".
7.1 36 Mar 2014
It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher- simply

follow the steps- "P-A-S-S"
Pull the Pin: Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that
keeps
7.1 37 Mar 2014
the handle from being pressed. Break the plastic seal as the pin
is pulled.
Aim: Aim the nozzle or outlet toward the fire. Some hose
assemblies are clipped to the extinguisher body. Release the
hose and point.
Squeeze: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing

agent. The handle can be released to stop the discharge at any
time. Before approaching the fire, try a very short test burst to
ensure proper operation.
Sweep: Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it is
out. After the fire is out, watch for remaining smoldering hot
spots or possible reflash of flammable liquids. Make sure the
fire is out.
7.1 38 Mar 2014

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PIATRAININGCENTRE(PTC)

Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

MODULE 7: MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Issue 01, Rev-00 All 31 March 2014

GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Pedestrian lanes and fire lanes should be marked and

Power cords and air hoses should be straightened,

Under no circumstances should oil or cleaning fluid be

Gasoline spills on the hangar floor should be flushed

Aircraft finishes should be applied in a controlled

Never use unstable piles of boxes, inadequate

Always walk and never run, and never hurry when

All electrical equipment must be regularly checked and tested

Live Wire - The live wire is connected to the right-

Neutral Wire - The neutral wire is connected to the left-

Earth Wire - Earth wire is connected to the larger sized

Earth Green Green/Yellow Green

110v Single-phase Plug Top

Three phase supply

Three phase power supply may be available in certain

SAFETY WITH GASES

Path of an electrical circuit Aircraft maintenance personnel are required to

Here the discussion will be on:

When storing or moving a cylinder, have the cap

All connections should be kept in a no leak condition

Inline oilers, if installed, should be maintained in

The system should have water sumps/traps installed

Air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly

The majority of accidents involving gas cylinders occur while

The use of purpose-built trolleys or other suitable

Securing the gas cylinders valve, disconnecting and

Physical damage to, or failure of, Oxygen containers, valves, or

In addition to aggravating the fire hazard, liquid oxygen

Oxygen is often found in aviation maintenance shops stored in

An important hazards associated with Nitrogen is that it tends to

Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Acetylene are some of the other gases

When working with acetylene gas, take necessary precaution as

Material safety data sheet data

Section IV Fire and Explosive Data: Section IV describes the

Section V Reactivity Data: Section V describes the ability of

Section VI - Health Hazard Information: Known health hazards

Section VII Spill Leak and Disposal Procedures: Section VII

many cases, particularly when dealing with hazardous

Flammables (and combustibles)

3. Toxic Frequently found flammable or combustible materials in the

Store the materials in approved containers only and in

Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,

Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should

Frequently found toxins in the aviation industry may be grouped

9 Reproductive hazards, such as carcinogens. These

Typical emergency procedures

Handling and Storage Reactive agents

Water-reactive materials, such as lithium, react with water and

If material that can react violently (explode) are present: vacate

According to labor rules it is required that areas where such

In many cases this is easily accomplished, but in the aerospace

SAFETY WITH FIRE

Fire is one of humanitys greatest discoveries. For all its many

The fire triangle

Class A Ordinary Combustibles

As can be seen, a fire requires three components to burn, and

Fuel: a combustible material, which may be a solid, liquid or

Selection of Fire Extinguishers

Aviation technicians need to be particularly aware of