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Keywords
abuse, cultural practice, cutaneous, ethnic, remedies, skin, traditional
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424 Dermatology
Figure 1 Coining being performed on the back sequently rubbed. Such oils include camphor, menthol,
wintergreen oil, eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, and cin-
namon oil. The use of these heated lubricants has been
associated with burns [3], contact dermatitis, and toxicity.
There are case reports of camphor toxicity secondary to
coin rubbing with camphor balm [4]. Camphor is found in
common cold remedies such as Vicks vapor rub. Although
the US Food and Drug Administration has banned more
than 11% camphorated oil in the United States due to
cases of toxicity in children, higher percentage oils are
easily obtained outside the United States, such as in
Canada, and toxicity is not uncommon in the United
States [5]. Serious camphor intoxication often exhibits
neurologic manifestations such as irritability, hyperre-
flexia, tonic muscular contraction, myoclonic jerks, con-
fusion, coma, and apnea. Seizures are also common and
may be the first manifestation [68]. Death is often due
to respiratory failure or status epilepticus [5].
Cupping
The traditional practice of cupping dates from as early as
3000 B.C. and has been practiced in a variety of cultures
worldwide, including Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Euro-
pean, and Middle-Eastern cultures. Cupping is the prac-
tice of creating a small area of low air pressure next to the
skin with a cup leading to suction. Various tools, methods,
and procedures are used in creating this reduced air
Reproduced by courtesy of EthnoMed.org.
pressure. The cups themselves can be of various shapes
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Cultural practices affecting the skin of children Ravanfar and Dinulos 425
The practice of cupping often leads to annular ecchy- Phytophotodermatitis and photodermatitis
moses and annular hyperpigmentation across the skin Phytophotodermatitis causes skin lesions that result from
(see Fig. 4). Skin lesions can also consist of hematomas as the interaction of ultraviolet light with photosensitizing
well as skin lacerations in wet cupping. The use of oils for compounds present in various plants. The resulting skin
lubrication can cause a contact dermatitis with erythema, lesions due to phototoxicity can manifest as erythema,
edema, blisters, and scaling in areas of direct contact. hyperpigmentation, vesicles, bullae, or all. Lesions are
There is also potential for cutaneous burns with the use of often in unusual shapes and can appear within hours to
fire cupping. days of exposure. The most common areas affected are
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426 Dermatology
the hands, face, and mouth due to handling and eating; reaction produces a range of following cutaneous lesions:
however, other areas can be affected, especially in chil- erythema, brown/red hyperpigmentation, blisters, and
dren, such as when fruit juices are dripped over areas of desquamation (Figs 8 and 9). Lesions are often in a linear
the body while consuming (Fig. 6). There have been pattern corresponding to area of application. Other con-
reports [1418] of these skin lesions being misdiagnosed figurations include drop-like, pendant-like, and, import-
as child abuse, scalding, herpes, and fungal infections. ant to the pediatric population, in the shape of hand-
The most common phytophotodermatitis is that of lime prints. There has even been a report [20] of misdiagnosed
juice. Lime juice is used in various cultures as a folk child abuse that was subsequently found to be berloque
remedy for numerous ailments in addition to being a dermatitis from an Ecuadorian cologne, causing extreme
common food ingredient. In particular, Hispanic cultures stress and anxiety to an Ecuadorian family.
frequently use lime juice as a home remedy for various
ailments, such as for acne, fungal infections, and scars, as Phototoxic dermatitis can have a subtle history, such as
well as for skin and hair lightening. These uses often lead cases in which mothers carried their infants outside after
to phytophotodermatitis when concurrently exposed to using a phototoxic agent, thus resulting in a photoder-
sunlight (Fig. 7a and b [19]). Other agents that can cause matitis in the infant.
phototoxic effects include lemons, celery, carrots,
oranges, parsley, parsnips, tobacco, figs, garlic, and hot
peppers, in addition to numerous other agents. Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is a general term for a cutaneous
Berloque dermatitis refers to a phototoxic reaction that reaction that results from contact with either an irritating
occurs from exposure of fragrance products that contain or an allergy-producing agent. Irritant contact dermatitis
bergamot oil to sunlight. Bergapten, or 5-methoxypsor- is inflammation of the skin, typically seen as erythema,
alen, is the photoactive component of bergamot oil from mild edema, and scaling. Irritant contact dermatitis is a
the bergamot citrus. The bergamot oil is derived from nonspecific cutaneous response secondary to direct
lime peel and is commonly used as a fragrance in per- chemical contact. Allergic contact dermatitis, on the other
fumes, colognes, aromatherapy oils, lotions, soaps, and hand, is inflammation of the skin, leading to varying
various other toiletries. Although less commonly used in degrees of erythema, edema, and vesicles. It is a delayed
the United States due to dermatitis, it is still frequently type (type 4 T-cell) hypersensitivity reaction, resulting
found in products from other countries. This phototoxic from cutaneous contact with a specific allergen to which
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Cultural practices affecting the skin of children Ravanfar and Dinulos 427
Henna
Henna is derived from a plant and is used in multiple
cultures for various reasons. Henna is most commonly
known for its use as a temporary ornamental tattoo
applied traditionally in Indian, Middle Eastern, and
Mediterranean cultures. However, it is also used as a
hair dye, hair shampoo and conditioner, fingernail pol-
ish, and antifungal agent, and as a medicinal herb.
Henna can cause an allergic contact dermatitis in some
people, as seen in Fig. 10. The most common allergen in
henna products is para-phenylenediamine (PPD),
which is added to henna dye to make the color blacker
and to speed up dyeing. PPD may be a very potent
contact sensitizer and cross-reacts with other agents
such as other hair dyes. It should also be kept in mind
when a scalp rash is seen, as it is not only found in
some hair products but also cross-reacts with hair dyes.
Henna application is also used in some cultures for
medicinal purposes as treatment for seborrheic derma-
titis and fungal infections. Skin manifestations of a
contact dermatitis include erythema, scaling, edema,
and pruritus.
Physical examination revealed tender skin (phytophotodermatitis; a) with vesicles (arrow) and tense bullae (arrowhead) atop erythematous, edematous
plaques on her dorsal hands, forearms, and chest. Symmetric, discrete, erythematous patches studded with tiny vesicles were found on her back (limes;
b). Reproduced with permission from Pomeranz and Karen [19].
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428 Dermatology
Figure 9 Berloque dermatitis due to bergamot oil and sun reports of large henna applications to infants and children
exposure celebrating their births and birthdays causing severe
hyperbilirubinemia and even death in patients with
homozygous G6PD deficiency [2123].
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Cultural practices affecting the skin of children Ravanfar and Dinulos 429
applied coffee or tar to the stump. Similarly, application Figure 11 Traction alopecia
of nutmeg, castor oil, or spider webs to the umbilical
stump has been observed in Haitian culture. As expected,
such application may be associated with irritant derma-
titis and occasional infection.
Salting
Salting of the neonate is a cultural practice that is unique Reproduced by courtesy of Ethnomed.org.
to Turkey. Salt is believed to deter supernatural spirits
that bring sickness and death. Salting of the neonate is an
old cultural practice seen in some areas of Turkey and
consists of scrubbing the neonates entire body with table Toothpaste
salt for an hour. It is performed in order to increase the The application of toothpaste to wounds, mainly burns, is
likelihood of the baby being healthy. Unfortunately, a cultural remedy mainly used in Greece and Iran. It
excessive amounts of salt can lead to epidermolysis provides a cooling sensation due to the menthol and is
and sodium absorption through the skin, resulting in
severe, life-threatening hypernatremia [25]. Skin findings
resemble those of scalded skin as well as very dry, Figure 12 Acne keloidalis nuchae
dehydrated skin [25].
Aloe vera
Application of heated aloe vera to the skin is commonly
practiced in the Hispanic population. Aloe vera alone is
an uncommon cause of contact dermatitis; however,
heated aloe vera can cause erythema, burns, scarring from
overheated application, or all.
Capsaicin dermatitis
Capsaicin dermatitis is commonly seen in the Hispanic
population due to chilli peppers being frequently used for
flavoring in the Latino diet. Contact with the chilli
peppers can cause an erythematous skin rash.
Gentian violet
The topical application of gentian violet is used as a
natural remedy in numerous cultures for the treatment of
infection, mainly fungal or yeast infections. In the His-
panic population, it is used as an antiseptic agent. Gen-
tian violet is commonly used for diaper rash, thrush, and
mouth sores. The application of gentian violet leads to a
purple discoloration that can last for days and, rarely, may
Reproduced by courtesy of CrutchfieldDermatology.com.
be mistaken for ecchymoses.
Copyright Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
430 Dermatology
thought to aid in healing and relieve pain; however, it acne occurs secondary to hair grooming products that
should be noted that toothpaste also contains abrasives spread to the forehead and other areas of the face. The
and can lead to wound infection as well as prolonging pomade or other hair products contain comedogenic
healing time. substances that cause acne. The typical presentation is
an acneiform eruption of the forehead and temples com-
posed mainly of uniform closed comedones with
Daveners dermatosis occasional papulopustules.
Daveners dermatosis is a unique skin finding seen
exclusively in Jewish boys who attend Jewish seminaries,
classically Orthodox Jewish Talmudic seminaries (Yeshi- Traction alopecia
vas) [26]. The lesion is a linear, vertical, midline, hyper- Traction alopecia is most often seen in AfricanAmerican
pigmented patch with ill-defined borders present on the girls, but can be seen in other populations as well. It is
skin overlying the bony protuberances of the inferior hair thinning and scalp hair loss that results from hair-
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. This skin manifestation styles that cause tension on the hair follicles (Fig. 11).
is associated with friction from the rigid backrests against The pattern varies on the hairstyle, but is often sym-
the lower back that is caused by the characteristic sway- metric. Hairstyles associated with traction alopecia
ing motion that traditionally occurs with Torah studying include tight braids, cornrowing, tightly rolled hair, and
or davening (praying) and, therefore, termed Daveners dread locks. Hair becomes thin and fragile. If early
dermatosis [26]. It is a benign skin finding and often recognition and diagnosis with discontinuation is not
unrecognized by the patient. It is commonly considered a made, permanent hair loss may ensue.
badge of honor in this population.
After weeks of application of a heating pad. Reproduced with permission from NEJM. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
Copyright Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Cultural practices affecting the skin of children Ravanfar and Dinulos 431
monly seen on the back of the neck of Hispanic and 4 Rampini SK, Schneemann M, Rentsch K, Bachli EB. Camphor intoxication
after cao go (coin rubbing). JAMA 2002; 288:45.
AfricanAmerican men and is associated with very 5 Love JN, Sammon M, Smereck J. Are one or two dangerous? Camphor
close haircuts. exposure in toddlers. J Emerg Med 2004; 27:4954.
6 Tidcombe FS. Severe symptoms following the administration of a small
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Heating pads
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Application of heating pads is used worldwide. The
9 Moy JA, McKinley-Grant L, Sanchez MR. Cultural aspects in the treatment of
application of heating pads can result in erythema as well patients with skin disease. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21:733742.
as burns. The chronic use of heating pads can lead to 10 Pappano DA. Gridding: a form of folk medicine for respiratory illness. Pediatr
the dermatologic manifestation of erythema ab igne. Emerg Care 2009; 25:603604.
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iodine. Pediatr Dermatol 2007; 24:449450.
eous hyperpigmentation of the skin that results from
12 Lowe DO, Knowles SR, Weber EA, et al. Povidoneiodine-induced burn:
chronic exposure to infrared radiation (see Fig. 13 case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 26:1641
[27]). Erythema ab igne is often mistaken for livedo, 1645.
cutis marmorata, and varicoceles, and unnecessary 13 Geckil E, Sahin T, Ege E. Traditional postpartum practices of women and
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nition can avoid further workup. No laboratory, radiolo- 14 Carlsen K, Weismann K. Phytophotodermatitis in 19 children admitted to
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discontinuation of use of the heating pad. Hyperpigmen-
15 Coffman K, Boyce WT, Hansen RC. Phytophotodermatitis simulating child
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16 Bergeson PS, Weiss JC. Picture of the month. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
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Conclusion 17 Goskowicz MO, Friedlander SF, Eichenfield LF. Endemic lime disease:
phytophotodermatitis in San Diego county. Pediatrics 1994; 93:828830.
There are numerous potential cutaneous findings in the 18 Juckett GV. Plant dermatitis: possible culprits go far beyond poison ivy.
pediatric population due to cultural practices. Awareness Postgrad Med 1996; 100:167171.
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and limes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:e1.
increasing cultural awareness, and establishing patient
20 Gruson LM, Chang MW. Berloque dermatitis mimicking child abuse. Arch
rapport. One must also be cognizant not to appear judg- Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156:10911093.
mental, condescending, or reprimanding; thus allowing 21 Kok AN, Ertekin MV, Ertekin V, Avci B. Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.)
for a relationship of trust and proper communication. induced haemolytic anaemia in siblings. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58:530
532.
22 Kandil HH, al-Ghanem MM, Sarwat MA, al-Thallab FS. Henna (Lawsonia
Acknowledgement inermis Linn.) inducing haemolysis among G6PD-deficient newborns. A new
clinical observation. Ann Trop Paediatr 1996; 16:287291.
There are no conflicts of interest.
23 Zinkham WH, Oski FA. Henna: a potential cause of oxidative hemolysis and
neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics 1996; 97:707709.
24 WCK. Spider webs as causes of tetanus. J Nerv Ment Dis 1892; 17:361
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