Todays Topics

KNS 3233
Wastewater Flow
SEWER DESIGN Average Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

Organic Loading & Population Equivalent (PE)

Sewer

Jethro Henry Adam

Wastewater Flow Wastewater Flow

Components of Wastewater Flows

Wastewater flowrates
important factor in designing the treatment facilities
(including sewer) Domestic Industrial Infiltration/ Stormwater
inflow WASTEWATER
determine the size of sewer, settling tank, reactors VS.
etc. wastewater wastewater infiltration :
ENGINEERING
runoff resulting
discharged from in which extraneous water from rainfall &
residences & industrial waste that enters the snowmelt
commercial, predominate collection system
institutional, etc. through leaking
joints, cracks etc.
inflow :
stormwaters that
enters from storm
drain connection,
drains etc.

Wastewater Flow Wastewater Flow

Wastewater Collection Systems

Water supplied

Factors Population Exfiltration

influencing
Sanitary Storm Combined VS. Infiltration Seasons
collection collection collection wastewater
systems systems systems flows Collection Combined
systems treatment

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 1

 Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

Per Capita Water Consumption

Definition per capita water
Country/Area consumption
the average of the daily flows sustained during dry- (liter/day)
weather periods with limited infiltration Scotland 250

calculated based on total population and daily water England 180

consumption per capita Malaysia 225

High density 300

Primitive 50

Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

Methods to determine ADWF :- b) (Quantity of water supplied x population) water lost

a) Quantity of water supplied x population ADWF = (q x P) (20 30% lost)
ADWF = (q, water usage) x (P, population) = 70 80% (q x P)
=qxP
= 225 liter/capita.day x 1,000 c) (Quantity of water supplied x population) +

= 225,000 liter/day water from other sources water lost

= 225 m3/day ADWF = (q x P) + (eg. water from well)
(20 30% lost)

Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)

d) Wastewater short record

the real wastewater flow was recorded on site for
a short period of time (few hours or few days)
the data only true for that period of time only
e) Wastewater long record
method (b) is normally used as it is more cost
effective
for this lesson, taking the worst condition for the
design, method (a) is used

the flow was recorded for a longer period

the data contains the minimum & maximum flow

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 2

 Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF) Average Dry-
Dry-Weather Flow (ADWF)
Example Solution
Example
i) ADWF = q x P
i) Calculate the ADWF for an area where the
= 250 liter/capita.day x 10,000
population is 10,000 people and the water usage is
= 2,500,000 liter/day
250 liter/capita.day.
= 2,500,000 x 10-3 m3/day
ii) Calculate the ADWF for an area of 20,000 people
= 2,500 m3/day
with water usage of 200 liter/capita.day and the
wastewater to water supplied ratio is 0.67. ii) ADWF = (0.67 x 200 x 10-3 m3/day) x 20,000
= 2,680 m3/day

Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)
Typical Component of Wastewater
Concentration (mg/l)
Parameter Organic Loading
High Medium Low
VSS 525 300 145 the waste loads (normally in terms of BOD, COD,
SS 350 220 100
and SS) produced per capita in a day
Dissolved Solids 850 500 250 unit : gram/capita.day
BOD 400 220 110
Organic Loading = Q x BOD
COD 1000 500 250
(gram/capita.day) (m3/capita.day) (gram/m3)
NH3-N 50 25 12

NO3-N 0 0 0

Total P 15 8 4

Oil & grease 150 100 50

Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

typical Malaysian values (from MS 1228 (1991) &
Guidelines for Developers (1995) :-
organic loading for BOD : 55 g/capita.day
organic loading for SS : 68 g/capita.day
water usage : 225 m3/capita.day
Example
If the organic loading per capita for a wastewater is 59
gram/day & the per capita flow is 182 liter/day, calculate :
i) the BOD concentration of the wastewater
ii) the BOD value if the per capita water flow is 136
liter/day

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 3

 Organic Loading & Organic Loading &
Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

Solution
ii) Given, organic loading = 59 gram/capita.day
i) Given, organic loading = 59 gram/capita.day
Q = 182 liter/capita.day
Q = 182 liter/capita.day
organic loading = Q x BOD
organic loading = Q x BOD
59 103 mg/capita.day
59 103 mg/capita.day BOD
BOD 136 liter/capita.day
182 liter/capita.day
434 mg/l
324 mg/l

Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

Population Equivalent (PE)

the number expressing the ratio of the organic
loading produced by industrial/commercial facilities Table for Population Equivalent
& services to the individual organic loading in (from MS 1228 (1991) &
household sewage produced by one person Guidelines for Developers (1995))

organic loading from 1 premise

PE
organic loading from 1 person

Organic Loading & Organic Loading &

Population Equivalent (PE) Population Equivalent (PE)

Solution
Example Given, Q = 1,500 liter/day
organic loading = 60 gram/capita.day
An industry has a flow of 1,500 liter/day and the BOD
BOD = 2,000 mg/l
is 2,000 mg/l. Calculate the P.E. Assume that the organic
loading per person is 60 gram/day. QBOD
PE
organic loading
1,500 l/d 2, 000 103 g/l

60 g/capita.d
50

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 4

 Sewer Sewer

collection system that transports wastewater through

small-diameter pipes laid at contour
Asbestos
cement etc.
System

Clay* Type VS.

of sewer

PVC
Combined Separated Semi--
Semi
system system separated Concrete*
system

Sewer Sewer

Design considerations
gravity flow sewer is designed to full
important :- size, slope, & velocity to avoid sewerage becomes anaerobic
correct size needed so that there will be no internal to consider any sudden increase in wastewater flow
erosion & settlement
to take into account infiltration
total detention time (time taken for wastewater to flow
from its source to the treatment plant) < 3 hours to
avoid anaerobic reactions in the sewer

Sewer Sewer

Differences between sewer & water supply pipe

* self-cleansing velocity
Sewer Pipe
sewerage flow velocity that allows self cleansing
Gravity flow Pressured flow in the sewer
Slope is important Slope is not important
Self-cleansing velocity* No self-cleansing velocity velocity that is high enough to initiate scrubbing
vs
Not designed to full Designed to full action (but can still avoid internal erosion) and slow
Designed based on Designed based on
Manning, Chezy formulas Darcy formula enough to avoid settlement

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 5

 Sewer Sewer

Example
Main Parameters for Design
a) Peak flow (Qpeak) Given that P.E. = 10,000 people (p = 10);
to allow the chosen sewer size to consider sudden Qpeak factor = 4.7 x 10 0.11
increase flow = 3.648;
Qpeak factor = 4.7p 0.11 (from MS 1228(1991)) So, the design flow is 3.648ADWF
where p = P.E. in thousand

Sewer Sewer

b) Self-cleansing velocity c) Other factors

the sewer need to be at a certain slope so that the Factor Condition
velocity is within the acceptable range Flow Qpeak = 4.7p 0.11 ADWF
at Qmaximum , v = 0.8 4.0 m/s Velocity
at Qmaximum , v = 0.8 4.0 m/s
at Qminimum , v = 0.6 1.0 m/s
at Qminimum , v = 0.6 1.0 m/s (depends on sewer size)
Sewer size not less than 200 mm

Diameter (mm) Velocity (m/s) Minimum depth not less than 1.2 m from the surface
Distance from water
150 250 1.00 supply pipe cannot be located above the water pipe

300 600 0.75 Economic as short as possible

> 600 0.60 Slope not more than 1:50

Sewer Sewer

Sewer Design
use open channel concept (as it is not a full flow) Mannings Roughness Coefficient
methods used : Manning, Chezy, Kuuter, Scobey, etc. Material n
Smooth steel 0.012
Manning formula :
where Cast iron 0.013
V = sewerage velocity (m/s)
1 Concrete 0.014
V R 2/3s1/2 Q = sewerage flow (m3/s) at full flow
n R = hydraulic radius Asphalt 0.016
= A/P
and Q AV A = cross-sectional area of flow (m2)
Earth & gravel 0.018 0.020

1 P = wetted perimeter (m) Natural streams 0.025 0.035

or Q AR 2/3s1/2 D = sewer diameter (m)
n s = slope of sewer
n = coefficient of roughness

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 6

 Sewer Sewer

Design approach
i) Determine d/D ratio (eg. if the flow is 50% full, d/D = 0.5)
ii) Determine the values for q/Qfull and v/Vfull at d/D in (i) from the
design chart. (say q/Qfull = x and v/Vfull = y)
iii) From the peak flow, q (given real flow), determine values for Design chart for Mannings formula
Qfull and Vfull. (so, Qfull = q(x) and Vfull = v(y))
iv) Put Qfull = q(x) in Mannings eqn. to get the sewer diameter, D
v) Determine the Vfull from the equation
v) Check the velocity of the sewerage at 2 conditions (at Qpeak and
Qminimum) and compare with the self-cleansing velocity values

Sewer Sewer

Example Solution

Given, Qmaximum = 0.42 m3/s

Design a separated system sewer that flows 70% full at
Qminimum = 0.047 m3/s
peak flow of 0.42 m3/s and minimum flow of 0.047 m3/s.
s = 1:600
Assume that the slope is 1:600, and the sewer is made of
n = 0.013
cast iron (n = 0.013).
the sewer flows at 70% full (d/D = 0.7)

Sewer Sewer
From the design chart,
i) Determination of sewer size
Known that the maximum design velocity = 0.42 m3/s
d/D from (a), q/Qfull = 0.85
0.42/Qfull = 0.85
Qfull = 0.494 m3/s
use this value in Mannings formula,
1
0.85 1.14 Q AR 2/3 s1/2
at d/D = 0.7, n
q/Qfull = 0.85 ..(a)
v/Vfull = 1.14 ..(b)

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 7

 Sewer Sewer

A
R (at full flow) ii) Determination of sewerage velocity (& checking)
P
D D 4
2 from Mannings formula,
D
4 1 2/3 1/2
V R s
n
2/3 1/2
1 D2 D 1 1 0.8
2/3
1
1/ 2
So, 0.494
0.013 4 4 600
0.013 4 600
0.494 1.07 m/s full flow
D8/3
0.9788 However, sewer are not available in odd sizes. Let

D 0.77 m say, in the market there are sewer of size 0.75 m Check the real velocity at Qmaximum and Qminimum to
and 0.8 m; the size 0.8 m is chosen to avoid failure. make sure that self-cleansing velocity is obeyed.

Sewer Sewer

Check v at Qmaximum Check v at Qminimum

Known that v/Vfull = 1.14 & Vfull (at Qfull) = 1.07 m/s Known that real qminimum (70% full) = 0.047 m3/s &
So, real velocity, v = 1.14 x 1.07 Qfull = 0.494 m3/s
= 1.22 m/s (0.8 < v < 4.0, self-cleansing q/Qfull = 0.047/0.494
velocity at Qmaximum) = 0.095
acceptable refer to the design chart

Sewer Sewer

From the chart, vminimum/Vfull = 0.645

Known that real Vfull = 1.07 m/s
So, vminimum = 0.645 x 1.07
(ii) d/D
= 0.215 = 0.690 m/s (v > 0.6, self-cleansing velocity at Qminimum)
acceptable
(i) q/Qfull (iii) v/Vfull
= 0.095 = 0.645
at q/Qfull = 0.095,
d/D = 0.215
v/Vfull = 0.645

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 8

 KNS 3233

Prepared by :
Jethro Henry Adam

Prepared by : Jethro Henry Adam 9