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Blood is the fluid tissue or medium in which all materials are transported to and from individual cells in
the body.
Q1
Phagocytes
White
blood cell
(WBC)
Lymphocytes
Platelets
Plasma
Blood disorders (will study in chapter 12 but relevant here too)
Sickle-cell anemia
Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder involving haemoglobin. Affected RBCs are stiff rather
than flexible; as they try to squeeze into narrow blood vessels, they cant fold over like a normal RBC.
Instead, their shape becomes distorted: the cells elongate and the ends point, making them look
somewhat like a sickle (grass cutting tool).
These distorted cells are also sticky, causing them to clump together and block small blood vessels.
This deprives tissues of necessary oxygen, resulting in intense pain.
Other complications of sickle cell disease include kidney or heart failure or stroke.
Haemophilia
Humans have a double circulatory system. Blood is pumped from the heart to the site of gas
exchange (the lungs) then comes back to the heart before being pumped to the rest of the body.
Blood vessels
Pacemaker/where
heart beat is initiated
Heart rate
The average heart beats in an adult is between 60 and 80 beats per minute.
The heart generates and maintains its own beat. However, the nervous system even though it doesnt
initiate the heartbeat can alter the hearts rhythm and force of contractions. Specifically, the medulla
in the brain detects changes in the body and sends messages to raise or lower heart rate.
Tissue fluid
Liquid part of blood than seeps out of capillaries when substances are exchanged.
Different from plasma as the proteins are absent (enzymes, hormones, antibodies etc).
Lymphatic system
The tissue fluid, that is not reabsorbed by the capillaries, drain into the lymph vessels. The liquid, now
known as lymph, is filtered of micro-organisms, cell debris or harmful substances at lymph nodes before
reentering the blood stream.
Q2 What is a heart rate?
(iii) People from blood group O can receive blood from blood group /groups
(iv) The clear colourless liquid flowing out of the blood capillary walls is called ...
1) The blood cell designed to protect the body against infection is:
a leucocyte
b erythrocyte
c platelet
d thrombocyte
2) The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs is the:
a pulmonary vein
b pulmonary artery
c aorta
d inferior vena cava
5) The condition presenting with constricting pain in the left side of the chest radiating to the left arm is:
a anaemia
b angina
c stroke
d aneurysm