Volume 3, Issue 8 (August, 2014) Online ISSN-2320-0073

Published by: Abhinav Publication

Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in
Management & Technology
FRESHWATER PLANKTON ECOLOGY: A REVIEW
Dr. Shankar Hosmani
Professor and Head, SBRR Mahajana First Grade College,
Mysore, India
Email : prof_sph@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Phytoplankton is the collective name for the group of microscopic, aquatic photosynthetic
organisms which are abundant in freshwater Lakes. During favourable conditions dense aggregations
called blooms occur which often cause fish kills or render the water unfit for any use. They have
very high biological activity and are important is sustaining life in Lake waters. They are influenced
by climatic changes and by variations in the physical and chemical constituents of the water and the
uncontrolled conditions lead to water pollution. The urgent challenge facing the concerned biologists
is to understand ecological processes well enough to maintain their functioning in the face of
pressures resulting from human processes The factors governing the distribution of phytoplankton in
the southern lakes of Karnataka by the author by his publications have been reviewed. The physical,
chemical and biological characters have been discussed.
Keywords: Phytoplankton; Ecology; Southern;, Karnataka; Pollution

INTRODUCTION
The importance of water was realized as far back as a means of sustenance of life which was expressed
in the Greek Philosophers (Thales of Miletus) cryptic saying Water is best. Galileo, the great
physicist of the Italian Renaissance made an attempt to study water physically. The extensive work of
(Forel1851-1912) who is regarded as the father of Modern Limnology gave an impetus to study this
subject intensively. His outstanding work was put forth in his Le Leman wherein he exposed the
preliminary facts concerning the abstruse fauna of fresh water lakes. The establishment of the first
mobile biological station (Fritsch (1888) by International Commission, limnology as an independent
science flourished in Europe and America.
The discovery of plankton by (Victor Hansen, 1887) was an outstanding event in the field of
Limnology. As a result of this discovery, at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the
twentieth century intensive work was carried out. Limnology was little known to Indian researchers
until the first publication (Prasad, 1916). But it was not until 1940 that a keener interest towards this
branch of science developed. An elaborate account on the distribution of the fresh water algae of
North India (Rhandawa, 1936) was also of significance. Algal flora of some muddy rain water pools
by( Iyengar ,1940), Periodicity of algae by (Philipose,1960) , Algal ecology by (Gonzalves and
Joshi,1946), Distribution of Euglenophyceae by (Suxena, 1955) and work on plankton ecology by
(Singh, 1959) are all important landmarks in the study of limnology.
Curiosity prompted people to ascertain facts of limnology and hence publications on the ecology of
fresh water biota have occurred occasionally. Some have given a detailed account of the physical and
chemical conditions operating in a particular body of water, some have discussed the distribution of
unicellular and colonial organisms, and others have studied the interrelationships of these factors on
the periodicity of plankton on the growth and development of zooplankton and fish. The realization of

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 Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research In
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the importance of algal blooms in waters, the causes of pollution and the related growth of algae has
been emphasized in recent years (Ganapathi, 1960; George, 1966).
OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the essential role of the water chemistry parameters on phytoplankton Ecology
2. To illustrate the use of multivariate analysis in ecological data
3. To understand Phytoplankton as indicators of water quality and pollution
REVIEW
Freshwater ecology in the southern parts of Karnataka was initiated as far back as 1973, as the first
work on Limn logical studies in ponds and lakes of Dharward ( Bharathi and Hosmani, 1973,
Hosmani, 1974). High temperatures of the water and equal distribution of albuminoidal ammonia and
nitrates were responsible for the growth of Trachelomonas charkoweinsis). The increase in Nitrate
nitrogen and albuminoidal ammonia gave way for the growth of Phormidium which resulted in a
bloom. The chief physical factors contributing to the prolific growth of algae in the lake were
temperature, intensity of illumination, absence of movement of water, transparency and wind action.
The settled organic matter at the bottom of the tank causes lowering of oxygen and increase in
bicarbonate and phosphates which favour the bloom of Phormidium. Large inflow of water during
rains tends to reduce the concentration of chemicals which has an effect on the algae. Species of
Microcystis aeruginosa and Phormidium fragile occurred in very low numbers and later resulted in a
bloom. Albuminoidal nitrogen fluctuated due to the death and decay of the organisms and gave way
for the appearance of other algae like Lepocinclis ovum (Bharathi and Hosmani,1974). The lake water
was reported to be unfit for fish farming. Hydro biological studies in ponds and lakes with special
reference to the occurrence of Euglenoid blooms (Bharathi and Hosmani, 1975) indicated that higher
concentrations of carbon dioxide, phosphates and albuminoidal ammonia along with ox disable
organic matter, lower concentrations of oxygen, and high temperatures influenced the bloom of
Euglena elastica and Lepocinclis ovum. Higher degree of organic pollution also favoured the growth
of Euglenophyceae. The report also indicates that Euglena elastic may have secreted an autotoxin
which ended its growth abruptly, whereas autotoxin of Lepocinclis ovum may have caused its death
gradually. Observations on pond life with special reference to the possible causation of a bloom of
Franceia ovalis (Bharathi and Hosmani, 1976) were increased nitrates, phosphates and carbon dioxide
with more hours of bright sunlight, calcium rich water accompanied by low pH, oxygen and high
content of ox disable organic matter and albuminoidal ammonia. The death and decay of abundant
Myxophyceae and higher degree of organic pollution favoured the bloom. A new species of Phacus,
Phacus bharathi (Hosmani, 1976) was reported from these waters. This species exhibited uneven
folding of the lateral lobes and had absence of pyrenoids.
The ionic composition of sixteen freshwater lakes of Hassan and Chitradurga districts of Karnataka
(Bharathi and Hosmani, 1977) revealed the fact the Hassan waters were more polluted than those of
Chitradurga. Pollution had a major bearing on the ionic composition of waters. They differed
considerably from those proposed for lakes in general for fresh waters but a few followed the pattern
suggested for salt waters. Local conditions were of primary importance in the general processes
regulating the standard composition of waters which were secondary. Diurnal study in a pond at
Dharwad (Mulgund and Hosmani, 1978) showed that fluctuations in dissolved oxygen, bicarbonates
and carbon dioxide were significant. The pond water gets oversaturated during the afternoons and
hence a few species of Euglenophyceae showed marked diurnal migration. Rotifers among the
zooplankton showed marked fluctuations. Important notes on the occurrence of Euglena sanguina at
Dharwad Hosmani, 1977) indicated that temperature was an important factor in changing the colour
along with abundance of nitrates and free ammonia. There was conversion of chlorophyll to
phaeophytin in the organism.

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Algae as indicators of organic pollution (Hosmani and Bharathi, 1980) showed that species of algae
at top of the pollution list were Euglena and Scenedesmus. Euglena gracilis was noted as an indicator
of organic pollution by many researchers. Euglena oxyuris was stressed as an indicator of organic
pollution in lakes. A detailed study on Limn logical studies in ponds and lakes of Dharwad with
comparative phytoplankton ecology(Hosmani and Bharathi, 1980) indicated that presence of diatoms
was influenced by factors like calcium, iron, pH, silica, nitrates, phosphates, ox disable organic matter
associated with dissolved oxygen and temperatures in lower concentrations. Diatom population in
lakes was richer than in ponds. Desmids favoured lower concentration of nitrates and phosphates.
Myxophyceae had a deleterious effect. Closterium lunula had greater tolerance capacity. Euglena
gracilis and Euglena elastic and Lepocinclis ovum occurred as sporadic blooms in ponds while lakes
were poor in Euglenophyceae. Chlorococcales occurred in all types of waters while Franceia ovalis
occurred as a bloom. Microcystis aeruginosa appeared in all lakes which is indicative of the fact that it
has the ability to tolerate pollution. The classification of these waters indicated that the lakes were
fundamentally oligotrophic and the ponds were fundamentally eutrophic. And some factors indicated
that oligotrophic nature of the lakes tends towards eutrophic nature. Using algae in classifying water
bodies (Hosmani and Bharathi, 1982). indicated that the Compound Quotient(CQ) values obtained for
classifying water bodies showed that the lakes are weak eutrophic and show a tendency towards
eutrophism where as the ponds are true eutrophic with high degree of pollution. Nitrates, phosphates
and ox disable organic matter in lower concentrations coupled with high carbon dioxide supported a
continuous bloom of Spirulina nordestedtii in a polluted lake ( Puttaiah et. al., 1982.) The possible
conditions accelerating the sporadic occurrence of Anabaena spiroides were increased nitrates and
phosphates, low pH and lesser oxygen content. The death and decay of hydrophytes helped to a certain
extent in its acceleration. Higher degree of organic pollution due to inflow of city waste also favoured
the bloom (Govindappa et al., 1982). Euglenophyceae of polluted and unpolluted waters (Hosmani and
Bharathi, 1983) indicated that some of them formed blooms while others persisted for a longer time
and abruptly seized to appear. About 42 species of Euglenophyceae were reported. The report on
observation of pond life with special reference to algal species diversity indices indicating water
pollution (Hosmani and Mallesha, 1985) revealed that the diversity of species decreased with increase
in pollution, water temperature, total nitrogen and ox disable organic matter. The diversity in the
distribution of species occurred concurrent to the type of pollution. As a result, certain species tolerate
pollution and appear dominantly while those that cannot tolerate pollution fail to survive in these
waters. Observation on the bloom of Euglena limnophylla (Puttaiah et al., 1985) suggested that the
quantity of carbonates, nitrates and free ammonia were less, while albuminoidal ammonia and
phosphates rise appreciably with high alkalinity during the bloom of Euglena limnophylia. Biological
Index of Pollution (BIP) was calculated using producers and consumers (Hosmani, 1987-88). The
ponds fluctuated between the zone of clean water and the zone of active decomposition. During certain
seasons they shifted to the zone of moderate decomposition. A new variety of Scenedesmus bijugatus
var. haliyalensis was described from the lake water (Hosmani and Bharathi, 1987). Further a new
genus of Sceneoocystis karnatakensis sp.nov was also described from Haliyal near Karwar (Hosmani
and Bharathi, 1981) Rivularia aquatica is known to be autotrophic as other blue greens. However it
does resort to other modes of nutrition as evidenced by its parasitic nature on Griffithella hookeriana
(Hosmani and Nagendra, 1980). This report suggests that planktonic algae can sometimes become
parasitic.The special circumstances that act incumbent on the organism to become parasitic appear to
be the lowering of the water level of the habitat as a result of which the leaves are exposed to dry
conditions. A composite Trophy Index (CTI) as a measure of water pollution for fresh waters
(Hosmani and Bharathi, 1987). Indicated that the lakes are of the fifth order with CTI values, above 15
suggesting that the extent of pollution is very high in lakes. Species diversity indices were used as a
measure of water pollution (Hosmani, 1987), some of the lakes had few species with large number of
individuals per species while others had few species with moderate populations. As a result certain
tolerant species appeared and non tolerant species failed to appear. Navicula rhomboids and Navicula
sphaerophora appeared in all the waters, but their diversity decreased with increased pollution. Further
it was reported that lesser the diversity indices the greater is the extent of pollution.
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Variations in phytoplankton communities in lake waters were discussed (Hosmani, 1988) .The pond
water during certain periods supported as many as 24 species, but after a lapse of four years only three
species survived with two other forms in meagre numbers. The probable factors for restricting the
growth of algal species were high nitrate, low carbon dioxide, ox disable organic matter and
albuminoidal ammonia and high concentrations of oxygen. Blooms of Franceia ovalis, Euglena
elastic, Euglena gracilis and Trachelomonas charkoweinses also had a significant effect in reducing
the number of species in the pond under study. A study on the calcium carbonate saturation index and
its influence on phytoplankton(Hosmani and Vasanth Kumar, 1996) in sixteen lakes of Mysore were
carried out. Five lakes showed a tendency of heavy scale deposition and four lakes showed a tendency
of light scale deposition. Lakes that had both light scale and corrosive tendency supported the growth
of phytoplankton represented by blooms of Trachelomonas volvocine, Trachelomonas charkoweinsis,
Spirulina nordestedtii, Phormidium fragile and Microcystis aeruginosa indicating their ability to
survive in waters that have a stable pH. Composite Trophy Index and Compound Quotient values
obtained for classifying water bodies proved to be useful data (Naganandini and Hosmani, 1998).
According to the CTI values, lakes were grouped as Lakes of the first order, two were grouped as lakes
of the third order and two were grouped as lakes of the fifth order which were considered to be heavily
polluted. A brief biochemical study of Microcystis aeruginosa occurring as a bloom in polluted water
was made (Hosmani and Anitha, 1998).Biochemical parameters such as Chlorophylls, Phycocyanins,
allophycocyanins and c-phycoerythrin, carbohydrates and proteins were estimated in significant
amounts. The factors responsible for the formation of bloom have been discussed. Ecology of certain
inland waters of Mysore district and occurrence of Cyanophycean bloom in a polluted lake
(Naganandini and Hosmani, 1998) showed that increased ox disable organic matter, carbon dioxide,
phosphate and calcium with low albuminoidal ammonia, organic nitrogen, free ammonia, nitrate,
dissolved oxygen coupled with death and decay of Scenedesmus nordestedtii had a profound effect on
the occurrence of Microcystis aeruginosa as a bloom. Temperature does not seem to play a significant
role. Studies on biochemical aspects of water pollution based on analysis of glycolic acid,
chlorophylls, phycobiliproteins and total dissolved solids were studied in 20 lakes of Mysore city
(Hosmani et.al., 1999) . Four categories of waters were recognized based on the range of glycolic acid
present. The high values of glycolic acid were due to high contents of organic pollutants coupled with
high intensities of light during summer that inhibit algal photosynthesis and increase the percentage of
extracellular release. The glycol late excrete may directly reflect the growth and photosynthetic
activity of phytoplankton. High amounts of pollutants enhanced the growth of blue green algae and in
turn increased phycobiliproteins..
A comparative account of physico-chemical parameters, plankton population and enzymatic activity in
fresh water lake receiving sewage, and a sewage oxidation pond ware analysed using statistical
methods (Mruthunjaya and Hosmani, 2002). Only 10 out of 21 parameters showed significance. The
lake supported a bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa and responded to water temperature; pH, phosphate,
ammonia and enzyme phosphatase activity. It was reported that the lake is turning into a sewage
lagoon. The water quality of a polluted lake receiving city sewage was studied (Raghavendra and
Hosmani, 2002). Eichhornia crassipies occupied a major part of the lake. Dissolved oxygen content
was low, while total hardness, alkalinity, chlorides were high. The richness in desmids population was
an indicator of good water quality (Nagrathna and Hosmani, 2002) reported desmids in Lakes. Out of
the 28 taxa reported only Staurastrum formosum and Cosmarium pyramidatum had frequent
occurrence. Field studies were carried out in two lakes of Mysore (Mahadev and Hosmani, 2004). The
calcium carbonate saturation index, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and Langliers index
were determined. Cyanophyceae were highly tolerant organisms and preferred to grow at higher
temperatures and slightly alkaline conditions. Anabaena wisconsinese, Arthrospira platensis,
Merismopedia tenuissima, Phormidium fragile, Spirulina nordestedtii and Spirulina major were
common species which were tolerant to calcium carbonate saturation index. The role of physico-
chemical parameters on plankton population by application of cluster analysis (Thomas et. al., 2006)
indicated that chlorides, nitrates and phosphates together exercise high influence on the growth of

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Euglenophyceae and zooplankton. Cluster analysis and dendrograms obtained indicated more than
90% similarity between bicarbonates and Chlorococcales. .
Application of algal biodiversity in assessing lakes (Sudeep and Hosmani, 2007) was done. Soyers
Index of frequency, Bellan-santins Quantative dominance Index, Pielous evenness index and Boyds
Index were calculated. It was noticed that diversity and evenness values were well marked.Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) using coefficients of linear regression (Sudeep et. al., 2007) was an
important tool in studying water quality of lakes. The data represented suggests which of the
parameters have a significant role in reducing eutrophy and converting it to oligotrophy
.Chlorococcales are one among the most typical algal groups contributing to the quality and aesthetic
appearance of lake waters (Mruthunjaya et al., 2007). Although there were variations in the physico-
chemical complexes Chlorococcales in most lakes did not differ significantly. However the appearance
of large number of species of Scenedesmus and high albuminoidal ammonia may be considered as
biochemical indicators. Ecological studies on Euglenophyceae form Dharwad lakes (Hosmani, 2008)
demonstrated that disturbances due to animal and human origin were high. Euglenophyceae responded
to high temperature, higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, phosphates, nitrates, iron, albuminoidal
ammonia along with ox disable organic matter and lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen favoured
the occurrence of Euglena gracilis, Euglena elastic and Lepocinclis ovum .The Trophic State Index
was applied in conservation of lakes (Panduranga Murthy et al., 2008). The lower boundary of lakes
was classically eutrophic. Decreased transparency, anoxic hypolimnion during summer, marcophyte
problems were evident and only warm water fishes could survive. The study indicated that TSI
(Trophic State Index) could be an important tool in conservation of lakes. An attempt to study ecology
of temple tanks (Shivalingaiah et al., 2009) revealed that pH and carbon dioxide were inversely
proportional and a direct relation between calcium and carbon dioxide were noticed. The rise in
chloride was an indicator of pollution of animal origin. BOD and DO were in the normal range.
Microbial diversity and the CCME water quality Index in temple ponds (Jayashankara et al., 2010)
revealed the fact that water quality in all ponds was always endangered. The conditions in them
usually deviated from normal because of total acidity, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, and the
over growth of bacteria. The reasons for the fluctuation were attributed to the number of devotees
visiting the tanks during festival seasons.
Phytoplankton diversity in lakes is significantly important (Hosmani, 2010) Diversity measures are
more useful in lake ecosystems which harbour a large variety of algal species in general and species
diversity within genera. Therefore application of species richness indices is very essential. Secondly it
is necessary to apply models that describe the distribution of species abundance. The diversity of a
community may therefore be described by referring to a model which provides the closest fit to the
observed pattern of species abundance. Nine diversity indices were calculated for 10 lakes and the
variations have been discussed. During recent times application of multivariate analysis to the
ecological data has gained importance. Statistical multivariate analysis for lake water quality
parameters (Mahadev et al., 2010) indicated that total alkalinity is a major factor that was controlling
the growth of phytoplankton in these lakes. Total alkalinity had highest similarity to desmids. The
trophic State Index (TSI) was applied to 15 lakes of Mysore city (Hosmani, 2010). Algal blooms
affected the TSI in these lakes and there was an exchange in the hypolimnitic oxygen and fish species.
Phosphorous concentrations influenced the trophic state and accelerated algal biomass leading to hyper
eutrophic nature of at least six lakes studied. Five diversity indices using PAST programme was
applied to a lake in Mysore (Basavarajappa et al., 2010). They included Shannon Weiner Index,
Berger and Parker dominance Index, Bellan and Santini Index, Simpsons Index, and Pielous
evenness index. Chlorococcales were higher in number while Cyanophyceae and Desmidaceae were
low. The evenness and dominance in the lake was not well marked. The Bray-Curtis similarity index
revealed that Euglena oxyuris, Cymbella cymbelliformis, Pinnularia gibba, Actinastrum hantzschii,
Tetraedron lobatum, Euglena elastic and Lepocinclis ovum had the highest similarity and existed in a
common cluster. Nestedness pattern for fresh water diatom assemblages in lakes of Mysore (Hosmani,
2011) indicated that perfectly nested species were Synedra ulna and Nitzschia obtusata while the
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idiosyncratic species was Caloneis permagna. Diatoms of hierarchical range were Gomphonema
sumatranse, Gomphonema baltonis, Gyrosigma kuetzingi, Nitzschia virudula, Gomphonema
subapiculatum and Navicula gracilis. Landscape activities around the lakes had an impact on the
nestedness of species. Water quality Index (WQI) for protection of aquatic life in lakes (Hosmani et
al., 2011) indicated that the water quality was almost always endangered and the conditions in it often
deviated from natural waters. Blue green algal blooms were dominant in all lakes. Raphidiopsis
meditarrenea and Arthrospira platensis formed permanent blooms and caused fish kills. The water
was unsuitable for supporting aquatic life. A diagrammatic and mechanical representation of pollution
in lakes served as an important tool in water quality management (Hosmani, 2011).The results could
be represented as Venn diagrams. Benthic diatom community was used to monitor water quality
(Hosmani, 2012). Significant correlation existed between diatom indices and water chemistry. Diatom
indices such as TDI, WAT, and SLA were positively correlated to nitrates. Indices such as LOBO,
CEE were negatively correlated to total alkalinity, COD, Chloride, Carbon dioxide and BOD. The
lakes were rated based on the indices as good, bad or poor. The impact of plankton diversity on the
water quality index in a lake at T. Narasipura (Hosmani and Mruthunjaya 2013) revealed that very few
plankton species dominated the lake and had no significant impact on the water quality. Navicula
veneta, Navicula rhynococephala, Nitzschia punctata, Gomphonema hybridense and Pinnularia
achrosphaeria were the principal diatoms in the lake. Among the physico-chemical parameters, total
nitrogen and change in water temperature had a major role. WQI was mainly determined by the
physical and chemical parameters. The dynamics of algal diversity in a lake at Mysore showed that
Euglenophyceae were predominant. Dissolved oxygen played a significant role in the distribution of
algae. The lake water was alkaline and phosphorous played a significant role .A study on the dynamics
of algal diversity in Hombargalli (Hosmani and Manjunath, 2013) indicated that Euglenophyceae were
dominant and dissolved oxygen played a significant role in the distribution of algae. The water was
alkaline and phosphates played a minor role. Algae, as indicators of water quality (Hosmani, 2013) in
20 lakes of Mysore using the old and new indicators suggested that Palmers Index is highly useful but
is based on the reports of authors and probably does not consider the season, number or the place of
occurrence. The diatom index can suggest autochthonous and allocathonous origin of pollution.
Secondly diatom species indicating pollution are also revealed. The Nestedness of species can indicate
which of the species have appeared suddenly or disappeared abruptly.
SUMMARY
The review of literature on fresh water plankton ecology published from the period 1973 to 2013 has
been presented. All publications are by the author and his co-workers. The citation index according to
Google Scholar is 403 and the I index is 10 with H index also 10.All of them are related to
Phytoplankton diversity, and the water chemistry. Their correlations are discussed in detail. There
were many requests across the country for the references of papers published from the Southern
districts of Karnataka. In order to facilitate researchers in the field of freshwater plankton ecology and
Limnology the present paper is published. The reprints of the publications are available with the author
and may be accessed whenever needed. I hope that this publication will be of importance to
researchers in similar fields. About 62 references have been quoted.
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26. Arekal,G.D; E.T. Puttaiah and S.P. Hosmani 1981-1982. Hydrobiology of Kukkarahally Tank -1:
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31. Hosmani.S.P. and S.G. Bharathi. 1987. A new variety of Scenedesmus bijugatus Turp. haliyalensis
var.nov. Geobios new reports 6:65-66.
32. Hosmani S.P. and S.G. Bharathi 1981. A new genus and species of alga from Karnataka.J.
Bombay. Nat. Hist Soc. Vol.78(3):579-580.
33. Hosmani S.P. and C.R. Nagendra 1980. Rivularia aquatica De Wilde as a parasite on Griffithella
hookeriana Warm Curr. Sci. 49(19)751-752.
34. Hosmani S.P. and S.G. Bharathi 1987. Composite Trophy Index (CTI) as a measure of Water
pollution. Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 12(2):71-73.
35. Hosmani. S.P. 1987 Algal species diversity indices as a measure of water pollution..Acta Botanica
Indica 15:320-322.
36. Hosmani S.P. 1988. Seasonal changes in phytoplankton communities in a fresh water Pond at
Dharwad, Karnataka State, India. Phykos. 27:82-87.
37. Hosmani S.P. and L. Vasanth Kumar. 1996. Calcium carbonate saturation index and its influence
on phytoplankton. Poll. Res 15(3):285-288.
38. Nanganandini.M.N. and S.P. Hosmani. 1998. Ecology of certain inland waters of Mysore District:
Biological indices of pollution. Journal of Environment and Pollution 5(4):269- 272.
39. Hosmani.S.P. and M.C. Anitha.1998. Biochemical study of Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz.Ecol.
Env. & Cons. 4(4):255-257.
40. Naganandini.M.N. and S.P. Hosmani. 1998. Ecology of certain inland waters of Mysore District:
Occurrence of Cyanophycean Bloom at Hosakere Lake. Poll. Res. 17(2):123-125.
41. Hosmani. S.P., L. Vasanth Kumar and S.Partha. 1999. Ecological significance of Biochemical
Parameters in certain fresh water lakes of Mysore. Journal of Environmental Biology 20(2):121-
124.
42. Mruthunjaya. T.B. and S.P. Hosmani 2002. Comparative account of physico-chemical Parameters,
enzymatic activity and plankton population in three water bodies of Mysore city. Nature,
Environment and pollution Technology1(2):165-169.
43. Raghavendra and S.P. Hosmani. 2002. Hydrobiological study of Mandakally Lake: A polluted
water body at Mysore. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology 1(3):291-293.
44. Nagarathna and S.P. Hosmani 2002. Desmids of Mandya District, Karnataka, India Phykos.
41(1&2):77-82.
45. Mahadev. J and S.P. Hosmani 2004. Community structure of Cyanobacteria in two polluted lakes
of Mysore city. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 3(4):523-526.

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46. Mathew Thomas, A.G. Deviprasad and S.P. Hosmani 2006. Evaluating the role of physico-
chemical parameters on plankton population by application of cluster analysis. Nature
Environment and Pollution Technology 5(2):219-223.
47. Sudeep.B.M and S.P. Hosmani 2007. Algal biodiversity and application of indices in assessing two
lakes of Mysore district. Indian Hydrobiology. 10(2):269-275.
48. Sudeep B.M, T.B. Mruthunjaya and S.P. P. Hosmani 2007. Principal component analysis: an
appropriate tool for water quality evaluation and management-application on two lakes in Mysore
district. Indian Hydrobiology. 10(2):381-391.
49. Mruthunjaya. T.B., S.P. Hosmani, N.R. Rajendra Prasad and B.M. Sudeep. 2007. Diversity and
distribution pattern of Chlorococcales with respect to physico-chemical characteristics of three
water bodies. Indian Hydrobiology 10(2):293-300.
50. Hosmani,S.P. 2008. Ecology of Euglenaceae from Dharwar, Karnataka. Indian Hydrobiology,
11(2):303-312.
51. Panduranga Murthy.G, Shivalingaiah, Leelaja.B.C and S.P. Hosmani 2008. Trophic State Index in
Conservation of Lake ecosystem. Proceedings of Taal, 2007. The 12th World Lake
Conference:840-843
52. Shivalingaiah, G. Panduranga Murthy, G. Chidananda Murthy and S.P. Hosmani.2009. An
ecological study of Temple tanks in Melukote, Karnataka, India. Ad. Plant. Sci. 22(1):185-190.
53. Jayashankara,M, R. Vijaya, Girish and S.P. Hosmani 2010. Microbial diversity and water quality
index in temple ponds of Udupi district, Karnataka, India. Nature, Environment and Pollution
Technology 9(1):197-202.
54. Hosmani, S.P. Phytoplankton diversity in lakes of Mysore district, Karnataka State, India. The
Ecoscan 4(1):53-57.
55. Mahadev. J., S.P. Hosmani and Sayed Akheel Ahmed, 2010. Statistical Multivariate Analysis of
lakes water quality parameters in Mysore, Karnataka, India. World Applied Sciences Journal
8(11):1370-1380.
56. Hosmani. S.P. 2010. Trophic state index in conservation of lake ecosystems 2010. Ad. Plant. Sci.
23(11):593-596.
57. Basavarajappa.S., N.S. Raju, S.P. Hosmani and S.R. Niranjana. 2010. Algal diversity and physico-
chemical parameters in Hadhinaru lake, Mysore, Karnataka State, India. The Bioscan 5(3):377-
382.
58. Hosmani. S.P. 2011. Nestedness patterns of freshwater diatom assemblages in lakes of Mysore.
OIIRJ 1(II):7-13.
59. Hosmani, S.P., M.K. Mahesh and B. Alkananda. 2011. Water quality index (WQI) for protection of
aquatic life in lakes of Mysore, Karnataka State, India. International Journal of Lakes and Rivers.
4(1):91-102.
60. Hosmani. S.P. 2011. On the diagrammatic and mechanical representation of pollutants in lakes of
Mysore district, Karnataka State, India. International Journal of Lakes and Rivers 4(1):103-106
61. Hosmani. S.P. 2012. Application of benthic Diatom community in lake water quality monitoring.
OIIRJ 11(III):21-34.
62. Hosmani S.P. and T.B. Mruthunjaya, 2013. Impact of plankton diversity on the water quality index
in a lake at Thirumakudal Narasipura, Mysore district. International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 2(5):1424-1441.
63. Hosmani.S.P. and R.A. Manjunath. 2013. Dynamics of algal diversity in Hombargalli Lake of H.D.
Kote, Mysore District, Karnataka. Abhinav 2(7):14-18.

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64. Hosmani, S.P. 2013. Freshwater algae as indicators of water quality. Universal Journal of
Environmental Research and technology 3(4):473-482.
65. Ecology of Phytoplankton. www.Cambridge.org/9780521844130: C.S. Reynolds. Cambridge
University Press)

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