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TITLE:
Analysis of Bleach
DATE(S):
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this lab is to determine the percent composition of sodium hypochlorite in
PRE-LAB:
!2
PROCEDURE:
Next, you would take 25 mL and add 2 grams of potassium iodide and 25 mL of distilled water
Next, you would titrate the solution with sodium thiosulfate until it turns light yellow.
After that, you would add a drop of starch and wait for a blue color to appear
Then, you would keep titrating the solution until the blue color disappears
Next, you would repeat the second step through the sixth step
MEASUREMENTS TO BE TAKEN:
5 mL of commercial bleach
95 mL of distilled water
2 mL 3 M HCl (twice)
MATERIALS:
5 mL 5% commercial bleach
6 mL 3 M HCl
6 g KI
!3
70 mL 0.100 M Na2S2O3
3 mL 2% starch solution
Buret
Buret clamp
Distilled Water
Pipet Bulb
Ring Stand
5 mL Transfer Pipet
25 mL Transfer Pipet
Wash Battle
Weighing Disk
DATA:
* = we over-titrated the first round, and so we couldnt get the second indicator to work and thus
CALCULATIONS:
We had to calculate the difference between the final and initial buret reading:
Example:
Final-Initial = Volume
29.8-3=26.8 mL
Example:
= 2 mol S2O32-
We had to average out our values for the volume of Na2S2O3 added to the titration:
Example:
= 0.064 M NaClO
We had to calculate the molarity of the concentrated bleach based on the molarity of the dilute
bleach:
Example:
!5
M1V1 = M2V2
0.0064 = M2 x 0.005
M2 = 1.28 M
Example:
Example:
(8.5675)/4
Example:
(8.25-8.82)/8.25 x 100%
RESULTS:
!6
The concentration of sodium hypochlorite in the bleach sample is 8.184% based on the
average of our set of data combined with the data of Group 2, which was slightly off from the
ANALYSIS/CONCLUSIONS:
The point of this lab was to get practice with titrations and to determine the concentration
of sodium hypochlorite in a commercial solution of bleach. This lab taught us how to analyze the
percent composition of a compound in a solution and how to find it based on titrations and
calculations. The experiment worked fairly well, since it called for us to collaborate with other
groups, thus giving us someone elses work for comparison. It also called for data from multiple
titrations, which canceled out many major human errors such as over-titrating.
Our overall percent error was 1.53% when accounting for the mean of all four titrations
of our group and Group 2, which is fairly small. However, each individual titration was blatantly
incorrect. The individual titrations had a percent error of 6.91% and 10.54% for our two and
19.88% and 26.55% for the two of Group 2. Plus, the average deviation was 0.73%, which is
fairly large. The most likely source of this error is that we titrated it very quickly at some points.
This caused us to accidentally over-titrate at one point, which would skew the results lower due
to how we couldnt add enough moles to complete the titration since the indicator wouldnt work
Moreover, rinsing out the transfer pipets with distilled water before filling them with
bleach likely lowered our calculated percent composition. This is because the extra water would
have diluted the bleach and decreased the amount that would fit up until the marker for the given
amount of milliliters. Thus, the amount of moles of sodium hypochlorite would have decreased
!7
and consequently decreased the percent composition. To get better results, we would avoid over-
titrating the first titration and not rinse out the pipet before titrating. The lab is worth repeating,
POST-LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Oxidation is a state in which an atom loses electrons, whereas reduction is a state in which
2.
3. Diluting the original sample makes it less sensitive to the titrant and thus easier. Since the
molarity is smaller, the titration can be done in a way which will get more precise results and
4. 3 25.0 mL aliquots can be taken from a 100 mL volumetric flask. This is because it can be
ensured that at least three can be taken out, but you cant ensure that there will be enough in
the volumetric flask for a fourth aliquot, since the amount has to be exact and it is always
The oxidation number of all of the combined sulfurs is +10, which translates to about +2.5 each.
Because it appears in fraction form, and oxidation numbers cant be fractions, the oxidation
numbers are different for different sulfurs. Because it is in Group 16, and the oxidation number
of sulfur is normally -2, it is likely that two sulfurs are +2 and the remaining two are +3, since
6. a) The leftover water could get inside the pipet, thus messing up the measurement of the
bleach by taking up space and resulting in less than the desired amount of bleach in moles, which
b) An extra gram of KI would have increased the amount of iodine in the solution. This
would cause the solution to change before the equivalence point was reached, due to how the
c) The iodine helps the solution change blue whenever the end point is reached. Thus, if
some of sublimed and not enough was available to change the color, then the risk of over-
titrating would be higher, since the iodine wouldnt change color as strongly.
7. The major source of experimental error is rising out the bulbs before measuring the solution.
Not only does this dilute the solution further, but also it decreases the amount of bleach put in the
solution. Thus, it made the amount of number of moles appear lower, and so the percent