The Binomial Theorem

So we saw in class that

( a + b )n = a n + nC1a n1b + nC2 a n2b 2 +!+ nCn1ab n1 + b n

With a particular case being
(1+ x )n = 1+ nx + nC2 x 2 +!+ nCn1x n1 + x n

So let us look two kinds of examples

Example
Given that ! (1+ kx ) = 1+ 12x + px 2 + qx 3
8

i) Find k, p and q.
ii) Using your values of k, p and q, find the numerical coefficient of the ! x 3 term in the
expansion of ! (1 x ) (1+ kx )
8

Solution
i) We can use our formula to expand ! (1+ kx ) up to the term with ! x 3 and then equate
8

coefficients to find k, p and q. Here we go

(! 1+ kx )8 = 1+ 8 ( kx ) + 8C2 ( kx )2 + 8C3 ( kx )3 +!
= 1+ 8kx + 28k 2 x 2 + 56k 3 x 3 +!

Equating coefficients we have

8k = 12
! 28k 2 = p
56k 3 = q

3
Which we can solve to get ! k = , p = 63 and q = 189 .
2
ii) Now we want the term with ! x 3 from ! (1 x ) (1+ kx ) so we need to think about how we can
8

arrive at a term with ! x 3 from the above product.

8
3x
8

2
(
! (1 x ) (1+ kx ) = (1 x ) 1+ = (1 x ) 1+ 12x + 63x 2 + 189x 3 +! )
So a term in ! x 3 arises from the following products ! 1 189x 3 and ! x 63x 2 and we can write
for our purposes
( )
! (1 x ) 1+ 12x + 63x 2 + 189x 3 +! = !+ 189x 3 63x 3 +!
So finally, our term in ! x is ! 126x and our coefficient in 126.
3 3
Example
a) Use the binomial series to expand ! ( 2 3x ) in ascending power of x up to an including the
10

term in ! x 3 .
b) Use your series expansion with a suitable value for x to obtain an estimate for ! (1.97 ) giving
10

your answer to 2 decimal places

Solution
a) We can do our expansion by plugging into formula with ! a = 2 and ! b = 3x . So we have
( 2 3x )10 = 210 + 10C1 2101 ( 3x ) + 10C2 2102 ( 3x )2 + 10C3 2103 ( 3x )3 +!
! = 210 + 10 2 9 ( 3x ) + 45 2 8 9x 2 + 120 2 7 27x 3 +!
= 1024 15360x + 103680x 2 414720x 3 +!

b) To use our expansion we need to find the value of x that makes ! 2 3x = 1.97 which is 0.01.
So now we can substitute into ! 1024 15360x + 103680x 2 414720x 3 +! with ! x = 0.01

! 1.9710 ! 1024 15360 ( 0.01) + 103680 ( 0.01) 414720 ( 0.01) = 880.35

2 3

Particular Terms of a Binomial Expansion

So what I expected you to arrive at from the homework that I assigned at the end of the last class
is that

In general, the term ! U r +1 involving ! x r in the expansion of ! ( a + x ) is given by ! nCr a n r x r

n

This is particularly useful as we can use this information to find the term involving ! x raised to any
power.

Example. Find the term involving ! x12 in the expansion of ! ( 3 + 2x )

15

Solution

From above we can see that the term involving ! x12 will be given by ! nCr a n r x r and
Substitution ! a = 3, 2x for x, and n = 15, and r = 12 we have
C12 31512 ( 2x ) = 455 33 ( 2x )
15 12 12

! = 455 9 212 x12

= 16773120x12
We can also use our formula to find the term independent of ! x in our expansion. By independent of
! x we mean the constant term. Lets see an example.

18
2
Example. Find the term independent of ! x in the binomial expansion of ! 3x 2
x
Solution
Again, the general term in this expansion can be given by substituting
2
! a = 3x, - 2 for x, and n = 18 . We thus have
x

Cr ( 3x )
18 r 2
r
18 r 18 r ( 2 ) r

2 = Cr 3 x
18 18

( )
r
x x2

! = 18Cr 318 r x18 r

( 2 )r
x 2r
= 18Cr 318 r x18 r 2r ( 2 )
r

= 18Cr 318 r ( 2 ) x18 3r

r

Therefore our term will be independent of ! x if ! 18 3r = 0 , i.e ! r = 6

Thus the required term is
! 18C6 312 ( 2 )
6

Which is a very large number so it is fine to leave as is.

Note that in all cases the term involving ! x r is always the ! ( r + 1) th term.
For example, the term involving ! x 5 is the 6th term, the term involving ! x is the 2nd term etc.

Exercises

1. Find the term involving ! x 5 in the expansion of ! ( 3 + 2x )

8

2. Find the 4th term when ! ( 2 x ) is expanded in ascending powers of ! x

9

[Hint: You should note that this is the term with ! x 3 ]

3. Find the coefficient of ! x 3 in the expansion of ! ( 7 2x )
7

6
3
4. Find the term independent of ! x in the expansion of ! 2 2x
x
6
2
5. Find the coefficient of ! x 2 in the expansion of ! x + .
x

Challenge
10
1
Find the term independent of ! x in the expansion of ! 1 + x 2x +
x
( 2
)
 Solutions to exercise
1. ! 48384x 5
2. ! 5376x 3
3. ! 672280
4. ! 2160
5. ! 6C2 2 2 = 60

Challenge
( )
! 2 4 2 10C5 + 10C6 = 11424

Differentiation
Gradient Function

The gradient of a curve changes continuously along its length. The value of the gradient of a curve
at any point P is given by the tangent to the curve at P.

If we were to draw a line through PQ, then this line would approach the tangent line at P as Q
approaches P. That is, if we drag Q along the curve towards P, then the line joining P and Q gets
closer and closer to our tangent line.

The exact value of the gradient is found by differentiation and it comes from the gradient of the line
PQ approximating the tangent line as Q moves towards P.

dy
The gradient function is represented by ! and this is the derivative of ! y with respect to ! x .
dx

The first and main differentiation formula that we will look at is as follows
 dy
The graph of ! y = kx n where k is a constant, has gradient function ! = nkx n 1 .
dx
Function notation may also be used for derivatives. If ! y = f ( x ) = kx n where k is a constant then
dy
! = f ( x ) = nkx n 1 where ! f ( x ) is another representation of the derivative.
dx

Notice very carefully what has happened. We pre-multiply by the original power (index) and then
reduce that index by 1.

So for example we can differentiate the following

1.! y = x 5
2.! y = 6x 3
3.! y = 24x
4.! y = 5

Solutions

1.
dy
y = x5 = 5 x 5 1
dx
!
dy
= 5x 4
dx

2.
y = 6x 3
dy
! = 3 6x 31
dx
dy
= 18x 2
dx

3.
 y = 24x
can be written as
! y = 24x1
dy
= 1 24x11
dx
dy
= 24x 0 = 24
dx

4.
y=5
can be written as
! y = 5x 0
dy
= 0 5x 0 1
dx
dy
=0
dx

Note especially questions 3 and 4 as we can make two important generalizations from them.

dy
Given ! y = ax , where a is a constant , then ! =a
dx
dy
Given ! y = a where a is a constant, then ! = 0 (derivative of a constant is 0 )
dx

We can use this formula to do some more examples that are a little more involved.

Exercises
dy
Find ! when y is
dx
1
5 8
(a) 30 (b) 10x (c) x (d) x (e) x 2

Note that in some cases we will need to express a function in the right form before we can
differentiate it.

1
1 10
(f) 4
x (g) 5x 2 (h) 9x 3 (i) 3 x (j) x
5

We can also use differentiation to find the gradient of a curve at a particular point.

Example. Find the gradient of the curve ! y = 3x 2 at the point ! A ( 5, 75 ) .

Solution

dy
= 2 3x1
! dx
= 6x
 At ! A, x = 5 so the gradient is ! 6 5 = 30
dy
We sometimes write ! = 6 ( 5 ) = 30
dx x = 5

Note
dy
If ! y = f ( x ) g ( x ) then ! = f ( x ) g ( x )
dx

Examples
1. f ( x ) = x 4 + 2x 3 . Find (a) f ( x ) (b) f ( 4 )

Solution
(a) f ( x ) = 4x 3 + 2 (b) f ( 4 ) = 4 ( 4 ) + 2 = 4096
3

2. Differentiate ! f ( x ) = ( x + 5 ) ( x 3)
Solution
The brackets must first be removed and then we can differentiate term by term

f ( x ) = ( x + 5 ) ( x 3) = x 2 2x 15
!
f ( x ) = 2x 2

3. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve with equation ! y = x 2 + 8x 1 where the
gradient is 6.

Solution
y = x 2 + 8x 1
dy
= 2x + 8
dx
dy
Now, when =6
dx
! 2x + 8 = 6
x = 1
Now to find y coordinate
y = ( 1) + 8 ( 1) 1
2

y = 8

x3 + 1
4. Find the derivative of ! f ( x ) =
x2
Solution
 x3 1
We must first divide ! x 3 + 1 by ! x 2 first giving ! + = x + x 2
x2 x2
Now
f ( x ) = 1 2x 3
! 2
= 1
x3

Higher Order Derivatives

dy
Starting from ! = f ( x ) and differentiating again gives the second derivative. This is written as
dx
d2y
! = f ( x ) .
dx 2

4 d2y
Example. Given that ! y = 4x 5 + find 2 .
x3 dx
Solution
y = 4x 5 + 4x 3
dy
= 20x 4 12x 4
dx
! d2y
2
= 80x 3 + 48x 5
dx
48
= 80x 3 + 5
x

Tangents and Normals

We can use differentiation to find the gradient to a curve at a particular point. Then we can use the
techniques described in coordinate geometry to find the equation of the tangent and the equation of
the normal at the given point.

Example. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve ! y = x 3 4x at the point
! ( 2, 0 ) .

Solution
dy
We differentiate the equation of the curve to give ! = 3x 2 4
dx
dy
The gradient of the tangent to the curve at the point ! ( 2, 0 ) is given by ! = 3( 2 ) 4 = 8
2

dx x=2

Now
Using our formula for the equation of a line ! y y1 = m ( x x1 ) we have
y 0 = 8 ( x 2)
!
y = 8x 16
 1
The gradient of the normal is ! . Using the formula for the equation of a line again gives the
8
equation of the normal as

1
y0= ( x 2)
8
1 1
y= x+
8 4
! We could rearrange this as
8y = x + 2
8y + x = 2

Curve Sketching
The gradient function gives information about the behavior of a curve.

! f ( x ) < 0 at A and the function is decreasing

! f ( x ) > 0 at C and the function is increasing
! f ( x ) = 0 at B and D and the function is neither increasing nor decreasing. These points are called
stationary points. B is at a local maximum and D is at a local minimum.

One way to determine whether a stationary point is a local maximum or local minimum point (also
knows as turning points) is to look at the sign of the derivative on either side of the point.

At a local maximum the sign of the derivative changes from positive on the left to negative
on the right of the point.
At a local minimum the sign of the derivative changes from negative on the left to positive
on the right of the point.

The other method used to gain information about the nature of the stationary points is by use of the
second derivative.

At a Stationary point:

! f ( x ) > 0 the point is a local minimum

! f ( x ) < 0 the point is a local maximum
But if ! f ( x ) = 0 then this gives no further information

x3 3 2
Example Find the stationary points of the curve ! y = x + 2x 1 and use the second
3 2
derivative to distinguish between them.

Solution
 dy
First we need to differentiate the equation and then solve ! = 0 to locate the stationary
dx
points (Remember when ! f ( x ) = 0 , point is a stationary point)
x3 3 2
y= x + 2x 1
! 3 2
dy
= x 2 3x + 2
dx
dy
Now at the stationary point ! = 0 x 2 3x + 2 = 0
dx
( x 1) ( x 2 ) = 0
!
x = 1 or x = 2.
We now need to find the corresponding y coordinates
1 3 1
When ! x = 1, y = + 2 1 =
3 2 6
3
When ! x = 2, y =
2
3 2
( )
3
22 + 2 (2) 1
8 1
! = 6 + 4 1=
3 3

1 1
The stationary points are thus ! 1, and ! 2,
6 3

Using the second derivative: ! f ( x ) = 2x 3

so ! f (1) = 1 < 0 giving a local maximum,
and ! f ( 2 ) = 1 > 0 giving a local minimum.

Rates of Change
Now we want to look at the function ! f ( x ) in another way and not just as a curve. Here we are
going to consider the function ! f ( x ) , to represent some quantity that changes as ! x changes. For
example, maybe ! f ( x ) represents the amount of water in a holding tank after ! x minutes. Or maybe
! f ( x ) is the distance traveled by a car after ! x hours. In both of these example we used ! x to
represent time but it does not have to be so.

What we want to do here is determine just how fast ! f ( x ) is changing at some point, say ! x = a .
This is called the rate of change of ! f ( x ) at ! x = a and it is simply the derivative of ! f ( x ) at ! x = a .

Let us look at an example to make some connections between differentiation and rates of change.

Example Suppose that the amount of water in a holding tank at ! t minutes is given by
! V ( t ) = 2t 16t + 35 . Determine each of the following.
2

(a) Is the volume of water in the tank increasing or decreasing at ! t = 1 minute?

(b) Is the volume of water in the tank increasing or decreasing at ! t = 5 minutes?
 (c) Is the volume of water in the tank changing faster at ! t = 1 or ! t = 5 minutes?
(d) Is the volume of water in the tank ever not changing? If so, when?

Solution.

To answer this question we will need the rate of change of the volume. This means that
we will need the derivative or this function since that will give us a formula for the rate of change
at any time ! t .

V ( t ) = 2t 2 16t + 35
! dV
V (t) = 4t 16 or = 4t 16
dt
(a) Is the volume of water in the tank increasing or decreasing at ! t = 1 minute?

In this case all that we need is the rate of change of the volume at ! t = 1
dV
! V (1) = 12 OR = 12
dt t =1

So, at t = 1 the rate of change is negative and so the volume must be

decreasing at this time.

(b) Is the volume of water in the tank increasing or decreasing at ! t = 5 minutes?

Again, we will need the rate of change at ! t = 5 .

dV
! V (5) = 4 OR =4
dt t =5

In this case the rate of change is positive and so the volume must be increasing
at ! t = 5 .

(c) Is the volume of water in the tank changing faster at ! t = 1 or ! t = 5 minutes?

To answer this question all that we look at is the size of the rate of change and
we dont worry about the sign of the rate of change. All that we need to know
here is that the larger the number the faster the rate of change. So, in this case the
volume is changing faster at ! t = 1 than at ! t = 5 .

(d) Is the volume of water in the tank ever not changing? If so, when?

The volume will not be changing (or will be stationary) if it has a rate of change
of zero. We thus simply need to equate the derivative to zero and then need to
solve

dV
! V (t ) = 0 OR =0
dt
 This gives
! 4t 16 = 0 t=4

So at ! t = 4 the derivative is 0 and the volume isnt changing. Note that all this is
saying is that for a brief instant the volume isnt changing. It doesnt say that at
this point the volume will stop changing permanently.

Chain Rule ( Function of a Function )

When we write for example ! y = ( 3x + 8 ) , we say that ! y is a function of ! x . If ! u = 3x + 8 then we
5

have ! y = u 5 and ! y is now a function of ! u and ! u is now a function of ! x .

To differentiate an expression of the form ! y = ( 3x + 8 ) with respect to ! x , we use a technique called

5

the chain rule.

dy dy du
The chain rule can be written as ! = , where ! u is a function of ! x .
dx du dx

So we differentiate ! y with respect to ! u and multiply by the derivative of ! u with respect to ! x .

Example
Differentiate (a) y = ( 3x + 2 ) (b) y = x 2 9
10

Solution
du
(a) Let ! u = ( 3x + 2 ) , ! =3
dx
dy
Now ! y = u10 and ! = 10u 9 .
du
dy
So, since ! u = ( 3x + 2 ) , then ! = 10 ( 3x + 2 )
9

du
dy
Finally , from chain rule: ! = 10 ( 3x + 2 ) 3 = 30 ( 3x + 2 )
9 9

dx

du
(b) Let ! u = x 2 9 , ! = 2x
dx
1
dy 1 12
Now ! y = u and !
2
= u .
du 2

( )
1
dy 1 2
So, since ! u = x 2 9 , then ! = x 9 2
du 2

( ) ( )
1 1
dy 1 x
Finally , from chain rule: ! = x 2 9 2 2x = x x 2 9 2 =
dx 2 x2 9

We can shorten the chain rule to the following

 dy
Given ! y = f ( x ) then = n f ( x ) f ( x )
n n 1

dx

Examples
Differentiate with respect to ! x .
4
3
1
(a) ( x 5 ) 5 + 4x (d) 1 x 2
7
1. (b) (c)
5x

1 1
2. Find the gradient of the curve with equation ! y = at the point where ! x =
( 3x + 2 ) 2
3
Solution
y = ( 3x + 2 )
2

dy
= 2 ( 3x + 2 ) 3
3

dx
= 6 ( 3x + 2 )
3
!
6
=
( 3x + 2 )3
dy 6 2
= 3 =
dx x=
1
1 9
3
3 3 + 2

The chain rule can also be used to establish results for connected rates of change.
d
For example, the rate of change of the volume of a sphere can be written as ! . The corresponding
dt
dr
rate of change of the radius of the sphere can be written as ! . Using the chain rule, the connection
dt
between these rates of change is given by:

d d dr
! ! =
dt dr dt

4 3
Also, given that the formula for the volume of a sphere is given by ! = r , it follows that
3
d
! = 4 r 2 , so the connection can now be written as
dr

d dr
! = 4 r 2
dt dt

Example
 1
cm 3 / s and forms a circular film that may be
Oil is dripping onto a surface at the rate of !
10
considered to have a uniform depth of 0.1 cm. Find the rate at which the radius of the circular film
is increasing when the radius is 5cm.

Solution
What do we know?
dv 1
We know the rate of change of volume with respect to time. That is ! =
dt 10
What are we asked to find?
We are asked to find the Rate of change of radius with respect to time which is

How can we use what we know to get what we asked to find?

dr dv
! = something
dt dt
dr dv
We need to cancel out the dv so we introduce it as a denominator ! = and we need to
dt dt dv
dr dv dr
introduce dr so we introduce it as a numerator ! = , thus giving
dt dt

dr
So now to complete we need some way to find !
dv
Now
dr 1
So and it should not be too hard to see that =
dv dv
dr

Thus

Finally
We know that we have a uniform depth / height (h) of 0.1 and r is 5cm so substituting

Exercises
pre-multiply by the power reduce the power by 1 1.Differentiate
with respect to ! x .
(a) y = 4x 3 7x 2 + 3x 9 (b) y = 6 x
x n +1
divide by power increase power by 1 xn
n +1 (c)
2x + 1
y = ( 3x + 1) ( x 4 ) (d)
x3

Find the gradient of the curve ! y = ( 4x 1) at the point (1, 9).

2
2.

3. Find the values of ! x for which the function ! f ( x ) = x 3 6x 2 + 9x 7 is decreasing.

4. Find the equation of (a) the tangent (b) the normal

to the curve ! y = x 3 2x at the point (2, 4).

5. Locate the stationary points on the curve ! y = 2x 3 6x 2 18x + 5 and use the second
derivative to distinguish between them.
6. The radius, ! r cm , of a circular pool of oil, ! t seconds after it begins to form, is given by

! r = 3t 2 . What is the rate of increase of ! r when ! t = 2

7. A curve has equation ! y = ( 2 x ) ( 2 + x ) . The point ! P ( 1, 3) lies on the curve.

a) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve at P.

b) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at P in the form ! px + qy = r

c) The normal to the curve at P crosses the ! y axis at A and the ! x axis at B. Find the area

of Triangle ! AOB .

Answers
( f ( x ) 3g ( x )) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx 4 3
1. (a) 12x 14x + 3
2
(b) (c) 6x 11 (d)
af ( x ) dxx = a f ( x ) dx (where a is a constant)x x
3 4

2. ! 24
3. !1 < x < 3
4. ! Tangent: y = 10x 16; normal: x + 10y 42 = 0
5. ! Local maximum: ( 1,15 ); local minimum: ( 3, 49 )
6. ! 12 cm 1 .
7.
a) !2
b) ! x + 2y = 5
25
c) ! units 2
4
Integration
The reverse process of differentiation is integration and this process in itself is very important and
has many important applications in the area of calculus. Let us look at the process of differentiation
of ! x n with respect to ! x again.

! x n ! ! nx n 1

This suggests that the reverse process would be given by:

This though, does not give the complete picture. The reason is that you can differentiate ! x n + (any
constant) and still obtain ! nx n 1 . We need to take this into account when we reverse the process.

Indefinite Integration
x n +1
The result is written as ! x n dx = + c where c is called the constant of integration. Note that
n +1
! n 1 .

Note that ! is the symbol for integration and ! dx is used to show that the integration is with respect
to the variable ! x .

Examples
3
1
x3 x2 2 3
(a) x 2 dx = +c (b) x dx = x dx =
2
= x2 + c
3 3 3

2
1
(c)! 2
dx = x 2 dx = x 1 + c
x

Sums and differences of functions are treated in the same way as in differentiation, by dealing with
each term separately. The general rules we see below.

( )
Example! 3x 2 5x + 2 dx = x 3
5 2
2
x + 2x + c
In some cases we will be given enough information to actually find the value of the constant.

Example Find the equation of the curve with gradient function ! 3x 2 passing through ! ( 2, 5 ) .

dy
!= 3x 2 y = 3x 2 dx = x 3 + c
dx
At the point ! ( 2, 5 ) , ! x = 2 and ! y = 5 , so if ! y = x 3 + c we can substitute and solve
5 = (2) + c
3
!
c = 3
The equation of the curve is thus ! y = x 3 3

Exercises

1. Integrate each of these with respect to ! x .

a) ! x4
b) ! 6x 2 4x + 3
1
c) !
x
d) ! x3
e) ! ( x + 3) ( x 8 )
3 1

f) ! x 2 + 2x 2

2. A curve has gradient function ! 4x 3 + 1 and passes through the point ! (1, 9 ) . Find the equation
of the curve.

Solutions

1.
x5
a) ! +c
5
b) ! 2x 3 2x 2 + 3x + c
c) !2 x + c
2 52
d) ! x +c
5
x 3 5x 2
e) ! 24x + c
3 2
2 52 1
f) ! x + 4x 2 + c
5

2. ! y = x4 + x + 7
Definite Integration
b

An integral in the form ! A = f ( x ) dx is called a definite integral where ! b is called the upper limit
a

and ! a is called the lower limit. It has a numerical value and is evaluated as follows.

b
! f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) a = g ( b ) g ( a )
b

Example ! 2x dx = x 2 1 = ( 4 ) (1) = 15
4 2 2

Note: constant of integration not used in definite

integral.

In some rare cases, you may need to evaluate a

definite integral in which the upper limit is infinite.
What we do in this case is integrate the function
normally and assess the behavior as the function approaches a very large number.

1 1 1
Example ! x dx = = as x
2

1 x 1 x 1
1
Now in the case of ! , as we divide
x
1
by an increasingly large number !
x
becomes smaller and smaller getting closer and closer
to 0.
Therefore

1 1
! as x = 0 + 1 = 1
x 1

Area under a Curve

Definite Integrals are very useful in the calculation of the area under a curve. In these calculations it
is very important that we
Make a sketch of the curve
Note that any area lying above the ! x axis will have a positive value
Note that any area lying below the ! x axis will have a negative value

In some cases the required area may lie both below and above the ! x axis and particular care is
needed in these situations.
 The area enclosed by the curve ! y = f ( x ) , the ! x axis and the lines ! x = a and ! x = b is given by
b

! f ( x ) dx
a

Example Find the area under the curve ! y = x 2 + 1 between ! x = 1 and ! x = 3 .

3
3
x3
( )
x + 1 dx = + x
2

1 3 1
( 3)3 13
= + 3 + 1
! 3 3
1
= 9 + 3 1
3
2
= 10
3

Example
Find the area between the curve ! y = x ( 4 x ) and the
! x axis from ! x = 0 to ! x = 5 .

Solution:
A sketch of the curve reveals graph on the right. The
sketch shows that the required area is in two parts;
one part lies above the ! x axis and therefore has a
positive area, and the other part lies below the
! x axis thus having a negative area.

We thus need to calculate the two areas separately.

In order to find the point where the first area stops and the second area begins we must find the
point indicated in the diagram where the graph cuts the ! x axis .

Solving ! y = x ( 4 x ) = 0 we get two values ! x = 0 and ! x = 4 . Therefore the required point is ! x = 4 .

We now have
 4 4

Area 1 = 4x x 2 dx Area 2 = 4x x 2 dx
0 0
4 5
x3 x3
= 2x 2 = 2x 2
3 0 3 4
64 125 64
= 32 ( 0 ) = 50 32
3 3 3
32 7
=+ =
3 3

The total area under the curve between ! x = 0 and ! x = 5 is given by the sum of the numerical values
of these two areas (ignore signs):

32 7
Required Area! = + = 13 sq. units
3 3
The Area Between two graphs
We will sometimes want to find the area between two
graphs. Given a region bounded by the graph ! f ( x ) (upper
graph), ! g ( x ) (lower graph) and the two lines ! x = a and
! x = b the area is given by
b

! ( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx
a

In some cases we are not given the lines ! x = a and ! x = b

and we need to use our knowledge of the intersection of
graphs to help us.

Example. Show that the graphs of ! f ( x ) = x 3 x 2 6x + 8

and ! g ( x ) = x 3 + 2x 2 1 intersect at two points, and find the area
enclosed between them.

The graphs intersect where

x 3 x 2 6x + 8 = x 3 + 2x 2 1
! 3x 2 + 6x 9 = 0
3( x + 3) ( x 1) = 0
The points of intersection are therefore ! ( 3, 10 ) and ! (1, 2 ) .
If we look at the graphs between ! x = 3 and ! x = 1 , we see that ! f ( x ) > g ( x ) in this interval
The area between the graphs is
1 1

( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx = ( 9 6x 3x ) dx = 9x 3x
1
2 2
x 3 3
3 3

! = ( 9 3 1) ( 27 27 + 27 ) = 5 ( 27 )
= 32
Integrating ! ( ax + b )
n

Just as in differentiation we were able to differentiate a function of a function so too can we

integrate the same. We use the formula below

1 1
! ( ax + b ) dx = ( ax + b )n +1
n

a n +1

So remembering differentiation using the chain rule, loosely, we differentiated outside function and
multiplied by derivative of inside function. In integration we integrate function normally and divide
by derivative of inside function.

Example
1 1
( 3x + 1) dx = ( 3x + 1) + c
3 4

3 4
!
1
= ( 3x + 1) + c
4

12

Volume of revolution
The shaded region ! R is bounded by the curve ! y = f ( x ) , the ! x axis and the lines ! x = a and ! x = b .

Rotating ! R completely about the ! x axis forms a solid figure. The volume of this figure is called
the volume of revolution and is given by

! V = y 2 dx
a

The corresponding result for rotation about the ! y axis is

b

! V = x 2 dy
a

where the region is bounded by the curve ! y = f ( x ) , the ! y axis and the lines ! y = a and ! y = b

Exercises

1. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals:

9 1 1

(a) (b) (c) 2x
4
2
+ 3x 2
dx

(d) (e) (f)

2. Find the equation of the curve which passes through the point ! ( 1, 0 ) and whose gradient at any
point is . Find the area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the lines
and .

3. Calculate the area contained between the curve , the y-axis and the line joining
the point (2, 8) to the origin.

4. Find the volume of the solid formed when the area between the curve and the line
is rotated completely about the x-axis.

5. Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x-axis, the area bounded by the
curve and the lines , and through four right angles.
Challenge
6. A bowl is formed by rotating about the y-axis, the arc of the parabola from the origin
to the point (2a, a). Find the volume of the bowl, leaving your answer in terms of a and .

Solutions
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) -18 (e) (f)

2.

3. 10 sq units
16
4. !
15
206
5. !
15
Challenge
6. ! 3a 3