Chapter 5

Chemical Bonds
 Formation of Chemical Bonds
Types of chemical bonds:

1. Ionic bond: formed when atom joined

together by transferring of electrons
between metal and non-metal atom

2. Covalent bond: formed when atom joined

together by sharing electron between non-
metal and non-metal atom
 Ionic Bonds
Formed when atom joined together by
transferring of electrons between metal and
non-metal atom
e
Metal atom Non-metal atom
donate electron receive electron

Achieve the stable

electron arrangement
 Formation of ions

Donate electrons Accepts electrons

Cation Neutral Anion
(+) atom (-)
Aluminium, Al
3+

Donate 3 electrons
Al Al

2.8.3 2.8
3+
Aluminium atom, Al Aluminium ion, Al
3+ -
Al Al + 3e
Oxygen, O
2-

Accepts 2 electrons
O O

2.6 2.8
2-
Oxygen atom, O Oxide ion, O
- 2-
O + 2e O
 Formation of ionic bonds
Ionic compounds
Compounds that are formed through ionic
bonds

Lets investigate the formation of

sodium chloride, NaCl
 Na + Cl

2.8.1 2.8.7

+ -
Na Cl

2.8 2.8.8
 Explain the formation of sodium chloride

1. Sodium atom, Na with the electron arrangement 2.8.1

2. Chlorine atom, Cl with the electron arrangement 2.8.7
3. Sodium atom, Na will donate 1 electron to achieve the
stable electron arrangement to form sodium ion, Na +
+
Na Na + e
4. Chlorine atom, Cl will receive 1 electron to achieve the
stable electron arrangement to form chloride ion, Cl -
Cl + e Cl-
+ -
5. One sodium ion, Na and one chloride ion, Cl attracted by
strong electrostatic force to form sodium chloride, NaCl
 Explain the formation of magnesium fluoride
1. Magnesium atom, Mg with the electron arrangement 2.8.2
2. Fluorine atom, F with the electron arrangement 2.7
3. Magnesium atom, Mg will donate 2 electron to achieve the
stable electron arrangement to form magnesium ion, Mg2+
2+
Mg Mg + 2e
4. Fluorine atom, F will receive 1 electron to achieve the
-
stable electron arrangement to form fluoride ion, F
-
F + e F
2+ -
5. One magnesium ion, Mg and two fluoride ion, F
attracted by strong electrostatic force to form magnesium
fluoride, MgF2
 F

2.7
Mg +

2.8.2

2.7
 - 2+ -

F Mg F

2.8 2.8 2.8

 Exercise
Explain the formation of ionic bond of:

1. Lithium fluoride
2. Sodium oxide
3. Magnesium oxide
4. Boron oxide
5. Aluminium oxide
 Covalent Bonds
Formed when atom joined together by sharing
electron between non-metal and non-metal
atom

Types of covalent bonds:

1. single covalent bonds
2. double covalent bonds
3. triple covalent bonds
 Single covalent bonds
A covalent bond formed when a pair of
electrons is shared between two atoms

Lets investigate the formation of

hydrogen molecule
H + H

1 1

H H

2 2
 Explain the formation of hydrogen molecule

1. Hydrogen atom, H with the electron arrangement 1

2. Hydrogen atom, H has one valence electron
3. Hydrogen atom, H contribute one electron each for sharing
4. Two hydrogen atom share pairs of electron to achieve the
stable electron arrangement
5. A single covalent compound with formula H2 is formed
-
 Double covalent bonds
A covalent bond formed when a 2 pair of
electrons is shared between two atoms

Lets investigate the formation of

oxygen molecule
O + O

2.6 2.6

O O

2.8 2.8
 Explain the formation of oxygen molecule

1. Oxygen atom, O with the electron arrangement 2.6

2. Oxygen atom, O has 6 valence electron
3. Oxygen atom, O will contribute 2 electron each for sharing
4. Two oxygen atom share 2 pairs of electron to achieve the
stable electron arrangement
5. A double covalent compound with formula O 2 is formed

-
 Triple covalent bonds
A covalent bond formed when a 3 pair of
electrons is shared between two atoms

Lets investigate the formation of

nitrogen molecule
N + N

2.5 2.5

N N

2.8 2.8
 Explain the formation of nitrogen molecule

1. Nitrogen atom, N with the electron arrangement 2.5

2. Nitrogen atom, N has 5 valence electron
3. Nitrogen atom, N will contribute 3 electron each for sharing
4. Two nitrogen atom share 3 pairs of electron to achieve the
stable electron arrangement
5. A triple covalent compound with formula N2 is formed

-
 Explain the formation of water molecule

1. Hydrogen atom, H with the electron arrangement 1

2. Oxygen atom, O with the electron arrangement 2.6
3. The valence electron of hydrogen atom, H is 1 and oxygen atom,
O is 6
4. Hidrogen atom, H contribute 1 electron for sharing
5. Oxygen atom, O contribute 2 electron for sharing
6. Two hidrogen atom share 1 pairs of electron with 1 oxygen
atom to achieve the stable electron arrangement
7. A covalent compound with formula H 2 O is formed
H O H
 Explain the formation of:

1. Carbon dioxide molecule

2. Methane, CH 4

-
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

Exist as solid at room

Exist as solid, liquids or gases
temperature

High melting and boiling points Low melting and boiling points

Conduct electricity in aqueous Do not conduct electricity at

solution or molten state any state

Dissolve in water BUT do not Dissolve in organic solvents

dissolve in organic solvents BUT do not dissolve in water
 Electrical conductivity

In solid state, ions do not move freely. Hence, ionic

compound does not conduct electricity in solid state
In aqueous or molten state, ions are free to move.
Hence, the compound can conduct electricity
 Electrical conductivity

A covalent compound consist of neutral molecules

There are no free moving ions in covalent compound
Hence, covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
at any state
 Melting and boiling points

Ionic compounds are held together by strong

electrostatic forces
More heat energy is needed to overcome the strong
forces
 Melting and boiling points

Covalent compounds are held together by weak

intermolecular forces
Less heat energy is needed to overcome the weak
forces