7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R0DUFK

3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.PHDQV&OXVWHULQJ$6XUYH\
5HVHDUFK
)DWLPD0HVNLQHDQG6DILD1DLW%DKORXO
'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI(V6HQLD$OJHULD

'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH8QLYHUVLW\2UDQ$OJHULD

$EVWUDFW7KHFOXVWHULQJLVDQH[SORUDWRU\WDVNRIGDWDPLQLQJ7KLVUDLVHGDUHDOSUREOHPRISULYDF\ZKHQWKHGDWDDUH
IURP GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV 0RVW RI UHVHDUFKHV RQ SULYDF\ SUHVHUYDWLRQ LQ FOXVWHULQJ DUH GHYHORSHG IRU NPHDQV FOXVWHULQJ
DOJRULWKPE\DSSO\LQJWKHVHFXUHPXOWLSDUW\FRPSXWDWLRQIUDPHZRUN7KHGLVWULEXWLRQRIGDWDPD\EHGLIIHUHQWYHUWLFDO
KRUL]RQWDO RU DUELWUDU\ $SSURDFKHV DOORZLQJ VROYLQJ WKH SUREOHP RQ D YHUWLFDO KRUL]RQWDO DQG HYHQ DUELWUDU\
SDUWLWLRQHGGDWDVHWZHUHSURSRVHG7KHPDMRULQWHUHVWLVWRUHYHDOWKHPLQLPXPRILQIRUPDWLRQGXULQJWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKH
DOJRULWKPHVSHFLDOO\LQNPHDQVLWHUDWLRQVZKLFKSRVHVDUHDOFKDOOHQJHIRUVHFXUHPXOWLSDUW\FRPSXWDWLRQ7KLVZRUN
FRQVLVWVWRVWXG\DQGDQDO\]HDOOZRUNVRISULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJLQWKHNPHDQVDOJRULWKPFODVVLI\WKHYDULRXVDSSURDFKHV
DFFRUGLQJWRWKHXVHGGDWDGLVWULEXWLRQZKLOHSUHVHQWLQJWKHZHDNQHVVHVDQGWKHVWURQJSRLQWVRIHDFKSURWRFROUHJDUGVWR
SULYDF\7KHLQWHUHVWLVWRDULVHWKHUHDOQHHGVRISULYDF\GXULQJWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHGLIIHUHQWVWHSVRINPHDQDOJRULWKP
WKXVWRGLVFRYHUWKHEHVWRIDSSURDFKHVLQFDVHRISUHVHUYLQJSULYDF\LQNPHDQVDOJRULWKP

.H\ZRUGVNPHDQVFOXVWHULQJDOJRULWKPVHFXUHPXOWLSDUW\FRPSXWDWLRQGLVWULEXWHGGDWDSULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJ

5HFHLYHG'HFHPEHUDFFHSWHG0DUFK



,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHYHU\DFWLYHUHVHDUFKDUHDRISULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJGDWD
PLQLQJ DLPV WR H[WUDFW XVHIXO LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP GDWD
FRPLQJ IURP PXOWLSOH VRXUFHV ZKLOH SUHVHUYLQJ WKHVH
GDWD DJDLQVW GLVFORVXUH RU ORVV 7KH ILUVW ZRUNV RI
SULYDF\ SUHVHUYLQJ GDWD PLQLQJ ZHUH JLYHQ E\ > @
RQ WKH ,' DOJRULWKP IRU GHFLVLRQ WUHHV FODVVLILFDWLRQ
SUHVHUYLQJ GDWD PLQLQJ RQHV LV LPSRUWDQW GXH WR WKH
XVH RI WKLV DOJRULWKP LQ LPSRUWDQW RWKHU DUHDV OLNH
LPDJH DQG VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ ZKHUH WKH SUREOHP RI
VHFXULW\ LV VWURQJO\ SRVHG >@ 0RVW RI ZRUNV LQ
SULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJFOXVWHULQJDUHGHYHORSHGRQWKHN
PHDQV DOJRULWKP E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH PRGHO RI VHFXUH
PXOWL SDUW\ FRPSXWDWLRQ RQ GLIIHUHQW GDWD
GLVWULEXWLRQV YHUWLFDOO\ KRUL]RQWDOO\ DQG DUELWUDU\
>@ (DFK ZRUN XVHG D GLIIHUHQW PRGHO RI SULYDF\ ,Q
>@ SULYDF\ LV SUHVHUYHG E\ UDQGRPL]LQJ WKH RULJLQDO
GDWDVHW DQGWKHQ SURYLGHVLW DV LQSXWWR WKH DOJRULWKP
,Q >@ D PRUH ULJRURXV PRGHO LV XVHG ZKLFK LV D
VHFXUH PXOWL  SDUW\ FRPSXWDWLRQ > @ ,Q WKLV
DSSURDFKFU\SWRJUDSKLFSULPLWLYHVDUHDGGHGWRWKH,'
DOJRULWKP LQ RUGHU WR SURWHFW GLVWULEXWHG GDWD IURP
GLVFORVXUH ZKHQ H[HFXWLQJ LW  6LQFH PRUH UHVHDUFKHV
EDVHGRQVHFXUHPXOWLSDUW\FRPSXWDWLRQIRUGLIIHUHQW
DOJRULWKPVRIGDWDPLQLQJZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG>@
/DWHO\ PDQ\ VWXGLHV ZHUH LQWHUHVWHG E\ YLHZV DQG
VXUYH\V RQ SULYDF\ SUHVHUYLQJ GDWD PLQLQJ ZRUNV >
 @ LQ DWWHPSW DW JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ WKH UHVXOWV   IRU
GLIIHUHQW FDWHJRULHV RI GDWD PLQLQJ PHWKRGV :H
EHOLHYH WKDW WKH GLYHUVLW\ RI GDWD PLQLQJ PHWKRGV DQG
WKHLUVSHFLILFXVHOLPLWVWKHDSSOLHGSULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJ
PRGHOVWRWKHVHPHWKRGV7REHWWHUFRQWUROWKLVDUHDLW
SDUWLWLRQHG GDWD ,Q WKLV ZRUN ZH EXLOG DQ RYHUYLHZ
RI SUHYLRXV ZRUNV LQ SULYDF\ SUHVHUYLQJ NPHDQV
FOXVWHULQJ DOJRULWKP EDVHG RQ VHFXUH PXOWLSDUW\
FRPSXWDWLRQ ZH FODVVLI\ WKHP DFFRUGLQJ WR GDWD
GLVWULEXWLRQ EHFDXVH LW LV WKH RQO\ SDUDPHWHU ZKLFK
DIIHFWVWKHDSSURDFKWREHXQGHUWDNHQ:HSUHVHQWWKH
ZHDNQHVVHV DQG VWUHQJWKV RI HDFK SURSRVHG VROXWLRQ
LQ WHUPV RI SULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJ DQG FRPSXWLQJ FRVW
ZKLFK DUH DPRQJ PHWULFV WR HYDOXDWH DQ\ SULYDF\
SUHVHUYLQJGDWDPLQLQJDOJRULWKP>@

.PHDQV&OXVWHULQJ$OJRULWKP
$PRQJ WKH IRUPXODWLRQV RI SDUWLWLRQDO FOXVWHULQJ
EDVHGRQWKHPLQLPL]DWLRQRIDQREMHFWLYHIXQFWLRQN
PHDQV DOJRULWKP >@ LV WKH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG DQG
VWXGLHG*LYHQDGDWDVHW'RIQHQWLWLHVREMHFWVGDWD
LVEHVWWRLVRODWHHDFKRQHDQGVHSDUDWHO\VWXG\LW
&OXVWHULQJ>@LVDGDWDPLQLQJPHWKRGWKDWKDVQRW
WDNHQLWVUHDOSDUWLQWKHZRUNVDOUHDG\TXRWHGDOWKRXJK
WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DOJRULWKP RI WKLV PHWKRG ZDV YHU\
VWXGLHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRISULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJZKLFKLVN
PHDQVDOJRULWKP>@6XUYH\LQJSULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJN
PHDQV FOXVWHULQJ DSSURDFKHV DSDUW IURP RWKHU SULYDF\
SRLQWVLWHPV LQ UHDO SGLPHQVLRQ VSDFH 5S DQGDQ
LQWHJHUN7KH.PHDQVFOXVWHULQJDOJRULWKPSDUWLWLRQV
WKHGDWDVHW'RIHQWLWLHVLQWRNGLVMRLQWVXEVHWVFDOOHG
FOXVWHUV (DFK FOXVWHU LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ LWV FHQWHU
ZKLFK LV WKH FHQWURLG RI DOO HQWLWLHV LQ WKDW VXEVHW


3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.PHDQV&OXVWHULQJ$6XUYH\5HVHDUFK 


.PHDQV$OJRULWKP SUREDELOLVWLF SRO\QRPLDOWLPH DOJRULWKPV GHQRWHG 6


,QSXWNWKHQXPEHURIFHQWHUV DQG6VXFKWKDW
6HOHFWLQJWKHILUVWFHQWHUVXXN &
^6 [ I [ \  I [ \ `[ \ {^9,(:  [ \  287387 [ \ `[ \ 
5HSHDW 
&
)RUHDFKHQWLW\JL ^6  [ I  [ \  I [ \ `[ \ {^9,(:  [ \  287387 [ \ `[ \ 
D&DOFXODWHGLVWDQFHVEHWZHHQJLDQGGLIIHUHQW
&
FHQWHUV :KHUH {  GHQRWHV FRPSXWDWLRQDO LQGLVWLJXLVKDELOLW\
E)LQGPLQLPDOGLVWDQFH
F$VVLJQWKHHQWLW\JLWRWKHQHDUHVWFHQWHU
(QGIRU
)RUHDFKFOXVWHUM
D&DOFXODWHWKHQHZFHQWHUVYYN
EX YXN YN
(QGIRU
8QWLOQRFKDQJHEHWZHHQQHZDQGROGFHQWHUV
2XWSXWHQWLWLHVDVVLJQPHQWVWRWKHILQDOFOXVWHUV

7KH QHHG WR SUHVHUYH SULYDF\ LQ NPHDQV DOJRULWKP
RFFXUV ZKHQ LW LV DSSOLHG RQ GLVWULEXWHG GDWD RYHU
VHYHUDOVLWHVVRFDOOHGSDUWLHVDQGWKDWLWZLVKHVWRGR
FOXVWHULQJRQWKHXQLRQRIWKHLUGDWDVHWV7KHDLPLVWR
SUHYHQW D SDUW\ WR VHH RU GHGXFH WKH GDWD RI DQRWKHU
SDUW\ GXULQJ WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH DOJRULWKP 7KLV LV
DFKLHYHG E\ XVLQJ VHFXUH PXOWLSDUW\ FRPSXWDWLRQ WKDW
SURYLGHVDIRUPDOPRGHOWRSUHVHUYHSULYDF\RIGDWD
 EHWZHHQSDUWLHVWKHFLUFXLWFRXOGEHHYDOXDWHGVRWKDW
6HFXUH0XOWL3DUW\&RPSXWDWLRQ
E\QRQXQLIRUPIDPLOLHVRISRO\QRPLDOVL]HFLUFXLWV
,QIRUPDOO\ WKH SURRI RI SULYDF\ LV JLYHQ E\
FRPSDULQJ WKH VHFXULW\ LQ WKH UHDO ZRUOG ZKHUH WKH
SDUWLHVXVHDVHFXUHWZRSDUW\SURWRFROZLWKWKDWLQWKH
LGHDO ZRUOG ZKHUH WKH SDUWLHV VHQG WKHLU LQSXWV WR D
WUXVWHG SDUW\ ZKR FRPSXWHV WKH IXQFWLRQ DQG UHWXUQV
RQO\WKHUHVXOWWRWKHSDUWLHV7RHQVXUHSULYDF\LQWKH
VHPLKRQHVW PRGHO VHFXULW\ WRROV DUH XVHG LQ WKH
GLIIHUHQW RSHUDWLRQV RI NPHDQV DOJRULWKP :H
GHVFULEHWKHSULQFLSDOWRROV

6HFXUH(YDOXDWLRQ&LUFXLW
<DR >@ KDV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW DQ\ SRO\QRPLDOO\
FRPSXWDEOH IXQFWLRQ FDQ EH FRPSXWHG VHFXUHO\ 7KLV
ZDV DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ GHPRQVWUDWLQJ WKDW JLYHQ D
SRO\QRPLDO VL]H ERROHDQ FLUFXLW ZLWK LQSXWV VSOLW
QHLWKHU VLGH ZRXOG OHDUQ DQ\WKLQJ EXW WKH UHVXOW 7KH
LGHDLVEDVHGRQVKDUHVSOLWWLQJWKHYDOXHRIHDFKZLUH
6HFXUH0XOWLSDUW\&RPSXWDWLRQ60&>@UHIHUV LQ WKH FLUXLW LV VSOLW LQWR WZR UDQGRP VKDUHV  6HFXUH
WR WKH JHQHUDO SUREOHP RI VHFXUH FRPSXWDWLRQ RI D FLUFXLWHYDOXDWLRQGRHVHQDEOHHIILFLHQWFRPSXWDWLRQRI
IXQFWLRQ ZLWK GLVWULEXWHG LQSXWV EHWZHHQ SDUWLHV 7KH IXQFWLRQV RI VPDOO LQSXWV VXFK DV FRPSDULQJ WZR
DLP LV WR SURWHFW D KRQHVW SDUW\ DJDLQVW GLVKRQHVW
EHKDYLRXU RI WKH RWKHU SDUW\ 7KHUH DUH WZR W\SHV RI
DGYHUVDULHV IRU ZKLFK VHFXULW\ PRGHOV DUH GHILQHG WKH
VHPLKRQHVW DGYHUVDU\ PRGHO DQG WKH PDOLFLRXV
DGYHUVDU\PRGHO7KHVHPLKRQHVWPRGHOLVVLPSOHUDQG
LWLVPRUHDQVZHUHGLQSULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV
,W IROORZV WKH UXOHV RI WKH SURWRFRO XVLQJ LWV FRUUHFW
LQSXWV EXW LV IUHH WR ODWHU XVH ZKDW LW VHHV GXULQJ
H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH SURWRFRO WR FRPSURPLVH VHFXULW\ $
QXPEHUVEHFDXVHRILWVSURKLELWLYHFRPSXWDWLRQFRVW
DQGLVXVHGIUHTXHQWO\LQNPHDQVDOJRULWKPIRUVHFXUH
FRPSDULVRQGLVWDQFHV

+RPRPRUSKLF6FKHPHV
7KHKRPRPRUSKLVPSURSHUW\RIWKHVHVFKHPHVDOORZV
WRDWKLUGSDUW\WRRSHUDWHRQKLGGHQYDOXHVWRKDYHD
KLGGHQ YDOXH RI WKH UHVXOW  7ZR KRPRPRUSKLF
IRUPDO GHILQLWLRQ RI VHFXUH SULYDWH WZRSDUW\ VFKHPHV DUH XVHG LQ SULYDF\ SUHVHUYLQJ NPHDQV
FRPSXWDWLRQLQWKHVHPL KRQHVW PRGHOLV JLYHQ EHORZ DOJRULWKP LQ SDUWLFXODU IRU VHFXUH FRPSXWDWLRQ RI
/HW I D IXQFWLRQ GHILQHG I^`
u^`
o GLVWDQFHV DQG FOXVWHU FHQWHUV KRPRPRUSKLF SXEOLF
^`
u^`
  ZKHUH I II /HW 3  WZRSDUW\ NH\ FU\SWRV\VWHPV DQG VHFUHW DGGLWLYH VKDULQJ
SURWRFROIRUFRPSXWLQJWKHIXQFWLRQI7KHYLHZRIWKH VFKHPHV +RPRPRUSKLF SXEOLFNH\ &U\SWRV\VWHP RU
ILUVWUHVSWKHVHFRQGSDUW\GXULQJDQH[HFXWLRQRI 3 KRPRPRUSKLF HQFU\SWLRQ VFKHPH LV D VHPDQWLFDOO\
RQ[\GHQRWHG9,(:3UHVS9,(:3LV9,(:3 VHFXUH SXEOLFNH\ HQFU\SWLRQ ZKLFK LQ DGGLWLRQ WR
[UPPWDQG9,(:3 \UPPW ZKHUH VWDQGDUGJXDUDQWHHVVDWLVILHVWKHIROORZLQJSURSHUWLHV
UUHSUHVHQWWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHILUVWUHVSVHFRQGFRLQ &W&W &WW
WRVVHVDQGPLUHSUHVHQWVWKHLWKPHVVDJHLWKDVUHFHLYHG
7KH UHVXOW RI WKH ILUVW UHVS VHFRQG SDUW\ GXULQJ DQ &WW &WW 


H[HFXWLRQRI 3RQ[\GHQRWHG2873873 UHVS :KHUH&LVWKHSXEOLFNH\HQFU\SWLRQIXQFWLRQDQGW

2873873 LVLPSOLFLWLQWKHSDUW\VRZQYLHZRIWKH W DUH HOHPHQWVLQ WKH GRPDLQ RI GDWD7KH PRVW XVHG
H[HFXWLRQDQG DUH 3DLOOLHU FU\SWRV\VWHPV ZKLFK SURYLGHV IDVW
HQFU\SWLRQDQGGHFU\SWLRQDOJRULWKPV>@2QHRILWV
2873873[\ 2873873[\2873873[\
DSSOLFDWLRQVLVWKHVHFXUHVFDODUSURGXFW>@ZKLFKLV
:HVD\WKDWWKHSURWRFRO 3LVVHFXUHDJDLQVWVHPL PRVW RIWHQ XVHG LQ WKH NPHDQV DOJRULWKP $ VHFUHW
KRQHVW DGYHUVDU\ FRPSXWH SULYDWHO\ I LI H[LVW VKDULQJ VFKHPH >@ DOORZV WR DQ\ W RXW RI Q
SDUWLFLSDQWVWRFROODERUDWLYHO\UHFRYHUDVHFUHWZKLOHD
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R0DUFK

VHWRIOHVVWKDQWSDUWLFLSDQWVOHDUQVQRWKLQJDERXWLW$ SDUWLHV LV FDUULHG RXW E\ LQWURGXFLQJ WKH VHFXUH

W Q VHFUHW VKDULQJ VFKHPH LV D VHW RI WZR IXQFWLRQV SHUPXWDWLRQ RI  'X DQG $WWDOODK >@ DQG WKH
WKH IXQFWLRQ 3 ZKLFK WDNHV D VHFUHW V DV LQSXW DQG KRPRPRUSKLF HQFU\SWLRQ VFKHPHV 7KH VHFXUH
FUHDWHV Q VHFUHW VKDUHV 3V  VVQ DQG WKH FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQGLVWDQFHVLVDFKLHYHGE\WKH<DR
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ IXQFWLRQ 5 WKDW UHWXUQ WKH VHFUHW V E\ >@ HYDOXDWLRQ FLUFXLW7KHVH SULPLWLYHV DUHH[HFXWHG
JDWKHULQJ WKH W VKDUHV RU QRWKLQJ $ VHFUHW VKDULQJ IRU HDFK HQWLW\ RI WKH GDWDVHW ZKLFK PDNHV WKH
VFKHPHLVDGGLWLYHO\KRPRPRUSKLFLI FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRVW YHU\ KLJK 7KH SURWRFRO UHTXLUHV
 WKUHH QRQFROOXGLQJ SDUWLHV ZKLFK KDYH PRUH
5VV
VWV
W VV

3HGHUVHQ HW DO >@ VKRZ WKDW DGGLWLYH VHFUHW VKDULQJ
VFKHPHV DUH PRUH HIIHFWLYH LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG
FRPSXWDWLRQ FRVW FRPSDUHG WR WKH KRPRPRUSKLF
FU\SWRV\VWHPV ZKHQ WKH\ DUH DSSOLHG WR SULYDF\
SUHVHUYLQJ GDWD PLQLQJ ,Q >@ WKH DXWKRUV VKRZ DQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DGGLWLYH VHFUHW VKDULQJ VFKHPHV RQ N
PHDQVDOJRULWKP
 FRPSXWLQJFHQWHUV
:RUNVLQ3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.0HDQV
7\SRORJ\DQG9LHZSRLQWV
6HYHUDO SULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJ NPHDQV FOXVWHULQJ
DOJRULWKPDUHGHYHORSHGRQGLIIHUHQWGDWDGLVWULEXWLRQV
7KHUHDUHWZREDVLFGDWDSDUWLWLRQLQJGDWDGLVWULEXWLRQ
PRGHOV KRUL]RQWDO SDUWLWLRQLQJ KRPRJHQHRXV
LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDQ RWKHUV VXFK DV WKH SDUWLDO VXP RI
GLVWDQFHV VKDUHV LQ RUGHUWR LPSOHPHQW WKH WZRSDUW\
VHFXUH FRPSDULVRQ DQG WKH SHUPXWDWLRQ RUGHU RI
GLVWDQFHV YHFWRU 7KH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI SULYDF\ LV
JLYHQ LQ WKH VHPLKRQHVW PRGHO EXW WKH SURWRFRO
UHYHDOVDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVWKHDVVLJQPHQWV
RI LQWHUPHGLDWHFOXVWHUVDQG WKH QXPEHU RI HQWLWLHV LQ
HDFK FOXVWHU GXULQJ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI GLYLVLRQ IRU
7RDYRLGWKHXVHRIQRQFROOXGLQJSDUWLHVDQGDSSO\
WKH SURWRFRO RQ WZR SDUWLHV 6DPHW >@ SURSRVHV DQ
DOJRULWKPWRSUHVHUYHSULYDF\RQYHUWLFDOO\SDUWLWLRQHG
GDWD XVLQJ D QHZ SULPLWLYH RI FRPSDULVRQ EDVHG RQ
VHFXUH PXOWLSDUW\ DGGLWLRQ GHYHORSHG E\ WKH VDPH
DXWKRUVDQGWKHVHFXUHVXP>@LQFRPSXWLQJWKHVXP
RIGLVWDQFHV+RZHYHUWKHSURWRFROGRHVQRWVROYHWKH
GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG YHUWLFDO SDUWLWLRQLQJ KHWHURJHQHRXV SUREOHP RI UHYHODWLRQ HQWLWLHV QXPEHU LQ FOXVWHUV
GLVWULEXWLRQ 'RJDQD\HWDO>@KDYHUHSHDWHGWKHVDPHVFKHPHRI
7KHUHDUHRWKHUPRGHOVRIGDWDGLVWULEXWLRQVXFKDV 9DLG\D >@ EXW E\ XVLQJ WKH DGGLWLYH VHFUHW VKDULQJ
DUELWUDULO\SDUWLWLRQHGGDWDPRGHO>@ZKLFKJHQHUDOL]H VFKHPHV LQVWHDG RI KRPRPRUSKLF FU\SWR V\VWHPV WKH
WKH WZR FDVHV YHUWLFDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO SDUWLWLRQLQJ
ZKHUH GLIIHUHQW IHDWXUHV IRU GLIIHUHQW HQWLWLHV RI WKH
VDPH GDWDVHW FDQ EH RZQHG E\ VHYHUDO SDUWLHV 7KH
GLVWULEXWLRQ RI GDWDVHWV DFURVV PXOWLSOH ORFDWLRQV
GLFWDWHV FKDQJHV LQ WKH NPHDQV DOJRULWKP GHSHQGLQJ
RQWKHPRGHORIWKLVGLVWULEXWLRQZKLFKYDULHVWKHZD\
WRSUHVHUYHSULYDF\
 
:RUNVLQ3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.0HDQVRQ
9HUWLFDOO\3DUWLWLRQHG'DWD3URJUHVVLRQV
,Q D YHUWLFDOO\ SDUWLWLRQHG GDWDVHW HDFK HQWLW\ LV
GLVWULEXWHG RQ GLIIHUHQW SDUWLHV VR WKDW HDFK SDUW\ KDV
VRPHFRPSRQHQWVRIHQWLWLHV,QWKLVFDVHWKHFKRLFHRI
WKHNILUVW FHQWHUV GRHV QRW SRVH D SUREOHP RI SULYDF\
:KLOHLQWKHLWHUDWLRQVRINPHDQVWKHFRPSXWDWLRQRI
WKHGLVWDQFHVRYHUSDUWLHVLQYROYHGWKHQHHGWRGLVFORVH
WKHLU GDWD 7KH LQWHUPHGLDWH DVVLJQPHQWV RI HQWLWLHV WR
WKH QHDUHVW FOXVWHUV DOVR SRVH D SUREOHP RI SULYDF\
ZKHQ VHDUFKLQJ WKH PLQLPXP RI WKHVH GLVWDQFHV IRU D
JLYHQ HQWLW\ :KHQ FRPSXWLQJ QHZ FHQWHUV WKH ROG
FHQWHUV VKDUHV DUH H[SOLFLWO\ NQRZQ WR WKH YDULRXV
SDUWLHVEXWWKHQXPEHURIHQWLWLHVPXVWEHGLVFORVHGIRU
WKH GLYLVLRQ RSHUDWLRQ +HQFH WKH QHHG RI SULYDF\
FRPHV LQ GLVWDQFHV DQG FHQWHUV FRPSXWDWLRQ DQG
DOORFDWLRQRIHQWLWLHVWRWKHQHDUHVWFOXVWHUV
7KH ILUVW VROXWLRQ ZDV SURSRVHG E\ 9DLG\D >@ IRU
YHUWLFDOO\ SDUWLWLRQHG GDWD RQ VHYHUDO SDUWLHV ,Q WKH
SURSRVHG SURWRFRO WKH HQWLWLHV RI HDFK SDUW\ DUH NHSW
FRQILGHQWLDO VHFXUH FRPSXWLQJ GLVWDQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH
PDLQ DLP LV WR PLQLPL]H WKH FRPSXWDWLRQ DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FRVW DQG WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH
HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI DGGLWLYH VHFUHW VKDULQJ VFKHPHV
FRPSDULQJ WR WKH KRPRPRUSKLF FU\SWR V\VWHPV IRU
WKHVH SDUDPHWHUV EXW E\ XVLQJ IRXU QRQFROOXGLQJ
SDUWLHVLQVWHDGRIWKUHH$QH[SHULPHQWDOHYDOXDWLRQLV
DOVRVKRZHG
:RUNVLQ3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.0HDQVRQ
+RUL]RQWDOO\3DUWLWLRQHG'DWD
3URJUHVVLRQV
:KHQNPHDQVDOJRULWKPLVH[HFXWHGRQDKRUL]RQWDOO\
SDUWLWLRQHG GDWDVHW WKH GLVWDQFH FRPSXWDWLRQ LWVHOI
GRHV QRW YLRODWH SULYDF\ EHFDXVH HDFK SDUW\ KROGV DOO
WKHFRPSRQHQWVRIDQHQWLW\7KHSUREOHPDULVHVZKHQ
FRPSXWLQJ LQWHUPHGLDWH FOXVWHU FHQWHUV LQ WKLV FDVH
WKHHQWLWLHVRIWKHVDPHFOXVWHUPD\FRPHIURPVHYHUDO
SDUWLHV ZKHUH WKH LQWHUHVW RI SURWHFWLQJ WKHP 7KLV
VWHSDOVRUHTXLUHVNQRZOHGJHRIWKHQXPEHURIHQWLWLHV
LQ HDFK FOXVWHU WKLV QXPEHU LV H[WUD LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW
VKRXOG QRW EH UHYHDOHG WR GLIIHUHQW SDUWLHV GXULQJ WKH
H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH SURWRFRO 7KH UDQGRP VHOHFWLRQ RI N
ILUVW FHQWHUV LV DOVR D SUREOHP RI SULYDF\ LQ WKLV GDWD
GLVWULEXWLRQ 7KH SULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJ SURWRFRO RQ
KRUL]RQWDOO\ SDUWLWLRQHG GDWD VKRXOG DOVR SUHYHQW WKH
GLVFORVXUH RI DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV
LQWHUPHGLDWHFHQWHUVWKHPVHOYHV
-KDHWDO>@KDYHSURSRVHGWZRSURWRFROVIRUWKH
SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI SULYDF\ LQ NPHDQV DOJRULWKP RQ WZR
3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.PHDQV&OXVWHULQJ$6XUYH\5HVHDUFK 


SDUWLHVRQO\,QWKHGHVFULEHGVFHQDULRRQO\WKHHQWLWLHV
RI HDFK SDUW\ DUH NHSW FRQILGHQWLDO WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH
FHQWHUVDUHUHYHDOHGWRWKHWZRSDUWLHVDQGWKHGLVWDQFH
FRPSXWDWLRQ LV GRQH ORFDOO\ LQ HDFK SDUW\ 6HFXULW\
SULPLWLYHVDUHXVHGIRUFHQWHUVFRPSXWDWLRQLQRUGHUWR
SUHVHUYHWKHSULYDF\RIHQWLWLHVRIHDFKSDUW\7KHILUVW
DQGDVHFXUHDSSUR[LPDWLRQWHFKQLTXH>@+RZHYHU
WKH SURSRVHG VROXWLRQ GRHV QRW VROYH WKH SUREOHP RI
WKHORFDOGLYLVLRQ ZKLFKOHDNV WKH QXPEHU RI HQWLWLHV
LQ HDFK FOXVWHU WR GLIIHUHQW SDUWLHV GXULQJ FHQWHUV
FRPSXWDWLRQ DQG WKH UHYHODWLRQ RI WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH
DVVLJQPHQWVRIHQWLWLHVWRFOXVWHUV
SURWRFROFDOOHG23(LVEDVHGRQREOLYLRXVSRO\QRPLDO %XQQ DQG 2VWURYVN\ >@ RIIHU D PRUH HIILFLHQW
HYDOXDWLRQJLYHQE\1DRUDQG3LQNDV>@7KHVHFRQG VROXWLRQ LQ SULYDF\ IRU WKH NPHDQV DOJRULWKP RQ
SURWRFRO QDPHG '3( LV EDVHG RQ KRPRPRUSKLF
HQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHV
7KHSURSRVHGVROXWLRQVWLOOUHTXLUHVWKDWERWKSDUWLHV
DUH VHPL  KRQHVW WKH DLP ZDV WR H[SHULPHQWDOO\
HYDOXDWH WKH WZR SURWRFROV 7KH KRPRPRUSKLF
HQFU\SWLRQ VFKHPH LV PRUH HIILFLHQW WKDQ 23( IRU WKH
WZR SDUDPHWHUV FRPSXWLQJ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FRVW
EXWWKHLUVROXWLRQFDQQRWEHH[WHQGHGWRVHYHUDOSDUWLHV
6DPHWHWDO>@KDYHSURSRVHGDSURWRFROZKLFKXVHVD
VHFXUH PHWKRG RI GLYLVLRQ WKDW SURWHFWV WKH HQWLWLHV RI
HDFKSDUW\DQGSUHYHQWVWKHUHYHODWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURI
HQWLWLHVLQHDFKFOXVWHU7KHSURWRFROLVDOVRDSSOLFDEOH
LQ D PXOWLSDUW\ HQYLURQPHQW EXW WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH
FHQWHUVDUHDOZD\VUHYHDOHG
 WRSURYLGHDSURWRFROIRUSUHVHUYLQJSULYDF\WRVLPSOH
$GYDQFHG:RUNVLQ3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.
0HDQVRQ$UELWUDULO\'LVWULEXWHG'DWD
 RISDUWLHV7KHLGHDLVWRVHFXUHWKHSURWRFROSURSRVHG
$OWKRXJKDQDUELWUDULO\SDUWLWLRQHGGDWDVHWLVXQOLNHO\
LQ SUDFWLFH WKH LQWHUHVW RI FRQVLGHULQJ VXFK D
SDUWLWLRQLQJ LV WKDW WKH SURWRFROV LQ WKLV PRGHO FDQ EH
DSSOLHG ERWK WR KRUL]RQWDOO\ SDUWLWLRQHG GDWD DQG
YHUWLFDOO\ SDUWLWLRQHG GDWD ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH QHHG RI
SULYDF\LQWKHNPHDQVDOJRULWKPLQFOXGHVDOOWKHFDVHV
DOUHDG\VHHQ
7KH LGHD RI SULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJ SURWRFRO RQ
DUELWUDULO\ SDUWLWLRQHG GDWD ZDV LQWURGXFHG E\
-DJDQQDWKDQ DQG :ULJKW >@7KHLUVROXWLRQ SUHVHUYHV
WKH SULYDF\ LQ WKH NPHDQV DOJRULWKP EHWZHHQ WZR
SDUWLHV1RRWKHUFRQILGHQFHSDUW\LVXVHG7KHLGHDLV
WKDW DOO WKH FDOFXODWHG YDOXHV LQ WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH VWHSV
DUH VSOLW WR UDQGRP YDOXHV WKH SULQFLSOH RI UDQGRP
DUELWUDULO\ SDUWLWLRQHG GDWD 7KH DXWKRUV SURYLGH D
ULJRURXV DSSURDFK WR VHFXULW\ LQ WKH VHPLKRQHVW
PRGHOWKHLUSURWRFROGRHVQRWUHYHDOWKHLQWHUPHGLDWH
FHQWHUVDQGFOXVWHUVDVVLJQPHQWVWKH\DOVRHIIHFWLYHO\
VROYHWKHSUREOHPRIWKHORFDOGLYLVLRQ7KH\GHYHORS
VHFXUHVXESURWRFROVIRUHDFKRSHUDWLRQLQWKHNPHDQV
DOJRULWKP RQ WKH EDVLV RI 3DLOOLHU KRPRPRUSKLF
FU\SWRV\VWHPV >@ HVSHFLDOO\ IRU VHFXUH PXOWLSDUW\
GLYLVLRQ 7KH DXWKRUV SURSRVH DOVR D VHFXUH SURWRFRO
IRU UDQGRP FKRLFH RI N LQLWLDO FHQWHUV 'HVSLWH WKLV
WKHLUVROXWLRQIDLOVWRPDNHFRQILGHQWLDOWKHQXPEHURI
LWHUDWLRQVLQWKHDOJRULWKP
6DNXPD DQG .RED\DVKL >@ JLYH D QHZ SURWRFRO
EXWDSSOLHGWRVHYHUDOSDUWLHVFDOOHGQRGHV7KHDLPLV
XVHUV UDWKHU WKDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV RU FRPSDQLHV ,Q WKLV
FDVHWKHSURWRFROLVVFDODEOHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHQXPEHU
E\.RZDOVF]\NDQG9ODVVLV>@ZKLFKFDOFXODWHVWKH
DYHUDJH RI WKH YDOXHV GLVWULEXWHG WKURXJK 33
QHWZRUNV ZLWKRXW WUDQVIHUULQJ GDWD WR D FHQWUDO
GHSRVLWRU\ IRU FRPSXWLQJ FHQWHUV $W WKLV OHYHO
SULYDF\ LV SUHVHUYHG XVLQJ 3DLOOLHU KRPRPRUSKLF
FU\SWR V\VWHPV )RU WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI GLVWDQFHV SDUWV
<DRHYDOXDWLRQFLUFXLWDQGWKHUDQGRPVKDUHVSULQFLSOH
DUHLQWURGXFHG7KHFDOFXODWLRQLVGRQHIRUHDFKQRGH
ZKLFK PDNHV WKH SURWRFRO VFDODEOH DQG IDXOW WROHUDQW
%XWWKHUHLVQRLPSURYHPHQWLQVHFXULW\

&RQFOXVLRQV
$OWKRXJKWKHXVHGVHFXULW\PRGHOLVUHODWLYHO\VLPSOH
VKDUHV 7KH VHFXUH VFDODU SURGXFW >@ LV XVHG IRU
VHFXUH FRPSXWDWLRQ RI GLVWDQFHV DQG WKH <DR FLUFXLW
HYDOXDWLRQ LV XVHG IRU VHFXUH FRPSDULVRQ DQG
FDOFXODWLRQ RI LQWHUPHGLDWH FHQWHUV 7KHVH VHFXULW\
SULPLWLYHV DUH H[HFXWHG IRU HDFK HQWLW\ RI WKH GDWDVHW
ZKLFKUHIHUVWKHSURWRFROWRWKHVDPHSUREOHPRIZKLFK
SURSRVHG E\ 9DLG\D >@ WKDW RI D KLJK FRPSXWDWLRQ
FRVWIRUDODUJHGDWDVHW
7KH VROXWLRQ KDV D ZHDNQHVV DW WKH XSGDWHG FHQWHUV
ZKHUHWKH\FRQVLGHUWKHGLYLVLRQDVDPXOWLSOLFDWLRQE\
WKHLQYHUVHZKLFKGRHVQRWLPSOHPHQWFRUUHFWO\WKHN
PHDQVDOJRULWKP$QRWKHUSURWRFROZDVJLYHQE\6XHW
DO >@ ZKHUH WKH\ LQWURGXFH VHFXUH GDWD
VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQLQRUGHUWRJLYHJUHDWHUDFFXUDF\WRWKH
UHVXOW RI FOXVWHULQJ $Q LPSURYHPHQW LQ VHFXULW\
FRPSDUHGWRWKHILUVWSURWRFROLVWKDWWKHFRPSDULVRQRI
GLVWDQFHVDQGFHQWHUVFRPSXWLQJDUHGRQHE\WKHVHFXUH
VFDODU SURGXFW VHFXUH REOLYLRXV SRO\QRPLDO HYDOXDWLRQ
VHPLKRQHVWPRGHOWKHSURWRFROVSURSRVHGGRQRW
SURYLGHDFRPSOHWHSUHVHUYDWLRQRISULYDF\LQNPHDQV
DOJRULWKPWKHSUREOHPLVLQWKHLWHUDWLYHQDWXUHRIWKH
DOJRULWKP %HVLGHV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ WR SURWHFW DUH
QXPHURXVGLVWDQFHVYDOXHVLQWHUPHGLDWHDVVLJQPHQWV
WR FOXVWHUV QXPEHU RI SRLQWV LQ HDFK FOXVWHU
LQWHUPHGLDWH FHQWHUV QXPEHU RI LWHUDWLRQV DQG WKH
HQWLWLHV YDOXHV WKHPVHOYHV 7KH PRGHO RI WKH GDWD
GLVWULEXWLRQ DOVR DIIHFWV WKH ZD\ WKDW SULYDF\ LV
SUHVHUYHG
$UELWUDULO\SDUWLWLRQLQJGDWDVHWLVEHVWVXLWHGWRVHHN
D PRUH JHQHUDO VROXWLRQ %XW PRVW ZRUN LQ WKLV
GLVWULEXWLRQ PRGHO LV DSSOLHG WR RQO\ WZR SDUWLHV
H[FHSW WKDW LQ >@ $OO ZRUN RQ WKH YHUWLFDOO\
SDUWLWLRQHGGDWDVHWPRGHOLVJLYHQRQPXOWLSOHSDUWLHV
EXW FRQVLGHULQJ QRW FROOXGLQJ WUXVW SDUWLHV > @
ZKHUH QRVHFXULW\ JXDUDQWHHV LV JLYHQ LI WKHVH SDUWLHV
DJUHHG7KHFRVWRISULYDF\LVPHDVXUHGUHODWLYHWRWKH
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R0DUFK

FRPSXWLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRVW3URWRFROVEDVHGRQ 2XU ZRUN ZDV WR SUHSDUH DQ RYHUYLHZ RI

<DR FLUFXLW HYDOXDWLRQ >@ DUH YHU\ H[SHQVLYH DSSURDFKHV LQ SULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJ NPHDQV DOJRULWKP
FRPSDUHG WR WKRVH EDVHG RQ KRPRPRUSKLF FU\SWR :HKDYHFODVVLILHGWKHVHDSSURDFKHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH
V\VWHPVEXWHYHQWKHFRVWRIHQFU\SWLRQLQWKHODWWHULV XVHG GLVWULEXWLRQV GDWDVHWV ZKLOH SUHVHQWLQJ WKH
QRW QHJOLJLEOH $GGLWLYH VHFUHW VKDULQJ VFKHPHV DUH ZHDNQHVVHV DQG VWUHQJWKV RI HDFK DSSURDFK ,Q
SURPLVLQJ EHFDXVH WKH\ SUHVHQW D PLQLPDO FRVW RI FRQWUDVWWR>@ZKLFKFULWLFL]HVWKHFRUUHFWQHVVDVSHFW
FRPSXWDWLRQ HYHQ LI WKHLU XVH UHTXLUHV QRQFROOXGLQJ RXU DQDO\VLV LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR WKH SULYDF\ SUHVHUYLQJ
SDUWLHV>@+RZHYHUWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHVHZRUNVDSSO\ RQH   7KH LQWHUHVW RI RXU FRQWULEXWLRQ LV WR KLJKOLJKW
WKH<DRSURWRFRO>@DQGKRPRPRUSKLFFU\SWRV\VWHPV WKH UHDO QHHGV RI SUHVHUYLQJ SULYDF\ EDVHG RQ GDWD
7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKHVHGLIIHUHQWVROXWLRQVDQG WKHLU GLVWULEXWLRQGXULQJWKHH[HFXWLRQRINPHDQVDOJRULWKP
PDLQREMHFWLYHV DQGWRGHULYHWKHQHDUHVWZRUNWRVROYHWKHSUREOHP

7DEOH6XPPDU\RISULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJNPHDQVDOJRULWKPZRUNV
3DUWLHV
$XWKRUV 'LVWULEXWLRQ0RGHO 6HFXULW\7RROV 0DLQ2EMHFWLYH
1XPEHUQ
6HFXUHSHUPXWDWLRQ>@ 7KHILUVWSULYDF\SUHVHUYLQJN
9DLG\DDQG&OLIWRQ
9HUWLFDO Q! +RPRPRUSKLFHQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHV PHDQVDOJRULWKPEDVHGRQ
>@
<DRHYDOXDWLRQFLUFXLW>@ VHFXUHPXOWLSDUW\FRPSXWDWLRQ
&RPSDULQJWKHWZRSURWRFROVLQ
2EOLYLRXVSRO\QRPLDOHYDOXDWLRQ>@
-KDHWDO>@ +RUL]RQWDO  WHUPRIFRPSXWDWLRQDQG
+RPRPRUSKLFHQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHV
FRPPXQLFDWLRQFRVW
$VHFXUHSURWRFROZKLFKFDQEH
5DQGRPVKDUHV
-DJDQQDWKDQDQG XVHGRQWKHWZRGDWD
$UELWUDU\  6HFXUHVFDODUSURGXFW>@
:ULJKW>@ GLVWULEXWLRQVKRUL]RQWDODQG
<DRHYDOXDWLRQFLUFXLW
YHUWLFDO
$PXOWLSDUW\SULYDF\
9HUWLFDO 6HFXUHPXOWLSDUW\DGGLWLRQ>@
6DPHWHWDO>@ Q SUHVHUYLQJLQNPHDQV
+RUL]RQWDO 6HFXUHVXP>@
DOJRULWKP
6HFXUHVFDODUSURGXFW
6HFXUHGDWDVWDQGDUGLVDWLRQDQG
6XHWDO>@ $UELWUDU\  2EOLYLRXVSRO\QRPLDOHYDOXDWLRQ
VHFXULW\LPSURYHPHQW
6HFXUHDSSUR[LPDWLRQWHFKQLTXH>@
5HVROYLQJWKHSUREOHPRI
VHFXUHPXOWLSDUW\GLYLVLRQDQG
%XQQDQG2VWURYVN\ 3DLOOLHUFU\SWRV\VWHPV>@
$UELWUDU\  DQHZSURWRFROIRUVHFXUH
>@ 6HFXUHVFDODUSURGXFW
UDQGRPO\VHOHFWLRQRINILUVW
FHQWHUV
3DLOOLHUFU\SWRV\VWHPV
6DNXPDDQG 6FDODEOHDQGIDXOWWROHUDQW
$UELWUDU\ Q 5DQGRPVKDUHV
.RED\DVKL>@ SURWRFRO
<DRHYDOXDWLRQFLUFXLW
$QHZSURWRFROEDVHGRQ
DGGLWLYHVHFUHWVKDULQJVFKHPHV
'RJDQ\HWDO>@ 9HUWLFDO Q! $GGLWLYHVHFUHWVKDULQJVFKHPHV>@
LQVWHDGRIKRPRPRUSKLF
HQFU\SWLRQ

5HIHUHQFHV >@ &OLIWRQ & .DQWDUFLRJOX 0 9DLG\D - /LQ ;
DQG =KX 0 7RROV IRU 3ULYDF\ 3UHVHUYLQJ
>@ $JJDUZDO & DQG <X 3 $ *HQHUDO 6XUYH\ RI 'LVWULEXWHG     'DWD 0LQLQJ $&0 6,*.''
3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ'DWD0LQLQJ0RGHOVDQG ([SORUDWLRQV1HZVOHWWHUYROQRSS
$OJRULWKPV LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI 3ULYDF\ 
3UHVHUYLQJ'DWD0LQLQJDQG$OJRULWKPVERRNSS >@ 'RJDQD\ 0 3HGHUVRQ7 6D\JLQ < 6DYDV (
 DQG /HYL $ 'LVWULEXWHG 3ULYDF\ 3UHVHUYLQJ
>@ $JUDZDO 5 DQG 6ULNDQW 5 3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ &OXVWHULQJ ZLWK $GGLWLYH 6HFUHW 6KDULQJ LQ
'DWD 0LQLQJ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH $&0 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RUNVKRS RQ
6,*02' ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3ULYDF\ DQG $QRQ\PLW\ LQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6RFLHW\
0DQDJHPHQW RI 'DWD 'DOODV 7H[DV 86$ SS 7DEOH1DWHV)UDQFHSS
 >@ 'X : DQG $WDOODK 0 3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ
>@ %HUWLQR ( 'DQ / DQG :HL - $ 6XUYH\ RI 6WDWLVWLFDO $QDO\VLV LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK
4XDQWLILFDWLRQ RI 3ULYDF\     3UHVHUYLQJ 'DWD $QQXDO &RPSXWHU 6HFXULW\ $SSOLFDWLRQV
0LQLQJ$OJRULWKPVLQ3URFHHGLQJVRI$GYDQFHV &RQIHUHQFH 1HZ 2UOHDQV /RXLVLDQD 86$ SS
LQ'DWDEDVH6\VWHPVSS 
>@ %XQQ3DQG2VWURYVN\56HFXUH7ZR3DUW\. >@ (O6LVL $ )DVW &U\SWRJUDSKLF 3ULYDF\
0HDQV &OXVWHULQJ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK 3UHVHUYLQJ $VVRFLDWLRQ 5XOHV 0LQLQJ RQ
$&0 &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RPSXWHU DQG 'LVWULEXWHG +RPRJHQRXV 'DWDEDVH 7KH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQV 6HFXULW\ $OH[DQGULD 9LUJLQLD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $UDE -RXUQDO RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ
86$SS 7HFKQRORJ\YROQRSS
3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ.PHDQV&OXVWHULQJ$6XUYH\5HVHDUFK
>@ (UNLQ=3LYD$.DW]HQEHLVVHU6/DJHQGLMN5
6KRNUROODKL - 1HYHQ * DQG %DUQL 0
3URWHFWLRQ DQG 5HWULHYDO RI (QFU\SWHG
0XOWLPHGLD &RQWHQW :KHQ &U\SWRJUDSK\ 0HHWV
6LJQDO 3URFHVVLQJ (85$6,3 -RXUQDO RI
,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ YRO  QR  SS 

>@ *RHWKDOV%/DXU6/LSPDD+DQG0LHOONDLQHQ
7 2Q 3ULYDWH 6FDODU 3URGXFW 3URWRFRO
&RPSXWDWLRQ IRU 3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ 'DWD
0LQLQJLQ3URFHHGLQJVRI,QIRUPDWLRQ6HFXULW\
DQG&U\SWRORJ\,&,6&SS
>@ *ROGUHLFK 2 )RXQGDWLRQV RI &U\SWRJUDSK\
'UDIW RI D &KDSWHU RQ *HQHUDO    3URWRFROV WKH
3UHVV 6\QGLFDWH RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DPEULGJH

>@ *ROGUHLFK20LFDOL6DQG:LJGHUVRQ$+RZ
WR 3OD\ DQ\ 0HQWDO *DPHD &RPSOHWHQHVV
7KHRUHPIRU3URWRFROVZLWK+RQHVW0DMRULW\LQ
3URFHHGLQJV RI WK $&0 6\PSRVLXP RI WKH
7KHRU\RI&RPSXWLQJ1HZ<RUN86$SS

>@ -DJDQQDWKDQ * DQG :ULJKW 5 3ULYDF\
3UHVHUYLQJ 'LVWULEXWHG .0HDQV &OXVWHULQJ RYHU
$UELWUDULO\ 3DUWLWLRQHG 'DWD LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI
WKHWK$&06,*.'',QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH
&KLFDJR86$SS
>@ -DLQ $ 0XUW\ 0 DQG )O\QQ 3 'DWD
&OXVWHULQJ$5HYLHZ$&0&RPSXWLQJ6XUYH\V
YROQRSS
>@ -KD 6 .UXJHU / DQG 0F'DQLHO 3 3ULYDF\
3UHVHUYLQJ &OXVWHULQJ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI
(XURSHDQ6\PSRVLXPRQ5HVHDUFKLQ&RPSXWHU
6HFXULW\SS
>@ .DQWDUFLRJOX 0 DQG &OLIWRQ & 3ULYDF\
3UHVHUYLQJ 'LVWULEXWHG 0LQLQJ RI $VVRFLDWLRQ
5XOHV RQ +RUL]RQWDOO\ 3DUWLWLRQHG 'DWD ,(((
7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ .QRZOHGJH DQG 'DWD
(QJLQHHULQJ -RXUQDO YRO  QR  SS 

>@ .LOW](/HDQGHU*DQG0DORQH/HH-6HFXUH
&RPSXWDWLRQ RI WKH 0HDQ DQG 5HODWHG
6WDWLVWLFV LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI 7KHRU\ RI
&U\SWRJUDK\&RQIHUHQFHSS
>@ .RZDOF]\N:DQG9ODVVLV11HZFDVW(0LQ
3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK $QQXDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ
1HXUDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 3URFHVVLQJ 6\VWHPV
:KLVWHOHU%&&DQDGDSS
>@ /LQGHOO < DQG 3LQNDV % 3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ
'DWD 0LQLQJ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI $GYDQFHV LQ
&U\SWRJUDSK\SS
>@ 0DF4XHHQ - 6RPH 0HWKRGV IRU &ODVVLILFDWLRQ
DQG $QDO\VLV RI 0XOWLYDULDWH 2EVHUYDWLRQV LQ
3URFHHGLQJV RI WK %HUNOH\ 6\PSRVLXP 0DWK
6WDWLVWLFV DQG 3UREDELOLW\ &DOLIRUQLD 86$ SS

>@ 1DRU 0 DQG 3LQNDV % 2EOLYLRXV7UDQVIHU DQG
3RO\QRPLDO (YDOXDWLRQ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH


VW $&0 6\PSRVLXP RQ 7KHRU\ RI &RPSXWLQJ
$WODQWD86$SS
>@ 3DLOOLHU 3 3XEOLF.H\ &U\SWRV\VWHPV
(QVHPEOHG RQ &RPSRVLWH 'HJUHH 5HVLGXRVLW\
&ODVVHV LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $GYDQFHV LQ
&U\SWRJUDSK\3UDJXH&]HFK5HSXEOLFSS

>@ 3HGHUVHQ 7 6DYDV ( DQG 6D\JLQ < 6HFUHW
6KDULQJ YV  (QFU\SWLRQ(QVHPEOHG 7HFKQLTXHV
IRU 3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ 'DWD 0LQLQJ LQ
3URFHHGLQJV RI -RLQW 81(&((XURVWDW :RUN
6HVVLRQ RQ 6WDWLVWLFDO 'DWD &RQILGHQWLDOLW\
0DQFKHVWHU8.SS
>@ 4XLQODQ - ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI 'HFLVLRQ 7UHHV
0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ YRO  QR  SS 

>@ 6DNXPD - DQG .RED\DVKL 6 /DUJH6FDOH .
0HDQV &OXVWHULQJ ZLWK 8VHU&HQWULF 3ULYDF\
3UHVHUYDWLRQ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI $GYDQFHV LQ
.QRZOHGJH 'LVFRYHU\ DQG'DWD0LQLQJ %HUOLQ
SS
>@ 6DPHW 6 0LUL $ DQG 2UR]FR%DUERVD /
3ULYDF\ 3UHVHUYLQJ .0HDQV &OXVWHULQJ LQ
0XOWL 3DUW\ (QYLURQPHQW LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 6HFXULW\ DQG
&U\SWRJUDSK\ %DUFHORQD 6SDLQ SS 

>@ 6KDPLU $ +RZ WR 6KDUH D 6HFUHW
&RPPXQLFDWLRQVRIWKH$&0YROQRSS

>@ 6X & %DR ) =KRX - 7DNDJL 7 DQG 6DNXUDL
.  3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ 7ZR 3DUW\ .0HDQV
&OXVWHULQJ 9LD 6HFXUH $SSUR[LPDWLRQ LQ
3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH VW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFH RQ $GYDQFHG ,QIRUPDWLRQ
1HWZRUNLQJ  DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV :RUNVKRSV
2DQWDULR&DQDGDSS
>@ 6X & %DR ) =KRX - 7DNDJL 7 DQG 6DNXUDL
. 6HFXULW\ DQG &RUUHFWQHVV $QDO\VLV RQ
3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ .0HDQV &OXVWHULQJ
6KHPHV ,(,&( 75$16$&7,216 RQ
(OHFWURQLFV &RPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG &RPSXWHU
6FLHQFHV-RXUQDOYROQRSS

>@ 9DLG\D - $ 6XUYH\ RI 3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ
0HWKRGV DFURVV 9HUWLFDOO\ 3DUWLWLRQHG 'DWD LQ
3URFHHGLQJVRI3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ'DWD0LQLQJ
DQG$OJRULWKPV%RRNSS
>@ 9DLG\D - DQG  &OLIWRQ & 3ULYDF\3UHVHUYLQJ
.0HDQV &OXVWHULQJ 2YHU 9HUWLFDOO\ 3DUWLWLRQHG
'DWD LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK $&0 6,*.''
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ .QRZOHGJH
GLVFRYHU\ DQG 'DWD 0LQLQJ :DVKLQJWRQ 86$
SS
>@ 9HU\NLRV9%HUWLQR()RYLQR,3URYHQ]D/
6D\JLQ<DQG7KHRGRULGLV<6WDWHRIWKH$UW
LQ 3ULYDF\ 3UHVHUYLQJ 'DWD 0LQLQJ ,Q $&0
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R0DUFK

6,*02'5HFRUGYROQRSS
>@ <DR $ +RZ WR *HQHUDWH DQG ([FKDQJH
6HFUHWV LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ,(((
6\PSRVLXPRQ)RXQGDWLRQVRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH
7RURQWR&DQDGDSS

)DWLPD0HVNLQHLVDGRFWRUDOVWXGHQW
DW WKH GHSDUWPHQW RI FRPSXWHU
VFLHQFH IDFXOW\ DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
2UDQ DQG D PHPEHU RI LQIRUPDWLRQ
DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\
ODERUDWRU\RI2UDQ/,7,2DSSURYHG
LQ  6KH LV DOVR WKH HQJLQHHU RI
WKHFRPSXWHUVFLHQFHFHQWHUDW0RVWDJDQHP8QLYHULVW\

6DILD1DLW%DKORXOLVDOHFWXUHUDWWKH
&RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH 'HSDUWPHQW
6FLHQFH )DFXOW\ DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
2UDQ (V6HQLD6KH REWDLQHG DIWHU
VHYHUDO VFLHQWLILF VWD\V LQ &1$0 RI
3DULV DQG /,5,6 /DERUDWRU\ WKH
8QLYHUVLW\ RI &ODXGH %HUQDUG 
/\RQ KHU 3K' GHJUHH DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2UDQ LQ
6KHLVDPHPEHURI,QIRUPDWLRQDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ
7HFKQRORJ\ /DERUDWRU\ RI2UDQ /,7,2 ZKLFK LV
DSSURYHG LQ  6LQFH  VKH KDV EHHQ OHDGLQJ D
WHDP RQ WKH7RSLF RI 'DWD (QJLQHHULQJ DQG :HE
7HFKQRORJ\+HU UHVHDUFKFRYHUV DGYDQFHG DVSHFWV RI
GDWDEDVHV ZHE WHFKQRORJ\ DQGXQVXSHUYLVHG
FODVVLILFDWLRQ+HU ZRUNV KDYH EHHQSXEOLVKHG LQ
VHYHUDOLQWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDOVDQGFRQIHUHQFHV