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AbstractIn the present article the theoritical investigation of

shock waves and expansin, normal shocks, oblique shoks and
adiabatic duct flow with friction (Fanno flow)

Keywords Entropy, enthalpy, conservation of mass, energy

conservation, ideal gas

I. INTRODUCTION
Shock waves and expansion
Normal shocks
The process of flow through the shock wave is very
irreversible and cannot be approached as an isentropic
process, the shock waves occur in a plane normal to the h-s diagram for flow through
direction of the flow, These waves are very thin for this normal shock
reason the flow areas at the entrance and exit of the
control volume are almost equal, is considered a steady
flow without heat transfer or work interactions and
without potential energy changes
Conservation of mass: The states at the top of the curve are subsonic and below
1 A V 1= 2 A V 2 are supersonic, the greater the Mach number before the
shock the stronger the shock, when Mach = 1 the shock
Energy conservation: wave becomes sound propagation wave.
h01=h 02

Increase of entropy: s 2s1 0
The equations of mass conservation and energy can be
combined into a single equation and plot a diagram h-s,
the resulting curve is called the Fanno line, along the
curve are the states that have the same enthalpy of
stagnation and mass flow per area unit, also, the
equations of mass conservation and Amount of
movement can be combined into a single equation and
plot a diagram h-s, the resulting curve is called the
Rayleight line.
s 2 >s 1
The entropy increases because the flow is adiabatic but
irreversible, the principle of energy conservation
requires that the enthalpy of stagnation remain constant
during the shock
h01 =h 02
This means that the stagnation temperature of an ideal
gas is also constant during the shock

T 01=T 02
 There is no heat transfer inside or outside the control
volume, the enthalpy of stagnation does not change and
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves the law of conservation of energy gives:
The supersonic flow rotates in the opposite direction, 1 1
this type of flow is called expansion flow, this is not h1 + V 21,n=h 2+ V 22,n
2 2
obtained from a shock wave, it appears from a region of The mass conservation, momentum and energy
continuous expansion called expansion fan formed by conservation equations are in terms of the normal
infinite waves of Mach, the flow does not change its velocity component for an oblique collision, but must be
direction suddenly by means of an oblique shock, but if written in terms of Mach numbers, by rotating the
it gradually means that each wave of Mach rotates the velocity vectors at an angle of Such that the oblique
flow in an infinitesimal amount. The flow is isentropic, shocks appears vertical
the pressure, the density and the temperature decreases.
Prandtl-Meyer function: Ma1, n=Ma1 sin
This function is derived from the conservation of mass,
momentum and energy for very small (differential) ()
deflections. The Prandtl-Meyer function is a function of Ma2, n=Ma2 sin
the Mach M number and the ratio of the specific heats of
the gas. The Mach number of a supersonic flow
increases through an expansion fan, the amount of the NON-ISENTROPIC FLOW FOR AN IDEAL GAS
increment depends on the input Mach number and the
expansion angle, the physical interpretation of the Fluid flows are generally not isotropic, the word isentropic
Prandtl-Meyer function is the angle through which itmeans that the entropy is not kept constant. A clear example of
must expand the sonic (M = 1) flow to obtain a given a non-isentropic flow is a flow which although it has friction it
Mach number. does not have heat transfer which makes it adiabatic and
therefore which makes it irreversible (increase entropy). We
v ( M a )=
k +1
k1
tan 1 (
k1
k +1 )
(Ma 21) tan1 ( Ma 21consider
) the adiabatic flow of an ideal gas through a duct of
constant area with friction. This kind of flow is often referred
to as (Fanno flow). Often fanno flow concepts lead to
discussion of normal shock waves. To find the control volume
Oblique Shocks
in a fanno flow, it is necessary use the energy equation,
Straight oblique shock waves occur when a supersonic considering that it is adiabatic and stationary flow.
flow (Ma> 1), affects a thin two-dimensional wedge of
semi-angle , because the fluid cannot pass through a
wedge, from moment to moment it changes its direction
in an angle called angle of deflection , the result is a
straight oblique shock wave forming a wave angle ,
measured with respect to the direction of the flow that
impinges on the wedge, for the conservation of mass
flow must be greater than .
The ratios of mass flow entering and exiting through the
If we take the change in entropy and the temperature equation
small faces are canceled out to each other and mass that relates the state equation in a curve with coordinates t-s
conservation is reduced to equal flows through the two with fixed values in the stagnation temperature we obtain the
large faces of control volume curves that are seen below and these are denominated like
1 V 1, n=2 V 2,n lines fanno

The tangential component of the velocity does not

change during the shock, when applying the normal
component of the momentum conservation equation, the
only forces acting are those of pressure
P1P2= 2 V 22,n 1 V 21,n
 REFERENCES
[1] Fundamentals of fluid mechanics Munson-Oklishi-Husbsch-Rothmayer
ed 6th.