Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
628.28
1990 (
RAF
STANDARDIZATION OF SEPTIC'TANKS
FOR BANGlADESH
A Project Report
by
M. RaflAI Basilar
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STANDARDIZATION OF SEPTIC TANKS
I FOR BANGLADESH
j
!
I A Project Report
by
M. Rafi Al Bashar
/
I Approved as to style and content by:
,
I
j
I Dr. M. Feroze Ahmed
Professor
Chairman
(Supervisor)
!I
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Dr. M. Mlljibur Rahman
Associate Professor
Member
August 1990
ABSTRACT
The sep tic tank sy::;tern 0f sewage d ispos-a, j S llJide IIJ used in the tomBS and
ci ties of Bangladesh. HOI.lJet...Jer', j n the absence 0 f any un i f ied code (I f pr.ac t j ce)
nlJITler'ous modeI 5 and types 0 f sep tic: tanks ar-e in use J a I I 0f lIJh ieM can ne i ther.
serve the purpose effectively nor are desirable from the economic point of.view for
Thiss ludy a l tempts to exami ne the scope and ex ten t 0f s landard iza t ion 0f
septi c tank sys terns for BangI adesh. Rec:ent litera lure on the subj ec:t has been
reviewed; information and dala on the functional and design aspects of septic: lanks
government. and private organizations have been presented. Their defects and
tank systems suitab Ie for the loco I condit ions of BangI "desh.
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RCKIlOIILEOGEIfEIfT
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, The authbr gratefully acknowle4ges his profound grati tude to his proJect.
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superv i sor Dr H Feroze Ahmed, Prof essol':, Department 0f Ci v i I Engi neer in9; BUEL
j
The gu idance, suggest i ons, advIce and encoul'llgemen
t which he has prov i ded
of CIv i I Engi neer i ng, BUET; Dr Kazi Har-unur Rashi d, 0 irec tor, ShaheeduI Iah and'
Associates Ltd; Hr R~~ruzzaman, Assistant Engineer, Dhaka IIASA; & Hr Abdul Hannan,
Sub-divi s lonai EngIneer, PliO. They have been kind enough to prOVi de re Ievant
Special thamks also are due to all others who have contributed,
.'
directly or
CHAPTER 1 I tnRODUCTI ON .. ......... ... .......... .... ........ ... ... ....1
1.1 General .. ....... ............... ... .. 1
1.2 Rationale ............
..,
1.3 Obj ecti ves ..2
",
2.13 Disposal Of Efflt~ent ........................................ 25
2.13.1 General ....... 25
2.13.2 Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems ....... 25
2: 13.2. 1 General Requirements ................ 26
2.13.2 2 Site Selection Considerations ............... 26
2.13.2 :3 Ground Water Pollution Considerations ....... 27
2. 13.2 4 Absot'ption T,-.enc:hesAnd Absor.pt.i on Beds ..... 27
2.13.2.5 Absorption Pits .......... 29
2.13.:3 Sand Filter System ..................................... 31
2.13.4 MOlmd Sys tem ... ...........................
',,>
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FiEFERENCES . . 61
1
CHRPTER 1
I tHRODUCT I on
1. 1 GeneraI
discharging into a sewage treatment plant can .satisfy all the requirements of safe
smaI I pr'opor-t ion 0f the urban popuIat ion in de'Je I op ing countr i es are ser-ved by
sewers. The number 0f peop Ie IIIi thou t seltierS i5 i ncr-eos i ng because popu I a t j on
~,
Sectors of circles proportional to urban population
Legend:
~
SellJer
sewer
slJsi:.em
sl:lstem
lI.Ii th treatment
UJith no trecltment
D no sani totion
Figure 1.1: Urban Sanitation in Oeveloping Countries IBased on Gabriel 1981 and
Rahman 1989]
tuell-designed septic tonk tuith on effective effluent disposal s'.stem has all the
'-2 Rationale
knowledge gained from research and iong-term experience; the main aim of which is
to simpf ify and codify design; construction or appl ication leading to an adequate
and optimum solution tuhich is ultimately beneficial to the user and general public.
Our knolJ.l1edge on septic tank sys terns has expanded substan t i a I lid in response to
Since the processes within a septic: tank are fairly accurately known; there
for a smaI I C:OUt1 tq,t like BangIadesh_ Slandard izot ion 0 f septic lanks can Iead to
It thus seems just j f ied to have standardized vers ions of septi c tank
1.3 Objectives
DeveI opment 0f standard ized vers ions 0f septic: tanks whi ch are
techn ico I IY sound} ec:onom i c(~I } and suitable fo,-. condit ions
CHRPTER 2
REUIEU OF LITERRTURE
2.1 Description
A septic tank is Q watertight chamber} usually located just below the ground
I eve I} tho t rece ives both exc:re1:.1], and flush IJJI] ter f r'om to i lets. Sometimes 0 ther
conditions.
The processes occurjng within the septic tank are complex and interrelated.
basically a
I
coagulation pr'ocess I
fol lowed b'J sedimentation or
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flO
.- cast iron \-.-
OJ vilriftt'd lite 4" seWed
raw wngf SCWClI:C
":,j.: oullel
Section on If:
bacteria.
number of them can be present in the effluent, sludge and scum and
2.3 Perforaance
The TSS (total suspended sol ids) in selJ.loge entering a septic tank ranges
from 150 to 300 mg/I. A part of the settleable sol ids settle out and float in the
scum layer. The rema in ing are carr ied 01.1 t l'J ith the sep tic tank e ffIuen t. Tobie
b. ambient temperature}
however~ necessary.
Q. liquor}
b. sludge,
c. sc,-~m~ and
The I.}O J ,-"me f Of' liquor depends on the hydrau I ic: re ten t ion t j me . Th is
re ten t ion time shou Id no t be Iess than 24 hours. The vo Iume for sludge and scum
depends on the frequency of cleaning which depends on the rate of sludge and scum
b. ambient temperature}
c. volume of wastewater~
To make matters more complicated, all the various factors are interrelated.
The capac i ty 0f a septic tank can be ca Icu Ia ted by the f 0 I Iomi r,g gener.aI
equation:
v = G + PQT + PSFO
I.lJhet"'e;
G in liters or gallons
P in capita
Q in liters pet- capi ta pet' da'J (I pcd) 01'. gaI Ions per capi ta per dalJ
(gpcd)
T in days
10
Sin liters per capi t.a per annum (I pea) m-' goI Ions pet.... capi ta per
annum (gpca)
F is dimensionless
D in years.
form.
Recording to the Bri tish Code of Practice CP 302, the general equation has
the form:
b. liquor volume
The componentof liquor. vo Iume ina sept i c tank is 9 i ')en by PQT, where the
notations ar-e defined in Section 2.5.2. i. The aver.age was 'lema ter' f I om Q can be
determined by measuring seo.hJgeflolJJS for a given period} but this is often not
practicable. In the absence of specific data in this regard} the following values
a. 120 Ipcd (27 gpcd) if all fittings (i .e., ,JC, bath, sinks, etc)
tank.
The minimum retention time T in the septic tank is generally taken as 1 day.
t author i ties
t"lQS recommend tho 1:. the sep t j c tank size shou I d be based on a 3 day
pro ior to des! udgi ng . HOIJ.lever- 1 min i mumre ten t i on times' as. I ow as 12 hours and as
The component of sludge and scum storage in a septic tank is given by PSFQJ
77 Ipca (17 gpca). The rate of accumulation depends on the time interval between
desludging} the ambient temperature} materials used for anal cleansing} etc.
The time inter'vaI bebeen des Iudg ing 0 is genera IIy 5 yeat's,'but can be
assumed to be 3 years if no other infor-mation is aVl]i lable. Table 2.2 gives r'"otes
Table 2.2: Rate of Sludge Accumulation for Various Anal Cleansing Materials
Rajput 1982]
Des I,-,dg
ing Ambient Temoer-a h.u"'e
Table 2.3: Values of Factor F for Given Oesludging Intervals and Ambient
Temperature.
13
2.5.2.4 Freeboard
foot.
There are severa I m'ethods for co Icu Iat i ng the toto I capaci ty of a sept i c
tonk:
co Icu Iated sludge vo Iume,. then the mini mum tonk vo Iume shaI I be
desludging.
300 ~
5 ":J';>
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a. co,e '<>
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a. 200
d)
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Vi" c
.2 100
;; scum
"0
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u
u
<t 0
II
---
0 2 4 5 8
De-ludging cycle ( years )
Figure 2.2: Rate of Accumulation of Sludge and Scumin Septic Tanks in the US
14
c. If we say that the tank wi II be desludged when the sludge and scum
day, then the required tank capacity is given by three times daily
v = :3PQT
IJJher.e ..
for freeboar-d.
Ther-e are numer-ous formulae; codes} standards for determining the volume of
septic tanks. The basis for calculation are also various; such as:
The r.equir-ed min imumcapaci lies 0f septic lanks tll:Jsed on the number 0 f
The requ ired min imumcapaci t. ies 0 f sept j c tanks based on the number 0 f
standards. Figure 2.3 shows the relationships between tank capacity and number of
The septic tank 5 tandards for 5 ingIe houses l.lsed j n d iff eren t European
[Salvato 1982]
16
6 500 2270 R?
-~ 370
8 ~...
6"r 2840 78 350
Table 2.5: Required Capacities of Septic Tanks Based On Number Of Persons Served
Tab Ie 2. 5 : Sep tic Tank S b::mdards for Sing Ie HOLioses in liariOt.fS European Coun tr i es
II
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10
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8
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7.
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2
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, 15 20 25 30 35
ConlributinQ POpul<ition ('numiltr of people)
considerations. For example, the lI.lidth of the tank cannot be less than 2 ft (60
em) in order to allow a man to work inside during construction and maintenance.
The shape 0f a sep tic tank is an importan t parame ter inits proper
For a given tank volume} if the depth is too great} then the plan dimensions
IIIi II be small. There l)}i II be every possibi I i ty of short eir-cui ting between the
inlet and outlet. This will result in a shortening of the effective tank volume}
hence the retention time. Lowsurface area also implies high overflow rate ( which
Conversely, if the tank is too shallow, the depth for sludge storage will be
performance.
Wastewater flowing into the tank is not uniform or continuous} but comes in
surges. These surges dis t)Jrb the ",ho!eli q'l id 5',S tem in the tank. It has been
estab I ished tha t for a sedimento.t ion process} quiescent condi t ions are requ ired.
I n the septic tank., dis turbance due to surges can be reduced by increas ing the
19
sur"face area. Longer inlet flolJJ pipes are also helpful. The longer effective
retention time thus provided aids in the re-separation of sludge and scum which are _
It has been experimental I" establ ished that tanl<.s lJJith 101JJ
length/.,idth
(L/I-D ratios have dead or stagnant zones IJJhichactually reduce the effective tank
volume. Tanks having flow regimes approaching plug flow conditions have been shown
to hOI.}e ! ess shor t -c: i rcu i t i ng and prov i de more e f fie i en t tlJastewQter trea tment .
Thi .5 can be ensured by having rec tanglJ Iar septic tanks as aga i nst square ones.
Tanks 0 f cl:ll i ndr i co I shape made 0 f sewer pipes ar-e a Iso repor ted to be
satisfactory.
shoring costs.
A 5 i ngIe compartmen
t septic tank hav i ng cot'rect propor t ions and proper
details should provide acceptable performance. But a two compartment septic tank
having the same capacity has been found to provide better performance. The removal
efficienCies of BOD} suspended solids} and organic colloids has been reported to be
higher for a two-compartment tank than a single compartment one. lhis is specially
true for tanks IJJhichhave been designed to serve less than 100 users, and IJJherethe
The hour-Iy as tlJe I I as dG i IY RIGS tewr]ter. f I DIJ.!S into a sep tic tank can var'y
toi de I y . Our i ng peak f I ow per- i ods ~ higher' so J i ds concen tr'a t i on can
The volume of the first. compartment (i .e.) immediately after the inlet)
should not be less thon one-holf of the totol volume. Otherwise lorge flows will
result, which can disrupt the sludge in the first compartment and cause it to be
A Iso 1 to preven t dis tur.bance to the scum J ayer 1 the par tit ion shay Id be
token up to 6" obove the Iiquid level in the tonk. The flow from the first
compartment into the second one is achieved by horizontal slots in the partition.
The slot should be locoted below the scum ond obove the sludge loyer.
On the same principles} a three compartment septic tank will further improve
Sometimes honging boffles ore provided insteod of porti tions. But this
prod ice Ieods to (!Josh0'"' t 0f sludge. The,'efore, honging boffles should not be
used as partitions.
The inlet and outlet are very important devices for the proper f'..mctioning
of 0 septic tonk.
turbt~I ence t1Jh i ch can cause the settl ed sludge to rem i x i th the
~l)
I i ql..IOr.
b. prevent short-circuiting.
Figure 2.4 shows some examples of defective inlet and outlet design.
The inlet 'and outlet can be of sanitaF'Y tees} elbolJ.ls or- baffles. It is
In order to reduce action of surge flows) the pipe into the septic tank} as
well as the inlet tees, should not be less than 4 inch in diameter. The top limb
sholJld rise to atleast (0. inch above the Iiquid level in the tank. The bottom limb
should extend to atleast one-fifth the liquid depth in the tank. The last 30 ft of
sewer into the septic tank should not have a gradient steeper than 1.5~.
The outlet devices' ability to retain sludge and scum in the septic tank is
a major factor in overall tank performance. The lower end of the vertical leg of
the outlet must extend below the scum layer and be above the sludge layer, as shown
in FigtH'e 2.5_ The upper end of the vertical leg is usually taken 6 inch above the
Iiquid level and the bottom leg one-thir.d of the Iiquid depth in the tank. The
invert level of the outlet should not be less than 3 inch below the invert of the
F ig,-,re2 .6 . HouJever, if prov is ions regar'ding dep th are proper Iy app lied, these
2.9 Uentillation
The digestion process occuring within the septic tank is primarily anaerobic
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A and 8 Typical Examples of Tanks with Poorly Placed Inlets and Outlel
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BoUie
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F I gur-e 2. 4 . De i t:C
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I n I e l and OutIE: t DES j gns:
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23
Liquid -Oullet
Level
Scum
Scum' Cle~
Space, T ,',,
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.;0.
.
TOIOI Clear Spate SludQeCleor "
Space ,-.--
~~ ,~ ............ , , ............. '~
'
':::::::':::~;'::::::::!;t.~]~~:~1;i1:;:i:;11:11::I:ji~1:;;::1::;:
};
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ConfiQvfohon
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F i 91.1'---:: 2 tJ.
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necessary. However, the anaerobic digestion of sludge and scum produces ~ases Iike
methane, carbon dioxide and some other foul smelling gases. These gases accumulate
above the Iiqu id sur face and are needed to be t}en ted ou t . Th i s can be done by
providing a venti Ilation pipe for the septic tank itself. HOI.t1ever,this is often
unnecessary as the vent stack generally provided to buildings serves this purpose.
2.10 Recess
f1anhoIes shou Id be prov ided to serve as a means to inspec t the sep tic tank
and to emp ty the se tt Ied 51 '~dge the manho Ies shou Id be air t igh t t.o preven t fou I
gases from escaping. Manholes should preferably be located close to the two ends
of the tank and for mu It icompar tmen t sep tic tanks, there shou Id be a t leas tone
o. brick masonry
b. reinforced concrete
c. steei
d. plastic
e. fiberglass
f. ferrocement
Whatever material is used, the tank must be water-tight, stable and durable.
From economics} ease of construction and maintenance point of view, brick masonry
data ;5 lacking.
2.12 naintenance
Septic tanks need very little maintenance. The only maintenance needed for
a well-built and properly used septic tank is the periodic removal of accumulated
sludge and scum. The septic tank should be inspected atleast once a year to check
the ac:cumuIQ t ion 0f s Iud~e and scum. The tank shou Id be c f eaned ou t lJ,lhene' ..Jer
sludge depth occupies about two-thirds of the liquid depth. Fai lure to do so is
2.13.1 General
The partially clarified liquid 'JJhichis discharged from the septic tank is
high 1';:1obnoxj ous and conto ins a Iarge number 0f pothogen ic mj c:r.oorgan ism:=: and is
land. The effluent requires further treatment or has to be disposed off in a safe
c. mound system
d. evapotranspiration beds
Subsurface soi I absorpt ion sys terns are the mest popuIor methods for
maintenance) and above all) their relatively low cost.. They are suitable for sites
great depth to bedrook, gentle slope of land, and are henoe appropriate for terrain
of Bangladesh.
The potential to treat and dispose of septio tank effluent through the soil
absorp t i on sys terns depends on the charac ter i s t i c:s 0f the area. Therefore} a
systematic si te evah..lation should be done. Th i scan inc: Iude the measurement.s 0f
sbi I permeabi IitYJ soi f depth} depth of impervious strata, degree of slope}
accept liquidJ strain out viruses and bacteriaJ and filter the effluent.
soi I grain characteristics. It is knO!.IJn that clalJey and si Ity soi Is have poor
permeabiI i ties. On the 0 ther hand, sandy and grave IIY so iIshave high
permeabiI ities.
Q. percolation test
b. crust test
So; I absorpt Ion s',Istems shouId be Iocated Sl<ch that they cannot cal<se
contami not ion 0 f weI ls, spr ings and 0 ther sources. 0f llJa ter suppry . Underground
In the same general d Ireet Ion 0f the s lope or grad Ient 0f the ,uater tab Ie .JhIch
for J oms the genera I con tour 0f the ,~round sur face. FOt'" th i s reason} l1bsorp t i on
systems should be located downhill from wells and springs. As a matter of fact, it
is necessary to re Iy upon both hor izonto J and. ver t ica ! dis tance for pro tec t ion.
Absorption systems should be located atleast 50 ft from any SOl<rceof water supply.
per'fora ted pipe ;s p Iaced on 6 ;nch (15 cm) 0 f graveI. The pipe i s then cover.ed up
. iT
more such trenches, each upto 100 ft long, can makeup an absorption field. The
Absor'pti on beds d i ff e,- from trenches i n that they Clt'e"' ider than 3 ft (0. 9
m) and can contain more than one I ine of distribution piping} as shOl.lJn in Figl...Ire
Absorption trenches and beds are not sui table for condi tions in BangIadesh
for the following reasons:
genera I lyre lyon the upper soi I horizons to absor b the effluent
permeabiii ty .
poor h' , remain
b. These systems require soi Is '. IC" satut-.o l e d ~-evpral
_ melers
Bangladesh Iasls for months logelher and lhe prob Iem of luater-
logging can be common.
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req'-'i red for these s'dstems implies that they can be cost Iy to
install.
Other names also used are seepage pits; soakwells; soakpits} cesspools; etc.
Rbsorpt i on pits are deep excavat ions desi gned pr i mari IY for Iatera I absorpt i on 0f
effluent through the bottom and sidewalls of the excavation. Covered porous-walled
chambers are placed in the excavation and filled with coarse aggregate. Effluent
enters the chamberwhere it is stored until it seeps out through the chamberwall
f n cases lIlhere re I at i ve I y i mpervi aus so i '5 m-'e under Iaid by por-ous san,j or
fine gravel, absorption pits offer the cheapest and the best solution to effluent
disposal problems.
Rbsorption pits can be of any diameter and depth provided they are
properties. Generally, the pits vary in diameter from 2 ft to 5 ft, and the depth
can be as much as 40 ft. More than one pit can be prov i ded} in {I.lh i eh case a
separation from "Jail to um". equal to at/east three times the diameter should be
maintained. The size actually provided depends on the absorptive capacity of the
soil and on the.number of users. The absorptive capacity of soil can be estimated
from percolation tests. However; in absence of such tests} values in Table 2.7 can
be assumed.
The pits can be I ined or 'lnl ined. The lin i ng can be 0f precast concrete
COHcrete rings; f er-rocementor- br-i cY.. masonr'y_ The bo t tom 1 f t 0 f i i ned pits are
fi lied ,uith gravel or brick bats. Unlined pi ts are fi lied complel.el'd ,uith gravel,
30
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lntk"enl -E.I"'1d,d 10 Solid (or,h
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Brick, BloCk, Ril"lQ, o
Pr'COll Chomb.,
.00.
brick bats and sQnd~ preferably in the form of an inverted filter. Pits can also
be partially lined.
source of drinking mater} e.g_} by a well. This is seldom done in urban areas.
FI mound sys tem i 5 an absor-pt i on sys tern tha tis e I eva led abol,.Je the no lw"'a I
Disadvantages are:
effluent distribution piping. The surface of the bed is planted with vegetation.
It f unct ions by ra i sing the eff Iuent to the 'Jpper pad 0f the bed b'J capi I Iar.y
Disadvantages are:
In an anaerobic upflolJJfi ite,-, the septic tank effluent enters at the bottom
coarse medi a . S inee the f i Iter i s compI e te I y submerged~ anaer-ob ic cond i t ions are
,
,t
1\
Disadvantages are:
a. it is costly to install
Th is systern consis ts 0 fane ht.lork 0 f sma I I bore settlers mhic:h conveys the
High initial capital investment and recurring maintenance cost precludes its
CHRPTER 3
The details of septic tank systems as adopted by the Public Works Department
(PWD), Bangladesh Rai Iways Depar.tment(BR), l1i I i tm"d Engineer Set'vices (t1ES), and
Shaheedu
I Iah and Associ ates Ltd (S8,A) (a leadi ng consuIt i ng f i t'm of the country)
are presented.
Figtwes 3.1 to 3.5 show detai Is of septic tank and soakwell as adopted by
the p.m.
AnaIys i s 0f the desi gn drmlJings revea Is thot tank capaci bd has been taken
about 22 gallons (102 I iters) per capita. Slots located only 18" above tank floor
i n the firs t par t it i on means th" t the '0 Iudge storage capaci ty i s very IO(IJ
. The
tanks have to be cleaned when the sludge has accumulated to only one-third of the
I iquid depth. The vo Iume 0 f the firs t comportmentis Iess than one-haI f 0f the
vo f time 0 f the second compartment _ So t arge f f Ol.US (I) i I I resu' t caus i ng .5 fudge in the
first compartment to be mashed over to the second compartment. The first partition
is~ thus} seen to cause more harm than good. The invert of the inlet and outlet
Analysis of the soaktlJelIs reveals that the appl ied effluent loading vat'ies
2
from 1100 l!m !d (22 g!ft2!d) for the larger wells down to 120 l!m2!d (2.5 g!ft2!d)
fot' the smaI let' di ametet' weII s. SoakweI Is serv iog a Iarge number- 0f user-s are ..
Inlets and outlets of the soakwells are at the same level. Shot't-cit'cuiting
may result causing septic tank effluent to discharge directly to extet'nal drains.
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SEC A-A
r -_.~~-~.-
Fig'lT'e
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3, I: Sep t1" Tank SY"'iem of F'WO
~
o r ~' :' ri ~
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r
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ia"
PIP'
"""\"'ON ;,j'VEN', HOLE
--
'30 USERS
SEl"rlc
HOUSE
rAN~
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:NO OF
-
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Q kiJSd:.AL J "I:):
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e
SEC. B -B
s. ,
Sa VENTILATtO'" HOLE
6"C.C.OVE.R) SJ. ~
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,
.r:-----.---.-- I -:_i __ I
S W PIPE
50 USERS SEPT! C TANK
;-'{D'r~~~':--I
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15 - 2
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F i 9twe 3.3: Sept ic Tank System or" PWD
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;! 01,1., (I
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PLAN I
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... :...;;:.C_C . ..-c:lL CURB
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P l A N
B I "-0 -," -
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"OOK
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,
f1 PIPE LINE. CAiHh'rNC THE (fflut>.lr ~>lO.'--l 5E:Plrc
-- ----_._ -<
..
Y.;j----v'---_ 1A.>.I1'( 10 THE. SU8k""N ORkllN 0.A"IN.
Fi gllre 3. 5 shows deta i Iso f sepI. i c tony,s used by the BangIadesh Rai I"JaYs
Total tank capaci bJ of 50 gallons (225. liters) per- capi ta has been provided
which is more than adequate. The dropwall or hanging baffle near the middle serves
no useful purpose) but tends to cause washout of sludge particles. The inlet is
The soakpit is highly inefficient since closed rings extend the entire depth
Figures 3.7 and 3.B show details of septic tank and absorption pit (soakage
pi t) used b'J this organization. Tank capacibJ has been' calculated on the basis of
22 gal Ion (100 liter) per capita. Lengthiwidth ratios for larger tanks seem to be
'..
excesSIve (greater than 9: 1). Actually; 1/1.0 ratios greater them 5: 1 serve no
2
(490 lim /d) for t.he larger tan~.s, and 1.5 gift2id (80 lim2id) for the smaller
ones.
-~
3.4 Septic Tank SysteB of S&R
. 'f.~\
. . "'F' .
~ 'Y.
Figures 3.9 and 3.10 shows details of sepI. i c tanks and soakoJe
I Is f~ed. by
ShaheeduI I ah and Rssoci a tes Ltd l GI lead ing consu I t ing firm 0f the .countrl:l . The
tank is designed on the basis of 40 gallon per capita of total volume. Tank width
C>
41
to reduce turbulence and stagnant zones. The ledge at outlet effectively makes the
inverts of inlet and outlet at the same level mhich is not desirable. Liquid flow
over the parti tion wi II cause scum disturbance~ 01 though location of structural
l/m2/d). The invert of outlet from the soakwell is above that of the inlet, so it
.0
, ,
,
43
1-
-ir~
"I
,
fl'~OJ(I21SIUA,e
tu1 . J t.l1I11 "&l.~
=t~:,i'J
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&J.k'''l'OCI'- __
i,"'. lOn, '.
,;
------.--.----'----------_-J ;
ISl?/ __ . __ .
User' L 11 L,q 0
25 2800 1000 1370
50 3600 1000 1370
-+ U29._ ,_... ,_
;
45
, .,
f :.
i
.,
, ~
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ij ---:--~---
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o
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-----_._-~-
.'SECTIQNAL PLAN OF SEPTIC TANK ON D-V
~:'''~;-~-'''l'<,''
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:':':'~ =: 'j ; :'
Fig!.we 3.Y'
(
45i
-:: .:c.
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1
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o.
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3ECTIOW,L ELEVATiON ON B. B
. 5hOWlNG OUTLET Of 50AKWELL IN O"'AIN
~c ..
Le ~Vt"r.o'
PLAN
"
Figul'e 3.10: Sep t ic Tank Sys tem 0f S~A
46
CHRPTER 4
4.1 General
bathing, etc. Ki tchen wastewater is generally high in BOO. From pub Iic heal th
Table 4.1: Water Supply Data For Bangladesh. [Source: National Water Plan (NI~)J
Figures in Ipcd
.
Period' Rural Upazi 101 Old Oist Me tropo Iitan
Areas Zi las HQs Ci ties
.
NWP 1 Up to 1990 34 gO 110 ISO
,
NWP 2 1990 - 2005 40 110 130 170
is evident from Table 4.1, the water supply in district towns is much less than in
the cit ieS (to the extent of 60:1:): Therefo"e.. for d istr ict towns it will not be
into the septic tank. For cit i es i t w i I I be recomlJiended to occoun t for kitchen
2.5.2.2)
c-ontrlbutl.on ean be taken as 15 gped (65 Iped), whieh is approximately 37~ of water
Siud e 5 ca X d = 18 cd X d = 24 e
Total 27 gpc --) 30 gpe 39 gpc --) 40 gpc
By fixing the 1ldth and depth of the tank, the length can be dl,-ectly
re , ated to the number 0 f user--s. TabIe 4 .2 has been developed on the above-- ,
mentioned c,-I terla. Essential dimensions of the proposed standardized septic tank
are shown In Figure 4.1. Depth Is less than 6 ft (Sec. 2.6). Two eompartments
have been used and the vo Iume dIvis Ion rati 0 of 2: 1 has been adopted (See. 2.7).
The par tit ion has been taken up 5" above I Iqui d I eveI to prevent scum dis turbance
been f 0 I lowed.
. .'
4&
18 lip manho le
T-"-~'"
inverT.
inlet of J'-";""-
.....
L'
inlet 4 lip' II
O.2D
outlet 4")i
to pit
D
partition
, ,,1;'.'
' ....
l 3
2/_ _L_ L
Figures 4.2 to 4.7 show borelogs of different districts of the country. One
basic feature is seen to be common - the upper-layers of soil are underlaid by deep
layers of saturated fine sand. Depending on the location, this is situated from 11
._;:
to 23 ft below ground level. The absorption pit is,. hence, the most suitable
method for septic tank effluent disposal for Bangladesh. (Sec. 2.13.2.5). Taking
maximum effluent loading rate of 3.0 gal1on/ft2/d for a medium relative absorption
of the soi I (Table 2.7), the required depth and diameter of absorption pits can be
calculated,' as given in Table 4.3. Figure 4.8 shows the detai Is of the proposed
Table 4 3: Dim0,sions ,;
of Standardized Absorption Pits
.t;~::~
.
..
Number of Oist. TooJns Metro Ci ties
Users Diameter No. of Well Diameter No. of Well
20 3'-0" 1 3'-'0" 1
30 3'-0" 1 3'-6" 1
50 3'-6" 1 5'-0" 1 0'
" . '.,;:
:."~;t~L . BORE LOG
SOlLTEST INTERNATIONAL
~LIENT;tlJ"lI" A,*JI. I~K)WdhUry, J1r. ~.H . Ch,;)whur
DHAKA .-
lin: a.nQ IV. D.l * l.:howdhurj'
flot. No. lU41, Sh&Ju.r );,L11I'&on, CW1.aka.
aOHE HO'LE NO: ~ DE PTH: )J' ILL. ,
~
~ ~ ..... u lttaofAIII(S
.. o _ STANQARD pt.Hoiu .TlOH
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54
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Bor'e LO'~LJessore
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I
l;.jlL.
I -1-
5' t. .... , --
L,
--.---'---
I -1
1
I
5' > .."
/
t
I
1..
i
1
,I
--r
.~'
-~--
i':ll21.
ti~~~-~";~W~~-~-'~-4 "-u" oricK. ["t1 td
uund ltiJ'l'
--------1J- ------. __ J/; _
. .
4.4 Septic Tank and Rbsorption Pits Serving Institutions
absorpt i on pits as slated inSect. ions 4.2 and 4.3 ore appI j cabIe for res j dent i a!
bu i ! dings. For insti tut ions., e. g.! factor i es., schoo Is.. commerc i Q I bu i I dings.. etc)
totai effec:t.i',Je septic: tonk J olume can be based on 10 gal per capi to .contribution.
o im-e:nsj on i ng delai I s of Tab I es 4.2 and 4.3 can be used for' i nsf. i tut ions based on
Table 4.4: Equivalence Table For Number of Users in Institutions and Residences
10 - 50 10 - 20 50 20
50 - 80 20 - 30 80 30
80 - 140 30 - 50 140 50
140 - 270 50 - 100 270 100
bric~~ mQsonr':;:I
walls and reinfor"ced concr"ete top slab. Construction .costs can be
58
economized by proper design of the components. Forees on the var j ous c:omponents
depend on the size' and shape 0f the tank., depth J I Dca t ion} so i I character is tics}
etc. Design of the top and bottom slabs are fairly simple. Material requirements
or collar beam with struts. This can be the subject of another research paper.
59
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Conclusion
a. Revi etu 0 f litera ture bId var j ous authors on sep tic tank 51:!:=: terns revea Is
thaI. the basi c processes occuri ng wi t.hi n t.he sept.ic tank are qui I.e c Iear Iy
and private 'organizations in di fferent parts of Bangladesh shot.s that some are
j nadequate} tlJhereas 0 thers are being over-des igned. There i5 no consis tenCIJ in
design. Dimensions and detei Is are being adopted which only serve to show lack of
sound knowledge.
c. Standar-dized vers ions (I f septic: tanks and absorpt ion pits have been
proposed. Dimensions and details have been based on research and performance data)
a. Th i s paper has eoncen h'o ted on the d i mens iona I aspec:ts 0f sep tic tank
systems. The strudura I desi gn a Iso needs to be standard ized. Research can be
carried out on the most durable and economical structural design of septic lanks.
being dumped into surf ace dra i ns or on garbage d isposaI lands. Research on
effluents need to be studied so that the fragile ecological balance is not damaged .
,
61
REFEREnCES
Aziz} M.A. ( 1972), "Seluerage Engi neer i ng and Envi ronmenta I Sani ta t i on" ,
Bartlett, R.E. (1979), "Developments in Se'erage, Uol 1", Appl ied Science
Clark, J.W. (1977.>, "Water Supply and Pollution Control", Harper & Row,
pp. 611-621.
pp. 292-297.
Escri tt, L.B. (1984), "Seluerageand SewageTreatment", John Wiley & Sons,
pp. 434-440.
Rajput, U.S. (1982), "Septic Tanks and Septic Systems", ENSIC, Thai land,
pp. 19-22.