P2 3 Higher Questions

Q1. In the UK mains electricity is a 230 volt a.c. supply.
(a) Explain the difference between an a.c. (alternating current) electricity supply and a d.c.
(direct current) electricity supply.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) A householder has a 10.8 kW electric shower installed in the bathroom.
(i) Calculate the current drawn from the mains electricity supply by the shower.
Write down the equation you use, then show clearly how you work out your answer
and give the unit.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Current = ....................................................
(3)
Page 1 of 93
(ii) The table gives the maximum current that can safely pass through electric cables of
different cross-sectional area.
Cross-sectional Maximum safe

area current in
in mm2 amps
1.0 11.5
2.5 20.0
4.0 27.0
6.0 34.0
10.0 46.0
16.0 62.0
The existing power sockets in the house are wired to the mains electricity supply
using 2.5 mm2 cable.
Use the data in the table to explain why the shower must not be connected to the
mains electricity supply using 2.5 mm2 cable.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) The circuit connecting the shower to the mains electricity supply must include a
residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) and not a fuse.
Give two advantages of using a RCCB to protect a circuit rather than a fuse.
1 ............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 2 of 93
Q2. This question is about electrical circuits.
(a) Current-potential difference graphs are used to show how the current through a
component varies with the potential difference across it.
(i) On the axes sketch a current-potential difference graph for a resistor.
(2)
(ii) What assumption have you made about the resistor when drawing this graph?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) A student investigates how the current in a sample of wire varies with the potential
difference across the wire.
These are photographs of some of the electrical components before the investigation
starts.
(i) The circuit diagram shown is not complete.

Complete the circuit diagram below for the battery shown.
(1)
Page 3 of 93
(ii) The student uses the variable resistor to change the potential difference across the
wire. At each value of potential difference the student takes one reading from the
voltmeter and one reading from the ammeter.
The readings are used to plot a current-potential difference graph.
Page 4 of 93
Describe and give a reason for:
the result in Region A ...........................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
the shape of the graph in Region B. .....................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(4)
(iii) Suggest two ways the student could improve the investigation.
1 ...........................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q3. A bicycle light uses three light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
By blackplastic [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Flickr
Page 5 of 93
(a) The bicycle light has three LEDs connected in parallel.
Two 1.5 volt cells are used in series as an electrical power supply.
One switch is used to turn on all three LEDs at the same time.
Complete the circuit diagram to show how all the components are connected.
Use the correct circuit symbols.
(3)
(b) The diagrams show the electrical characteristics for a filament bulb and an LED.
Filament bulb LED
(i) Use the graphs to compare the electrical characteristics of a filament bulb and an
LED.
For each difference you should refer to the characteristics of both the filament bulb
and the LED.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
Page 6 of 93
(ii) Many car makers are using a set of LEDs in car lights instead of using a filament
bulb.
The table shows information on the characteristics of a set of LEDs and a filament
bulb.
Set of LEDs Filament bulb
Cost 10 0.50
Life span 50 000 hours 1 000 hours
Power consumption 5W 21W
Power output (light) 3W 3W
Car makers are increasing the use of sets of LEDs for cars instead of using filament
bulbs.
Use the information in the table to give advantages and disadvantages of the change
to using LEDs.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 7 of 93
Q4. (a) (i) What is an electric current?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) A lightning strike has a current of 30 000 A and lasts for 5.0 x 10-4 s.
By Axel Rouvin [CC BY 2.0], via wikimedia commons
Calculate the charge transferred by the lightning strike. Give the unit.
Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Charge = .......................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 8 of 93
Q5. A light meter is used to check the light levels during a cricket match.
Figure 1 shows a cricket umpire using a light meter.
Figure 1
(a) Some light meters use a light-dependent resistor (LDR).

Figure 2 shows a circuit in a light meter.
Figure 2
(i) What two measurements are needed to determine the resistance of the LDR?
Measurement 1 ............................................................................
Measurement 2 ............................................................................
(2)
(ii) What will happen to the current in the circuit if the resistance of the LDR increases?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 9 of 93
(b) (i) The table below shows the resistance of the LDR at different light levels.
Light level in lux Resistance in ohms
0.1 250 000
1 50 000
10 10 000
100 2 000
1000 400
What conclusion can you make from this data?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) A game of cricket may be stopped if the light level falls below 100 lux.
What is the potential difference across the LDR when the light level is 100 lux?
Use information from Figure 2 and the table above.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Potential difference = ........................................ V

(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6. A small torch uses a single cell to make the bulb light up.
(a) The graphs show the voltage across two different types of cell as they transfer the last bit
of their stored energy through the torch bulb.
Page 10 of 93
Describe the differences that the graphs show between the two types of cell.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The diagram shows how bright the torch bulb is for different voltages.
From the point when the voltage of each cell starts to fall, how long will the bulb stay lit:
(i) with the ordinary cell?
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) with the nicad cell?
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c) When the voltage across the bulb falls to half, the current through the bulb falls by
less than half. Why is this?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 11 of 93
Q7. The diagram shows a type of electric immersion heater in a hot water tank. These hot water
tanks are normally found in airing cupboards.
Information on the immersion heater states:
230 V
10 A
(a) (i) What is the equation which shows the relationship between power, current and
voltage?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the power of the heater. Show clearly how you get to your answer and give
the units.
..........................................................................................................................
Power = ......................................................
(2)
(b) (i) What rating of fuse should be in the immersion heater circuit?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) There are three wires in the cable to the immersion heater. Two of the wires are
connected to the immersion heater. The third wire is connected to the copper tank.
Explain the function of this third wire and the fuse in the circuit.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 12 of 93
(c) (i) What is the equation which shows the relationship between resistance, current and
voltage?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the resistance of the heater. Show clearly how you get to your answer and
give the units.
..........................................................................................................................
Resistance = ....................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q8. The following specification is taken from the instruction booklet of a combination microwave
oven.
AC voltage 240 V 50 Hz
Power required
Microwave 1.5 kW
Dual (Roast/Bake) 2.8 kW
Dual (Grill) 2.5 kW
Convection 1.35 kW
Grill 2.3 kW
Output power
Microwave 850 W
Convection heater 1350 W
Grill heater 1000 W
Microwave frequency 2450 MHz
(a) (i) What is the current when the oven is being used to cook in the dual (roast/bake)
mode? Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Current = ................................. A
(2)
Page 13 of 93
(ii) Calculate the resistance of this combination microwave oven when it is being used in
the dual (roast/bake) mode. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the
units.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Resistance = ................................
(3)
(b) What is the percentage efficiency of the oven when it is working in the microwave mode?
Efficiency = 100%
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Percentage efficiency = .................................. %

(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 14 of 93
Q9. The diagram shows the fuel gauge assembly in a car.
The sliding contact touches a coil of wire and moves over it.
The sliding contact and the coil form a variable resistor.
The sliding contact is connected to a float via a pivot.
The fuel gauge indicator is an ammeter.
When the petrol level changes, the resistance of the circuit changes.
This causes the pointer in the fuel gauge indicator to move.
Page 15 of 93
(a) Use standard symbols to draw a circuit diagram for the fuel gauge assembly.
(3)
(b) How will the current in the circuit change as the level of petrol in the tank falls?
.....................................................................................................................................
Explain the reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 16 of 93
Q10. When a mains lamp is switched on it takes 0.5 seconds for the filament to reach its normal
operating temperature. The way in which the current changes during the first second after
switching on is shown in the sketch graph below. Mains voltage is 240 V.
(a) Calculate the resistance of the filament whilst the lamp is drawing the maximum current.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Describe how the resistance of the lamp changes after the current has reached its
maximum value.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Calculate the maximum power taken by the lamp.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 17 of 93
(d) Calculate the power of the lamp in normal use.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Calculate the energy used by the lamp in six hours of normal use.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q11. The circuit diagram below shows a circuit used to supply electrical energy to the two
headlights of a car.
The current through the filament of one car headlight is 3.0 A. The potential difference across
each of the two headlights is 12 V.
(a) Suggest a suitable fuse for the circuit. ..............................................

(1)
(b) Calculate the resistance of the headlight filament when in use.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................. W
(2)
Page 18 of 93
(c) Calculate the power supplied to the two headlights of the car.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ............................ W
(2)
(d) The fully charged car battery can deliver 72 kJ of energy at 12 V. How long can the battery
keep the headlights fully on?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer .............................. s
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 19 of 93
Q12. The diagram below shows how one type of fuel gauge in a car works. A sliding contact
makes contact with a resistance wire wound in a coil (rheostat). It is connected to a float via a
pivot P. When the petrol level changes the circuit resistance changes. This causes the pointer in
the fuel gauge to move and show how much petrol is in the petrol tank.
The circuit diagram is shown below.
The petrol gauge is an ammeter. Explain why the reading on the ammeter falls as the
petrol is used.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Page 20 of 93
Q13. The diagram shows a 12 volt lighting system. Each lamp has a power of 32 watts.
(i) Write down the equation that links current, potential difference and power.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the input current to the lighting system. Show clearly how you work out your
answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
current = ........................................................................ A
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q14. A set of Christmas tree lights is made from twenty identical lamps connected in series.
(a) Each lamp is designed to take a current of 0.25 A. The set plugs directly into the 230 V
mains electricity supply.
(i) Write down the equation that links current, potential difference and resistance.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 21 of 93
(ii) Calculate the resistance of one of the lamps. Show clearly how you work out your
final answer and give the unit.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Resistance = ......................................................................
(4)
(iii) What is the total resistance of the set of lights?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Total resistance = ........................................................

(1)
(b) How does the resistance of a filament lamp change as the temperature of the filament
changes?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q15. The diagram shows someone accidentally touching the live wire inside a dismantled 230
volt mains electricity socket.
A current flows through the person giving him an electric shock.
Page 22 of 93
(a) (i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the current that will flow through the person.
potential difference = current resistance
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Current = ............................................................ A
(2)
(ii) Rubber is a good insulator.
Explain why it is a good idea for electricians to wear rubber soled boots when
working.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) If the current flowing through a person is too high, the person cannot let go of the electrical
source.
Different people were tested to see whether the ability to let go of an electrical source
depended on the frequency of the current.
The results of the test are shown in the graph.
Page 23 of 93
(i) What is the frequency of the mains electricity supply in the UK?
............................................................
(1)
(ii) From a safety point of view, is the frequency of the UK mains electricity supply
suitable?
Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The diagram shows how the electric supply cable is connected to an electric kettle.
The earth wire is connected to the metal case of the kettle.
If a fault makes the metal case live, the earth wire and the fuse inside the plug protect
anyone using the kettle from an electric shock.
Explain how.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 24 of 93
Q16. (a) The graphs show how the velocity of two cars, A and B, change from the moment
the car drivers see an obstacle blocking the road.
Car A Car B
One of the car drivers has been drinking alcohol. The other driver is wide awake and alert.
(i) How does a comparison of the two graphs suggest that the driver of car B is the one
who has been drinking alcohol?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) How do the graphs show that the two cars have the same deceleration?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Use the graphs to calculate how much further car B travels before stopping
compared to car A.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Additional stopping distance = ............................................... m

(3)
Page 25 of 93
(b) In a crash test laboratory, scientists use sensors to measure the forces exerted in
collisions. The graphs show how the electrical resistance of 3 experimental types of
sensor, X, Y and Z, change with the force applied to the sensor.
Which of the sensors, X, Y or Z, would be the best one to use as a force sensor?
..................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 26 of 93
Q17. (a) The diagram shows a student touching the metal dome of a Van de Graaff generator.
When the generator is switched on, the metal dome becomes negatively charged.
Explain why the students hair stands on end when the generator is switched on.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) When the potential difference between the student and a nearby earthed metal dome
reached 15 kV, a spark jumped between the student and the earthed dome. The spark
transformed 30 mJ of energy into heat, light and sound. (1 mJ = 0.001 J)
Use the equation in the box to calculate the charge carried by the spark.
energy transformed = potential difference charge
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Charge transferred =.................................................. coulombs

(2)
(c) What name is given to the rate of flow of charge?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 27 of 93
Q18. The diagram shows a simple light-sensing circuit.
(a) The graph, supplied by the manufacturer, shows how the resistance of the component
labelled X varies with light intensity.
(i) What is component X?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Use the graph to find the resistance of component X when the light intensity is 20 lux.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 28 of 93
(iii) When the light intensity is 20 lux, the current through the circuit is 0.0002 A.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the reading on the voltmeter when the light
intensity is 20 lux.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Voltmeter reading =.................................................. volts

(2)
(b) Use the grid below to show how the voltmeter reading in the light-sensing circuit varies
with light intensity.
(i) Add a suitable scale to the y -axis (vertical axis).

(1)
(ii) Complete the sketch graph by drawing a line on the grid to show how the voltmeter
reading will vary with light intensity.
(2)
Page 29 of 93
(c) The following passage is taken from the technical data supplied for component X by the
manufacturer.
For any given light intensity, the resistance of this component can vary by plus or
minus 50% of the value shown on the graph of light intensity and resistance.
(i) Calculate the maximum resistance that component X could have at 20 lux light
intensity.
...............................................................................................................
Maximum resistance =.................................................. kilohms

(1)
(ii) Explain why this light-sensing circuit would not be used to measure values of light
intensity.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q19. The diagram shows a strain gauge, which is an electrical device used to monitor a
changing force.
Applying a force to the gauge causes it to stretch.

This makes the electrical resistance of the wire change.
(a) (i) Using the correct symbols, add to the diagram to show how a battery, an ammeter
and a voltmeter can be used to find the resistance of the strain gauge drawn above.
(2)
Page 30 of 93
(ii) When in use, the strain gauge is always connected to a d.c. power supply, such as a
battery.
How is a d.c. (direct current) power supply different from an a.c. (alternating current)
power supply?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Before any force is applied, the unstretched gauge, correctly connected to a 3.0 V battery,
has a current of 0.040 A flowing through it.
(i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the resistance of the unstretched gauge.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Resistance = ............................................................
(2)
(ii) Stretching the gauge causes the current flowing through the gauge to decrease.
What happens to the resistance of the gauge when it is stretched?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) What form of energy is stored in the gauge when a force is applied and the gauge
stretches?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 31 of 93
Q20. A set of lights consists of 20 lamps connected in series to the 230 V mains electricity
supply.
(a) When the lights are switched on and working correctly, the current through each lamp is
0.25 A.
(i) What is the total current drawn from the mains supply?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Use the equation in the box to calculate the charge passing through one of the lamps
in 5 minutes.
charge = current time
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Total charge = ..................................................

(3)
Page 32 of 93
(b) One of the lamps in the set is a fuse lamp. This contains a filament which melts if a fault
occurs. A short time after the lights are switched on, a fault causes the filament inside the
fuse lamp to melt and all the lamps go out.
The householder cannot find another fuse lamp so connects a piece of aluminium foil
across the contacts inside the fuse lamp holder.
When switched on, the nineteen remaining lamps work.
What the householder has done is dangerous.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q21. The currentpotential difference graph for one type of electrical component is drawn below.
(a) What is the component?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 33 of 93
(b) Complete the diagram to show a circuit that can be used to obtain the data needed to plot
the graph. Use the correct circuit symbol for each component that you add to the diagram.
(2)
(c) (i) What is the current through the component when the potential difference across the
component is 0.8 volts?
Current .................................................. amps

(1)
(ii) Use the equation in the box to calculate the resistance of the component when the
potential difference across it is 0.8 volts.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Resistance = ..................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 34 of 93
Q22. The picture shows an electric bicycle. The bicycle is usually powered using a combination
of the rider pedalling and an electric motor.
(a) A 36 volt battery powers the electric motor. The battery is made using individual 1.2 volt
cells.
(i) Explain how a 36 volt battery can be produced using individual 1.2 volt cells.
To gain full marks, you must include a calculation in your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The battery supplies a direct current (d.c.).
What is a direct current (d.c.)?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) When fully charged, the battery can deliver a current of 5 A for 2 hours. The battery is
then fully discharged.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the maximum charge that the battery stores.
charge = current time
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Charge stored = ............................................................

(3)
Page 35 of 93
(b) When powered only by the electric motor, the bicycle can carry a 90 kg rider at a
maximum speed of 6 m/s. Under these conditions, the maximum distance that the bicycle
can cover before the battery needs recharging is 32 km.
The bicycle has a mass of 30 kg.
(i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the bicycle
and rider when the rider is not pedalling.
kinetic energy = mass speed2
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Kinetic energy = ............................................................ J

(2)
(ii) The bicycle can be fitted with panniers (bags) to carry a small amount of luggage.
What effect would fitting panniers and carrying luggage have on the distance the
bicycle can cover before the battery needs recharging?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 36 of 93
Q23. (a) The picture shows a person using a set of electronic Body Fat Scales. When the
person stands on the scales, a small, harmless, electric current passes through the
persons body. The scales then calculate the resistance of the persons body and convert
the resistance into a prediction of body fat content.
(i) The scales contain two 3 V cells joined in series.
Calculate the resistance of a persons body, if when he stands on the scales, a

current of 0.12 mA passes through his body.
1000 mA = 1 A
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Resistance = .............................................................
(3)
(ii) The scales can only produce a prediction of body fat content and not an accurate
measurement.
Suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 37 of 93
(iii) It is recommended that the scales are not used immediately after a person has
drunk a large amount of water.
Suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The diagram shows how someone could get an electric shock from accidentally cutting
into an electric cable. If this happens, and a Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) is
being used, the circuit will switch off automatically.
(i) A faulty appliance or circuit can be switched off by a RCCB or a fuse.
Compare the action of a RCCB with the action of a fuse.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The graph shows how the severity of an electric shock depends on the size of the
current and the time that the current flows through the body.
Page 38 of 93
Using the RCCB helps prevent an electric shock seriously injuring the person using
the hedge trimmers.
Using information from both the diagram and the graph explain how.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 39 of 93
Q24. The graph shows how the electric current through a 12 V filament bulb varies with the
potential difference across the bulb.
(a) What is the meaning of the following terms?
electric current
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
potential difference
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 40 of 93
(b) The resistance of the metal filament inside the bulb increases as the potential difference
across the bulb increases.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Use data from the graph to calculate the rate at which the filament bulb transfers energy,
when the potential difference across the bulb is 6 V.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Rate of energy transfer = ................................... W

(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q25. (a) The resistance of a 24 W, 12 V filament lamp depends on the current flowing through
the lamp. For currents up to 0.8 A, the resistance has a constant value of 2.5 .
(i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the potential difference across the lamp
when a current of 0.8 A flows through the lamp.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Potential difference = ............................................................ V

(2)
Page 41 of 93
(ii) When the potential difference across the lamp is 12 V, the current through the lamp is 2 A.
On the axes below, draw a currentpotential difference graph for the filament lamp over the
range of potential difference from 0 to 12 volts.
(2)
(iii) Why does the resistance of the lamp change when the current through the lamp
exceeds 0.8 A?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 42 of 93
(b) The lamp is now included in a circuit. The circuit is switched on for 2 minutes. During this
time, 72 coulombs of charge pass through the lamp.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the energy transformed by the lamp while the
circuit is switched on.
energy transformed = potential difference charge
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Energy transformed = ............................................................ J

(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 43 of 93
Q26. The picture shows an electric cooker hob. The simplified circuit diagram shows how the
four heating elements connect to the mains electricity supply. The heating elements are
identical.
When all four heating elements are switched on at full power the hob draws a current of 26 A
from the 230 V mains electricity supply.
(a) Calculate the resistance of one heating element when the hob is switched on at full power.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Resistance = ..............................
(3)
Page 44 of 93
(b) The table gives the maximum current that can safely pass through copper wires of
different cross-sectional area.
Cross-sectional Maximum safe

area in mm2 current in amps
1.0 11.5
2.5 20.0
4.0 27.0
6.0 34.0
(i) The power sockets in a home are wired to the mains electricity supply using cables
containing 2.5 mm2 copper wires. Most electrical appliances are connected to the
mains electricity supply by plugging them into a standard power socket.
It would not be safe to connect the electric cooker hob to the mains electricity supply
by plugging it into a standard power socket.
Why?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Describe the structure of the cable that should be used to connect the electric cooker
hob to the mains electricity supply.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
Page 45 of 93
(c) Mains electricity is an alternating current supply. Batteries supply a direct current.
What is the difference between an alternating current and a direct current?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q27. (a) Describe the difference between an alternating current (a.c.) and a direct current
(d.c.).
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The diagram shows how the electric supply cable is connected to an electric kettle.
The earth wire is connected to the metal case of the kettle.
If a fault makes the metal case live, the earth wire and the fuse inside the plug protect
anyone using the kettle from an electric shock.
Explain how.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 46 of 93
Q28. The diagram shows the structure of a cable. The cable is part of an undersoil heating circuit
inside a large greenhouse.
(a) The cable is connected to the mains electricity supply through a residual current circuit
breaker (RCCB). If the cable is accidentally cut the RCCB automatically switches the
circuit off.
(i) What is the frequency of the mains electricity supply in the UK?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) What happens, as the cable is cut, to cause the RCCB to switch the circuit off?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) A circuit can also be switched off by the action of a fuse.
Give one advantage of using a RCCB to switch off a circuit rather than a fuse.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The 230 volt mains electricity supply causes a current of 11 amps to flow through the
cable.
(i) Calculate the amount of charge that flows through the cable when the cable is
switched on for 2 hours and give the unit.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Charge = ..................................................
(3)
Page 47 of 93
(ii) Calculate the energy transferred from the cable to the soil in 2 hours.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Energy transferred =.................................................. J

(2)
(c) The heating circuit includes a thermistor. The thermistor is buried in the soil and acts as a
thermostat to control the increase in the temperature of the soil.
Describe how an increase in the temperature of the soil affects the thermistor.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q29. (a) A student set up the circuit shown in the diagram. The student uses the circuit to
obtain the data needed to plot a current - potential difference graph for a diode.
(i) Draw, in the boxes, the circuit symbol for a diode and the circuit symbol for a variable
resistor.
Diode Variable resistor
(2)
Page 48 of 93
(ii) The student made two mistakes when setting up the circuit.
What two mistakes did the student make?
1 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) After correcting the circuit, the student obtained a set of data and plotted the graph below.
Potential difference in volts
(i) At what potential difference did the diode start to conduct an electric current?
...................................................................... V
(1)
(ii) Use data from the graph to calculate the resistance of the diode when the potential
difference across the diode is 0.3 V.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Resistance = ......................... ohms

(3)
Page 49 of 93
(c) The diagram shows the trace produced by an alternating current (a.c.) supply on an
oscilloscope.
Each horizontal division on the oscilloscope screen represents a time of 0.01s.
(i) Calculate the frequency of the a.c. supply.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Frequency = ............................................. hertz

(2)
(ii) A diode is now connected in series with the a.c. power supply.
Why does the diode cause the trace on the oscilloscope screen to change?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 50 of 93
Q30. (a) Figure 1 shows the apparatus used to obtain the data needed to calculate the
resistance of a thermistor at different temperatures.
Figure 1
Power supply
(i) In the box below, draw the circuit symbol for a thermistor.
(1)
(ii) Use the data given in Figure 1 to calculate the resistance of the thermistor at 20 C.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Resistance = ......................... ohms

(2)
Page 51 of 93
(iii) Figure 2 shows the axes for a sketch graph.
Complete Figure 2 to show how the resistance of the thermistor will change as the
temperature of the thermistor increases from 20 C to 100 C.
Figure 2
Temperature in C
(1)
(iv) Which one of the following is most likely to include a thermistor?
Tick () one box.
An automatic circuit to switch a plant watering system on and off.
An automatic circuit to switch an outside light on when it gets dark.
An automatic circuit to switch a heating system on and off.
(1)
(b) The ammeter used in the circuit has a very low resistance.
Why is it important that ammeters have a very low resistance?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 52 of 93
(c) The table below gives the temperature of boiling water using three different temperature
scales.
Temperature Scale
100 Celsius (C)
212 Fahrenheit (F)
80 Raumur (Re)
Scientists in different countries use the same temperature scale to measure temperature.
Suggest one advantage of doing this.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) A student plans to investigate how the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR)
changes with light intensity.
The student starts with the apparatus shown in Figure 2 but makes three changes to the
apparatus.
One of the changes the student makes is to replace the thermistor with an LDR.
Describe what other changes the student should make to the apparatus.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 53 of 93
M1. (a) a.c. is constantly changing direction
1
whilst d.c. always flows in the same direction

1
(b) (i) 46.9

accept 47.0
allow 1 mark for correct transformation and substitution
ie
ampere
accept A
1
(ii) current (46.9 A) exceeds maximum safe current for 2.5 mm2 cable
accept cable needs to be 16.0 mm2
1
therefore if a 2.5 mm2 cable were used it would overheat / melt

cable needs to be 10.0 mm2 limits
maximum credit to 1 mark
1
(iii) can be reset

1
disconnects circuit faster (than a fuse)

1
[9]
M2. (a) (i)
straight line
accept a straight line from bottom left to top right in either bottom
left or top right quadrant
1
going through / to origin

(2nd mark only applies if a correct straight line has been drawn )
1
(ii) constant temperature

allow not a variable resistor or has fixed resistance
1
Page 54 of 93
(b) (i) 4 cells connected correctly
allow either orientation but not oppositely facing cells
or
battery
allow 4 cells without interconnecting lines

1
(ii) Region A
it is not at the origin or there is an intercept or there is no current but a p.d. /

voltage
allow it does not go through the origin
if value for p.d. given, must be in range 0.04 0.06
1
zero error on ammeter / faulty ammeter

accept anomalous result
1
Region B
the rate of current increase decreases (with increasing p.d.)
allow current is levelling off (with increasing p.d.)
1
the wire is heating up
or
the resistance increases

1
Page 55 of 93
(iii) any two from:
use a digital ammeter
take more readings (at each p.d.) and calculate a mean or identify
anomalous results
compare your results with someone else's
use a greater range for p.d. / voltage

use a greater variable resistor range
allow greater range of current
smaller interval of p.d. / voltage
straighten the wire
use voltmeter / ammeter with greater resolution
keep temperature of wire constant
use ammeter with no zero error

2
[10]
M3. (a) 3 correct LED symbols in correct direction

max 2 if clear gap / break in circuit
1
parallel circuit with 3 branches

do not award this mark if there is a short circuit
1
switch that can turn all components on / off

1
(b) (i) any three from:

allow voltage for p.d. throughout
the current can flow both ways through a bulb and only 1 way in an LED
for each mark a difference should include a reference to both LED
and bulb
current changes with (all) p.d. for the bulb but current changes for only
some p.d. for LED
current changes at varying rate for bulb current changes at constant rate
for LED
the diode has a very high resistance in one direction and the resistance
in the bulb varies with current (in both directions)
the resistance of a bulb increases with current / p.d. but the LED
resistance decreases after a certain pd.
the bulb obeys Ohms law for a small range of p.d. the LED does not
3
Page 56 of 93
(ii) any four from:
Advantages
lasts longer
max 3 for advantages
lower power consumption

allow lower current
same power / light output

if no reference to power consumption / output allow 1mark for more
energy efficient
less heat transfer to surroundings

allow less energy is wasted
allow dont get as hot
less waste (from broken bulbs)
less cost per hour
Disadvantages
higher (initial) cost
lower sales / profit from replacement bulbs
no increase in power / light output

4
[10]
M4. (a) (i) a flow of charge

accept flow of electrons
1
(ii) 15
correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
allow 1 mark for
eg 30 000 0.0005 or equivalent
(provided no subsequent working)
2
C
accept coulomb / Coulomb
do not accept C
do not accept lower case c
1
[4]
M5. (a) (i) current (through the LDR)

in either order
accept amount of amps
1
Page 57 of 93
potential difference / voltage across the LDR
accept amount of volts across the LDR
1
(ii) decrease
1
(b) (i) as the light level increases by a factor of 10 the resistance reduces by a factor
of 5
allow for 1 mark as the light level increases the resistance
decreases
2
(ii) 4.5
1
[6]
M6. (a) ordinary cell has higher voltage (normally / at start)

or
ordinary cell 1.3V nicad 1.2V (normally / at start)
for 1 mark
voltage of ordinary cell falls more slowly

gains 1 mark
(accept ordinary cell lasts longer)

but
as above with relevant quantification e.g. falls to zero in 60 seconds
compared to 6 seconds
or
nicad falls to zero 10 times as fast
gains 2 marks
3
(b) (i) answer in range 32-34 (seconds) (inclusive)

gains 1 mark
but
answer in range 22-24 (seconds) (inclusive)
gains 2 marks
(ii) 12 (seconds)
gains 1 mark
but
2 (seconds)
gains 2 marks
4
Page 58 of 93
(c) resistance of the lamp / filament changes / increases
gains 1 mark
but
resistance of the lamp / filament decreases
gains 2 marks
because the temperature of the filament falls / filament cools

for 1 mark
3
[10]
M7. (a) (i) P=V1
or equivalent
credit a triangle if part (ii) correctly uses the relationship
credit power = volts amps or watts V A
do not accept C for current
1
(ii) (P = 230 10 =) 2300

credit 2.3
1
W or J/s
kW
1
(b) (i) 15 A
credit 13 A or amps
1
(ii) any three from
earth
any short (to the metal tank) causes fuse to blow
fuse is in the live wire
to prevent damage to the heater

credit to stop the current
3
Page 59 of 93
(c) (i) V=IR
or equivalent
credit a triangle if part (ii) correctly uses the relationship
1
(ii) (230 = 10 R =) 23
ohms or
2
[10]
M8. (a) (i) power voltage = current or

2800 240 = 11.6 11.7 or 12
2 marks for correct answer 1 mark for 2.8 240
2
(ii) resistance = voltage current
240 11.7
(efc here)
1
20.5 or 20.57 or 20.6 or 21

2 marks for correct answer
1
ohms or
do not credit R
1
(b) 850 1500 100

marks only available for division of power
1
= 56.7
2 marks for correct answer
for 1 mark accept 5670
1
[7]
Page 60 of 93
M9. (a)
one mark for each symbol

allow more than 2 cells joined
max. 2 marks if symbols incorrectly allow rheostat arrow in either
direction
(b) current will decrease

1
since resistance greater

1
[5]
M10. (a) Current = 0.4A (1)

R = V/I or 240/0.4 (1)
R = 600 ohm (1)
3
(b) Doubles
gets 2 marks
OR gets bigger
gets 1 mark
2
(c) P = V.I or 240 0.4

P = 96W
for 1 mark each
2
(d) 1 = 0.2A
P = 48W
for 1 mark each
BUT may get equation mark here if not in (c)
2
Page 61 of 93
(e) P = V.I.t (1)
P = 240 0.2 6 3600
OR P = 48 6 3600
gets 1 mark
P = 1036800 W
gets 1 mark
3
[12]
M11. (a) inrange6<I13A

for 1 mark
(no unit no mark)
1
(b) 4
gains 2 marks
(else working
gains 1 mark
(resistance of circuit correctly worked (2))

2
(c) 72 (I2 R) ecf

gains 2 marks
else working
gains 1 mark
an answer of 36W (ie for one lamp) (1)

2
(d) 1000 or 16.7 min (ecf from (c))

gains 2 marks
else working
gains 1 mark
(formula with incorrect substitution no mark (12V)
2
[7]
Page 62 of 93
M12. level drops as petrol used;
causes circuit resistance to increase;
causes current to decrease
for 1 mark each
or if change not specified;

(one correct and two vague statements gains 2 marks,
three vague statements gains 1 mark)
e.g. level changes; )
so resistance changes; ) = 1 mark
so current changes )
[3]
M13. (i) power = potential difference current

accept voltage for potential difference
accept P = V I
or correct transposition
accept provided subsequent method correct

1
(ii) 8
allow 1 mark for correct substitution or transformation or an answer
2.67 / 2.7
2
[3]
M14. (a) (i) potential difference = current resistance

accept voltage or pd for potential difference
accept V = I R
accept correct transformation
do not accept V = C R
do not accept V = A R
accept provided
subsequent use of correct

do not accept an equation expressed in units
1
Page 63 of 93
(ii) 46
credit correct transformation for 1 mark
allow 1 mark for use of 11.5 V or division of final resistance by 20
a final answer of 920 gains 2 marks only
3
ohm(s)
accept symbol
do not accept s
unit / symbol mark can be awarded in (iii) provided unit / symbol is
omitted in (ii)
1
(iii) 920 (ohms) or their (a)(ii) 20

1
(b) as temperature increases, resistance increases

accept hotter for temperature increase
do not accept a reference to resistance only i.e. it / resistance
goes up
1
[7]
M15. (a) (i) 0.0046

accept 4.6 mA
allow 1 mark for correct substitution and transformation
i.e. current =
an answer of 4.6 gains 1 mark

2
(ii) increases overall resistance

1
(in event of a shock) gives a smaller current

accept gives smaller shock
do not accept no shock/current
1
(b) (i) 50 (hertz)

ignore units
1
(ii) NO has the lowest current at which people cannot let go

answer and reason needed
accept a sensible reason in terms of their answer to (b) (i)
or YES changing the frequency changes the current by only a small amount
1
Page 64 of 93
(c) a current flows through from the live wire/metal case to the earth wire
accept a current flows from live to earth
do not accept on its own if the current is too high
this current causes the fuse to melt

accept blow for melt
2
[8]
M16. (a) (i) longer reaction time

accept slower reactions
do not accept slower reaction time unless qualified
or
greater thinking distance
accept greater thinking time
or
greater stopping distance
accept greater stopping time
greater braking distance negates answer
1
(ii) lines / slopes have the same gradient

accept slopes are the same
or
velocity decreases to zero in same time / in 2.6 seconds
accept any time between 2.3 and 2.8
accept braking distances are the same
1
(iii) 12
accept extracting both reaction times correctly for 1 mark
(0.6 and 1.4 ) or time = 0.8(s) for 1 mark
accept 0.8 15 for 2 marks
accept calculating the distance
travelled by car A as 28.5 m or the distance travelled by car B as
40.5 m for 2 marks
3
(b) Z
1
Page 65 of 93
different force values give a unique / different resistance
only scores if Z chosen
do not accept force andresistance are (directly) proportional
accept answers in terms of why
either X or Y would not be the best eg
X same resistance value is obtained for 2 different force values
Y all force values give the same resistance
1
[7]
M17. (a) each hair gains the same (type of) charge
or
(each) hair is negatively charged
do not accept hair becomes positively charged
or
(each) hair gains electrons
1
similar charges repel

accept positive charges repel
providing first marking point is in terms of positive charge
or
negative charges repel
or
electrons repel
1
(b) 0.000002
accept correct substitution and transformation for 1 mark
or
2 10-6
ie 30 / 15 or .03 / 15000 or 30 / 15000 or .03 / 15
or
2 C
answers 2 and 0.002 gain 1 mark
2
(c) current
do not accept amp / amperes
1
[5]
M18. (a) (i) light dependent resistor / LDR

accept ldr
1
Page 66 of 93
(ii) 25 (kilohms)
accept 24 - 26 inclusive
accept 25 000
1
(iii) 5 (V) or their (a)(ii) correctly converted to ohms 0.0002 correctly calculated
allow 1 mark for converting 25 k/
their (a)(ii) to ohms
or
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 0.0002 25(000)
or 0.0002 their (a)(ii)
allow an incorrect conversion from kilohms providing this is clearly
shown
2
(b) (i) linear scale

using all of the available axis
must cover the range 4 - 6 v
or their (a)(iii) - 6 v and lie within the range 0 - 15 inc.
1
(ii) negative gradient line

do not allow lines with both positive and negative gradients
1
passing through 20 lux and their (a)(iii)

only scores if the first mark is awarded
only scores if line does not go above 6 volts
1
(c) (i) 37.5 (k) or their (a)(ii) + 50 % (a)(ii) correctly calculated

1
(ii) light intensity value would be unreliable / not accurate

1
due to variation in resistance value

accept because resistance varies by 50 %
accept tolerance of resistor is too great
do not accept results are not accurate
1
[10]
Page 67 of 93
M19. (a) (i) ammeter and battery in series with the gauge
symbols must be correct
ignore a voltmeter drawn in series
or cells reversed to cancel out

1
voltmeter in parallel with the gauge

symbol must be correct
accept a freestanding circuit
diagram provided strain gauge is labelled or a resistor symbol used
for the strain gauge
1
(ii) d.c. flows only in one direction

a.c. changes direction is insufficient
1
(b) (i) 75
this answer only
allow 1 mark for correct substitution and transformation,
ie resistance =
2
(ii) increases
1
(iii) elastic / strain potential

do not accept potential
1
[7]
M20. (a) (i) 0.25 (A)

1
Page 68 of 93
(ii) 75
allow 1 mark for converting 5 minutes to 300 seconds
or allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 0.25 300
allow 1 mark for an answer 1.25
allow 1 mark only for their (a)(i) 300 correctly calculated
2
coulombs or C
do not accept c
1
(b) any two from:
fault not repaired

accept if a fault was to occur
larger current will (still) flow
aluminium foil will not melt (if a fault)

accept aluminium foil needs a higher current / charge to melt
wiring will overheat / (may) cause a fire

accept idea of fire hazard
do not accept explode etc
2
[6]
M21. (a) diode

accept LED
1
(b) all symbols correct

must include at least voltmeter and diode
1
diode
allow ecf from part (a) if the component is not identified as a diode
allow symbol without the line through triangle
ignore polarity of diode
voltmeter in parallel with component added in series

any additional components must not affect the ability to measure V
and I for the diode / their (a)
1
(c) (i) 0.05

accept 50 mA
accept between 0.048 and 0.050 inclusive
1
Page 69 of 93
(ii) 16
0.8
their (c)(i) correctly calculated gains both marks
allow 1 mark for correct transformation and substitution
allow 17 if using 0.048

2
[6]
M22. (a) (i) (connect) 30 (cells)

1
in series
1
(ii) current always flows in the same direction

or
current only flows one way
1
(iii) 36 000
allow 1 mark for correctly converting 2 hours to 7200 seconds
answers 10 or 600 score 1 mark
2
coulombs / C
do not accept c
1
(b) (i) 2160

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 120 62
answers of 1620 or 540 score 1 mark
2
(ii) reduce it
1
Page 70 of 93
any one from:
draws a larger current (from battery)
motor draws greater power (from battery)

accept energy per second for power
accept more energy needed to move the bicycle
greater resistance force (to motion) / air resistance / drag / friction

accept less streamlined
more mass to carry is insufficient
1
[10]
M23. (a) (i) 50 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie
6 = 0.00012 R
or 6 = 0.12 R
or answers of 25 000 or 50 gain 1 mark
or allow 1 mark for an incorrect answer caused by one error only ie
using 3V or an incorrect conversion of current
2
ohm/
ananswer50kgains3 marks
1
(ii) (body) resistance changes
or
body fat/resistance affected by (many) factors

accept named factor, eg age, gender, height, fitness, bone
structure, muscle, drinking water related to body fat / resistance
1
(iii) gives misleading / wrong/inaccurate value

do not credit if specifically linked to a change in mass / weight
1
(because) high water content changes body resistance

accept a specific change to resistance
water changes body mass is insufficient
1
(b) (i) RCCB detects difference between current in live and neutral (wires)
accept RCCB can be reset
1
fuse (overheats and) melts

accept blows for melts
1
Page 71 of 93
(ii) switches the circuit / hedge trimmers off within 60 milliseconds
allow for 1 mark the RCCB / it is (very) fast.
do not accept the bigger the current the faster the RCCB
switches off
2
[10]
M24. (a) electric current

(rate of) flow of (electric) charge / electrons
accept
with Q and t correctly named

1
potential difference
work done / energy transferred per coulomb of charge
(that passes between two points in a circuit)
accept
with W and Q correctly named

1
(b) metals contain free electrons (and ions)

accept mobile for free
1
as temperature of filament increases ions vibrate faster /

with a bigger amplitude
accept atoms for ions
accept ions/atoms gain energy
accept vibrate more for vibrate faster
do not accept start to vibrate
1
electrons collide more (frequently) with the ions

or
(drift) velocity of electrons decreases
do not accept start to collide
accept increasing the p.d. increases the temperature (1 mark)
and
(and) resistance increases with temperature (1 mark) if no other
marks scored
1
Page 72 of 93
(c) 7.8
allow 1 mark for obtaining value 1.3 from graph
or allow 1 mark for a correct calculation using an incorrect current
in the range 1.2-1.6 inclusive
2
[7]
M25. (a) (i) 2

allow 1 mark for correct substitution i.e. 0.8 2.5 provided no
further step shown
2
(ii) straight line drawn from origin to 2, 0.8

or
their (a)(i), 0.8
1
curve from 2, 0.8 to 12,2

or
their (a)(i) 0.8 to 12,2
accept curve from 2, 0.9 to 12,2
or
their (a)(i) 0.9 to 12,2
convex curve required
accept a curve that flattens between 10 and 12V
1
(iii) filament / lamp gets hot

accept temperature increases
1
(b) 108
allow 1 mark for correct substitution i.e. 1.5 72 provided no
further step shown
2
[7]
M26. (a) 35
an answer with more than 2 sig figs that rounds to 35 gains 2
marks
allow 2 marks for correct method, ie
allow 1 mark for I = 6.5 (A) or R =
an answer 8.8 gains 2 marks

an answer with more than 2 sig figs that rounds to 8.8 gains 1 mark
3
Page 73 of 93
(b) (i) (maximum) current exceeds maximum safe current for a 2.5 mm2 wire
accept power exceeds maximum safe power for a 2.5 mm2 wire
or
(maximum) current exceeds 20 (A)
(maximum) current = 26 (A) is insufficient
1
a 2.5 mm2 wire would overheat / melt

accept socket for wire
do not accept plug for wire
1
(ii) (contains) live, neutral and earth wires

accept is a three-core cable
1
cross-sectional area of (live and neutral) wire(s) (minimum of) 4 mm2

accept 6 mm2 for 4 mm2
1
wire / cable should be insulated

accept a suitable named insulator, eg PVC / rubber / plastic
1
(c) a.c. is constantly changing direction

accept a.c. flows in two directions
accept a.c. changes direction
a.c. travels in different directions is insufficient
1
d.c. flows in one direction only

1
[10]
M27. (a) d.c. flows in (only) one direction

1
a.c. changes direction (twice every cycle)

accept a.c. constantly changing direction
ignore references to frequency
1
(b) a current flows through from the live wire / metal case to the earth wire
accept a current flows from live to earth
do not accept on its own if the current is too high
1
Page 74 of 93
this current causes the fuse to melt
accept blow for melt
do not accept break / snap / blow up for melt
1
[4]
M28. (a) (i) 50(Hz)

ignore any unit given
1
(ii) any two from:
(some) current flows to Earth

accept ground for Earth
current flows through copper braid

accept current flows through the earth wire
accept electricity for current in either the first or second marking
point but not both
RCCB detects difference between current in live and neutral wire

2
(iii) can be reset

accept does not need replacing
or
faster acting
accept switches circuit off faster
1
(b) (i) 79 200

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 11 =
an answer 22 gains 1 mark

2
coulombs / C
do not accept c
1
(ii) 18 216 000

accept for 2 marks 18 216 kJ or 18.216 MJ
or
230 their (b)(i) correctly calculated

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 230 their (b)(i) or
allow 1 mark for power calculated as 2530(W)
2
(c) increases temperature of thermistor

1
Page 75 of 93
changes resistance (of thermistor)
do not accept increases resistance (of thermistor)
an answer decreases resistance (of thermistor) gains 2 marks
1
[11]
(a) (i) symbol for a diode

M29.
accept
symbol for a variable resistor
(ii) voltmeter is in series or voltmeter is not in parallel

1
ammeter is in parallel or ammeter is not in series

accept an answer in terms of how the circuit should be corrected
voltmeter and ammeter are wrong way around is insufficient
1
(b) (i) 0.2 (V)

accept any value between 0.20 and 0.21 inclusive
1
(ii) 37.5
allow 1 mark for I = 0.008
or
allow 2 marks for correct substitution, ie 0.3 = 0.008 R
or
allow 1 mark for a correct substitution using I = 0.8 or I = 0.08
or I = 0.009
or
allow 2 marks for answers of 0.375 or 3.75 or 33(.3)
3
(c) (i) 25
allow 1 mark for obtaining period = 0.04(s)
2
(ii) diode has large resistance in reverse / one direction

1
so stops current flow in that / one direction

allow diodes only let current flow one way / direction
allow 1 mark for the diode has half-rectified the (a.c. power) supply
1
[12]
Page 76 of 93
M30. (a) (i)
(ii) 360
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 9 = 0.025 R
2
(iii) sketch graph of correct shape, ie
(iv) An automatic circuit to switch a heating system on and off.

1
(b) so ammeter reduces / affects current as little as possible

accept so does not reduce / change the current (it is measuring)
accurate reading is insufficient
not change the resistance is insufficient
1
(c) gives a common understanding

accept is easier to share results
accept can compare results
do not need to be converted is insufficient
prevent errors is insufficient
1
(d) replace Bunsen (and water) with a lamp

accept any way of changing light level
1
replace thermometer with light sensor

accept any way of measuring a change in light level
datalogger alone is insufficient
1
[9]
Page 77 of 93
E2. (a) (i) The lines drawn for the resistor were disappointing, despite the graph being in the
specification. The majority failed to score any marks as the students rarely drew a
straight line and therefore could not be awarded the second mark either. There was
a variety of lines, curves and swirls, some relating to other components and some
clearly random. The majority of students who did draw a straight line also made sure
it went through the origin.
(ii) Given that many had not answered (a)(i) correctly, there were very few who were
then able to link what they had drawn to the fact that the temperature was constant.
Even those who did draw the correct current-potential difference characteristic graph
often still did not know what the correct assumption was, with many suggesting that
current is proportional to the potential difference.
(b) (i) About half the students knew the correct symbols for a battery or drew the four cells
connected. Those who lost the marks usually did not draw enough cells or failed to
connect them to the rest of the circuit. There were a few who connected the cells so
that they faced each other.
(ii) Despite the number of hints they had with the use of pictures, many students failed to
link them to the question and therefore performed poorly. Quite a few recognised that
the graph did not go through the origin in region A; however, there were many ways
in which this was communicated. Some did correctly state that there was a voltage
when there was no current, or gave values for potential difference and current at this
point, which was acceptable. However, often the student described not having
enough current at this point. Most students gave only a basic description of the
shape of the graph in region B, saying that the current increased with potential
difference. However, at this level students are expected to be able to describe
curves, particularly as they should have some knowledge of this type of curve from
the filament bulb. There were hardly any correct answers for the reasons that they
gave for their descriptions.
(iii) Given the poor descriptions given in (b)(ii), the students then struggled to give
meaningful answers, despite the fact that the majority of the answers they could give
were generic improvements for this type of experiment. The majority gave an
insufficient answer along the lines of take more voltages; however, at this level they
are expected to know about ranges and intervals. The same applies to the simple
answer of take more readings. This is only an improvement if something is then
done with the repeated readings. It is worth noting that the specification makes
reference to the type of experiments in this topic the students would benefit from
having knowledge of.
Page 78 of 93
E3. (a) Examiners were surprised at how few students knew what a parallel circuit is; there
were more attempts to draw series circuits than parallel circuits, although some were
simply hybrids of the two types. The batteries were often shorted out, often by the switch,
but also by additional wires. The most commonly awarded mark was for a switch that
would operate all the components, although many students also omitted this. Additional
components such as further cells, ammeters and voltmeters (often in series) were added.
However perhaps the most surprising failure, by the great majority of students, was to
make even a poor attempt to draw the symbol for an LED. Most used the symbols for a
lamp. Those who did get near to the correct symbol often left the internal connections
incomplete, omitted the vertical line at the cathode or the arrows to indicate the emission
of light. Consequently there were very few three-mark answers. It was disappointing to see
a considerable number of roughly drawn circuits with gaps in the wires and poor
connections.
(b) (i) This proved to be extremely demanding for all but the most able students. The most
common error was to try to compare the shapes of the graphs, rather than what the
graphs show in terms of the electrical characteristics of the two components. If the
students did start by describing the electrical characteristics of one of the
components they often omitted comparing this characteristic with the other
component. There was also considerable confusion between p.d. and current, with
many students describing p.d., rather than current, as remaining at zero as current
increases in the LED. On occasions students mentioned the current being directly
proportional to potential difference for the LED, presumably because they incorrectly
believe that any straight line shows direct proportionality rather than one which must
pass through the origin. Very few students described resistance and those who did
often suggested that in the filament bulb resistance decreases. Many described the
effect of temperature, which could not be derived from the graphs and it was clear
that some students had little understanding of what an LED is, describing it as an
LED bulb.
(ii) Reponses were more encouraging. Many students gained all four marks and most of
the others scored at least two. However the examiners were looking for comparisons
of the two components, not merely regurgitation of the information in the table. When
comparing costs a few students went further than a simple LEDs are more
expensive and showed, by calculation, that cost per hour was less for an LED than
for a filament bulb.
Page 79 of 93
E4. (a) (i) Most students realised that current is the flow of something, but were often
unable to pinpoint exactly what this something was. There were many suggestions,
including electricity, current and voltage, although the acceptable electrons was
also common. Only the better students went as far as to describe the flow of
charge and some went even further with rate of flow of charge.
(ii) The use of standard form defeated many students, who were unsure how to deal
with 10-4 in their calculations or perhaps how to enter it into their calculators. There
were two common errors here, one was to convert this into a simple decimal, often
arriving at one too many or one too few zeros; alternatively students simply ignored
the negative index and multiplied by 104, instead. There were also many students
who appeared to have no idea of what this figure meant, sometimes subtracting 4
from their calculation of 30000 10.
Other students, who manipulated the equation incorrectly, often divided the current
by the time, arrived at massive figures. The unit used for charge, coulombs or C
was not frequently seen, those who got close sometimes suggested c, which was
not accepted, whilst others went for any other symbol associated with their studies
into electricity, such as amps, volts or watts, along with the more logical, but not
accepted As, as this is not an SI unit.. Examiners can only suppose that those
students who offered no unit had simply not noticed the instruction to include one, or
by the time they had completed their calculation had forgotten that one was required.
Students are advised that units are always required in numerical answers and that if
one is not already given, then it should be added.
E5. (a) (i) Many students identified that it would be necessary to measure the current and
the voltage, however the vast majority failed to realise that where the voltage was
measured was important and thus only gained a total of 1 mark.
(ii) Just fewer than half the students were awarded a mark for this question, with many
incorrectly thinking the current increases when the resistance in the circuit
increases.
(b) (i) The common answer was a simple as the light level increases the resistance
decreases only a few went on to say by what factors. Expression of their answers
was important and some did not gain credit for incorrectly linking change in light level
due a change in LDR resistance.
(ii) There were many speculative answers to this question with many values exceeding
the 9V supply and some in their thousands. It is worth reminding students to think
about their final answer before moving on.
E7. The most able candidates scored well in (a), (b) and (c).
E8. The calculations of current, resistance and efficiency were correct in many answers and the
correct unit was given for resistance. Weaker candidates could often calculate the current or the
resistance but usually chose the wrong values from which to calculate the efficiency.
Surprisingly, most candidates thought that microwaves were slower than light.
Page 80 of 93
E9. (a) Hardly any candidates were able to draw a completely correct circuit diagram, although
most were able to score one or two marks for two correct symbols. The main stumbling
block was the symbol for a variable resistor.
(b) Although a number were able to state that the current would decrease, few candidates
were able to go on and explain why, in terms of the resistance increasing.
E11. In (a) the fuse chosen was often too small, the parallel alignment of the lamps being
missed. The calculations in (b) and (c) were moderately well done. The time calculation in (d)
proved to be far more difficult.
E12. A variety of answers were produced including many precise, clear explanations.
E13. This question was often high scoring.
(i) The equation was generally well known, although C was sometimes incorrectly used as
the symbol for current.
(ii) In this part it was common for candidates to consider only one lamp, therefore giving an
incorrect answer of 2.67 A.
E14. (a) The majority of candidates gave the correct equation, but a common error was R = V
I. Most candidates were able to transform the equation and substitute correctly, but
many failed to divide the answer of 920 by 20. A few candidates, who failed to read the
question, assumed that there were 12 lamps in the circuit.
(b) Most candidates correctly stated that the resistance increases with temperature increase.
A minority gave answers like resistance increases, resistance increases as temperature
changes and resistance decreases as temperature rises.
Page 81 of 93
E15. (a) (i) Many candidates were able to transform the given equation, substitute numbers
andusetheircalculators,butveryfewspottedthattheyhadtoconvertktoohms.
Many candidates that attempted a conversion evidently did not know how to do it. A
significant number of candidates multiplied the two numbers giving an unrealistically
high value for their answer.
(ii) Most candidates failed to gain any credit because their answers were in terms of
insulation and not resistance. Most did not appreciate that good insulators are not
perfect insulators. Many of the candidates erroneously thought that being a good
insulator meant that the electrician was earthed and the boots provided a safe path
to earth. Some candidates referred to rubber gloves and not boots. Very few
candidates recognised that a current would flow but that, as it was very small, the
shock received might not even be felt.
A significant minority of candidates had not related the introduction to the whole
question to this part and wrote about the danger of the electrician standing on the
wires.
(b) (i) Surprisingly only half the candidates knew the answer to this question. The most
common error was stating a voltage (230V) or a totally incorrect frequency, 100 Hz
was a popular number.
(ii) This was very poorly answered as most candidates struggled to interpret the graph
and those that did often contradicted their reason by choosing yes instead of no.
This question required very clear thinking giving the potential A* students a chance to
earn the mark.
(c) This question was very poorly answered. The function of the earth wire, and its link to a
melting fuse, was poorly understood. Various misconceptions surfaced such as the fuse
being connected to the earth wire and the kettle holding charge (as on a Van der Graaff
generator). Many candidates regurgitated stock phrases from textbooks, revision books
and the specification about the earth wire and fuse, but did not relate this to the context of
the question.
Page 82 of 93
E16. (a) (i) While many candidates answered this well, many let themselves down by a
poor choice of language or ambiguous statements such as the driver took longer to
brake which could mean that the braking action occurred over a longer time or that
the driver took longer to apply the brakes. Incorrect use of technical terms negated
some otherwise correct answers. A minority of candidates also confused the time to
see the incident with the time to react to the incident.
(ii) About three quarters of candidates gained this mark. Again a lack of precision in
responses led to ambiguity which lost the mark: mentioning deceleration without
specifying that velocity reached zero, stating that they both started from 15 m/s
without saying they stopped, and vague statements that the lines were the same
without quoting gradient, slope or angle. Some candidates demonstrated an inability
to take times from the graph with wildly inaccurate values quoted from 1.2 s to
nearly 30 s.
(iii) Few candidates recognised that they only needed to calculate the distance car B
travelled in the extra thinking time part of the graph [(1.4-0.6)15]. The majority of
candidates knew that the area under the graph represents the distance travelled and
gained marks accordingly. However, calculating these for both cars proved difficult
due to the number of calculations involved and errors in obtaining the correct times
from the graph. Many candidates did obtain two marks for completing only one of
these calculations correctly. About two fifths of candidates failed to gain any marks.
(b) Some very good answers scored two marks but these were from less than a tenth of the
candidates and were usually gained for explaining why X and/or Y were not suitable, rather
than why Z is suitable. Most candidates scored one mark for correctly choosing Z but failed
to give an acceptable reason. Many candidates clearly did not understand what a sensor
was, describing it as a safety device that helped protect people in collisions by
counteracting the forces they experienced rather than a device for measuring forces.
Some candidates believed the resistance was some sort of resistance to collision, rather
than electrical resistance, and made comments such as Z would be better as impact time
would be increased or the increased resistance would reduce the effect of the collision.
E17. (a) This question was poorly answered with a small majority of the candidates scoring no
marks. In some cases this was due to a lack of knowledge or understanding eg,
candidates refer to the attraction of the (positive) boys body to the negative dome or to the
movement of positive charge / protons / positive electrons.
In many instances, a lack of precision in the use of English prevented candidates gaining
marks, especially in respect of the second mark point where responses were left at hairs
repelling without further explanation. Some candidates referred to hair standing on end as
a result of the person getting a shock and others because the charge was trying to escape
from the body.
(b) Under a quarter of the candidates scored 2 marks for a correct calculation. A significant
number of candidates scored 1 mark for answers of either 2 or 0.002 as they had not
converted the kV or mJ correctly, despite the information in the stem.
A number of candidates did not seem to have access to a calculator and had done
calculations around the text, sometimes making errors which deprived them of full marks.
Of those who did not gain marks, this was evenly spread between those who did not
transform the equation correctly and those who did not transform values properly. At this
level it is disappointing that over a third of the entry simply multiplied the given numbers;
with or without an attempted conversion.
(c) Only half of the candidates gave the correct answer.
Page 83 of 93
E18. (a) (i) Surprisingly only just over half of the candidates correctly identified the
component as an LDR. Again, this shows that many candidates need to spend time
learning some of the basic information contained within the specification. Common
errors included; LED, light sensitive resistor, bulb and diode.
(ii) Most candidates were able to read off 25 from the graph within the tolerance of the
mark scheme.
(iii) Most candidates managed to use the equation, however common errors were to use
25 instead of 25000 or failing to convert kilohms to ohms successfully. A small
minority of candidates used 20 (from 20 lux) instead of the resistance from part (a)
(ii). Less than half of the candidates scored both marks.
(b) (i) This question was poorly answered. Candidates did not seem to put together the
information in the circuit diagram with this part of the question and recognise that the
maximum voltage available for the circuit was the 6 V supply. The most common
scale was 0 to 15 V, which was acceptable for credit.
(ii) Few candidates demonstrated a good understanding of the operation of the circuit.
Many candidates drew a positive gradient line. Comments above for maximum
voltage also apply for the line sketched. Of the few candidates who drew a negative
gradient line, many lost 1 mark by taking the line above 6 V. However, some
candidates scored both marks for the line even though their answer to part (a)(iii)
was incorrect.
(c) (i) Just over half of the candidates managed to calculate the correct value. Common
mistakes were to use the wrong values from earlier in the question - using their
calculated values of voltage from part (a)(iii) or using the 20 from 20 lux.
(ii) Very few candidates managed to obtain full marks. Precision and accuracy were
confused by some candidates; many candidates using it lost marks by failing to
specify that it was the measurements /values / light intensity that was inaccurate.
Page 84 of 93
E19. (a) (i) Only about a fifth of candidates scored full marks, with a further two fifths of
candidates scoring one mark, usually losing the mark for the misplacing of the
voltmeter. Scripts with higher marks usually had candidates drawing the circuits with
the use of a ruler. Perhaps using a ruler indicated they would be careful when
drawing the components. The most common error was joining both the ammeter
and voltmeter in series suggesting a lack of practical experience. Others placed the
voltmeter across the wrong component or even across a lead, and some lost marks
for careless diagrams, notably lines drawn through meters and gaps in the circuit.
(ii) Just over half the candidates scored this mark. Many candidates believe that it is the
value of d.c. which does not change, and many responses appeared based on the
appearance of a.c. and d.c. on an oscilloscope. Another common incorrect response
referred to d.c. going straight to the component.
(b) (i) Approximately three quarters of candidates completed the calculation correctly.
Weaker candidates struggled to transform the equation.
(ii) The relationship between current and resistance is, generally, well understood and
four fifths of candidates scored this mark. Weaker candidates often used
inappropriate language; the use of stronger resistance was one such example.
Candidates would benefit by using the stem to help their wording; if the word
decrease is used in the stem it makes sense to respond with the word increase and
not seek synonyms which are less appropriate.
(iii) Many candidates realised that elastic energy is stored but under half of candidates
gained the mark since many failed to include the word potential in their answer. The
wrong answers often referred to kinetic energy.
E20. (a) (i) Less than a quarter of candidates applied the rule for current in a series circuit to
arrive at the answer 0.25 A. The vast majority of candidates multiplied the series
current by the number of lamps to arrive at an incorrect answer of 5 A.
(ii) Just under two-thirds of candidates used the equation correctly to gain both
calculation marks. About three-tenths of candidates lost one mark because they
failed to convert the time from minutes into seconds. Only just over a third of
candidates knew that the unit of charge is the coulomb. A substantial number failed
to give any unit or offered one of a range of other electrical units.
(b) Many candidates showed a good understanding of why a piece of aluminium foil is not an
appropriate replacement for a fuse, and they could use good scientific language to explain
their ideas and gain full marks. Some candidates got sidetracked too far into describing
how a fuse functions in a faulty circuit without then going on to say why the aluminium foil
presents a danger. Many of the poorer answers were long and rambling, with wrong
physics such as too much voltage goes through the foil, and explosions in many of the
responses scoring zero. In contrast, some of the best responses covered all four of the
possible mark points in a succinct sentence or two.
Page 85 of 93
E21. (a) Considering that there are only three I-V graphs that candidates need to be able to
identify it was surprising that under half of candidates gained this mark.
(b) Half of the candidates scored zero for this question. Centres might well consider issuing
symbol diagrams photocopied from the specification and encouraging candidates to copy
them accurately. Many candidates were able to salvage some marks by correctly drawing
a voltmeter in parallel with whatever device they did select, although there were also a
large number of short circuits drawn.
(c) (i) Only two-fifths of candidates were able to read the graph correctly. Some
misreadings were quite inexplicable.
(ii) Even those candidates who had not scored a mark in part (c)(i) frequently picked up
these two marks by accurately manipulating the equation and pushing the right
calculator buttons. It was pleasing to see that most candidates were able to
transform an equation. The importance of significant figures was also widely
recognised. The commonest mistakes were either inverting the sum or multiplying
instead of dividing.
Page 86 of 93
E22. (a) (i) Only a few students scored both marks. The first mark for calculating 30 cells
was most frequently scored however the mark for series circuit was rarely given.
Appearances of parallel circuit were fortunately rare. Those students who did
attempt to describe the connection needed for the cells to make a battery said
positive to negative without realising that this could be achieved both in series and
parallel.
(ii) About three fifths of students could describe a direct current however there were a lot
of common misconceptions: a current which goes straight to where it is needed, it
flows through all of the circuit, a current which travels in a straight line. A few
students tried to describe d.c. only in terms of a CRO display which was insufficient
for this question.
(iii) About a quarter of students scored all three marks. The most common mistake was
the failure to convert the time of two hours to seconds. Of the third of students who
gained two marks, the majority gave the fall back answer of 10 or 600 with the
correct unit, those who gained one mark achieved this mostly with answers of 10 or
600 with very few gaining 1 mark from a correct unit without a correct calculation. A
number of students had been well trained to put a really large C but unfortunately a
number of small cs and qs were also in evidence. A few students scored no mark.
(b) (i) This question was well done compared to recent years, with nearly three quarters of
students scoring bothmarks. Common mistakes were the failure to square 6, and
erroneously changing 120 kg to 120000 g.
(ii) Most students correctly stated that the distance was reduced (in their own words) but
some mistakenly gave an answer of time being less between recharge thus not
answering the question. A common misconception is that more KE is needed to
move the bicycle with a greater load rather than more energy from the battery being
transferred as more KE for a bicycle of greater mass moving at the same speed.
Very few students who mentioned KE in their answer managed to do so in an
appropriate way to score the mark. The two fifths of students who scored the reason
mark generally did so by simply stating that more energy is needed.
Page 87 of 93
E23. (a) (i) This question was poorly answered with only a third of students completing the
calculation correctly. Many students missed the information that the scales
contained two cells and so used 3 V in the calculation. A large number of students
were unable to convert mA to A. Some students chose the correct equation, but
were unable to transpose it correctly. It was extremely disappointing that only a tenth
of students were able to give the unit for resistance.
(ii) This question was poorly answered by most students. Many students made
reference to other tissues, such as muscle, but were unable to relate this to changes
in body fat or body resistance. Common errors included responses relating to
clothing and responses in terms of the inaccuracy of the apparatus or lack of
precision.
(iii) A small number of students correctly identified the water would cause a change in
body resistance and so give misleading values. Many students however, took this
idea further and suggested a risk of electrocution or internal burns because water
was a good conductor. A significant number of students simply stated that you would
weigh more because you had drunk the water.
(b) (i) Very few students were able to write that the RCCB works by detecting a difference
between the current in the live wire and the current in the neutral wire. However,
many students were able to score this mark by giving the alternative answer that the
RCCB could be reset. A small number of students were under the impression that
an RCCB is a type of fuse or that it contains a fuse inside. Over half of students
were able to score a mark by stating that the fuse melts / blows. However, students
should be aware that other descriptions such as, breaks, explodes, snaps and
bursts are not acceptable.
(ii) There were few responses where the student had calculated from the graph that the
RCCB had to switch off within 60 milliseconds. Many students seemed to have
missed the instruction to use information from the diagram or did not understand the
significance of the difference in the current in the live and neutral wires. A number of
students did gain a mark for the idea that the RCCB was fast, quick or acted
immediately. Some students thought that automatically was the same as fast. A few
students misunderstood the graph and thought incorrectly that the RCCB switched
the circuit off faster if the current was higher.
Page 88 of 93
E24. (a) Only just over half of students were able to give an acceptable meaning for electric
current. There were many vague answers such as the flow of electricity. Very few
students, were able to give the meaning of potential difference. Common errors often
included the idea of a force pushing the electricity around.
(b) This question was poorly answered. Very few students referred to free electrons at all.
Most students gained one mark for an answer linking the increasing p.d. to the
temperature however, few went on to then link this to the resistance increase. A significant
number of students thought that the resistance caused the p.d. Those students who tried
to explain resistance in terms of electrons colliding more often as the ions vibrate faster
found it difficult to express themselves clearly. Many students had start to vibrate and
start to collide, implying this was not happening before. Others had ions moving, rather
than vibrating. Some students linked resistance to it being harder for electrons to pass,
without giving any explanation why.
(c) About half the students scored both marks. The most common error was to misread the
graph scale when obtaining the current at 6 volts. However, students that did misread the
graph could still score one mark by showing a correct calculation using their incorrect
value.
E25. (a) (i) The majority of students, over 90%, scored 2 marks. Very few gained 1 mark.
(ii) Very few students produced a correct graph to gain 2 marks. A large percentage of
students did not appreciate the importance of using the answer to part (a)(i).
Common wrong answers included a straight line from the origin to (12,2), a straight
line from (12,2) through (2,0.8) and continued back to the y axis, and two straight
lines, one from origin to (2,0.8) and then from that point to (12,2). Otherwise, all sorts
of curves, including s-shaped and convex all the way from the origin.
(iii) There were only a minority of correct answers, less that 25%. Many answers
referred to how the resistance changed as the current increased but not why. There
were also lots of answers given in terms of the resistance changing to allow or stop
the current flowing and for safety to keep the fuse from blowing.
(b) The majority of students gave correct answers. The most common incorrect response
was 144, by multiplying the charge by the time in minutes. An answer scoring one mark
was rare and seemingly from students who did not possess a calculator.
Page 89 of 93
E26. (a) The correct answer of 35 was rarely given; 8.8 as the resistance for all 4 heating
elements was the most common answer. A number of students then incorrectly divided by
4 to find the resistance of a single heating element. These students usually gained a single
mark for dividing the p.d. of 230 V by the current of 26 A. The concept of significant figures
is still not well understood with very few students scoring full marks.
(b) (i) Very few students scored both marks, however half of students did score one mark.
Most answers lacked detail and some made reference to potential difference rather
than current. Several students confused current and p.d, writing that 230 V was too
high for the wire. Surprisingly few students scored the mark for overheating with
many references to plugs / things blowing up and fuses melting rather than the wire.
(ii) A significant minority of students did not attempt this part question. Many students
referred to a plug rather than the cable. Some answers suggested that students
were not familiar with what a cable was, except in the context of a cable grip in the
plug, which made them believe it was the plug that they needed to describe. Very few
students scored all three marks, and half of students only scored one mark. The idea
of the wires connecting to the pins of a plug was quite common, as were a variety of
colours.
(c) Nearly half of students gained both marks. For direct current, frequent incorrect answers
included: the current goes straight to the device, or straight to the source with no wires,
direct current travels in straight lines. With regard to alternating current incorrect answers
seen frequently included alternating current goes up and down, only flows in a parallel
circuit or goes in many directions.
E27. (a) This was disappointingly completed for a simple piece of recall. A small number of the
students scored both marks and a small number scored one mark. Common errors where
one mark was scored indicated that direct current flowed in one direction but alternating
could go in any direction. Many other incorrect responses referred to oscilloscope traces,
positive and negative and frequency.
(b) A very small number of the students gained both marks and only a small number scored
one mark. The main error was for students to recall complete statements about the
manner in which a fuse melts with no reference to the kettle. The earth connection was
often described as an active component pushing current, redirecting energy and
undertaking other functions which indicated a complete lack of understanding.
Page 90 of 93
E28. (a) (i) This was poorly answered with about a 50/50 split between the numbers 50 and
230.
(ii) Just over three quarters of the students failed to score any marks often confusing
RCCBs saying they switched off the circuit when the (live) current was too high.
Others thought that they worked like fuses with something in them melting at too high
a current. Of the minority who scored one mark it was usually obtained by correctly
stating that the current in the live and neutral wires differed, but then went on to
describe the mechanics of how the device worked rather than giving a reason for the
currents being different. The very few who achieved both marks obtained these by
linking the current flowing to ground through the earth wire/copper braid but omitted
the way the RCCB detected the fault.
(iii) The majority of students scored this mark for the idea of quicker operation or the
ability to reset / reuse RCCBs. Some students gave insufficient detail with answers
such as automatic operation or safer with little exemplification.
(b) (i) Since the equation for this is given it was disappointing how few students managed
to use the equation, transform it correctly or substitute values in correctly.
Approximately half the students either did not manage to correctly change hours to
seconds or did not realise this had to be done.
(ii) A minority scored both marks on this and very few scored one mark if students
found the correct equation they could put the values in and do the arithmetic.
Unfortunately too many students chose the incorrect equation trying to use E = P t
and using p.d. for power rather than E = V Q. Some students tried to use E = V I
t but again incorrectly converted hours to seconds. However it was pleasing to see
that most students showed the working they used towards getting their answer even
though it was often wrong.
(c) Most students did not appreciate that the thermistor increased in temperature but related
the answer to heating the ground. The link between the thermistor and a decrease in
resistance was well understood. Weaker students did not understand the way in which a
thermistor works or the effect of temperature on its resistance.
E29. (a) (i) Considering this question was asking for recall of standard symbols it is
surprising and disappointing that over half of the students scored zero. Only a small
minority of the students gained both marks. The variable resistor caused fewer
problems than the diode.
(ii) Again poorly answered with only about a third of the students gaining both marks and
just less than half of the students scoring zero. Many of the students mentioned the
switch and the direction of the diode as a reason for the circuit being incorrect.
Others showed even less understanding of the circuit.
(b) (i) The majority of the students gained this mark.
(ii) Just over half of the students got this question correct gaining the full three marks. A
Significant number of students made errors by taking the numbers 0.08, 0.8 or 0.009
from the graph.
(c) (i) Just less than a quarter of students managed to achieve two marks on this question;
with a further small number gaining one mark by obtaining the period, with a
significant number believing this was the final answer.
(ii) Very few students achieved both marks on this question most made no mention of
high resistance in the reverse direction. Less than half of the students achieved the
second marking point with reference to current flowing only in one direction.
Page 91 of 93
E30. (a) (i) Fewer than two fifths of the students drew the correct thermistor symbol. Some
of the students drew a symbol for an incorrect component, often a variable resistor,
LED or LDR. Drawings of bead thermistors were quite common, as were a box or
circle with just the letter T in it.
(ii) The majority of the students substituted the data and calculated the correct answer.
There were very few calculation errors, but a number of the students did not
rearrange the equation correctly. The most common mistake was to use the
temperature value, 20C, for either current or potential difference.
(iii) This question was poorly answered with only a small proportion of students scoring
the mark. The majority of the students drew an upwards sloping straight line.
(iv) The majority of the students were able to answer this question correctly.
(b) Only a quarter of the students answered this question correctly. There were some high
quality explanations of why the ammeter in series should have low resistance so as not to
affect the current it is measuring. Many of the students scored zero with answers such as
it lets the current flow easily, it lets more current go through and it stops it overheating.
(c) This question was well answered by just over half of the students. Some students failed to
score the mark because they merely threw in a word from the How Science Works
lexicon, for example it makes it more accurate / reliable / valid / fair. A few misunderstood
the question and explained why scientists in different countries use different temperature
scales or stated that it made it easier to convert the units.
(d) Nearly half of the students scored one mark, usually for recognising that a light source was
needed to replace the Bunsen burner. A smaller number of the students went on to gain
the second mark for realising that the thermometer was redundant and a light meter was
required. Some did not know the name of the scientific apparatus but gave an acceptable
description of a device that measures the amount of light. Many of the students missed
marks because they gave answers like use light not heat but did not refer to the specific
apparatus. Others stated what needed removing but not what should replace it, or vice
versa. There were a few totally wrong ideas e.g. use a better thermometer, increase /
decrease the battery voltage and add / remove change the ammeter / voltmeter. It was
clear that many students did not make good use of the example given in the stem of the
question.
Page 92 of 93
Page 93 of 93

P2 3 Higher Questions

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

P2 3 Higher Questions

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Q1. In the UK mains electricity is a 230 volt a.c. supply.

(b) A householder has a 10.8 kW electric shower installed in the bathroom.

Cross-sectional Maximum safe

(i) On the axes sketch a current-potential difference graph for a resistor.

(i) The circuit diagram shown is not complete.

The readings are used to plot a current-potential difference graph.

the result in Region A ...........................................................................

the shape of the graph in Region B. .....................................................

Q3. A bicycle light uses three light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

By blackplastic [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Flickr

Use the correct circuit symbols.

Filament bulb LED

Set of LEDs Filament bulb

Life span 50 000 hours 1 000 hours

Power consumption 5W 21W

Power output (light) 3W 3W

By Axel Rouvin [CC BY 2.0], via wikimedia commons

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Figure 1 shows a cricket umpire using a light meter.

(a) Some light meters use a light-dependent resistor (LDR).

Light level in lux Resistance in ohms

0.1 250 000

What conclusion can you make from this data?

Use information from Figure 2 and the table above.

Potential difference = ........................................ V

(i) with the ordinary cell?

(ii) with the nicad cell?

Information on the immersion heater states:

Percentage efficiency = .................................. %

The sliding contact and the coil form a variable resistor.

The sliding contact is connected to a float via a pivot.

The fuel gauge indicator is an ammeter.

This causes the pointer in the fuel gauge indicator to move.

Explain the reason for your answer.

(c) Calculate the maximum power taken by the lamp.

(a) Suggest a suitable fuse for the circuit. ..............................................

(b) Calculate the resistance of the headlight filament when in use.

The circuit diagram is shown below.

(iii) What is the total resistance of the set of lights?

Total resistance = ........................................................

A current flows through the person giving him an electric shock.

potential difference = current resistance

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

(ii) Rubber is a good insulator.

The results of the test are shown in the graph.

Give a reason for your answer.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

Additional stopping distance = ............................................... m

Give a reason for your answer.

energy transformed = potential difference charge

Charge transferred =.................................................. coulombs

(c) What name is given to the rate of flow of charge?

(i) What is component X?

potential difference = current resistance

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

Voltmeter reading =.................................................. volts

(i) Add a suitable scale to the y -axis (vertical axis).

Maximum resistance =.................................................. kilohms

Applying a force to the gauge causes it to stretch.

potential difference = current resistance

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

What happens to the resistance of the gauge when it is stretched?

charge = current time

Total charge = ..................................................