ELECTRICALPOWERENGINEERING

Power Transmission and Distribution

Themajoradvantageofacandthreephasetechnology
over dc technology is that the electrical power is
generated economically in large power stations
relatively far from the end users, transported at high
voltage over long distances with very little power loss
and finally made available to the consumers the way
theyneedit.
Thisispossibleonlybyusingtransformers.Infact,they
aresuitableforsteppingupthevoltageofthegenerator
tovalueswhicharesuitableforhighvoltagesystems,for
power exchanging between networks, for stepping
downthevoltagestothemediumvoltagelevelandthen
forfeedingthepowerintothelowvoltagenetwork.
In this laboratory a threewinding transformer is
investigated. It consists of three individual poles with
different connection possibilities on the primary side
and variable secondary voltage. The third winding
(tertiary winding) is designed as the delta stabilizing
windingneededforasymmetricalloads.
Overhead power lines are mainly used to transmit
electrical energy from the power stations to the
consumers. However, in densely populated areas the
powercanonlybesuppliedviacables.
Bothmeansoftransmission,overheadlinesandcables,
areincludedinthegeneraltermline.
Today, the public supply of power takes place almost
exclusively by means of threephase current with
frequencyof50or60Hz,dependingupontheCountry.
Duetothephaseshiftofthethreecurrentsinathree
phasesystem,arotatingfieldiscreatedwhichisideal
forusebyconsumers.Furthermore,anotheradvantage
of threephase systems is that they provide the
consumerswithtwodifferentlevelsofvoltage,sothat
hecanusehisequipmentinthebesteconomicalway.
Inthislaboratoryathreephasemodelofanoverhead
powertransmissionline(withasimulatedlengthof360
kmlong,asimulatedvoltageof380kVandasimulated
currentof1000A)isused,withascalefactorof1:1000.
The performance characteristics of the line are
investigatedundervariousloadconditions.Circuitcon
figurationsarethenconnectedforthedemonstrationof
variousneutralpointconnectionsinthreephasemains
systems.Asymmetricalshortcircuitsarealsosimulated.
Questions regarding reactive power compensation are
finallyaddressed.But,transmissionnetworksrequirea
great number of lines and transformers as well as
switchgearsandsubstations.
Of course, because of the importance of electrical
power, special attention is paid to guaranteeing the
smoothoperationofallthetransmissiondevices.
Variousvoltagelevelsareusedfortransmittingpower;thelevels
are determined by the amount of power and the distance; the
higherthetransmissionvoltages,thelowerthecurrentsaswellas
thetransmissionlosses.However,itmustalsobeconsideredthat
networkinvestmentcostsincreasewiththevoltage.
Toevaluatetheoptimumnetworkconfigurationheavycalculations
havetobecarriedout.Inthislaboratorythebasiccircuitsofpower
engineering, series and parallel connections of operating
equipment (lines, transformers) as well as circuits involving the
conversionofdeltaconnectionstostarconnectionsandviceversa,
areanalyzed.
Also busbars, disconnectors, power circuit breakers, voltage and
current transformers are studied; these, in fact, are among the
mostimportantcomponentsofaswitchingstation.
ThreephasetransformerGTU102.1
determination of the vector group of the threephase
transformer
determination of the voltage transformation ratio of the
transformeroperatingatnoload
determination of the current transformation ratio of the
transformeroperatingwithshortcircuit
determinationoftheequivalentcircuitquantitiesbasedonthe
consumedactiveandreactivepower
measurementoftheeffectoftheloadtypeandmagnitudeon
theperformanceofthesecondaryvoltage
determinationoftheefficiencyofthetransformer
investigation of the zeroimpedance of the threephase
transformerwithvariousconnectionmodes
examinationoftheloadcapacityofthesecondarysideusinga
singlephase load with different connection modes on the
primaryside
determinationoftheinfluenceofadeltastabilizingwinding
demonstration of the possibility of utilizing a threephase
transformerineconomyconnection(autotransformer)

 ELECTRICALPOWERENGINEERING
OverheadlinemodelGTU102.2
measurementofthevoltagesinnoloadoperation
conceptofoperatingcapacitance
linemodelwithincreasedoperatingcapacitance
measurement of current and voltage relationship of an
overheadlineinmatchedloadoperation;interpretationof
the terms: characteristic wave impedance, lagging and
leadingoperation,efficiencyandtransmissionlosses
measurementandinterpretationofthecurrentandvoltage
ratios of a transmission line during a threephase short
circuit
measurementandinterpretationofthecurrentandvoltage
ratiosofatransmissionlinewithmixedohmicinductiveand
pureinductiveloads
measurementandinterpretationofthecurrentandvoltage
ratios of a transmission line with mixed ohmiccapacitive
andpurecapacitiveloads
investigationontheperformanceofatransmissionlinewith
isolated neutral point connection in the case of a fault to
earth
measurement of the earthfault current and the voltage
riseofthefaultyphases
determination of the inductance of an earthfault
neutralizerfortheoverheadlinemodel
investigationontheperformanceofatransmissionline
withafaultandcomparisonofthecurrentvalueswith
those determined during earthfault with isolated
neutralpointsystem
measurement of the fault currents of asymmetrical
shortcircuitsandcomparisonoftheresultswiththose
forathreephasefault
investigation on the effect of parallel compensation
on the voltage stability at the load and the
transmissionlossesoftheline
investigationontheeffectofseriescompensationon
thevoltagestabilityattheload
use of measurement techniques to determine the
zerophasesequenceimpedanceoftheoverheadline
model and comparison of this value with the
theoreticalone
SeriesandparallelconnectionofHVlinesGTU102.3
measurement of the voltage distribution in the series
connectionoftwolineswithoutoperatingcapacitances
measurement of the voltage distribution in the series
connectionoftwolineswithoperatingcapacitances
measurement of the voltage distribution in the parallel
connectionoftwolineswithoutoperatingcapacitances
measurement of the voltage distribution in the parallel
connectionoftwolineswithoperatingcapacitances
BusbarsystemsGTU102.4
operation of a switching station with two busbars and
differentvoltages
busbar transfer with interruption of the power supply to
theconsumer
busbar coupling and bus transfer without interruption of
thepowersupplytotheconsumer
switching sequence for disconnectors and power circuit
breakers

GTU102.1 GTU102.2 GTU102.3 GTU102.4 TOTAL

Variablethreephasepowersupply DL1013T1 1 1 1 1
Linemodel DL7901TT 1 2 1 2
Threephasetransformer DL1080TT 1 1 1 1 1
Resistiveload DL1017R 1 1 1 1 1
Inductiveload DL1017L 1 1 1 1
Capacitiveload DL1017C 1 1 1
Threephasepowersupply DL2108TALSW 1 1 1
Powercircuitbreaker DL2108T02 1 1 4 4
Doublebusbarwithtwodisconnectors DL2108T02/2 1 1
Doublebusbarwithfourdisconnectors DL2108T02/4 1 1
Linecapacitor DL2108T03 2 2
Petersencoil DL2108T04 1 1
Movingcoilammeter(1005001000mA) DL2109T1A 1 1 1
Movingcoilammeter(1.252.5A) DL2109T2A5 2 3 3 3 3
Movingironvoltmeter(600V) DL2109T1PV 2 2 2
Movingironvoltmeter(125250500V) DL2109T3PV 2 3 3
Powermeter DL2109T26 2 1 2
Powerfactormeter DL2109T27 1 1
Connectingleads DL1155GTU 1 1 1 1 1
Table DL10011 1 1 1 1 1
Frame DL21003M 2 2 2 2 2
Accessory:Storagecabinet DL2100TA 1 1 1 1 1

ForCountrieswith3phasemainsdifferentfrom380V:
Threephasetransformer DL2100TT 1 1 1 1 1