Q1.

Modern kitchens can be fitted with a device that immediately supplies water at a
temperature of 93 C.

A tank that stores very hot water is fitted under the sink so that hot water is always available.

The infrared radiation shield and the vacuum reduce the energy transfer to the surroundings.

(a) Which two methods of energy transfer does the vacuum prevent?

Method 1 ......................................................................

Method 2 ......................................................................
(2)

(b) The infrared radiation shield is made of shiny metal.

Why does the shiny metal reduce energy transfer?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 1 of 59
(c) When the hot water tank is filled with water, the immersion heater can heat the water from
a temperature of 15 C to 93 C in 10 minutes.
The energy transferred to the water is 982 800 joules.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kgC.

Calculate the mass of water needed to fill the hot water tank.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Mass = .................................................. kg
(3)

(d) When hot water is not needed the immersion heater has a power input of 10 W.
The energy is used to maintain the 93 C temperature in the hot water tank.

How much energy, in joules, does the immersion heater transfer in 30 minutes when the
power input is 10 W?

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Energy = .................................................. J
(2)

(e) The manufacturer of the device made the following claim:

When people use conventional electric kettles, they always boil more water than they
actually need. This system makes sure you only heat the water you need.

Suggest one other advantage of using the device compared to using a conventional
electric kettle.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 2 of 59
Q2. The Sankey diagrams show the energy transferred to the surroundings each second by
three different bulbs.

(a) The filament bulb is the least efficient of the three bulbs.

Explain what least efficient means.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 3 of 59
(b) Calculate the percentage efficiency of the halogen bulb.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Efficiency = ................................
(2)

(c) What effect does the wasted energy from a bulb have on the surroundings?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Use the Sankey diagrams to give a reason why the overall cost of using an LED bulb is the
lowest of the three bulbs.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) The table gives further information about each type of bulb.

Bulb Cost to buy in Average lifespan in hours

Filament 0.50 1000

Halogen 2.00 2500

LED 15.00 25000

Use only the information in the table to answer the following questions.

(i) Which type of bulb is the most cost-effective?

Give a reason for your answer.

Bulb ............................................................

Reason .................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

Page 4 of 59
 (ii) Sales of LED bulbs are increasing.

Suggest one reason why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q3. A hairdryer is supplied with 800 J of energy every second.

miro kovacevic

(a) Describe all the energy transfers that take place in the hairdryer when it is being used.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) Why must the total energy output of the hairdryer always equal the total energy input to the
hairdryer?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 5 of 59
Q4. The diagram shows an experimental solar-powered bike.

A battery is connected to the solar cells.

The solar cells charge up the battery.
There is a switch on the handlebars.
When the switch is closed, the battery drives a motor attached to the front wheel.

(a) Use words from the list to complete the following sentences. Words may be used once,
more than once, or not at all.

chemical electrical heat (thermal) kinetic

light potential sound

(i) The solar cells transfer ........................ energy to ........................ energy.

(ii) When the battery is being charged up, ........................ energy is transferred

to ........................ energy.

(iii) The motor is designed to transfer ........................ energy to ........................ energy.

(6)

(b) (i)
You may find this equation useful when answering this part of the
question.

power (watt) W =

The cyclist stops pedalling for 10 seconds. During this time the motor transfers 1500
joules of energy. Calculate the power of the motor.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

Power .................... W
(2)

Page 6 of 59
 (ii) Name one form of wasted energy which is produced when the motor is running.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q5. There are many forms of energy. Some of these forms of energy can be stored ready to be
used when the energy is needed. The chemical energy in fuels is one example of stored energy.

(a) Complete the following sentences by adding the missing words.

The chemical energy in fuels such as coal came originally from the ...................... .

Energy from fuels can be used to ............................................................................. .

(2)

(b) An electric milk float has its batteries charged up overnight. Early in the morning the
milkman sets off on his round. Describe the energy transfers which take place in the milk
float as the milkman does his rounds.

.................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(c) Give another example of energy other than fuels which can be classed as stored energy.
Give a use of the stored energy.

Type of stored energy ............................................................................................

Use .............................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 7 of 59
Q6. The diagram shows the label from a new freezer.

(a) An old freezer has an energy consumption per year of 350 kWh.

Use the equation in the box to calculate the extra cost of using the old freezer for one year
compared with using a new A rated freezer.

total cost = number of kilowatt-hours cost per kilowatt-hour

Assume 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) of energy costs 12 p.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

Extra cost per year = ..............................

(2)

(b) The price of the new freezer was reduced in a sale.

Reducing the price reduces the payback time for replacing the old freezer from 12 years
to 9 years.

Calculate, in pounds, how much the new freezer was reduced in the sale.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

Price reduced by = ........................................

(2)

Page 8 of 59
 (c) An advertisement in a shop claims that:

Replacing an old freezer with a new A rated freezer will benefit the environment.

Do you agree that replacing the freezer will benefit the environment?

Answer yes or no. ..............................

Explain the reasons for your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks

Q7. (a) The diagram shows the energy transformations produced by a TV.

(i) Use the information in the diagram and the equation in the box to calculate the
efficiency of the TV.

efficiency =

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

Efficiency = ..............................
(2)

Page 9 of 59
 (ii) What eventually happens to the useful energy transferred by the TV?

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Electrical appliances left on standby use energy.

The bar chart shows the power for the appliances that one family leaves on standby when
they go on holiday.

The family is on holiday for a total of 175 hours.

(i) Use the information in the bar chart and the equation in the box to calculate the
energy wasted by leaving the compact stereo on standby while the family is on
holiday.

energy transferred = power time

(kilowatt-hour, kWh) (kilowatt, kW) (hour, h)

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

Energy wasted = .............................. kilowatt-hours

(2)

Page 10 of 59
 (ii) Electricity costs 12 p per kilowatt-hour.

Use the equation in the box to calculate the cost of leaving the compact stereo on
standby while the family is on holiday.

total cost = number of kilowatt-hours cost per kilowatt-hour

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...........................................................................................................................

Cost = .............................. p
(1)

(c) A headline from a recent newspaper article is shown below.

Explain why leaving appliances on standby damages the environment.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q8. The pictures show three different types of electric heater.

Page 11 of 59
(a) The ceramic heater is run on full power for 5 hours.

Use the following equation to calculate, in kilowatt-hours, the amount of energy transferred
from the mains to the heater.

energy transferred = power time

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

Energy transferred = .............................. kilowatt-hours

(2)

(b) Which heater will be the most expensive to run on its highest heat setting?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) A heater is needed for a small office.

Comparing each type of heater with the other two, give one advantage of using each type
of heater in the office.

oil-filled panel heater .................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

fan heater ....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

ceramic heater .............................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 12 of 59
Q9. (a) The diagram shows two switches on a room heater. The heater has three power
settings. The power produced by two of the settings is given in the table.

Power in
Setting
watts

Low 700

Medium 1400

High

(i) When both switches are on, the heater works at the high power setting.

What is the power of the heater, in kilowatts, when it is switched to the high power
setting?

...............................................................................................................

Power = ......................................................... kilowatts

(1)

(ii) The heater is used on the high power setting. It is switched on for 1 hours.

Use the equation in the box to work out the energy transferred from the mains to the
heater in 1 hours.

energy transferred = power time

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Energy transferred = ....................................................

(3)

(iii) This type of heater is a very efficient device.

What is meant by a device being very efficient?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 13 of 59
(b) The graph shows how the temperature of a room changes during the 1 hours that the
heater is used.

After 1 hour, the temperature of the room has become constant, even though the heater is
still switched on.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 14 of 59
Q10. The picture shows a new washing machine. When the door is closed and the machine
switched on, an electric motor rotates the drum and washing.

(a) Complete the following sentences.

(i) An electric motor is designed to transform electrical energy into

............................................... energy.
(1)

(ii) Some of the electrical energy supplied to the motor is wasted as

....................................... energy and ...................................... energy.

(1)

(b) What happens to the energy wasted by the electric motor?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 15 of 59
(c) The diagram shows the label from the new washing machine.

An A rated washing machine is more energy efficient than a C rated washing machine.

Explain what being more energy efficient means.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 16 of 59
(d) The graph shows that washing clothes at a lower temperature uses less energy than
washing them at a higher temperature. Using less energy will save money.

(i) Electricity costs 12 p per kilowatt-hour (kWh).

The temperature setting is turned down from 40 C to 30 C.

Use the graph and equation in the box to calculate the money saved each wash
cycle.

total cost = number of kilowatt-hours cost per kilowatt-hour

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Money saved = .................................................. p

(2)

(ii) Suggest why reducing the amount of energy used by washing machines could
reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 17 of 59
Q11. A student uses an electric motor to lift a load.

In the motor, the electrical energy is transferred into other types of energy. Some of this energy
is useful and the rest of the energy is wasted.

(a) (i) Name the useful energy output from the electric motor.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) What eventually happens to the wasted energy?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 18 of 59
(b) The graph shows the input energy the motor needs to lift different loads by one metre.

What can you conclude from the graph about the relationship between the load lifted and
the input energy needed?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) A shop uses escalators to lift

customers to different floor levels.
The escalators use electric
motors. When the shop is not busy
some escalators are turned off. A
sign tells the customers that the
escalators are turned off to save
energy.

Page 19 of 59
(i) Each escalator has one motor with an average power of 4000 W. The motor is
turned on for an average of 8 hours each day, 6 days each week. Electricity costs 15
pence per kilowatt-hour.

Calculate the cost of the electricity used in an average week to run one escalator.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Cost = ............................................. pence

(3)

(ii) Give one environmental advantage to turning off electrical appliances when they are
not being used.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 20 of 59
Q12. The data included in the diagrams gives the power of the electrical appliances.

TV Radiant heater Hairdryer

160 W 1.0 kW 1100 W

Sandwich toaster Food processor Table lamp

1.1 kW 0.4 kW 40 W

(a) (i) Which of the appliances are designed to transform electrical energy to kinetic
energy?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Which of the appliances waste energy as heat?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Leaving the radiant heater switched on is likely to lead to more carbon dioxide being
emitted into the atmosphere than leaving the table lamp on for the same length of time.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 21 of 59
(c) A homeowner decides to monitor the amount of electrical energy used in his home. He
can do this by using the homes electricity meter or by using a separate electronic device.

The table gives some information about each method.

Electricity meter Electronic device

Records to the nearest Records to the nearest

kilowatt-hour 1/100th kilowatt-hour

Homeowner takes Energy use recorded

readings at regular continuously and
intervals stored for one year

Displays a graph
showing energy use
over a period of time

(i) Complete the following sentence.

The reading given by the electronic device is more ..................................................

than the reading given by the electricity meter.
(1)

(ii) Suggest how data collected and displayed by the electronic device could be useful to
the homeowner.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 22 of 59
Q13. The diagram shows how one type of electric storage heater is constructed. The heater has
ceramic bricks inside. The electric elements heat the ceramic bricks during the night. Later, during the
daytime, the ceramic bricks transfer the stored energy to the room.

(a) In winter, the electricity supply to a 2.6 kW storage heater is switched on each day
between midnight and 7 am. Between these hours, electricity costs 5 p per kilowatt-hour.

Calculate the daily cost of using the storage heater.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Cost = .................................................. p
(3)

(b) Homes with electric storage heaters have a separate meter to measure the electricity
supplied between midnight and 7 am. Another meter measures the electricity supplied at
other times. This electricity supplied at other times costs 15 p per kilowatt-hour.

Electricity companies encourage people to use electricity between midnight and 7 am by

selling the electricity at a lower cost.

Suggest why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 23 of 59
(c) By 7 am, the temperature at the centre of the ceramic bricks is about 800 C.
The temperature of the outside metal casing is about 80 C.

The ceramic bricks are surrounded by super-efficient insulation.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) At 7 am, the electricity supply switches off and the temperature of the ceramic bricks
starts to fall. The temperature of the bricks falls by 100 C over the next four hours. During
this time, 9 000 000 J of energy are transferred from the bricks.

Calculate the total mass of ceramic bricks inside the heater.

Specific heat capacity of the ceramic bricks = 750 J/kg C.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Mass = .................................................. kg
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 24 of 59
Q14. The diagram shows how one type of electric storage heater is constructed. The heater has
ceramic bricks inside. The electric elements heat the ceramic bricks during the night. Later,
during the daytime, the ceramic bricks transfer the stored energy to the room.

(a) (i) Complete the following sentences using words from the box.

conduction convection evaporation

Energy is transferred through the metal casing by .....................................

The warm air rising from the heater transfers energy to the

room by ................................................
(2)

(ii) The inside of the metal case is insulated.

Which one of the following gives the reason why?

Tick ( ) one box.

To transfer energy from the ceramic bricks to the room faster

To stop energy from the room transferring into the heater

To keep the ceramic bricks hot for a longer time

(1)

Page 25 of 59
(b) In winter, the electricity supply to a 2.6 kW storage heater is switched on for seven hours
each day.

(i) Calculate the energy transferred, in kilowatt-hours, from the electricity supply to the
heater in seven hours.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Energy transferred = .................................................. kWh

(2)

(ii) The electricity supply to the heater is always switched on between midnight and
7 am. Between these hours, electricity costs 5 p per kilowatt-hour.

Calculate how much it costs to have the heater switched on between midnight and
7 am.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Cost = .................................................. p
(1)

(c) Between 7 am and 8 am, after the electricity supply is switched off, the temperature of the
ceramic bricks falls by 25 C.

Calculate the energy transferred from the ceramic bricks between 7 am and 8 am.

Total mass of ceramic bricks = 120 kg.

Specific heat capacity of the ceramic bricks = 750 J/kg C.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Energy transferred = .................................................. J

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 26 of 59
Q15. The picture shows a washing machine. When the door is closed and the machine switched
on, an electric motor rotates the drum and washing.

(a) Complete the following sentences.

(i) An electric motor is designed to transform electrical energy into

............................................... energy.
(1)

(ii) Some of the electrical energy supplied to the motor is wasted as

........................................ energy and ........................................ energy.

(1)

(b) What happens to the energy wasted by the electric motor?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 27 of 59
(c) The graph shows that washing clothes at a lower temperature uses less energy than
washing them at a higher temperature. Using less energy will save money.

Temperature setting in C

(i) Electricity costs 15p per kilowatt-hour (kWh).

The temperature setting is turned down from 40 C to 30 C.

Use the graph and equation in the box to calculate the money saved each wash
cycle.

total cost = number of kilowatt-hours x cost per kilowatt-hour

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Money saved = ...............................................

(2)

(ii) Reducing the amount of energy used by washing machines could reduce the amount
of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 28 of 59
Q16. Diagram 1 shows the energy transferred per second from a badly insulated house on a
cold day in winter.

Diagram 1

(a) (i) When the inside of the house is at a constant temperature, the energy transferred
from the heating system to the inside of the house equals the energy transferred
from the house to the outside.

Calculate, in kilowatts, the power of the heating system used to keep the inside of the
house in Diagram 1 at a constant temperature.

1 kilowatt (kW) = 1 kilojoule per second (kJ/s)

...............................................................................................................

Power of the heating system = ...................................................... kW

(1)

(ii) In the winter, the heating system is switched on for a total of 7 hours each day.

Calculate, in kilowatt-hours, the energy transferred each day from the heating
system to the inside of the house.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Energy transferred each day = ...................................................... kWh

(2)

(iii) Energy costs 15 p per kilowatt-hour.

Calculate the cost of heating the house for one day.

...............................................................................................................

Cost = ..............................
(1)

Page 29 of 59
(iv) The heating system is switched off at midnight.

The graph shows how the temperature inside the house changes after the heating
system has been switched off.

Time of day

Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete the sentence.

Between midnight and 6 am the rate of energy transfer from

decreases.

the house decreases then stays constant.

increases.

Give the reason for your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

Page 30 of 59
(b) Diagram 2 shows how the walls of the house are constructed.
Diagram 3 shows how the insulation of the house could be improved by filling the air gap
between the two brick walls with plastic foam.

Diagram 2 Diagram 3

U-value of the wall = 0.7 U-value of the wall = 0.3

(i) The plastic foam reduces energy transfer by convection.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Filling the air gap with plastic foam reduces the U-value of the wall.

What is meant by the term U-value?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 31 of 59
 (c) A homeowner has part of the outside wall of her house removed and replaced with double-
glazed glass doors.

U-value of the wall = 0.3

U-value of glass doors = 1.8

Explain the effect of replacing part of the outside wall with glass doors on the rate of
energy transfer from the house.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q17. Electricity can be generated using various energy sources.

(a) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using nuclear power stations rather than
gas-fired power stations to generate electricity.

Advantage ......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Disadvantage .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) (i) A single wind turbine has a maximum power output of 2 000 000 W.

The wind turbine operated continuously at maximum power for 6 hours.

Calculate the energy output in kilowatt-hours of the wind turbine.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Energy output = ........................................ kWh

(2)

(ii) Why, on average, do wind turbines operate at maximum power output for only 30% of
the time?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 32 of 59
(c) An on-shore wind farm is made up of many individual wind turbines.

They are connected to the National Grid using underground power cables.

Give one advantage of using underground power cables rather than overhead power
cables.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 33 of 59
M1. (a) apply list principal for each method

conduction
1

convection
1
any order

(b) reflector of infrared radiation

allow reflector of infrared / IR / radiation / heat / energy
ignore bounces off

or
poor emitter of (infrared) radiation
do not accept no radiation emitted
1

(c) 3(kg)
allow 1 mark for evidence of correct calculation of temperature
change (78 C)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution and rearrangement 982 800/
(4200 78)
if temperature change is incorrect but used correctly in calculation
allow maximum of 2 marks
3

(d) 18000 (joules)

allow 1 mark for correct substitution (10 1800)
or (10 30 60)
allow 1 mark for an answer of 300
an answer 10 0.5 or 5 gains 1 mark
ignore incorrect units for compensation marks
if answer given is 0.005 kWh award 2 marks
2

(e) any one from:

uses less electricity / energy
allow saves energy or wastes less energy
ignore power

reduced cost
instant availability of hot water
allow its quicker
allow you dont have to wait
1
[9]

Page 34 of 59
M2. (a) highest proportion / percentage of (input) energy wasted
NB this answer gains 2 marks
allow higher / greater
allow ratio
accept for 1 mark lots of energy wasted
or
allow for 1 mark wastes most energy
2

(b)

10 % (or 0.1 if % sign crossed out)

allow 1 mark for the correct substitution into the correct equation
eg (5/50) 100
or (1/10) 100
allow 1 mark if 0.1 is given as the answer, but % sign is still present
2

(c) heats it (the surroundings)

allow given off as heat

or

increases the temperature

ignore global warming
1

(d) lowest energy input / needed / used

allow input only 2 J
1

(e) (i) filament (bulb)

allow 1 mark for filament bulb being chosen provided a reason is
given (reason may be incorrect, but sensible eg cheapest)
1

lifespan is longest for the purchase cost

accept cost per hour is least / hours per is most
accept relevant calculation
1

(ii) longest lifespan

allow lasts 25 000 hours
do not accept most cost-effective
1
[9]

M3. (a) electrical

for full marks an indication of an energy transfer must be given
ignore electricity
1

Page 35 of 59
 (to) kinetic (of air / motor / fan)
1

(and) sound
ignore noise
1

(and) energy that heats (the hair / surroundings)

allow heat (energy)
allow light with a correct
explanation e.g. glowing element, indicator light
1

(b) energy cannot be created / destroyed

accept energy is conserved
1
[5]

M4. (a) (i) .. light electrical

2
for 1 mark each

(ii) .. electricalchemical
for 1 mark each
2

(iii) .. electrical .. kinetic

for 1 mark each
2

(b) (i) 1500 / 10

gains 1 mark
1

but
150
gains 2 marks
1

(ii) heat (thermal) or sound

for 1 mark
1
[9]

M5. (a) Sun

Any valid
for 1 mark each
2

Page 36 of 59
 (b) From electric/pe or chemical in battery
for 1 mark

to ke, light, sound, heat

3 for 1 mark each
4

(c) Gravitational pe OR just pe

For any gravity feed
OR Elastic pe
any valid
OR Food
For maintaining body/life etc.
OR Any descriptive answer
e.g. water in a high lake used to produce hydroelectric power
2 for 1 mark each
2
[8]

M6. (a) 15
allow 1 mark for use of 125 (kWh)
allow 1 mark for an answer 1500
allow both marks for 1500 pence / p
allow 1 mark for correct calculation of annual cost for either freezer
(27 and 42)
2

(b) 45

or their (a) 3
allow 1 mark for correct use of 3
allow 1 mark for 12 9 = 3
2

Page 37 of 59
 (c) any two from:
the marks are for the explanation

yes plus explanation

less electricity / energy needed / used

accept less energy wasted

less (fossil) fuels burned

accept a named fossil fuel
do not accept conserving (fossil) fuels

less polluting gases emitted

accept a named polluting gas / greenhouse gases / carbon
emissions / reduce global warming
accept an answer in terms of nuclear fuel
eg less nuclear fuel required (1)
less nuclear waste (1)
2

or no plus explanation

old freezer must be disposed of

hazardous chemicals inside freezer

accept CFC gases

(lot of) energy used in producing new freezer

[6]

M7. (a) (i) 0.6

accept 60 %
allow 1 mark for useful energy = 480
answer 0.6 with any unit or 60 gains 1 mark only
2

(ii) transferred to surroundings

accept goes into the air
accept heats the surroundings up
accept gets spread out
accept transferred into heat (only)
do not accept wasted / lost unless qualified
destroyed negates mark
transferred into light / sound negates mark
1

(b) (i) 1.75

allow 1 mark for converting to kW
answers of 0.7, 0.525, 0.35, 0.875, 1.05, 5.25 gains 1 mark
answers of 1750 or 17.5 gains 1 mark
2

(ii) 21p or 0.21 or their (b)(i) 12

1

Page 38 of 59
 (c) any two from:

(more) electricity needs to be generated

(more) electricity is being used

(more) power stations needed

(more) fossil fuels burnt

accept named fossil fuel

(more) pollutant gases emitted

accept named gas
accept harmful for pollutant
accept greenhouse gases
accept atmospheric pollution
accept answer in terms of any form of electricity generation and an
associated environmental problem
2
[8]

M8. (a) 9
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
(1.8 5)
an answer of 9000 gains 1 mark
an answer of 2 or 15 gains 1 mark
2

(b) (3kW) fan heater

accept 3kW
accept the middle one
1

Page 39 of 59
 (c)
features common to more than one heater, treat as neutral

oil-filled

low level heat

cannot be knocked over / space saving / no trailing wires

do not accept just wall-mounted

or more control over heat output

do not accept just 3 heat settings
1

fan

warms (office) rapidly or can be used to cool air (in summer)

accept can be used as a fan
accept cool air fan (setting)
accept it has a cool air setting in case it gets too hot
do not accept a specific reference to cooling the heater
1

ceramic

can be switched on for set periods of time

do not accept just has a timer

or can be switched on before office is used / switched off automatically at night

1
[6]

M9. (a) (i) 2.1

correct answer only
1

(ii) 3.15
or
their (a)(i) 1.5 correctly calculated
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 2.1 1.5
or
their (a)(i) 1.5
2

Page 40 of 59
 kilowatt-hour
accept kWh
or
a substitution 2100 5400 scores 1 mark
2100 5400 incorrectly calculated with answer in joules scores 2
marks
an answer of 11 340 000 scores 2 marks
an answer of 11 340 000 J scores 3 marks
1

(iii) most (input) energy is usefully transformed

accept does not waste a lot of energy
accept most of the output / energy is useful
do not accept it does not waste energy
1

(b) the room is losing energy / heat

1

at the same rate as the heater supplies it

this mark only scores if the first is scored
do not accept heater reaches same temperature as room /
surroundings
rate of heat gain = rate of heat loss scores both marks
1
[7]

M10. (a) (i) kinetic

do not accept movement
1

(ii) thermal
accept heat for thermal

sound
do not accept noise for sound
both answers required in either order
1

(b) transferred to surroundings / surrounding molecules / atmosphere

it escapes is insufficient
or
becomes dissipated / spread out
accept warms the surroundings
accept degraded / diluted
accept a correct description for
surroundings eg to the washing machine
do not accept transformed into heat on its own
1

Page 41 of 59
 (c) a smaller proportion / percentage of the energy supplied is wasted
owtte
accept a statement such as less energy is wasted for 1 mark
do not accept costs less to run
ignore references to uses less energy
2

(d) (i) 2.4 (p)

accept 2 p if it is clear from the working out this is rounded from
2.4 p
allow 1 mark for correct substitution of correct values
ie 0.2 12
allow 1 mark for calculating cost at 40 C (13.2 p)
or
cost at 30 C (10.8 p)
2

(ii) any one from:

less electricity needed

ignore answers in terms of the washing machine releasing less
energy
an answer in terms of the washing machine releasing CO2 negates
the mark
do not accept less energy is produced

fewer power stations needed

less fuel is burned

accept a correctly named fuel
do not accept less fuel is needed
1
[8]

M11. (a) (i) kinetic (energy)

allow gravitational potential (energy) / gpe
movement is insufficient
1

(ii) dissipates into the surroundings

allow warms up the surroundings / air / motor
accept lost to the surroundings
accept lost as heat
ignore reference to sound
it is lost is insufficient
1

(b) energy (required) increases with load

accept positive correlation
do not accept (directly) proportional
1

Page 42 of 59
 further amplification eg increases slowly at first (or up to 4 / 5 N),
then increases rapidly
simply quoting figures is insufficient
an answer that only describes the shape
of the line gains no marks
1

(c) (i) E=Pt

2880
accept 28.80 for all 3 marks
an answer 2880 gains 2 marks
allow 1 mark for obtaining 48 h or converting to kW
allow 2 marks for correct substitution
ie 4 48 15
note: this substitution may be shown as two steps
an answer 2 880 000 gains 2 marks
an answer 4.80 / 480 gains 2 marks
an answer of 192 (ie calculation of energy without subsequent
calculation of cost) gains 1 mark)
3

(ii) any sensible suggestion eg

conserves fossil fuels

less (fossil) fuels burned

less pollutant gas (produced)

accept a named pollutant gas

less greenhouse gas (produced)

saves energy is insufficient
1
[8]

M12. (a) (i) food processor

hairdryer
both required and no other
either order
1

(ii) TV
Table lamp
Food processor
all required and no other
any order
1

Page 43 of 59
 (b) any two from:

transfers / requires / uses more energy / power

accept more electricity used
accept higher power

more electricity needs to be generated

more (fossil) fuels (likely) to be burnt

accept a named fossil fuel
2

(c) (i) precise

this answer only
1

(ii) any three from:

can look for trends / patterns

help reduce energy use / consumption

reduce bills
accept save money

identify appliances which use a lot of energy

replace appliances with more efficient ones

see effect of leaving appliances on (standby)

to monitor usage is insufficient
answers in terms of environment are insufficient
3
[8]

M13. (a) E=Pt

91 (p)
an answer 0.91 gains 3 marks
an answer 0.91 gains 2 marks
allow 2 marks for energy transferred = 18.2 (kWh)
or
substitution into 2 equations combined, ie 2.6 7 5
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into E = P t, ie E = 2.6 7
or
allow 1 mark for multiplying and correctly calculating an incorrect
energy transfer value by 5
3

(b) answers should be in terms of supply exceeding demand

accept there is a surplus / excess of electricity (at night)
1

Page 44 of 59
 (c) reduce (rate of) energy transfer (from ceramic bricks)
accept heat for energy
do not accept no energy / heat escapes
do not accept answers in terms of lost / losing heat if this implies
heat is wasted energy
1

so keeping the (ceramic) bricks hot for longer

accept increase time that energy is transferred to the room
accept keep room warm for longer

or

to stop the casing getting too hot

accept so you do not get burnt (on the casing)
1

(d) E=mc

120
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 9 000 000 = m 750 100
2
[8]

M14. (a) (i) conduction

1

convection
1
correct order only

(ii) to keep the ceramic bricks hot for a longer time

1

(b) (i) E=Pt

18.2
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 2.6 7 provided that no
subsequent step is shown
2

(ii) 91 (p)
or their (b)(i) 5 correctly calculated
accept 0.91
do not accept 0.91 without sign
1

Page 45 of 59
 (c) E=mc

2 250 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 120 750 25 provided that
no subsequent step is shown
answers 2250 kJ or 2.25 MJ gain both marks
2
[8]

M15. (a) (i) kinetic

do not accept movement
1

(ii) thermal sound

accept heat for thermal
do not accept noise for sound
both answers required in either order
1

(b) transferred to surroundings / surrounding molecules / atmosphere

it escapes is insufficient

or
becomes dissipated / spread out
accept warms the surroundings
accept degraded / diluted
accept a correct description for surroundings eg to the washing
machine
do not accept transformed into heat on its own
1

(c) (i) 3 (.0 p)

allow 1 mark for correct substitution of correct values ie 0.2 x 15
allow 1 mark for calculating cost at 40C (16.5p)
or
cost at 30C (13.5p)
2

Page 46 of 59
 (ii) any two from:

less electricity needed

ignore answers in terms of the washing machine releasing less
energy
an answer in terms of the washing machine releasing CO2 negates
mark
do not accept less energy is produced

fewer power stations needed

less fuel is burned

accept a correctly named fuel
do not accept less fuel is needed
2
[7]

M16. (a) (i) 5(.0)

1

(ii) 35 or their (a)(i) 7 correctly calculated

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 5 or their (a)(i) 7 provided
no subsequent step shown
2

(iii) 525(p)
or
() 5.25
or
their (a)(ii) 15 correctly calculated
if unit p or given they must be consistent with the numerical
answer
1

(iv) decreases
1

temperature difference (between inside and outside) decreases

accept gradient (of line) decreases
do not accept temperature (inside) decreases
do not accept graph goes down
1

(b) (i) air (bubbles are) trapped (in the foam)

do not accept air traps heat
foam has air pockets is insufficient
1

(and so the) air cannot circulate / move / form convection current

air is a good insulator is insufficient
no convection current is insufficient
answers in terms of warm air from the room being trapped are
incorrect and score no marks
1

Page 47 of 59
 (ii) how effective / good a material is as an insulator / at keeping energy in
accept heat for energy
accept the lower the U-value the better the insulator
accept the lower the U-value the lower the rate of energy / heat
transfer
1

(c) it will increase

room will be cooler is insufficient
1

because the glass is not (such) a good insulator (as the wall)
the U-value has increased is insufficient
1
[11]

M17. (a) advantage

any one from:

produce no / little greenhouse gases / carbon dioxide

allow produces no / little polluting gases
allow doesnt contribute to global warming / climate change
allow produce no acid rain / sulphur dioxide
reference to atmospheric pollution is insufficient
produce no harmful gases is insufficient
high(er) energy density in fuel
accept one nuclear power station produces as much power as
several gas power stations
nuclear power stations can supply a lot of or more energy is
insufficient
long(er) operating life
allow saves using reserves of fossil fuels or gas
1

disadvantage

any one from:

produce (long term) radioactive waste

accept waste is toxic
accept nuclear for radioactive
accidents at nuclear power stations may have far reaching or long term
consequences
high(er) decommissioning costs
accept high(er) building costs
long(er) start up time
1

Page 48 of 59
(b) (i) 12 000 (kWh)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution eg
2000 6
or
2 000 000 6
or

an answer of 12 000 000 scores 1 mark

2

(ii) any idea of unreliability, eg

wind is unreliable
reference to weather alone is insufficient
shut down if wind too strong / weak
wind is variable
1

(c) any one from:

cannot be seen
no hazard to (low flying) aircraft / helicopters
unlikely to be or not damaged / affected by (severe) weather
unlikely to be damaged is insufficient
(normally) no / reduced shock hazard
safer is insufficient
less maintenance is insufficient
installed in urban areas is insufficient
1
[6]

Page 49 of 59
E1. (a) The question asked for two methods of energy transfer prevented by the vacuum.
Many students did not understand the question and gave examples of forms of energy or
words describing changes of state. Radiation was often given as one of the responses.
The majority of students gained at least one mark for this question.

(b) The majority of correct responses were for reflection of radiation, with most students
stating heat rather than infrared radiation, which was allowed. A few answers gained the
mark for stating the shiny metal was a poor emitter of radiation, but those that stated no
radiation was emitted were not credited. Incorrect responses included reference to
absorption and conduction of radiation.

(c) Many students selected the wrong equation from the sheet and tried to calculate efficiency.
A mark was picked up by the majority of students for calculating the temperature change
but then made errors in the rearrangement of the equation. Even where a correct
substitution and rearrangement of the equation was shown, students often came up with
the wrong answer, probably due to misuse of their calculator and not realising 4200 78
had to be calculated first. A third of students scored full marks.

(d) By far the most common answer was 300 J as students forgot to convert the time to
seconds. Several students tried to use the wrong equation. An answer of 930 was often
given, from multiplying power by temperature. Only a few students gained two marks for
this question.

(e) Many creditworthy responses were in terms of saving energy or saving money. Some
students said it wasted less water which did not gain the mark as this was too similar to
the information given in the stem of the question, and a different advantage was asked for.

Page 50 of 59
E2. (a) There was widespread confusion about what efficiency is, exemplified by statements
such as appliance thats the least useful. The lowest level of acceptable response the
bulb with lots of energy wasted gained one mark. To gain two marks, students should
have made it clear that efficiency is about proportion or percentage, rather than simple
comparative statements about the amount of energy lost. Many students stated that it was
the bulb that loses the most energy, which is incorrect because out of the three bulbs, the
halogen bulb wastes the most energy as it has the highest energy input. Some students
said it was not good for the environment or it caused pollution.

(b) A quarter of students were able to gain at least one mark and it was clear that many
students are unfamiliar with the use of Sankey diagrams to calculate efficiency and used
incorrect values in their calculations. Many answers were more than 100% because they
had not used the equation from the sheet correctly. Students would benefit from being
taught how to organise calculations logically.

(c) Few students read the question properly and did not answer in terms of the effect on the
surroundings. Only a third of students gained credit for this question.

(d) Most incorrect answers focussed on the efficiency of the LED bulb rather than the fact that
the energy input was only 2 J compared with 40 J and 50 J for the other two bulbs. As
three bulbs were being compared an absolute comparator was needed - lowest energy
input, rather than less or low.

(e) (i) Many students ignored the instruction, Use only the information in the table to
answer the following questions, leading to the incorrect answer of LED, or a
statement about efficiency. Only a few students followed the instruction and gained
one mark for filament bulb, but the correct reason was rarely given. Once again an
absolute comparator was needed to compare three bulbs.

(ii) Again, many students ignored the instruction, leading to the use of the Sankey
diagrams to answer the question. Many incorrectly stated that, the LED bulbs last a
long time, which makes no comparison with the other two bulbs. The filament bulb
lasting 1000 hours may also be considered a long time, but an absolute comparator
was needed for the mark to be awarded.

E3. (a) This question was generally well answered. Some students just wrote a list of the
forms of energy involved which did not gain full marks because there was no indication of
the energy transfers involved. Others seemed to be confused as to which forms of energy
were useful and which were wasted. Some mentioned light energy, but this could only be
credited if a correct explanation was given. References to electricity or noise as forms of
energy were incorrect.

(b) A large proportion of the responses simply restated the question. Many incorrectly said no
energy is wasted. Several answers referred to safety, such as to prevent the hairdryer
blowing up.

E4. The vast majority of candidates managed some marks in part (a), but few full marks. The
greatest difficulty was in part (a)(ii) which required electrical energy to be transferred into
chemical energy.

In part (b) virtually all candidates managed a correct calculation and a very large majority
correctly gave heat or sound as the wasted energy when the motor was running.

Page 51 of 59
E6. (a) Most candidates knew how to answer this, but a significant number failed to realise
that their answer of 1500 was pence, not pounds.

(b) This proved to be a difficult question for many candidates, a significant number not
attempting it. Of those who made an attempt, quite a few realised that there was a saving
of 3 years, but did not link the pay-back time to their previous answer.

(c) Most candidates opted for the yes answer, gaining some credit for stating that less
electricity would be used by the new freezer, but often failing to describe how this would
benefit the environment. Of those who chose the no option some credit was usually
gained for the ideas that the appliance would need to be disposed of.

E7. (a) (i) This calculation was correctly done by most candidates. Of those who did not
score full marks, some gained credit for calculating the useful energy as 480 J, but
were then unable to complete the calculation correctly. Others arrived at the correct
numerical answer, but added an incorrect unit such as J or J/s.

(ii) A wide range of responses was seen. A number of answers had the energy changing
into light/sound and therefore being used by the person watching the television.
There were indications that many candidates had not read the question carefully
enough to appreciate that it referred to the useful energy and what happens to it
eventually.

(b) (i) Just under half of the candidates gained full marks. The most common incorrect
answer was 1750 showing no conversion from watts to kilowatts. Many candidates
did not read the question carefully and instead of referring to the compact stereo,
chose another item or all of the items together.

(ii) The candidates that answered correctly in part (b)(i) generally scored this mark.
Many candidates scored the mark for error carried forward mostly from an answer of
1750. A significant but small number of candidates made errors on converting pence
to pounds or multiplied by 0.12 but forgot to put in sign. Some candidates who had
failed to do the correct conversion in part (b)(i) arrived at a cost of 210 for leaving a
small electrical item on standby for about a week!

(c) This was very well answered by many candidates. A common mistake seen was that the
electrical appliance itself was giving off heat, which contributed to global warming, or more
bizarrely, was giving off carbon dioxide.

E8. Foundation Tier

(a) Most candidates could substitute the correct numbers into the equation, although some
erroneously put in a figure of 8 hours instead of 5. The most common mistake was to fail
to convert 1800 watts into 1.8 kilowatts, thus arriving at an answer of 9000 instead of 9.

(b) Many candidates chose the ceramic heater, perhaps because it appeared to have the
largest number attached to it.

Page 52 of 59
 (c) Most candidates were able to score at least one mark on this question, although very few
scored all three marks. The most common mistake was simply to pick a feature from the
illustration and copy it down. These candidates failed to realise that (i) it should be a
feature not possessed by either of the other two, and (ii) that they should explain why this
feature is an advantage.

Higher Tier

(a) A large number of candidates scored at least 1 of the 2 marks, common mistakes were a
failure to convert from W to kW, or wrongly converting by dividing by 100. A surprising
number of answers used the time as 8 hours, presumably because of the 8-hour timer. It
would appear that many candidates do not read the questions thoroughly.

(b) This was well answered on the whole, although it appeared that some candidates just
looked for the highest number, regardless of units.

(c) Many marks were lost by candidates not comparing each heater with the other two, again
an example of not reading the question thoroughly. Good answers explained why the
feature would be an advantage rather than just picking out a statement from the lists given.

E9. (a) (i) The majority of candidates indicated that they had correctly added together 1400
and 700 to get 2100. However, a large number of candidates failed to notice that the
values given were in watts and that the question asked for the answer in kilowatts.
Of those who made an attempt to convert their answer, a large number of
candidates were unable to do this correctly, the most common mistakes being to
divide by 100 or to multiply by 1000. Another frequently seen error was an indication
of 2100/1000 but then a failure to calculate this correctly.

(ii) It was pleasing to see so many correct answers to this calculation, usually by those
candidates who opted to work out the energy in kilowatt-hours.
Of those candidates who opted for joules, a common mistake was to multiply the
power by a time of 90 minutes rather than converting to seconds.

(iii) This question was correctly answered by three fifths of the candidates. Most of the
candidates who failed to score the mark had either just defined the term efficiency or
had not picked up on the question asking for .very efficient.

(b) This part question was correctly answered by only a very small minority of candidates
(less than one twentieth). Incorrect responses often stated that the temperature of the
room had become the same as the temperature of the heater.

Page 53 of 59
E10. (a) (i) Kinetic energy was correctly identified by most candidates.

(ii) Most candidates correctly stated that sound and thermal / heat were the two forms of
wasted energy.

(b) This was poorly answered, with only just over a quarter of candidates realising that the
energy was transferred to the surroundings.

(c) Most candidates were able to earn 1 mark here for stating that the more efficient machine
would waste less energy. Very few candidates answered in terms of the proportion of the
input energy that was wasted was less.

(d) (i) Few candidates were able to score both marks here. Many of the weaker candidates
had difficulty in placing the decimal point correctly. Another common mistake was to
calculate the cost for either 40 C or for 30 C, but not work out the difference.

(ii) Few correct answers. Many candidates thought that washing machines produced
carbon dioxide directly.

E11. (a) (i) This was well answered with most students scoring the mark.

(ii) almost two-thirds of students answered this question correctly. There were some
pleasing answers referring to the dissipation of energy into the surroundings.

(b) The majority of students were able to identify the basic pattern of input energy increasing
with increasing load. However, only a tenth of students were able to provide further
amplification relating to the shape of the graph.

(c) (i) A large number of students were able to identify the correct equation, but mistakes
were often made in not converting (or wrongly converting) watts to kilowatts. Most
students scored at least one mark.

(ii) The majority of students scored this mark, however a significant number of students
failed to realise that an environmental advantage was required, giving a response of
to save money.

Page 54 of 59
E12. (a) (i) Most students chose only one appliance to match the criteria given, rather than
the two appliances required.

(ii) Most students chose only one appliance to match the criteria given, rather than the
three appliances required.

(b) Many students were able to gain one mark for realising that the heater had a higher power
than the lamp. Few students were then able to link this with power stations generating
more electricity and therefore burning more fossil fuels. A common misconception is that
when the appliance transforms energy as heat, carbon dioxide is also given off at the
same time.

(c) (i) Responses were fairly evenly divided between precise (correct), accurate and
reliable.

(ii) There were many pleasing answers relating to how the homeowner could make use
of the data collected to reduce energy consumption and lower their energy bills.
However, there were also a large number of responses which merely copied the
information given in the question; students should realise that this will not gain them
marks.

E13. (a) Many students gained full credit, or at least two marks, for calculating energy as 18.2
kWh. The most common errors were to use an incorrect time, six hours being popular
and / or to calculate cost by dividing 18.2 by 5.

(b) This was very poorly answered, with just under a tenth of students scoring the mark. Most
students simply repeated the stem of the question and added that it was for the electricity
companies to make more money. Few students realised the significance of a lower cost
and the surplus of energy at night.

(c) This was poorly answered with two-thirds of students scoring zero. Many students
seemed to think that the purpose of the super-efficient insulation was to completely stop
any energy / heat transfer to the room. These students seem not to understand the
purpose of room heaters!

(d) Nearly half of the students scored both marks. However, all students should be
encouraged to copy the equation from the equation sheet and then substitute figures. If this
is done correctly, students will score at least one mark. There were a significant number of
errors made in transforming the equation. Students showing only an incorrect
transformation gained no credit. A significant minority of students used a temperature
change other than the 100 C given.

Page 55 of 59
E14. (a) (i) This was generally well-answered, although the most common mistake was to
have conduction and convection the wrong way round.

(ii) Most students chose the correct answer.

(b) (i) Students coped well with this calculation, the majority obtaining the correct answer of
18.2 kWh.

(ii) This calculation however was very poorly answered. A very common answer was to
write 7 x 5 = 35.

(c) The majority of Students obtained the correct answer to this calculation, although some
students were unable to show the correct number of zeroes.

E15. (a) (i) Nearly all students responded correctly with kinetic energy.

(ii) The majority of answers correctly identified the two forms of wasted energy.

(b) Just over half of responses gained credit. Insufficient responses included it is
wasted (given in the question) or it turns into heat (answered in the previous part).

(c) (i) Fewer than half of the students gained both marks for this question, although some
were able to gain one mark for calculating the cost at 40C or 30C.

(ii) More than half of the responses failed to gain credit, many answers indicating that
the washing machine itself gave off carbon dioxide. Of those students who had the
correct idea, many failed to answer the question as to why reducing the amount of
energy used reduces the amount of carbon dioxide.

Page 56 of 59
E16. (a) (i) Many students left this part blank. Around half of the students obtained the
correct answer of 5 (kW) and they were often able to go on and obtain both marks in
part (ii).

(ii) Many students left this part blank.

(iii) Many students left this part blank. This part caused more difficulty with students
commonly multiplying the cost per kWh by the days or by 24. Those failing to
calculate part (i) correctly often went on to gain credit with the error carried forward
into the other two parts although for part (iii), correct answers for part (ii) were
sometimes ignored for another quantity. Perhaps this was due to the students not
recognising how the parts were connected.

(iv) Whilst many students scored the first mark for saying that the rate of energy transfer
from the house decreases, only a handful gained the second. Most simply stated the
temperature dropped over the time period in question. A sizeable minority chose the
second option for the first marking point, saying that between 5.30 and 6.00 am the
graph did not change.

(b) (i) Most students found this difficult. Hot air being trapped in the cavity or heat being
trapped in the air bubbles were common incorrect responses. Many simply
repeated that energy transfer by convection would be reduced, which they were told
in the stem of the question.

(ii) Many students were not able to give an indication that they understood the idea of U-
value. Often they simply tried to substitute a word for U e.g. ultimate value or ultra
value. Others were influenced by the word 'value' and related it to economics in
some way.

(c) A major misconception of many students is that double-glazing is the best form of thermal
insulation. Therefore many answered with statements like 'the rate would fall because
glass is such a good insulator'. Others thought that 'heat would be trapped by the vacuum
between the panes of glass'. Yet others obviously did not understand the term 'energy
transfer'.

Page 57 of 59
E17. (a) A low proportion of students could give an advantage and a disadvantage of a nuclear
power station compared with a gas-fired power station. A further quarter could give either
an advantage or a disadvantage. Too many answers were vague and referred simply to
pollution, rather than naming a gas. A common misunderstanding was to say that nuclear
power stations give out carbon dioxide gas. A common misreading of the question was to
give an advantage for a nuclear power station and a disadvantage for a gas-fired power
station.

(b) (i) Nearly two thirds of the students were able to substitute a power and time value into
the correct equation. A low proportion of students were able to convert the given
power into kilowatts.

(ii) Just over a half of students were able to state that the wind is a variable and
unreliable source of energy. The figure of 30% proved a distractor for weaker
students who often quoted that 70% of the energy was wasted. Those students who
mentioned that the output was weather-dependent were not given credit. The key
aspect is variation in wind speed or power. Some students appear to believe that
wind turbines are operated by supplying them with electrical energy, and are shut
down to conserve energy.

(c) Two fifths of the students were able to give an advantage of underground cables
compared with overhead cables. Too many statements were vague, students were
expected to give some detail of why underground cables are less likely to be damaged.
There are still a large number of students who believe that birds will be electrocuted if they
land on overhead power cables.

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