12 Non Parametric

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The Chi-Square Statistic
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Goal Parametric Non parametric

Median,
Describe one group Mean, SD
interquartile range
Compare one group to a hypothetical value One-sample ttest Wilcoxon test
Compare two unpaired groups Unpaired t test Mann-Whitney test
Compare two paired groups Paired t test Wilcoxon test
Compare three or more unmatched groups One-way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test
Repeated-
Compare three or more matched groups Friedman test
measures ANOVA
Spearman
Quantify association between two variables
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correlation
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Nonparametric Tests
Non-parametric hypothesis tests (distribution

free test) using the chi-square statistic:
1. the chi-square test for goodness of fit
2. the chi-square test for independence.
Nonparametric Tests
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The Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
The chi-square test for goodness-of-fit uses

frequency data from a sample to test hypotheses
about the shape or proportions of a population.
The data, called observed frequencies, simply count
how many individuals from the sample are in each
category. (eg. How many choose Likert scale no. 4)
The Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
The null hypothesis specifies the proportion of

the population that should be in each
category.
The proportions from the null hypothesis are
used to compute expected frequencies that
describe how the sample would appear if it
were in perfect agreement with the null
hypothesis.
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Nominal Data
EXAMPLE- Goodness-of-Fit
Independent Dependent
variables variables
YES NO
GROUP A 16 34
GROUP B 7 43
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Goodness-of-Fit
1. State the hypothesis

Ho: No preference for any specific view
H1: One or more specific view is preferred
Goodness-of-Fit
1. State the hypothesis

Ho: No preference for any specific view
H1: One or more specific view is preferred
Lake view Sea view River view Town view

25% 25% 25% 25%
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Example- Goodness-of-Fit
A survey of 50 respondent to choose
preferable view of their future houses.

18 17 7 8
Goodness-of-Fit
Lake Sea River Town

view view view view
Observed frequency 18 17 7 8
Expected frequency 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
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Goodness-of-Fit
Goodness-of-Fit
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Goodness-of-Fit
4. Make decision
Reject hypothesis Null
SPSS
CHI SQUARE
Goodness-of-Fit
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18 17 7 8
DATA STRUCTURE
ON SPSS
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SPSS Output
GRP
Observed N Expected N Residual

1 18 12.5 5.5
2 17 12.5 4.5
3 7 12.5 -5.5
4 8 12.5 -4.5
Total
50
SPSS Output
Test Statistics
GRP
Chi-Square 8.080a
df 3
Asymp. Sig. .044
Monte Carlo Sig. Sig. .052b
95% Confidence Lower Bound .047
Interval
Upper Bound .056
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum
expected cell frequency is 12.5.
b. Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 1502173562.
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decision
The respondent showed significant preference

among the four views.
The Chi-Square Test for Independence
The second chi-square test, the chi-square

test for independence, can be used and
interpreted in two different ways:
a) Testing hypotheses about the relationship
between two variables in a population, or
b) Testing hypotheses about differences between
proportions for two or more populations.
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A frequency distribution showing willingness to

use mental health service according to gender
for a sample of 150
Willingness to use Mental Health Service

Probably No Maybe Probably yes
Male 17 32 11
Female 13 43 34

Version 1:
Ho : In the general population, there is no
relationship between gender and willingness
to use mental health service.
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Version 1:
relationship between gender and willingness
to use mental health service.
Version 2:
Ho : In the general population, the distribution
of reported willingness to use mental health
service is the same for male and female.
A frequency distribution showing willingness to

use mental health service according to gender
for a sample of 150

Male 17 32 11 60
Female 13 43 34 90
30 75 45 N=150
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Male 17 (12) 32 (30) 11 (18) 60
Female 13 (18) 43 (45) 34 (27) 90
30 75 45 N=150
20% 50% 30%
Eg. 20% of 60 =12, 50% of 90=45

Version 1:
Step 1
relationship between gender and willingness to
use mental health service.
H1: In the general population, there is a
consistent predictable relationship between
gender and willingness to use mental model
service.
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R=Row
C=Column
Compute
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SPSS
CHI SQUARE
for Independence
SPSS
Willingness to use Mental Health

Service
Male 17 32 11
Female 13 43 34
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SPSS
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ROW * COL Crosstabulation
COL
PROBABLY NO MAYBE PROBABLY YES Total

ROW MALE Count
17 32 11 60
Expected Count
12.0 30.0 18.0 60.0
FEMALE Count
13 43 34 90
Expected Count
18.0 45.0 27.0 90.0
Total Count
30 75 45 150
Expected Count
30.0 75.0 45.0 150.0
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Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-

Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
8.231a 2 .016
Likelihood Ratio
8.443 2 .015
Linear-by-Linear
Association 8.109 1 .004
N of Valid Cases
150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 12.00.
Statistical Tests for Ordinal Data
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Tests for Ordinal Data
Chapter 20 introduces four statistical techniques that

have been developed specifically for use with ordinal
data; that is, data where the measurement
procedure simply arranges the subjects into a rank-
ordered sequence.
The statistical methods presented in this chapter can
be used when the original data consist of ordinal
measurements (ranks), or when the original data
come from an interval or ratio scale but are
converted to ranks because they do not satisfy the
assumptions of a standard parametric test such as
the t statistic.
Tests for Ordinal Data (cont.)

Four statistical methods are introduced:
1. The Mann-Whitney test
2. The Wilcoxon test.
3. The Kruskal-Wallis test
4. The Friedman test.
Goal Parametric Non parametric
Compare one group to a hypothetical value One-sample ttest Wilcoxon test
Compare two unpaired groups Unpaired t test Mann-Whitney test

Compare two paired groups Paired t test Wilcoxon test
Compare three or more unmatched groups One-way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test
Repeated-measures
Compare three or more matched groups Friedman test
ANOVA
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The Kruskal-Wallis Test
The Kruskal-Wallis test can be viewed as an

alternative to a single-factor, independent-
measures analysis of variance ANOVA.
The test uses data from three or more
separate samples to evaluate differences
among three or more treatment conditions.
The Kruskal-Wallis Test (cont.)
The test requires that you are able to rank

order the individuals but does not require
numerical scores.
The null hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis test
simply states that there are no systematic or
consistent differences among the treatments
being compared.
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Ho: There is no tendency for the rank in any

treatment condition to be systematically
higher or lower than the ranks in any other
treatment condition. There are no differences
among the three treatment.
H1: The rank in at least one treatment
condition are systematically higher (or lower)
than the ranks in another condition. There are
differences among the treatment.
Data collected after three treatments

independently and were ranked as bellow
TREATMENTS
I II III
8 1 11
2 7 5
4 6 9
10 3 12
14 13 15
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TREATMENTS
I II III
8 1 11 N=15
2 7 5
4 6 9
10 3 12
14 13 15
T1 =38 T2 =30 T3 =52
n1 =5 n2 =5 n3 =5
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conclusion
The H value for these data is not in the critical

region. Therefore, we fail to reject Ho and
conclude that the data are not sufficient to
show any significant differences among the
three treatment.
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Example: Original data Numeric Score
TREATMENTS
Group A Group B Group C
14 2 26
3 14 8
21 9 14
5 12 19
16 5 20
Original Numeric Score Ordinal Rank

2 1 1
3 2 2
5 3 3.5
5 4 3.5
8 5 5
9 6 6
12 7 7
14 8 9
14 9 9
14 10 9
16 11 11
19 12 12
20 13 13
21 14 14
26 15 15
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TREATMENTS
Group A Group B Group C
9 1 15 N=15
2 9 5
14 6 9
3.5 7 12
11 3.5 13
T1 =39.5 T2 =26.5 T3 =54
n1 =5 n2 =5 n3 =5
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conclusion
The H value for these data is not in the critical

region. Therefore, we fail to reject Ho and
conclude that the data are not sufficient to
show any significant differences among the
three treatment.
29

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12 Non Parametric

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7/3/2016

The Chi-Square Statistic

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

Goal Parametric Non parametric

Compare one group to a hypothetical value One-sample ttest Wilcoxon test

Compare two unpaired groups Unpaired t test Mann-Whitney test

Compare two paired groups Paired t test Wilcoxon test

Compare three or more unmatched groups One-way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test

Non-parametric hypothesis tests (distribution

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

The Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit

The chi-square test for goodness-of-fit uses

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

The Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit

The null hypothesis specifies the proportion of

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www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

1. State the hypothesis

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1. State the hypothesis

Lake view Sea view River view Town view

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Lake view Sea view River view Town view

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Lake Sea River Town

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www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

Lake view Sea view River view Town view

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Observed N Expected N Residual

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b. Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 1502173562.

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The respondent showed significant preference

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The Chi-Square Test for Independence

The second chi-square test, the chi-square

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A frequency distribution showing willingness to

Willingness to use Mental Health Service

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The Chi-Square Test for Independence

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The Chi-Square Test for Independence

A frequency distribution showing willingness to

Willingness to use Mental Health Service

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Willingness to use Mental Health Service

Eg. 20% of 60 =12, 50% of 90=45

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The Chi-Square Test for Independence

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www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

www.utm.my innovative entrepreneurial global

Willingness to use Mental Health

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