, Criminal

law

THESTUDY
OFLAW
*t.
Le&*![?
1 A crimeis anyact,or omissionof an act, in violationof a publiclaw.Thereare
manydifferentcrimes,or offences.Howmanyof the offencesin the box do you
know?choosefour and tell a partnerwhat you think they are. Thenlook up any
wordsyou don't knowin a dictionarv.

armedrobbery arson assault battery bribery burglary domesticviolence

drugtrafficking drunkdriving embezzlement extortion forgery fraud
homicide insiderdealing joyriding kidnapping tarceny manslaughter
moneylaundering obstructionof justice rape shoplifting stalking
tax evasion theft vandalism

2 crimes whichare typicallycommittedby officeemployeesand salaried

professionalsare knownas white-collarcrimes (or business/corporate
crimes).which of the crimeslisted in Exercise1 are white-collar
crimes?

K*&ffi$ErS3: Lr! g.T!

,E - ..r- F 6 t 3 E

I tt&[esv
3 Readthe text on page40 and answerthese questions.
1 Howdo criminallaw cases and civil law casesdifferin the waythey are
initiated?
2 Namethe four most commoncategoriesof criminaloffence.
3 In what way is the standardof proofdifferentfor criminaland civilcases?
4 what is the differencebetweena fetonyand a misdemeanouftDoes vour
jurisdictionmakesucha distinction?
4 Matchthe verbs(1-6) with the nounsthey collocatewith in the text (a-fl.
1-commit a asuit
2 resolve b an offender
3 bring c averdict
4 render d acrime
5 sentence e asentence
6 suspend f adisoute
5 Lookat each of the verb-nounpairs in Exercise4 and,with a partner.take
turns to discusswho typicallycarriesout each of the actions:an offender,a
victim,a lawyer,the court or a judge. Foreach collocationthere is morethan
one possibleanswer.
6 Footnote2 on page40 refersto the oJ simpsoncase,whichis an examore
of an eventwhichgaverise to both a crimeand a tort. what is the difference
betweena crimeand a tort?

(3e
 penallaw,involvesthe
Crimina|law,sometimes(althoughrarely)called
that has been classifiedas
prosecutionby the state of a personfor an act
acrime,Thiscontrastswithcivillaw,whichinvo|vesprivateindividualsand
organisationsseekingtoresolve|egaldisputes.Prosecutionsareinitiatedby
thestatethroughaprosecutor,whi|einacivilcasethevictimbringsthesuit.
prosecutions'
Somejurisdictionsalso allowprivatecriminal
jurisdiction'variouspunishmentsare
Dependingon the offenceand the
availabletothecourt'stopunishanoffender(seeExerciseL2)'Acourtmay
punishmentor loss of liberty
sentence an offenderto execution,corporar put
(imprisonment suspendthe sentence;imposea fine;
or incarceration);
paroleor probation;or
the offenderundergovernmentsupervisionthrough
placethem on a communityserviceordel'

Criminal|awcommon|yproscribes_thatis,itprohibits_severa|categories
(e'g' assault)'offencesagainst
of offences:offencesagainstthe person
and business'
property(e'g. burglary),pubtic-ordercrimes (e'g' prostitution)
or corporate,crimes(e.g.insiderdealing)'
crimes such as statutory
Most crimes (with the exceptionof strict liability
by two elements:
rapel and certain traffic offences)are characterised
acriminalact(actusreus)andcrimina|intent(mensrea).ToSecurea
conviction,prosecutorsmustprovethatbothactusreusandmensreaWere
presentwhen a particularcrimewas committed'
the prosecutorto persuade
rn criminarcases,tne burdenof proofis often on
is guilty beyonda
the trier (whetherjud$e or jury) that the accused
reasonab|edoubtofeverye|ementofthecrimecharged.lftheprosecutor
This standardof proof
fails to provethis, a verdict of not guilty is rendered.
contrastswithcivilcases,wherethec|aimantgenera||yneedstoshowa
(morethan 50% probable)'
defendantis liableon the balanceof probabilities
of the evidence'
In the USA,this is referredto as the preponderance
(moreseriousoffences,such
Somejurisdictionsdistinguishbetweenfe|onies
asrape)andmisdemeanoufs(lessseriousoffences,suchaspettythett)'
|tisa|soWorthnotingthatthesameincidentmaysometimesleadtobotha
criminalprosecutionand an action in tort'2

1ln manyjurisdictions, rt rs llegalfor anyoneto havesexualintercourse with a minor'This is a strict

gittyot a crimeevenif he or she believedthe partnerwas of
liabilitycrime:the offenderwitt"rtitt"
legal,consenting age' 1l-'
in Exercise
2 The oJ Simpsoncase,for instance,is a famousexampleof this. Thiscase is dealtwith
 completethe extractbelowfrom a law textbookby usingthe verbsin the box
and checkyouranswerto Exercise6.

are tried is brought is committed is committed is fined is ounished

is put is resolved was caused

A crime is awrongwhich 1) ........................against

society.The wrongdoer 2) : he or she
3) ...........................
in prison or 4) ................. ....a sum of
money.A tort, on the other hand, is a wrong which
5) ........................ againstan indidual. The injured party
can sue the wrongdoer and receivedamagesfrom the court.
Criminal sanctionsexist to make societysaferand to keep
people from committing certain acts.Tort remediesexist to
make the injured partywhole again for the harm which
6) ..........................by the wrongdoer.
A key differencebetween the two is that a crime requiresa
criminal intent (mens rea),whereasa tort can result without
intent to causeharm on the wrongdoer'spart.
Crimes 7) ..........................in the criminal courts.An action
8) ..........................by a governmentalbody againstthe
wrongdoer.A tort, conversely,g) .........................in the
cil courts; the injured party brings an action againstthe
wrongdoer.

8 Givea short presentationon the main differencesbetweena crimeand a tort.

Includethese points:the parties,the outcomes,the terminologyand procedure
and the standardof proof.Referto yourownjurisdictionin your presentation.

Lmngmase
{.ase
x: Pass$lr*
ffim$trase*ms
9 Thetextbookexcerptabovecontainsseveralexamplesof passiveverb
constructions.Whydo you think the passivevoiceis used in these sentences?
In whichof the examplesaboves the agentof the action(the subjectwhich
carriesout the action)named?
10 Completethese rulesfor formingpassiveconstructions:

The passiveconsistsof two verbforms.The first is a form of the auxiliary

verb1) . The secondis the 2) toim
of the mainverb.
w Usually,the agentis not namedin a passivesentence.lf the agentis
named,it is often expressedin a phrasebeginningwith the preposition
3)., . ,,.....

Unit Criminal
law
11 Completethis descriptionof the proceduralhistoryof the OJ Simpsoncase
usingthe passiveforms of the verbsin brackets.Becausea proceduralhistory
describeswhat happenedin a case,all of the verbswill be in the past simple
passive.
1 In 1994, the formerAmericanfootballstar and actor OJSimpson
orhis ex-wire
Nicore
Brown
;il ; ; il ;;; i;::::':ill'.T: #T:"'
2 He.............. (try)in criminalcourt for murder.Aftera lengthyand
......
highly publicised trial, he ........................ (acquit)the followingyear.
3 However, in a subsequentcivilactionin 1997, Simpson
(find)liablefor the wrongfuldeathof Goldmanand ....................
(sentence)topay$33.5 millionin damages.

Keytermsr: Punishments
12 Matchthe followingsentencehalvesto form explanations of punishments
whichare availableto the courts.Whydo you think the passiveis used in
these examples?
1 Whensomeoneis sentencedto a theyare put in prisonfor a crime.
executon, b theyare givena periodof time whentheymust behavewell
2 Whensomeoneis placedon a and not commitanymorecrimesin orderto avoidbeing
communityserviceorder, sentto orison.
3 Whensomeoneis sentencedto c they haveto payan amountof moneyas a punishment for
imprisonment, breaking a law.
4 Whensomeoneis put on parole, d theyare killedas a legalpunishment for a crime.
5 Whensomeoneis put on probation, e theyare releasedbeforetheirprisonsentenceis finished,
6 Whensomeoneis fined, withthe agreement that theywill behavewell.
f the courtrequiresan offender to performunpaidworkin
theirsparetime andto contribute to theircommunity.

13 Discussthe punishmentslistedin Exercise12 with a partner.Whichare the

most effective?Whichare the least effective?Give reasonsfor vour answers.

Listening
r: White-collar
crmein the2rstcentury
Youaregoingto heara [awprofessor beinginterviewed radiostation
on a university
programme.Professorlohn Poulosis a facuttymemberat the University
of California
DavisSchoolof Law Afterpractisingtawin Catifornia,
he introduced
the law school'sfirst
courseon white-cotlar
crime.
L4 << +.r Listento the interview.Does ProfessorPoulosthink that whitecollarcrime
is less seriousthan,as seriousas or moreseriousthan violentstreetcrime?
15 (i.r Listenagainand decidewhetherthesestatementsare true (T)orfalse
(F),accordingto the professor.
1 Newtechnologyhas led to a decreasein white-collarcrime,
2 Streetcrime is generallypunishedmore harshlythan white-collar
crime.
3 Increasingly,
white-collarcrime is committedby employeeshigh up in the
corporatehierarchy.
4 The numberof peoplewho are victimsof white-collarcrimeis significant.
5 White-collar
crimehas had lttleeffecton the US economv.
 eb*e,et
*esx: Ta[ktffiW
Lmmg*aag* effidef$eet
emas*
16 (: +.r ln the interview,ProfessorPoulostalks aboutchangesin white-collar
crimeand the effectof white-collar crimeon society.Listenagainand complete
these extracts.
:
1 The internationalisationof the economy more
......................
, opportunitiesfor white-collarcrime.
2 Whileviolent crime frequently....................... the victims of that
crime,it is usuallyfairlylimited.
3 But whenyou havea savingsand loansscandal,as we'veseen in the
past,or an Enronscandal,thosecrimes.. . ......... mi||ionsof
PeoPle.
4 Enron
5 The other is the sheermass of injuriesinflictedon investorsin cases like
Enron,which..... the systemof investing in the USA.
, 6 Partof the slow of
recovery the economy ...... . white-collar
crimeon the investmentenvironment.

17 Matchthe two halvesof the sentences.

tve well 1 Risingpovertyin US cities has led a an impacton the wholeeconomY.
eing behaviouradverselv
2 Anti-social b olderpeople,as theysometimeslose
ther life savings.
ent for
3 Knifecrimemostly c affectsthe communitieswe live in.
4 White-collarcrimehas d impactsyoungmen.
ished, 5 Fraudhas a big impacton e to a rise in gun crime.

rk in Sp*akng erm
x:Wlnite-ss[[er
v.
18 Discussthese questionswith a partner,As muchas possible,make use of the
expressionsin Exercise16.
crimeis? what do you think are the
1 Howseriousdo you think white-collar
crimeon society?
most imoortanteffectsof white-collar
2 Shouldpeoplewho commitbusinesscrimesbe punishedin the sameway
as peoplewho commitothercrimes?
casesof corporatecrmein your
3 Havethere beenanywell-publicised
jurisdiction?

erisme:
a: Whi{e*es[&ar
Kead3s-S deatng
Fr*sider
effidrmerket
abuse
Onetypeof white-cotlar lt refers
crimeis insiderdeating[a[soknownas insidertradingJ.
to the act of tradingin securitiesby peoptewhohaveconfidentialinformationabout a
company's finances or operations.Thearticteonthe nextpagedeatswiththefirstcaseto
betriedunderthe Financial ServicesandMarketsAct,a UKActof Parliamentwhichcreated a
newregutatory bodyfor the financial industry.
services

law
Unit Criminal
(
19 Readthroughthe articlebelowquicklyand answerthese questions.
1 What is the professionof the appellant?
2 Whichcrimewas he foundguiltyof?
3 Whatdid he knowaboutthe companyin question?
4 Howmuchprofitdid the appellantmakeon the sale of the shares?

FSAfinesouditorfor morketobuse
TheFinonciol Services ondMorkets Tribunol ihe resnonsibilltv for elementsof Delto'soudii in
hosupheldo Finonciol Services Authori!{FSA) S o n l o m h a )r O O ) I ' e ' e m o i n e do n t h e o u d l tl e o m
coseogoinslMr ArifMohommed, o former n c c i n n a r { t ^ D o l l ^ l,f,r'. '^-' -' ^i Jf ,'^ ' ' t t h a n a r i r { l a n r l i n
r-'--'---','9
Pricewoterhouse Coopers(PwC)ouditmonogewho un tn thc disnosol onnr Incmcnt In oorticrlor Mr
"Y'" "
wosfinedI10,000 forcommiliing morket obuse. Mohommedremoinedresponsible for plonning
Thisis thefirstiimethemorketobuseprovisions in the stoffto workon Deltoond hod reosonto know
Finonciol Services ond MorkebAci 2000 (FSMA) ohor rt the .snle'snroores. he.o,,se of its imncrcton
hovebeenthesrrbiect of o Trlbunol declsion. roq^r 1T.o nlnnnina
r,-,,'.,''v.
Mr Mohommed boughtshores in Deltoplc, At lhe end of November2002, Mr Mohommed
o London StockExchonge llstedelectricol ond wos owoTethotthesoleprocess wos ongoing
engineering servicescompqny, bosedon his ond *os r^rettincr
v. ' ' ' ' \ , closetn nnrocmont
Rr^rsed
ort
knowledge thotthecomponyintended to sellils he purchosed
thisinformotion, l5,O0Oshores in
electricol
dvision. Mr Mohommed becomeowore Deltoon 29 November2002 ot BOpeoch.Delto
of thisconfdentiolinformotion becouseDelto's ,rnnolncedthedisnosolon 9 December 2002 I
divison
eleciricol wos on ouditclienlof PwC,ond Mr ond Mr Mohommedsoldhisshoresthefollowing 2
Mohonmedworkedon thecompony's oudir doy ot 105p eoch,mokingo profitof 13,250.
lnJuly2002, Mr Mohommed firstbecomeqwoTe TheTribunclheldthottheinformotlon
.rf thonronosed.,crle .,f Delto'selecfricol division. Mr Mohommedhod obouttheproposeddeolwos
He wos toldthotthisinformotion wos confidentiol srlfficient
JUil r! rul clnd nrecis-oen,.,,.,h tn he rnnsidcrerj q5
ond notto be discussed withcomponyofficiols. relevont occordingto themorketcbuse
informotion
Although Mr Mohommed begonhondingover provislons.

20 Readthe articleagan,and decidewhetherthese statementsare true (T)or

false (F).lf a statementis false,correctit.
1 The case was heardbeforethe EurooeanCourtof Justice.
2 Mr Mohammed was sentenced to imprisonment for his crime.
3 The defendantwas not at all responsiblefor the audit of the company.
4 He knewaboutthe progressof the plannedsale. 2l
27-Findwordsin the textthat meanthe sameas theseunderlined
words.
1 secretinformation
2 to buv shares
3 suggesteddeal
4 the Tribunaldecided
5 marketabuse laws
22What do you think can be done to preventcasesof marketabuse(likethe one
describedabove)from occurring?
 LAWIN PRACTICE
Lsad-m
crimesinvolvingidentitytheftarebecoming increasinglycommon. Manypeoplethinknothingof
givingawaypersonal information,andthisian be uuuiedby criminats.
whomaybe at riskof identitytheft by ptacing Lawyers canhetpctents
a fraudaterton theircreditfite,ctosng
bank
accounts,
filinga policereportandchecking io,.n.'or.instances
of fraud.
23 a Discussthese questionsin small groups.
1 Howwouldyou defineidentitvtheft?
2 Whatexamplesof identitytneft can you
think of?
b compareyour ideaswith this definitiongiven
by the ldentityTheftResourcecenter.

Identity theft is a crime in which

an impostor obtains key pieces of
personal identifying information
(pII), such ,o.int security numbers
and driver'sricencenumbers,anc'uss ",
tn.rn torit.i, own personalgain.
This is calledID theft. It can'siart
with lost or stolenwallets,stolenmail,
a data breach,a computervirus, phishing,
*;;-;; paper
t h r o w n o u t b y y o u o r a b u s i n e s s . r : b q u v o l I l v" r P d P g I u 0 U u m edocuments
nts

Keytermsx: $derrf$ty
thef*
24 Thereare severarcommonkinds
of identitytheft. Matchthe exampres
(1_-6)with the definitions(a_f).
1 bin raidingr a stearingcreditldebitcard numbers
by usinga speciarstoragedevice
2 skimming when processingcards(oftenin orOer
to make illegalcopies)2
b fraudurentry gainingaccessto personarinformation
3 phishing from financial
institutions,terephonecompanies
and othersources
4 changingaddresses c takingwarets,mairand other items
containingpersonarinformation
withoutpermission
5 stealing
d pretending to be a financiarinstitutionor
6 pretexting companyand sending
spam or pop-upmessagesto get people
to revealpersonal
information
e sendingsomeone'sbiring statements
to anotherrocationby
comptetinga changeof addressform
f rookingthroughrubbishfor bits
or otherpapercontainngdetaired
25 wrrcn
ortheabove .#;'il:lTe
Haveyou everbeenlll-0..".1
a probrem
inyourcountry?
the victimof any of the above?

dumpsterdiving
I devicesfirst came ,o or',:::,:":-,:llf"l
it was reportedthat restaurant
emptoyeeshad been
'ffi n"*o,'nt patrons
::ili:;::;'f.il:ff[T,:T:i:".::.]:c.:l,o'
:il''?,?lT;T,::f
were
advsed
byanti-
ffi:[J:'ff
i.""$;;;#ilJi;:::%.XH:1?#l;",,
Unit4 Criminal
law
 a: Podeasts
Listening L
TheInternetprovides a [ot of usefulinformationfor [ega[practitioners
whoneedto keep 0
up to datewith devetopments btogsareoneexampteof constantty
in the [aw.Specialist
L
updatedsources of information, andtherearemanylaw-retated podcasts
that canbe
b
downtoaded ontoan mp3playerand [istenedto duringthosespareminutesbetween
appointments. Seewww.podcast.net listof audioandvideopodcasts.
for a comprehensive $
26l.'<+.2-c.s Listento four short clips taken from law-relatedpodcasts.Whichof
the commonkindsof identitytheft describedin Exercise24 is beingdescribed
in each?
Listento the full versionsof podcasts7 and 2 and answerthese
27 1'<+.e,.2
questions.
1 Why might a victim of identitytheft not realisethat they have been targeted?
2 What must potentialcreditorsdo whenyou haveplaceda fraudalert on your
credit report?
3 Phishingcan involvesendingemailto a personin orderto get them to reveal
personalinformation.Whatotherexampleof phishingis given?
4 Whymay banks refuseto compensatepeoplea secondtime for losses
causeddue to phishing?
5 Howare bankscontributing to the problemof phishing?
28 1ic.e,4.9 Listento the full versionsof podcasts3 and 4 and answerthese
questions.
The stolenlaptopcontainedinformationon how manyHewlettPackard t
employees? L
a 196,OOO c
b 19.600 I
c 1,960
Whymishtthe stoleninformationbe inaccessible? ,l-
a lt is impossibleto extractthe data. tu
b The thievesdo not havethe encryptionkey. ff
c The encryptionkeycan no longerbe used.
According to the survey,how manybins containedboth a bank account
numberand associatedsort code?
a one in five
b 72o/o
c two in five
' How manyAmericanshave been the victims of identitytheft?
a 99.9million
b 19.9million
"c 9.9 million

2: Shortpresentation
Speaking
Theseniorpartnerat yourlawfirmhasasked yout0 prepare
a shortpresentation
onsome
of themostcommon theft.Sheis particutarly
formsof identity interested
in whatthefirm
coulddoto reducetherisksto itsstaffandcustomers,andwouldatsoliketo beprepared
forthekindsof questions,
concernsand[ega[problems mighthave.
thefirm'sclients
29 Preparea shortpresentation on the subjectof identitytheft,usingthe
in this unitandthe formatoutlinedin Unit1 (page15).
information
Lmmryaaag#
essffi
3: ffiiw$mg
mdw&es
mmdexpress&xxg
*fu&&ga*6mx"x
Lawyers frequently
needto giveadviceandto te[[theirclientsaboutobligations
imposed
bythe [aw.
30 Readthe transcriptfor audio4.6 (page128) and find examptesof the of
languageof adviceand of obligation.
31 Readthe informationin the box belowand completethe noteson the use of
must and have to in the negative.

Givingadvice
Shouldis often used to give advice:
Youshoutd then reviewyour credit reportscarefuily.
Expressingobligation
Mustand haveto are usedto expressobligation.In statementsabout obligation
with must,the obligationis usuallyone that the speakerimposeson him/
herself. Haveto is often used to refer to an externalobligation(e.g. a law,
regulationor order from anotherperson).compare these two sentences:
t reatty must do somethingto protect mysetf against identity theft.
We now have to shred att documents before throwing them away.
Must cangenerallybe replacedby haveto:
... potential creditors must / have to use what the taw refers to as ...
Mustand have to are used differentlyin the negativeform. You must attend the
meetinghas the same meaningas Youhave to attend the meeting.However,
comparethe meaningsof these two sentences:
You mustnT atfend the meeting.
You don't have to attend the meeting.
YouLl attendthe meetingimpliesan absenceof obligation.
Youmay attendthe meetingif you wish,but it is not compulsory.
You2l attend the meetingimpliesthat you are prohibited
from attendingthe meeting(e.g.confidentialinformationwill be discussedthat
those presentdo not wish you to know).

32 Decidewhetherthese sentencesare givingadviceor expressingobligation.

completethem usingshould,must or have to. Remember,in some cases more
than one answermay be possible.
1 To registeras a victimof identitytheft,you obtaina
registrationapplicationpacketfrom the Departmentof Justice.
Thoseconvictedof aggravatedidentitytheft servean
additionalmandatorytwo-yearprisonterm.
We believethat bankingorganisations providetheir
customerswith betterinformationabout how to preventidentitytheft.
Creditreportingcompanies makeany requestsfor
furtherinformationwithin15 daysof receivingyour ldentityTheftReport.
Victimsof identitytheft . monitorfinancialrecordsfor
severalmonthsafter they discoverthe crime.
Memoriseyour passwordsand personalidentification numbers(plNs)so you
writethem down.

Unit4 Criminal
law
 3: Rote-play:
Speakin$ a cliemt
advisimg
33 Discussthe four cases belowwith a partner.Takeit in turns to playthe roles
of the lawyerand the client.
Lawyer
Whenplayingthe role of the lawyer,take detailednotes and ask any further
questionsnecessaryusingthe WASPtechniqueoutlinedin Unit 3. Adviseyour
clientusingthe languageof givingadviceand expressingobligation'
sLaL*'nenLs0.5 soon tus
FoRrxnupLe:You should, check your cxeAtL-c,o,rd"
gou recntNe un. lt Uot sep, ang purwses Uou d)An'b mala, gou shoulA,
,e-nge exn unneAto&dt.
Glient
Whenplayingthe role of the client,respondto the questionsposedby the
lawyeras best you can, inventingany detailswhen necessary.Do not giveall of
the informationat once.
1 Youhavejust been forwardedseveralpiecesof mail from a previous
address.The mail includesa bill, a seriesof remindersand follow-upletters
demandingpaymentfor a car that you did not purchase.The most recent
letter is from a lawyerrepresentingthe companyfrom whichthe car was
bought.He is threateningyou with legalaction.
2 Last week,your credit card was refused,althoughyou had not used it for
severalmonthsand had no outstandingdebts.Whenyou calledthe credit-
card company,they said that the card had been used for a series of online
transactionstwo months ago and that you are now over your limit. You have
not receiveda statementfor three months.
3 Youhaverecentlybeguna small businessemployingfour administrative
personnel.Youare concernedaboutthe risinglevelof crimeinvolving
policyto reducethe risk
identityfraud,and wish to developa comprehensive
to your staff and customers.
4 Youare the CEOof a major internationalcompany.Last night,your head of
customersecurityattendeda leavingparty for a colleaguebeforetravellng
homeon the train.Whenhe woke up this morning,he realisedthat he had
left his laptop somewherebetweenthe office and home.

Writinq:Letterof advice
34 Write a follow-upletter of advicebased on one of your lawyer-clientinterviews
in Exercise33. Usethe structureoutlinedin the email of advicein Unit2.
 Focus
Language

1 PrepositionsCompletethe followingtext with the prepositionsin the box.

against +er of of on on on to

Last month,three high*level employeesof the JunescoCorporation werearrested

fraud. They
f) ..........{o.r:...... were accused 2l having developed a complexscheme
involvinginvestors'money.An actionwas brought3) them the civil court.
in
Allthree wereconvicted4) . fraud and obstructionof justice,and sentenced
5) two years' imprisonment. The judge stated that the actions of the three
men not onlyhad an adverseeffect6) the Junesco Corporation, but also had
a negativeimpact7) investors'confidencein the financialsystem.Afterthe
defendants'lawyersrequestedthat the judge suspendthe sentences,the men were put
8) . probation.
WordseasityconfusedDistinguish the followingwordsby matchingeachwith its definition.
Then use one word from each pair to completethe sentencesthat follow.
1 proof / Wove
(verb):to show a particularresultafter a periodof time
a...................................
b .. . . . . (noun):a fact or pieceof informationwhichshowsthat something
existsor is true
Thestatewas unableto . . . ....,.. that the defendantwas an accomplice to the theft.
2 prosecution / persecution
a . .. .... . : the lawyersin a trialwho try to provethat a personaccusedof
committinga crimeis guiltyof that crime
b . ..... . . .......: treatingsomeoneunfairlyor cruellyovera long periodof time because
of their race,religionor politicalbeliefs
Accordingto news reports,the will seek the death penaltyfor the dictator.
3 proscribe/ prescribe
a ............. ...: to tell someonewhat they must do; to givesomethingas a rule
...,.............
b .. .. .. . : to forbidsomething
Federallaws..... . guidelines
sentencing and rigidmandatory minimum
sentences,especiallyfor drug-and-gun offences.
PassiveconstructionsChangethe underlinedverbsin these sentencesfrom activeto
passive,keepingthe tense the same and makingany othernecessarychanges.
1 The court foundthe co-conspirators guiltyon severalcounts,most notablyfraudand
conspiracy.
2 White-collar crimeaffectsemployees, consumersand citizensalike.
3 A judge sentencedthe formerCEOto 87 monthsin federalprisonfor his role in
arrangingfraudulentloansthat led to the company'sforcedbankruptcy.
4 lf the prosecutorfails to provethat the accusedis guiltybeyonda reasonabledoubt,
'not guilty'.
the jury rendersa verdictof
5 The state prosecutedthe companyfounderfor tax evasion,and he is now servinga
three-year sentence.
6 The parole boardput the prisoneron paroleafterfour yearsof good conductin prison.
7 The judge gave the defendanta suspendedsentencefor the theft of his sister'scar
whileintoxicated.