Raihan Alisha Nabila - 1306437126

LAND USE PLANNING AND ITS IMPLEMENTATIONS IN INDONESIA

In terms of managing pollution in an area, land use planning plays an essential part.
Categorization of land use is also referred to the different socioeconomic activities occurring
in a particular area, the human behavior patterns they create, and their effects on the
environment. Land use planning can be defined as the process by which a society, through its
institutions, decides where, within its territory, different socioeconomic activities such as
agriculture, housing, industry, recreation, and commerce should take place. The functions of
land use planning are protecting well-defined areas from development due to environmental,
cultural, historical, or similar reasons, and establishing provisions that control the nature of
development activities. We first need to determine plot areas, land consumption or surface
ratio, intensity or floor-area ratio, density or units of peoples activity per hectare, the
technical standards of the infrastructure and buildings that will serve them, and related
parking allowances. There are at least ten good land use planning practices that will help
attain positive environmental effects:

1. Define, make, and effectively protect no-go areas in order to recognize the high
environmental, historical, or cultural values, for their biodiversity, or because they can
help contain unnecessary and costly urban expansion.

2. Plan for appropriate industrial zones, such as defining the location, design,
infrastructure, regulation, and the buffers separating them from residential and other
activity zones.

3. Establish an area that can increase the usage of public transit, decrease usage of
private vehicles, and reduce the consumption of energy at the household level.

4. Integrate the urban and rural realms into the same framework for land-use planning.

5. Establish and modify urban-rural boundaries that links to available capacity for
providing water and wastewater treatment, and to the areas economic linkages and
commuting patterns.

6. Define boundaries, so that an area can have a territory.

7. Develop all types of urban agriculture within greenbelts, boundary territories and
inside urbanized areas.
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8. Establish authorized levels of gas emissions, noise, air pollution, sun radiation, energy
consumption, solid and water waste discharges.

9. Require on-site or pre-disposal treatment of pollutants, and granting bonuses or

incentives for additional, positive contributions to the environment.

10. Mandate the use of green building standards, techniques and materials.

Land use regulation is intended to reduce emissions from transportation systems, less
average commuting time, cultural flowering in new public spaces, less crime, and most
importantly, a much greater capacity to be informed about ones city and a greater capacity to
broadly communicate the advantages of such regulation. Government should use the land use
planning to set priorities, assess strategic environment, industrial estate, environmental
regulation and standards, monitoring, inspection, compliance and enforcement and market-
based instruments and taxation policies.

In Indonesia, urban development is now a local authority affair and no longer under
the central government control and direction and therefore should be planned and
implemented according to the local needs by the local authority and communities. The
Indonesian planning system still indicates an incomplete adoption of the integrated-
comprehensive approach (Firman 2010; Hudalah, Woltjer 2007: 293, 296).

In the real condition, a problem of urban land management in Indonesia is the lack of
adequate data and information for planning and decision-making. Land market in Indonesia is
divided into formal land markets and informal land markets, to which the non-title ownership
land of the poor households belongs. We can take an example of the capital city of Indonesia,
Jakarta as it is one of the big metropolitan area in Southeast Asia. In Jakarta, a lot of
conditions have happened such as the urban sprawl, population growth, migration, functional
conversion, proliferation of informal developments and slum/ squatter settlements, haphazard
and unbalanced urban land development. The rapid development in Jakarta has caused
several environmental problems such as congestion due to heavy flows of commuters
between Jakarta and its suburbs; air pollution in some industrial areas; and groundwater
extraction. New towns, large-scale residential areas and other communities have been
developed. The rapid and extensive decentralization in big cities like Jakarta are combined
with a lack of capacity of local government in land management has led to a fragmented and
uncoordinated region. As the rapid development grows , it will also exploit local resources,
including water and land as the local governments tend to maximize their income.
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Inconsistencies in the implementation of spatial plans by local governments due to

private sector and individual pressure for profitable interests cause uncontrolled land
conversion. Other than the facts about a big city in Indonesia as mentioned above, if we relate
to the 10 points of land use planning practices we can simply determine the strength,
weakness, opportunities and threats of the land use planning practices that will be
implemented Indonesia.

The strengths are the existence of specific institution and governments in handling
land use planning related to the practice of combating the pollution, a coordination between
local governments, private sectors and citizens to build area that is friendly to the
environment, and the strategy, project and programs related to combat the pollution in an
area, industrial areas are located far away from residential areas, areas with valuable values
are protected. The weaknesses are several areas are not owned individually nor privately,
areas can be used for any purposes by some people, the low volume of green areas in Jakarta,
urbanized area tend to increase the number of people use private vehicles because of the
higher value of individuals status than an efficiency and friendliness to the environment,
there is no proper integration between urban and rural areas in big city, urban agriculture area
is not well developed, not all building in urban areas are green building certified. The
opportunities are the massive infrastructure development to support the commuters to use
public transportations such as the construction of MRT, LRT in Jakarta, so that the use of
private vehicles will reduce, the regulation will be stricter, several sources of funding to
develop the efficient land use planning for Indonesia and support from external sectors. The
threats are the rapid growth of population as they will also produce more pollution, increasing
of urban society, low public environmental awareness, private sectors which somehow have
authorities as the central governments.