An improved PGC demodulation method to suppress the impact of

laser intensity modulation

Huayong Zhanga, Min Zhang a, Liwei Wang a, Yanbiao Liao a, D. N. Wangb, Yaoqiang Zhuc
a
State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Department of Electronic Engineering
Tsinghua University, Beijing,100084, China bDepartment of Electrical Engineering, the
HongKong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China cChina Oilfield Services LimitedYanjiao,
SanHe Hebei Province, 065201, China

ABSTRACT

An improved demodulation method by solving a quadratic equation was proposed for the phase generated carrier (PGC)
scheme with frequency modulation to suppress the impact of laser intensity modulation (LIM). The influence of LIM on
total harmonic distortion (THD) was analyzed for PGC algorithm considering laser intensity modulation coefficient
(LIMC), signal amplitude, initial phase and modulation depth. According to our analysis, the maximum THD of PGC
algorithm is more than -24dB when LIMC is 0.1. While the maximum THD is less than -65dB by using the improved
method when LIMC is less than 0.5, which is limited by the low-pass filter. For an experiment system with 0.285 LIMC,
the THD was -9dB for PGC algorithm. By using the improved method, the THD approached -50dB.
Keywords: Fiber-optic interferometer, phase generated carrier (PGC), laser intensity modulation, signal demodulation

1. INTRODUCTION
Fiber-optic interferometric sensors can be used in a variety of sensing applications because of their high sensitivity, and
the measured signals which are linear to phase-shift need to be recovered from the interference signals with appropriate
demodulation scheme. The phase generated carrier (PGC) algorithm is a widely used method for interference signals
demodulating due to its high sensitivity, large dynamic range and good linearity1. Small size distributed feedback (DFB)
laser can be used in a PGC scheme to realize a compact structure. Besides, unbalanced interferometer is needed and the
phase carrier is generated through direct frequency modulation of the DFB laser. However, the laser intensity modulation
(LIM)2, 3 along with frequency modulation will distort the demodulated signal and deteriorate the performance of the
PGC algorithm. An improved PGC method has been proposed to eliminate the LIM by using a lookup table made from a
nonlinear function2. The total harmonic distortion (THD) for this method is the less than -50dB for a 10 radian signal.
But the lookup table used in this method fully depends on the laser intensity modulation parameters (LIMP). Usually the
LIMP differ for different sensors in an interferometric system. Then for a multi-sensor system, different lookup tables
should be made to improve the performance and hardware resource will be consumed too much. It is also inconvenient to
calibrate such a system when LIMP change.
In this paper, the impact of LIM on total harmonic distortion (THD) is analyzed for PGC algorithm considering laser
intensity modulation coefficient (LIMC), signal amplitude, initial phase and modulation depth. An improved PGC
demodulation method by solving a quadratic equation is proposed to suppress the impact of laser intensity modulation
(LIM). The calibration of the new method is much simpler than the lookup table method. Both simulations and
experiment are made to verify THD improvement degree of the improved PGC demodulation method proposed in this
paper.

2. PRINCIPLES
2.1 Phase Generated Carrier (PGC) Algorithm
The interference signal in a phase generated carrier scheme can be expressed as

zhanghuayongthu@gmail.com; phone 86 10 62781372; fax 86 10 62770317

2011 International Conference on Optical Instruments and Technology: Optical Sensors and Applications,
edited by Brian Culshaw, YanBiao Liao, Anbo Wang, Xiaoyi Bao, Xudong Fan, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8199,
81990Q 2011 SPIE CCC code: 0277-786X/11/$18 doi: 10.1117/12.903706

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 I = I 0 {1 + v cos[C cos c t + (t )]} (1)

where I0 is proportion to optical intensity, v is the visibility, C is the modulation depth, c is the carrier frequency and (t)
is the desired phase-shift signal. After mixing cosct, cos2ct and low-pass filtering, two items can be obtained as1

s (t ) = I 0 vJ1 (C ) sin (t ) (2)

c(t ) = I 0 vJ 2 (C ) cos (t ) (3)

J1(C) and J2(C) are Bessel functions. Then the desired signal (t) can be recovered by digital arctangent (DAT)
approach4 from an equation as
J 2 (C ) s (t )
(t ) = arctan (4)
J1 (C ) c(t )
When modulation depth C is 2.63 rad, J1(C)=J2(C). If J1(C)J2(C), the ratio of J1(C) and J2(C) should be acquired before
digital arctangent approach to minimize nonlinear distortion of PGC-DAT algorithm. An elliptic curve can be formed
from s(t) and c(t) when signal amplitude of (t) is larger than . The quadratic curve equation is
as 2 (t ) + bc 2 (t ) = 1 (5)

where a=1/(I0vJ1(C))2, b=1/(I0vJ2(C))2. Parameters a and b in (5) can be evaluated by ellipse fitting method5,6. Then
J2(C)/J1(C) can be derived as the square root of a/b.
2.2 Analysis of the influence of Laser Intensity Modulation
Considering laser intensity modulation (LIM), the interference signal can be written as7


I = I 0 1 + m j cos jc t {1 + v cos[C cos ct + (t )]} (6)
j =1
where mj is the laser intensity modulation coefficient (LIMC) of jc component. After mixing and low-pass filtering, two
items in (2) and (3) will be changed into7
S (t ) = I 0 vJ1 (C ) [sin (t ) + s0 + s1 cos (t ) + s2 sin (t )] (7)

C (t ) = I 0 vJ 2 (C ) [ cos (t ) + c0 + c1 cos (t ) + c2 sin (t ) ] (8)

where
m1 1 J (C ) J 2 k (C ) 1 J (C ) J 2 k +1 (C )
s0 = , s1 = ( 1) k 2 k 2 m2 k 1 , s2 = (1) k +1 2 k 1 m2 k
2vJ1 (C ) 2 k =1 J1 (C ) 2 k =1 J1 (C )
(9)
m2 1 J (C ) + J 2 k 2 (C ) 1 J (C ) + J 2 k 3 (C )
c0 = , c1 = ( 1) k 2 k + 2 m2 k , c2 = ( 1) k 2 k +1 m2 k 1
2vJ 2 (C ) 2 k =1 J 2 (C ) 2 k =1 J 2 (C )
Then the demodulated signal from (7) and (8) using PGC-DAT algorithm will be
S (t ) / J1 (C )
(t ) = arctan (t ) + 0 + 1 cos( (t ) + 1 ) + 2 cos(2 (t ) + 2 ) (10)
C (t ) / J 2 (C )
where
s1 c2 1 c c s
0 = , 1 = s02 + c02 , 2 = ( s2 c1 ) 2 + ( s1 + c2 ) 2 ,1 = arctan 0 , 2 = arctan 1 2 (11)
2 2 s0 s1 + c2
For a single frequency signal (t)=Ascosst+0, the bias between (t) and the demodulated signal (t) can be expanding
in terms of Bessel functions as

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(t ) (t ) = 0 + 1 J 0 ( As ) + 2 J 0 (2 As ) + 2 (1) k [ 1 J 2 k ( As ) cos(0 + 1 ) + 2 J 2 k (2 As ) cos(20 + 2 )]
k =1 (12)

cos(2ks t ) 2 ( 1) [ 1 J 2 k +1 ( As ) sin(0 + 1 ) + 2 J 2 k +1 (2 As ) sin(20 + 2 )]cos(2k + 1)s t
k

k =0

There are harmonic waves (coskst, k=1,2,) in equation (10) which means that LIM will induce nonlinear
distortion in the PGC-DAT algorithm. Further more, the nonlinear distortion has connection with the laser intensity
modulation coefficient (LIMC), signal amplitude As, initial phase 0 and modulation depth C. Total harmonic distortion
(THD) is an important parameter to evaluate system nonlinear distortion. In this paper, THD is defined as the ratio of the
sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency.
To make a further discussion on the exact relation between THD and LIMC, As,0 ,C, we compare the theoretical
results calculated by approximate equation (12) with a series of simulations. Usually, laser intensity modulation
coefficients for higher harmonics are much smaller than m1 and they are neglected in next simulations. Then the laser
intensity modulation coefficients are all zero except m1. In the simulations, the sampling rate, carrier frequency and
signal frequency are 100 kSPS, 10 kHz and 200 Hz, respectively. The low-pass filter is the FIR (Finite Impulse Response)
type with 4.2 kHz cutoff frequency (fcutoff) and 0.4 kHz transition-band (f). The passband fluctuation and stopband
attenuation are 0.1 dB and 100 dB, respectively.

C=2.63 rad, m1=0.1 C=2.63rad

-20 0

-20
Maximum THD (dB)

-40
-40
THD (dB)

-60
-60
-80 Simulation, As=0.1rad
Simulation of maximum THD -80
Simulation, As=1.4rad
Simulation of minimum THD
-100 -100 Simulation, As=10rad
Simulation of mean THD
Theoretical Calculation Theoretical Calculation
-120 -2 -120 -3 -2 -1 0
-1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Signal Amplitude As (rad) Laser Intensity Modulation Coefficient m1
Figure 1. THD of PGC-DAT influenced by signal amplitude Figure 2. THD of PGC-DAT influenced by LIMC

C=2.63 rad, m1=0 m1=0.1

-60 -10 Simulation, As=0.1rad

-15 Simulation, As=1.4rad

-80
Simulation, As=10rad
-100 -20
Theoretical Calculation
THD (dB)

THD (dB)

-25
-120
-30
-140 Simulation of maximum THD
Simulation of minimum THD -35
-160 Simulation of mean THD
-40
-180 -2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 -45
1 2 1.5
2.5 3 3.5
Signal Amplitude As (rad) Modulation Depth C (rad)
Figure 3. The impact of low-pass filter on THD Figure 4. THD of PGC-DAT influenced by modulation depth

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 As THD may vary a lot for different initial phase, the maximum, minimum and mean of THD for different initial
phases are discussed in simulations and calculations. Figure 1 plots the relation between THD and signal amplitude As
for C=2.63 rad, m1=0.1. Theoretical calculation agree well with the simulation results.The maximum THD reaches the
peak value when signal amplitude is close to 1.4 rad and the peak value is 13.7 dB higher than the maximum THD at As
=10 rad. The larger is the signal amplitude, the smaller is the THD fluctuation.
Figure 2 plots the relation between THD and LIMC for different signal amplitudes. THD is nearly proportion to m1
at logarithmic coordinate. Deviations appear for As =10 rad, m1<0.002, which arise from the low-pass filter. Figure 3
presents the impact of low-pass filter on THD for different signal amplitudes. The maximum THD for signal amplitude
of 0.1 rad, 1.4 rad and 10 rad are -92.9 dB, -76.1 dB and -76.3 dB, respectively. Then the low-pass filter plays a major
role to impact the THD of PGC-DAT algorithm when LIMC is small. The impact of modulation depth on the maximum
THD for different signal amplitudes is shown in Figure 4. In general, the influence of modulation depth on THD is little
in the range from 1 to 3 rad.
For the PGC-DAT algorithm, the THD is caused by the distortion of sin(t) or cos(t). To discuss the impact of
low-pass filter on THD of PGC-DAT algorithm, we suppose that there is no laser intensity modulation. The relationship
between the maximum THD and signal frequency is plotted in Figure 5 for different low-pass filter cutoff frequencies
(fcutoff) with 0.4 kHz transition-band (f). Figure 6 plots the relationship between the maximum THD and signal
frequency for different low-pass filter transition-bands with 4.2 kHz cutoff frequency. The maximum THD in Figure 5
and Figure 6 is the maximum for 0.01 rad As 10 rad,-0 and is derived by simulations.

C=2.63rad, f=0.4kHz C=2.63rad, fcutoff=4.2kHz

-20 -20
fcutoff=4.8kHz
f=0.4kHz
-30 fcutoff=4.6kHz -30 f=0.8kHz
Maximum THD (dB)

Maximum THD (dB)

fcutoff=4.4kHz f=1.2kHz
-40 -40
fcutoff=4.2kHz f=1.6kHz
-50 -50

-60 -60

-70 -70

-80 -80
50 100
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 100
150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Signal Frequency (Hz) Signal Frequency (Hz)
Figure 5. The impact of low-pass filter cutoff frequency on Figure 6. The impact of low-pass filter transition-band on
THD of PGC-DAT THD of PGC-DAT
The impact of the low-pass filter on maximum THD varies from signal frequencies. In general, the maximum THDs
at high frequencies (>300Hz) are larger. The reason is that the signal bandwidth for higher frequency is larger and the
distortion is also larger after a low-pass filter with finite cutoff frequency. It is worth to note that there is a minimum
point either in Figure 5 or in Figure 6 at the frequency 200 Hz where the cutoff frequency and transition-band of low-
pass filter are 4.2 kHz and 0.4 kHz, respectively. Both these low-pass filter parameters and the 200 Hz signal frequency
were selected in the previous simulations to reduce the influence of lowpass filter.
To get a THD lower than -40 dB for As=1.4 rad in PGC-DAT algorithm, LIMC is should be less than 0.02.
Unfortunately, LIMC in a practical system is easy to be larger than 0.1 and it is necessary to suppress the impact of laser-
intensity modulation to get a low THD.
2.3 Improved Demodulation Method
The principle of the improved demodulation method proposed in this paper is outlined as bellow.
Equations (7) and (8) can be written as
C (t ) = z1 + k1 cos( (t ) + )
(13)
S (t ) = z2 + k2 sin( (t ) + + )

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 When signal amplitude of (t) is large than , equations (13) will form an ellipse. Then parameters z1, z2, k1, k2 and
can be obtained by ellipse fitting6, 7. It should be noted that and the ratios of z1, z2, k1, k2 are all independent of optical
intensity and only decided by the laser intensity modulation.
The ellipse of equations (13) can be transformed into a circle with the center located at x axis, and the transforms
are
x(t ) 1 c (t ) + cos '(t )
y (t ) = R2 R1 s (t ) = k2 sin '(t ) (14)

where
k1
R1 = k2
0 , R = cos sin z ' z ' z
, = arctan 2 , 1 = R11 1 (15)
2 sin
cos z1 ' z2 ' z2
sin cos
The transforms above indicate that parameter is also independent of optical intensity and can be calculated from
and the ratios of z1, z2, k1, k2. There is a fixed phase difference between (t) and (t). When | y(t)| | x(t)|, the ratio of y(t)
and x(t) is
y (t ) sin '(t )
k= = ,| y (t ) || x(t ) | (16)
x(t ) + cos '(t )
A quadratic equation can be obtained from (16) as
(1 + k 2 ) cos 2 '(t ) + 2 k 2 cos '(t ) + 2 k 2 1 = 0
(17)
Two roots of cos(t) can be solved from equation (17). Then two roots of sin(t) can be calculated from (16).The point
which is near (x(t)/k2-, y(t) /k2) is selected for DAT approach to get (t). If | y(t)| >| x(t)|, another quadratic equation
can be derived from the ratio of x(t) and y(t)
x(t ) + cos '(t )
k= = ,| y (t ) |>| x(t ) | (18)
y (t ) sin '(t )
(1 + k 2 ) cos 2 '(t ) + 2 cos '(t ) + 2 k 2 = 0 (19)
The demodulation is similar to the situation when | y(t)| | x(t)|.
The relationship between parameter and LIMC is plotted in Figure 7 for different modulation depths C. Parameter
is always less than 1 for m1<0.5. In a practical system, m1 is hard to reach 0.5. The discriminants of (17) and (19) are
4[1+k2(1-2)] and 4k2(1+k2+2), respectively. And the two discriminants are both positive for <1. Thus, there are
always two roots for quadratic equation (17) or (19).

1
C=2.03
C=2.63
0.8
C=3.14
Parameter

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Laser Intensity Modulation Coefficient m1
Figure 7. The relationship between and LIMC

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 Figure 8 and Figure 9 are simulation results of the maximum THD for the improved demodulation method by
solving a quadratic equation. Simulation conditions are the same as the ones when discussing the relation between THD
and LIMC. From Figure 8, we can see that maximum THD for As=0.1 rad or As=1 rad is nearly in inverse proportion to
modulation depth for 1.5 rad < C <3 .5 rad. While the impact of modulation depth on maximum THD of As=10 rad is
little for 1 rad < C <3 rad. For C=2.6 rad, m1<0.1, the maximum THD for signal amplitudes of 0.1 rad, 1 rad and 10 rad
are -90.4 dB, -75.9 dB and -75.0 dB, respectively. The relationship between maximum THD and signal amplitude is
plotted in Figure 9 for different LIMC. The maximum THD is less than -65dB for m0.5,C=2.63 rad, 0.01 rad As 10
rad. Simulations indicate that the improved demodulation method by solving a quadratic equation can effectively
suppress the impact of laser intensity modulation to get a low THD.

m1=0.1 m1 =0.1 C=2.63rad

-55
-50 m1 =0.2
As=0.1rad
-60 m1 =0.3
-60 As=1rad

Maximum THD (dB)

-65 m1 =0.4
Maximum THD (dB)

As=10rad
-70 m1 =0.5
-70
-80 m1 =0
-75
-90 -80
-100 -85
-110 -90

-120 -95 -1 0 1
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 10 10 10
Modulation Depth C (rad) Signal Amplitude As (rad)
Figure 8. THD of improved demodulation method influenced Figure 9. THD of improved demodulation method influenced
by modulation depth by signal amplitude

It can be seen from the demodulation process that there are only 5 parameters in the improved demodulation method.
While for the lookup table method, usually a table with a thousand or more data is needed to realize a high precision
demodulation. When the parameters for different sensors in an interferometric system are not consistent which may be
caused by the differences of laser, modulation circuit, path difference of interferometer, fiber delay, carrier delay and etc.,
different tables should be made to maintain the demodulation performances. Then hardware resource will be consumed
too much. Also the calibration for such a system need new lookup tables made one by one. While the calibration of the
improved demodulation method by solving a quadratic equation just need to revise a series of 5 parameters. The square
root operation in solving a quadratic equation can be implemented on FPGA in one clock cycle8. So the calibration is
much simpler than the lookup table method.

3. EXPERIMENTS
The configuration of the experimental system using Michelson interferometer is shown in Figure 10. The optical source
was a 1550nm FRL15DCWD-A82 DFB laser with 1MHz linewidth. A PZT (Piezoelectric Ceramic Transformer) was
used as a signal generator. FRM (Faraday Rotator Mirror) devices were used to eliminate polarization induced signal
fading. The length difference of the Michelson interferometer was nearly 20cm. A current modulation was applied to the
DFB laser with a sinusoidal carrier of 11.2 kHz generated by the demodulation system. The modulation depth was
adjusted to 2.6 rad. A 300Hz sinusoidal test signal with an 8.2 rad amplitude was applied to the PZT in the interferometer.
The interference signal was detected by a InGaAs/InP positive intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodetector and sampled by
demodulation system. The LIMC (m1) is 0.285 for such a system.

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 JOIfOL
C0flbIGL

Figure 10. Configuration of the experimental system

Figure 11 and Figure 12 plot the demodulated signals and power spectrum density (PSD) using PGC-DAT method
and the improved demodulation method. The THD for PGC-DAT method was as large as -9dB. While the THD
approached -50dB for the improved demodulation method. The experiment indicates that the improved demodulation
method by solving a quadratic equation is effective to suppress the impact of laser intensity modulation.

10 10

Amplitude (rad)
Amplitude (rad)

5 5

0 0

-5 -5

-10
-10 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Time (s) Time (s)
PSD (dB rad /Hz)
0
PSD (dB rad /Hz)

0
THD = -50dB
THD = -9dB
2
2

-50
-50

-100
-100

-150
-150 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 11. Demodulation results using PGC-DAT method Figure 12. Demodulation results using improved
demodulation method

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an improved PGC demodulation method by solving a quadratic equation is proposed to suppress the
impact of laser intensity modulation. The impact of LIM on total harmonic distortion (THD) is analyzed for both
PGC-DAT method and the improved PGC demodulation method. According to our simulations, the maximum THD
of PGC-DAT for C=2.63 rad, As =1.4 rad is more than -24dB when LIMC is 0.1 while the THD of the improved
PGC demodulation method is less than -65dB for C=2.63 rad, 0.01 rad As 10 rad when LIMC is less than 0.5. For
an experiment system with 0.285 LIMC, the THD is -9dB for PGC-DAT. By using the improved PGC demodulation
method, the THD approached -50dB. Simulations and experiment indicate that the improved PGC demodulation
method can effectively suppress the impact of laser intensity modulation to get a low THD. The calibration of the
new method is much simpler than the lookup table method. The maximum THD is limited by the low-pass filter.
The improved PGC demodulation method by solving a quadratic equation can be used in the practical fiber-optic
interferometric system with a number of sensors.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The paper is supported by the Hong Kong Polytechnic Research Grant No. A-SA52.

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