Developments in distributed optical fiber detection technology

Wei YE, Qianxia ZHU , Tianrong YOU

State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027,
P.R.China

ABSTRACT

The distributed optical fiber detection technology plays an important role in many fields, such as key regional security
monitoring, pipeline maintenance and communication cable protection. It is superior to the traditional detector, and has a
good prospect. This paper presents an overview of various distributed optical fiber sensors. At first, some related
technologies of the optical fiber detection schemes are introduced in respect of sensing distance, real-time ability, signal
strength, and system complexity; and the advantages and limitations of fiber gratings sensors, reflection-based optical
fiber sensors, and interference- based optical fiber sensors are discussed. Then some advanced distributed optical fiber
detection systems are mentioned. And the double-loop Sagnac distributed system is improved by adding photoelectric
modulators and depolarizers. In order to denoise and enhance the original signal, a spectral subtraction-likelihood ratio
method is improved. The experiment results show the spatial resolution is 15m per kilometer. Finally, based on the
development trends of optical fiber detection technology at home and abroad, development tendency and application
fields are predicted.
Keywords: optical fiber sensing technology; distributed detection; advanced distributed optical fiber detection system;
double-loop Sagna

1. INTRODUCTION
A Perimeter Intrusion Detection System(PIDS) is widely used to monitor and investigate activities on or around the
fences of important places, such as oil/gas pipelines, airports, military bases, power stations and construction zones
against unauthorized accesses, etc. The conventional perimeter security system which uses ultrasonic, infrared or
photoelectric sensors to detect intruders has many disadvantages of limited detection range, high energy consumption
and high cost.
Optical fiber sensing technology is developed in the 70's of last century[1]. The advantages of using fiber optic sensors in
PIDS over conventional technologies are well recognized, including anti-electromagnetic interference, high sensitivity,
no power required in the field, intrinsic safety in volatile environments, high reliability and cost effectiveness over large
distances[2-3]. Many developed countries vigorously carry out the related research of fiber optic monitoring. The local
institutes and universities also do intense researches in this field, and have achieved remarkable results. Fiber optic
systems, due to its data rate performance, small size, and lightweight will continue to provide and revolutionize
performance for many detection systems in the future.

2. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT FIBER-OPTIC SENSING TECHNOLOGIES

At present, fiber sensor technology consists of three parts: (1) Fiber grating sensors technologies; (2) reflective based
technologies; (3) interferometric based technologies. Fiber grating sensors are comparatively mature and used widely.
According to different optical mechanisms, they can be classified as Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) sensors, Long Period
Fiber Grating(LPFG) sensors, Chirped Fiber Grating(CFG) sensors and so on[4-5]. Back-reflection technology combining
with rayleigh scattering, brillouin scattering, etc. generates different kinds of distributed fiber sensors, such as Optical
Time Domain Reflectometer(OTDR)[6-7] and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR). Furthermore,
Michelson interferometer, Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI), Sagnac interferometer, Fabry-Perot interferometer(FPI)[8]
and white-light interferometer(WLI)[9] are based on interference theory.

zjuyewei@gmail.com

International Symposium on Optoelectronic Technology and Application 2014: Laser and Optical Measurement Technology;
and Fiber Optic Sensors, edited by J. Czarske, S. Zhang, D. Sampson, W. Wang, Y. Liao, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9297,
92972T 2014 SPIE CCC code: 0277-786X/14/$18 doi: 10.1117/12.2071380

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 2.1 Fiber grating sensors
Based on the photosensitivity of optical fiber material, optical gratings are carved on the optical fiber with uv light to
make the fiber refractive index changed periodically in the fiber core axial. Its essence is forming a narrow-band filter or
reflector inside the fiber core, as shown in Figure 1.
cisqqiG
Iuciqsu.r
fSU2U 4
Bel Iscrs

Figure 1. Sensing principle of fiber bragg grating

According to the different periodicity and uniformity, there are FBGs, LPFGs and CFGs. FBGs with a relatively small
and uniform refractive index change cycle about 0.1m have a fixed reflection wavelength. They can be used in
distributed systems to detect stress, temperature, flow, corrosion, structural damage, etc. The refractive index change
cycle of LPFGs is about 100m. LPGs are more sensitive to environment than FBGs because of the coupling between
fundamental mode and cladding mode. But FBGs multimodality is a limit in the application of quasi-distributed
systems. The refractive index change cycle of CFGs is non-uniform, their amplitude or period changes along the fiber
axial. Different position reflects different wavelength of incident light. CFGs can be used in dispersion compensators.
2.2 Distributed optical fiber sensors based on the reflection structure
The backward scattering effect which has extensive researches and applications is the basis of the reflection method of
distributed optical fiber sensing technology.
(1) Distributed optical fiber sensors based on Rayleigh backward scattering
Rayleigh scattering principle: optical signal propagated along the fiber produces irregular scattering. Part of the
scattering spreads in an opposite direction, and returns to the light source. OTDR sends optical pulses into the fiber and
receives the returned scattering signal for analysis. The backscattering signal is related to the fiber attenuation. There
exists a certain corresponding relationship between transmission loss and fiber length. When the temperature or stress
changes, the scattering characteristic changes at the same time. The disturbance information in some position can be
calculated by the receiving signal.
Distributed optical fiber sensor based on Rayleigh backward scattering is shown in Figure 2. The narrow-band light pulse
is injected into the fiber, and the distance is calculated by return time and propagation velocity to realize the spatial
orientation at the monitoring point.
c (1)
d=
2n
Where c is the velocity of light in vacuum, is the return time, n is the refractive index of the fiber core, d is the location
of the disturbance. But Rayleigh scattering is too weak, leading to a low signal to noise ratio(SNR), a short sensing
distance and a low detecting accuracy. This shortcoming limits its wide application in the field of distributed sensing
detection.

Figure 2. Distributed optical fiber sensor based on Rayleigh backward scattering

(2) Distributed optical fiber sensors based on Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering principle: Light waves and sound waves or stress waves propagate in the optical fiber and interact to
each other to produce light scattering[10]. The BOTDR technology is developed by the traditional OTDR technology. The
schematic of BOTDR is shown in Figure 3.

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 2sue!uB {!

bpo{oqs;sc

Figure 3. Distributed optical fiber sensor based on Brillouin scattering

In BOTR, spontaneous Brillouin scattering replaces Rayleigh backward scattering, and the relevant brillouin frequency
shift is proportional to the sound velocity in optical fiber.
f B = 2nVA / (2)
Where is the optical wavelength, VA is the sound velocity. Similar to Rayleigh scattering, Brillouin scattering is also
affected by the temperature and strain. So the corresponding variable can be obtained by measuring Brillouin scattering.
For a distributed system, the disturbance location is obtained by analyzing abnormal frequency point from Brillouin
spectrum. BOTDR system can achieve high spatial resolution and long sensing range of detection. But the strength of
Brillouin scattering is lower than Rayleigh scattering almost 2 to 3 orders of magnitude, so the signal detection method is
more complicated. In practical applications, SNR, real-time, complexity and cost should be integrated into account.
(3) Distributed optical fiber sensor based on Raman scattering
Light frequency changes because of scattering. Incident photon collides with molecule adding molecular vibrational
energy to photon energy, which generates Raman spectrum. This is Raman scattering phenomenon[11]. Raman spectrum
has two spectral lines which distribute at each side of the incident light. The frequency of Stokes light is v0-v, and the
frequency of anti-Stokes light is v0+v. Because these two spectra have different relationships with temperature,
temperature changes can be detected by their power ratio. To a certain extent, the ratio detection method ensures the
system detection accuracy will not be reduced by the increase of the optical loss and prolongs the service life of the
optical fiber[12]. The schematic of BOTDR is shown in Figure 4.

conb 1 er

zbi !(_ri
2400I 2I00Iz
sCf11s;o1.

Figure 4. Distributed optical fiber sensor based on Raman scattering

Raman scattering is weaker than Rayleigh scattering by 20 to 30 db. The signal detecting and processing take a long time.
Therefore, the pulse laser source should have a high peak power, a good monochromaticity and a perfect directionality to
reduce the average time of signal processing.
2.3 Distributed optical fiber sensors based on the interference structure
Stress can cause the change of fiber length, core diameter and the refractive index, which leads to the change of light
phase. The phase change is difficult to detect directly. An effective way is turning the phase into intensity, which is easy
to detect and demodulate, by optical interference. Michelson interferometers, MZIs, Sagnac interferometers and FPIs are
all optic fiber sensors of phase modulation type developed by the interference theory.
(1) Michelson interferometers
As shown in Figure 5, a Michelson interferometer is made by a light source, a 3 db coupler, sensing arm, reference arm,
two reflectors and a photoelectric detector. The light is divided into two beams of equal intensity by the coupler. They
transmit in the two arms respectively, reflect by M1 and M2, and return to the fiber. If the interference condition is

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 satisfied, the two beams interfere in the coupler. External changes will cause phase changes in the sensing arm. The
expression of light intensity is as follow.
I 0 = I r + I s + 2 I r I s cos (3)
Where Ir is the intensity of reference light, Is is the intensity of signal light, and is the phase difference of the two
beams.

BStG1.GI

Figure 5. Michelson interferometer

The structure of Michelson interferometer is fairly simple. But the light source is disturbed by the return light, which
generates coherent noise and leads to lower stability and accuracy.
(2) Mach-Zehnder interferometers
The structure of MZI, as shown in Figure 6, is similar to Michelson interferometer. They are both made of two arms:
sensing arm and reference arm.
gsu iu&

conb sL

btiocsz2i

ys{sLsucs

Figure 6. Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer

Incident light is divided into two equal intensity beams by the first 3 db coupler. They spread along the sensing arm and
the reference arm. When the length difference of two arms is less than the illuminant coherence length, the two beams of
light interfere in the second 3 db coupler. Compared with Michelson interferometer, there is little or no light return to the
laser, thus resulting in a low coherent noise[13].
(3) Sagnac interferometers
As shown in Figure 7, a Sagnac interferometer is composed by a light source, a 3 db coupler, a photoelectric detector and
an optical fiber loop. Incident light is divided into two beams by the coupler. They transmit in the same loop in two
directions, and then make an interference back to the coupler.

conbis
wiqboi

Figure 7. Sagnac interferometer

When there is no disturbance around the loop detection range, the detector produces a DC signal, because the optical
path difference is 0 and the coherent superposition phase is stable. When disturbance occurs, the values of refractive
index, core diameter and fiber length will change[14]. These changes will affect the optical phase, and the phase change is
associated with disturbance characteristics. At t0 , (t0 ( L z )) , and (t0 ( L + z )) are the phases of two coherent
signals, Where the loop length is 2L, the distance between disturbance point and midpoint is z, and the phase change is
2n d
(t ) . The phase difference is proportional to z , where n is the refractive index, c is the velocity of light in
c dt
vacuum. Therefore, the coherent signal can reflect the change of disturbance and position.

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 In two-arm structure, the reference phase is different to be constant. Sagnac interferometer doesnt have this problem,
because its single-arm structure with the advantages of low noise, efficient cost and high stability[15]. In addition, Sagnac
interferometer is self-balancing and can be used as the rotation sensor. It is the basis of fiber optic gyroscope.
(4) Fabry-Perot interferometers
As shown in Figure 8, FPI, different from the previous ones, is a multibeam interferometer[16]. The incident light
repeatedly reflects back and forth between the two reflectors, and the transmission parallel light is received by the
photodetector. The optical path difference between two adjacent transmitted lights is = 2nd / cos , the phase
difference is = 2 / and the intensity is as follow.

I0
I=
(4)
1+ 4R
(1 R )2
sin 2 2

Where R is the reflectivity. Apparently, the interference intensity increases with the enlargement of R to obtain a
higher distinguishability.
bsGr a{

Figure 8. Fabry-Perot interferometer

FPI is characterized by its compact-sized and simple-constructed, and it has the highest sensitivity among the above
interferometers.
In general, Michelson interferometer is double-beamed and rarely used alone; MZI is generally applied in the
hydrophone and the tests of pressure and humidity; Sagnac interferometer is the essential component of gyroscope; FPI
is commonly used in gas detection.

3. ENHANCED DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBER SENSING SYSTEMS

In the distributed optical fiber sensing system, the fiber is the sensing medium and transmits temperature, pressure, strain
and etc. at the same time. Its advantages are as follows: sensing and transmission in the same fiber makes it simple and
convenient; continuous sensing distance is extremely long; the system is highly cost-effective.
3.1 FBG quasi-distributed sensing system
The fiber grating sensing system usually combines Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM) technology, Time
Division Multiplexing(TDM) technology or Space Division Multiplexing(SDM) technology to implement a distributed
sensing network. The fiber grating sensors are buried or fixed in vehicles and buildings to form intelligent sensor
networks[17-19]. This kind of system can provide continuous and real-time monitor and diagnosis in a wide range to detect
destruction or disturbance by analyzing the parameters such as temperature, strain, aging and fission.
A quasi-distributed sensing system based on FBGs is shown in Figure 9. The system composed of many FBG sensors can
provide multipoint and multi-parameter detections to achieve quasi-distributed monitoring. FBG array has advantages of
large detection range, long distance and rich signal, etc. But with the increase of sensor quantity, system cost grows
exponentially.
EBC stitisT

bNoCOSisc

bkocs22iu

Figure 9. Quasi-distributed sensing system based on FBGs

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 3.2 Distributed sensing system based on phase-OTDR
The schematic diagram of -OTDR distributed system is shown in Figure 10. The system is mainly composed of a light
source, a photoelectric modulator, a fiber amplifier, an optical circulator, couplers, photoelectric sensors, a signal
acquisition and processing unit and detection fiber[20].

E!P.. ObF
wo9nI9FO, ywbi,}i,sL

q A i,ui

Coupler2

Coupler1
byo{osIsc_
qs;sc;o, O, ACll l9FO,
bLocszzi,ui

gsu iva 1

Figure 10. Distributed sensing system based on -OTDR

According to the principle of optical time-domain reflectometer, the minimum spatial resolution is L = 1 / 2 c ,
where is the width of light pulse. If the period of pulse light T > 2 L / c , the backscattering light, arriving at the
circulator, will not be overlapped. In Fig.10, fiber A is L longer than fiber B, so the system resolution is L .
Assuming at t , the system receives an alarm signal, then the distance from the invasion site to the control center is as
follow.
1
d= c t (5)
2
Where c is the speed of light in optical fiber.
The narrow linewidth light source is the key for a -OTDR system. The narrower the linewidth, the signal more prone to
interfere and the higher the sensitivity. Although the positioning of -OTDR system is simple, the narrow linewidth laser
is more expensive than a wide spectrum light source. The system cost is much higher than Sagnac system, but its SNR is
much lower than Sagnac system.
3.3 Distributed sensing system based on double-MZI
Mach-Zehnder distributed sensing system takes the advantages of continuous distribution of optical fiber, monitors the
environment at the real-time and obtains time-space distribution information widely[21]. Based on Figure 6, the double
sensing arms are changed to double loops, and two groups of detectors are added. One is for interference signal detection,
and the other is for light source monitoring and compensation. The schematic diagram is shown in F Figure 11.
niptoiou Al

Inocs &

Figure 11. Distributed sensing system based on double-MZI

Assuming each fiber length of MZI is L, the vibration signal is z and L-z distant from coupler 2 and coupler 3
respectively. The incident light is divided by coupler 1 into two beams with equal intensity. They travel through coupler
2 and coupler 3 in clockwise and counterclockwise directions, respectively. When they arrive at the proximal point, their
phases will change. Finally, they interfere in coupler 2 and coupler 3 after transmitting in two different distances. The
coherent signals received by detectors have a time delay difference, as follow.
= ( L c 2 z ) / (c / neff ) (6)

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 Therefore, the position of the disturbance signal can be calculated by . The distance z is shown in the following
equation.
z = ( L c / neff ) / 2 (7)
3.4 Introduction and improvement of distributed sensing system based on double-Sagnac
Apparently, the disturbed position cant be demodulated from the phase shift of a single Sagnac loop. In Figure 12, there
are two Sagnac loops, and the disturbance is respectively corresponding to different positions. By demodulating the
related signals using the amplitude ratio method, the distance information can be solved.

conb[sL

comb's!.

comb's!.

Figure 12. Distributed sensing system based on double-Sagnac

In the presence of disturbance, the ratio of phase differences is proportional to the ratio of the two distances.
1 z (8)
=
2 L z
Where the length of each loop is 2L, the disturbance is z distant from the loop center. The coordinate transformation is as
follow.
1 (9)
z = L (1 + )
2
On the basis of these above theories, we improve the double-loop Sagnac system by adding photoelectric modulators and
depolarizers. The location of disturbance is calculated by using a cross-correlation algorithm. The system structure and
signal processing flow is shown in Figure 13.
Do^PIs 1oob pus,

}1 ;GL }II ;GL

S ( ft ) S ( ft T )

Figure 13. The signal processing flow chart of the advanced distributed sensing system based on double-Sagnac
By adding Piezoe-lectric Transducers(PZTs), the input signal is modulated on a carrier signal such as sine wave. The
object signal can be restored after demodulating and filtering, thus the SNR is greatly improved. The depolarizer plays an
important role of enhancing the stability of the system and overcoming the coherent signal phase drift. Meanwhile we
propose an improved spectral subtraction-likelihood ratio method for the signal denoise and enhancement to guarantee

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 positioning accuracy. At present, the system is used in several sites. The experiment results show the spatial resolution is
15m per kilometer.

4. THE APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPTICAL FIBER DISTRIBUTED

SENSING SYSTEM
With the characteristics of passive and large detection range, distributed optical fiber sensing system is widely used in
regional security monitoring, pipeline maintenance and etc. First, it is used to protect the government agencies, military
bases, power plants, airports[22], borders and some other important places for real-time monitoring of intrusion or damage.
Second, in communication multicore cable, the distributed optical fiber sensing system is composed of redundant cores.
If someone accesses to the cable, the system can locate alarm in advance, in case of cable damage and signal leakage.
Third, the system can detect the leak of oil/gas pipelines and the fracture of bridges[23]. In addition, the laying types of
fiber cables are various, such as hanging on the nets, attaching to the building surface, burying underground and so on. It
depends on the installation environment and application requirement.
Recently, the researches of distributed optical fiber sensing system are carrying out extensively and have obtained some
achievements, at home and abroad. In America, Zuckerman et al., based on Sagnac distributed sensing system, extracted
the feature of notch points which obtained by doing spectral transform on interference signal, then implemented
localization of broadband signal. In our country, Fudan University also used a similar principle to achieve the
localization of Fox-Smith interferometric distributed system. Chongqing University, employing a bidirectional MZ
system, presented a cross-correlation algorithm to get the time delay difference of the bidirectional interference signal,
and completed the positioning. Tsinghua University designed a 3D Vertical Seismic Profiling(VSP) fiber optic detector
based on Michelson interferometer. The system combined DSP, ARM, FPGA,CPLD, PGC algorithm and bus control
technology together to ensure the realtime performance. It can be used to detect weak signals, and is able to monitor
earthquake and other underground detection.
In respect of intelligent perimeter, Israeli company named Magal developed a distributed monitoring system called
Intelli-Fiber, it can identify various kinds of invasion or disturbance types, such as climbing the fence, knocking on the
fence and cutting the fence. In order to lower the rate of false positives, Intelli-Fiber adopts a perfect adaptive signal
processing method to weaken the influence of strong wind and rainstorm. Furthermore, some mature products of
Australian FFT, Italian GPS, and American Fiber SenSys have sprung up in this field.
In the aspect of system alarm, acousto-optic detectors combined with cameras are a trend. When the invasion occurs, the
distributed optical fiber sensing system gets the signal firstly. Then it activates the alarm sending out warning sound and
turns on camera for recording. In the meantime, the real-time image pops up on the monitoring software, so users can
take actions at once. Whats more, it is a remote monitoring system on the basis of wireless sensor network and Internet.

5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper summarizes the domestic and international studies in distributed optical fiber detection technologies. Besides,
the basic theory and method are introduced, and some enhanced systems are explained in detail including our improved
double-loop Sagnac system. Although the vibration detecting technology based on fiber optic sensors is relatively mature,
but the distributed monitoring system still has the disadvantages of high cost, poor stability, high false alarm rate and low
positioning accuracy. In the future research, it is necessary to develop new techniques to make the system more cost-
efficient and high-performance.

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