Of Old and New Efficiency in Architecture - Unchained Melodies

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O F D L D A M D N E W E F F I C I E N C Y I N
A R C H I T E C T U R E : U N C H A I N E D M E L O D I E S
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m i m t i j i i r j ' h i s led no d i i e i i d u i i i i i t - i L : a n d a rMtLi>nMlij:iii(in o f t h e w o r l d . ' K c i i i i l ; i n ( '
aii&iei'e LipprOiLcTi LU l i l c d u ^ ; b e e n rh,r Lionsi-^qiicnre oi^ rhi f v o l i i t i o i i , N i ' v c i r i i c k j i , [bis
i i i L - i i r a l i i y In:! n n c i ^ n l y n e ^ i i r i v e i i i i p l i c i i L i i . ' i i i - k d iiLilJiuUEii a c c i L a i i i < j j i i L c r i L r a -
rinn u p o n i i n d o l ' i e i i i a d o i i n n v a r d t h a r w h i n h 'v.k impufTunr. n ^ m c y , rhctsj^m: Inii'l.

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sCLih'î^F M ^ WiJibei - n i L i d e a plcLi I I T r L L i i L L i u i i a J i i . - ' i n i i r d c r lo p o i n t i m L i l m L
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.vli^t VVeb.ei' h s d ' i i i t i i u l')]}}: p f r r r rm i:ri[lLip'iL- n+ G e i iiVjity, when l i e svinn? fliiitjn to rr.sonnd i n Ills i v o r k v l i e h a s f e l l i k e pol^c ol Inc age und niiiiciTS,. k'l h l j .
Ictrer: 'I'lirnjiiouiLfirv' i l iht: o i i l v JiieLins b y w h i c h w : ULLII b c L ^ n n ^ " r t i i l " iLgiiiii i u i i i c r e L i l L o n , i h i : i w h i c h iiiove.s h i m a.s a t e m p o r a l p h e n o m e n o n ^ tliiLs proviEiir h i m I p Ije
Ciiri ifiriilTiv^tc tlic : e i i ^ r n f I'hiiiiii: rd^LLriiii;y: I I I L d L s p i c j i i i c c>:hihiri<ini'hm i i f tt'oîc a * modern* arrist:'^ Since the- early I f j y i , dê WQid 'nrndcrn' h^d been 2 kcS"word
w h u i ! : i i i i i P i lives h j v c ooliiip^cd. O n l y thi.s scnî: o f .diiinii' capiibfe' oF Jîvini^ lu; Vff menns o f w b i e b evei'V" l o i l i i o f l i i s i i ' r i c a l p r c i c n c e c o u l d be.airackeii. I l n'l^de Lin
| [ultimi.r" (LLiumdc) once jj^Ldn.' A n d be k r e i eooLiniJcJ; 'Pcoplc iitivc i i u w seîi ^d cliLiiLlice hi IlLeriiiUrc and wis sob.seqnenrly i n r r o d u c c d i n t o v i i i l a l art, Hy a r o u n d
[be TVvakriLytîj^'j u r o i i V niiiim-^ biiU L h c y CJJI i i l i o be dnn^Ti its i m m e n s e ôlidiLVi iii che n r n o f Eh c c n t u r y i b i d eapLin.'ed a pl.>cf w i r h i n îrcliireGriiii:. fhi: m o d e r n ,
siiiiplidLy. ir?; cjfFldciic^', liid r\i^ L - o m p t t c n c L hnir riot ycx rbF.-icliieved obirirrivL! w h i f h l e p i f i e i r e d bonesly, p.iiriiy a n d Lcuik, lLid lo i n i d c j i p r e j i i i i ; i i n aiêbiteilure.
l o .strive f o i -în ''i:.vi:rvdLiy be.iinty'; r^c' ' ' c ^ - n y d i y be.uiiy" liiLLi. i^ u p p u i c d la d i e l l -wat d i t rciLiIi o f a di.siJLLs.sicm rhnr had bc.;:n tii^-iinj^ pLice f o r some LILILC, i i o i i-iily
bfiLir'' n f rlic iiiLOiîrntion and l .the ge&LUte iliiiL u i l i c i j puiicss.'^ 'Jhi^: h m j r n : i i i ^ k Mlirokl bur nf.so i n rhe N e t b r r l a n d s . ' ' A kiE'ge-icale cleansing acrinn "vvi.s iniriareil, î^
p r o b a b l y rcti.T^siW-.tAp'^^îî'^ni-ini- v v h i t h i ^ l f c r t d r o o m a c h nppciiiriJisrf und. rori l i i r l t it weie, Tbe role o l c u l i i l r e l i a d lo lie recinisldered and be iliaiply o u i l i n e d Ligiilns^
riijr.ipiilhi.. a bdckj.-;roLLnd o f general eiviliTarion. riowcyCT, rbi*; ,srill âys little about ii.mctiori-
W i t b d i i i LiiirboloLT. wiih LU iiivc:iiâLc die bLuliicîîlikc ittirutJc tliai isctiiii ^ l i r j - Ir r.s i m p o r t m r f o l eali^f.e diLii l u i i c d o n a k L y doe^ nor oriîna.re w i r b opinion
lo be so rhnraLiciisik". o f " t h r D n r L h miL'nT;jlirv. I n diiin^^ \V. dnr'otc: om" ^rr^-nrinn iLiiered l>y. j i i aa i k t b u i ^ i i i s r c a d , f u n c r i o n j l i r y directs LLiicniioii l O v L i i ' d die obfCiî
p r i m i i r i l y l o rwcjotictk-^-citiiLiiv Liii:liilec.[i|re ;iiid ipetilk'-sllv: l o d i e t i d d o l leiisioii i t s d f ' I his inilieitc.s rhat hn i r t c n i p t \5 b e i n ^ made ro ri^ducc tbe pre\.ailin;^ Mtbjec-
b'rvvi;i;n i>ld and FnncriiiLiQlij^rn. J. field o f Lcii^;inii t h a t mmpri.sL.s borh n W o r l d War r i v i r y a n d s e n l i m e n n i l k v d i a l liLive Ijeeii c:iprcoicd i n die i i } ! e applied. The c o n e f i n
i i i i d seviTf^j periodi o l e c o n o m i r rrisis. I r "will he crjidcnt r h i i i diese liiiaiioinl r.n^c^. vviili iiiLtdiiional or historical .siimificanrf ha<| ri> be retiuceil in favour <>f cinpiiLLsiiint':
in |jiinj^;iLkii", Icifr J .tk-tp iinprcssioii o n die b . i i i l d u i g h i d i i a t r ^ . A CurniilLuoLLj j j ; c r b c .'.pccific a.spccr^ o . f r b f object h s d l , H i e . c o m p l e x i t y oP life had f n be connrered by
p u s h e d vL'si-crdiJ'i'S w o r l d f i r i n t o rhe b a L k i : r i n i n d , ;i.s StcJîn Z w i ^ i " dr:rlnir:d îiiiLnniirly. die sparseness ûid i k n p h l l c a i i o n o f che impressions j i i iiituviduLiI could c o n i i n u o i i s l y
E v e r y i l i i n j ; c o i d d h c t ^ L i l i ^ i h - aiul w o u l d do i o lepeîrediyki die Ô"' u c i i i u r y a i i v i jli.s<>rli. Ihere should no Ioniser be a .complieared .s^^Tem n f .-si Jenifers rliar only ike
f i i n L i i o i i j l Liicbitcrniri; wa-s ni> cx::cpLioii. DiMegardiii'.-; l o r liiL' minncmt rhe: fact r k a i d':!\"orees c o y l d c o n i p r e l i e i i d , b u i raicr a i i i a i u l e ; u n i o n i l i a l cotlld b ' ' inimodiarely
nrchitccmnii: fiLiiciioiKilin' is Comrcipt rh^T i.s hTrd r o [ l i n d o w n , k is a k o d i i b n d r rn u n d c r s l o ' i d because i t v^'as i n f o r m e i l b y rhur whiijih he[i'n'|;eu to ihe o b j c c L l l w i l l b e
bi'idtê tki" dii^r^nL^c b c i w c c i i o l d J i i d new liLiiciiii'iialiiy. l l i i j i i m a i n l y b c L a i i i c new evident rh^r^ w i r b rbis^.rhe f n i p l i J i i s . AVLI^ LIISO i l i l k e d in ps'.'choloiîr^l Kii'tii.s. I n one
f u n L i i i m a l i l y iie^'ei" Tf^fi^vf^ r d h i : i^^djittnt^t^ i>f o l d funcjtionaliiy. r x r e i ^ t i n t h e n ^ m i J o l i l i i books, die G e r n i a i i p r o f e s s o r o f I ' s y d i o l o ' j y H c l l p a d i LiiiLilyied die di'lieieiKe
ir.s^lf Tr is cxplicidv n o i o u r i n r f n r i p n ro îve a ^ripr,ii detirMiioit itiic: .v? n i e i e l y between neryousnei^s antl cnltiTrc,' O l d V;|hies were fbrisvLm overboard j n t i ren.sioni
'isk Lo l a t h o m rbi: L'xtcnt LO w l i i L l i a r d i i i c u i u r c puiycd a i f i cant rol^J i n i n i t i a i i i i ' j w e r e n b j c i ved eyerywiieie, ' I L e >vorid was c . \ p o i c d to LL gejictL eleciiihcatioo rhar wa^
1 ili.soLissioii o n die d i i o'^rinn Trrhir.:cnivc .sh'>old r^kc j.s ^ inodrm p b e n o m o n o n . Tbi.s <>bierviiblc i n a l u ^ j s i a l l a.reas. Ir w^s: n o . w o n i i e r r h i r l-tter L-lireiis k d iSic iki[;Liii
bfin^j To rhe situatkm h i villoh we are l e l e r n n ^ to a concept d i m i ^ p n - b L i b l y jiisi 'Srch tc^r n i e i n Tliilis; im Welrgebi'ii^" iK-kiy m y ho.uê iraird Bsr in rbe r o i v o f r h e .
j-s difli'.iLh LO dchnr:: 'nwicm. [ i is widnTy retârded ij,s s y n i m y m i ' m ; w i r b ' n f n u r iiVh'n vvodd).
rimt' or 'T\>I\\' or Voi'ienipor.-jry', bnr rhi?; lo'^s nor mean rl"*:ir ad obstacles Ikwe been
cleaied aWiiYr l n d i v ' d u a l i ^ ; m and Lollcciivisni are d i a m e i r i L j I l y oppoMcd. A l l kind',
G'^ri^'iij S/jr.htichk'f 'lc m im-hiiedwt
o f iêrierLLiioii I ' o n l l i i ' t ^ wtvri: r h e TDsiilr, an J rhc^^c w o n Iti 2\M> c^cîr inHne'ore i^n the:
l l i c r e ieeiELi^d n> be in> diH'erence betwiên rhe u n i v e r s j f i r y o f i k e odicc and die
proi^nmmc:. I n iiVs iiiaLLy;miilievii.ile in 1VI ..die yoiLng P i i u Sdimiiauber aiieiapied
paiTiciihr of nn individiia.l, b i i l . l L was piedselv- Liiis in-berwee'n ziira^ r l i i j inrcr.sririni
LO i d e i i l i ' rhi" bounibarie.s between d c r -VlaeiiisplianL" dur êsnnot^n T i \ i i l i r i o n ' (the
sp.ioe, di.-ii . v o i i k l be iiioii:LLslii!!ly explored and charied. l l i e l i d e i i l i d i i t r d i i i e c i AJJIOII
pui-ver splii:cc o l heidlog ri".?dirionJ jind' ^TLT M T C h r s p h - i r r n r o c r .RiiilliLise' ( i h p o w f i "
koifS c<>nceived f i i r rhe mh^n7.ine rhat be pnblijihed in 1 'KV^ ulso displ;iy j n i>sci][arrtir.
.spbcvc n f new i n t l u L n c e i k ' H e also .iiiiigiied jigiika^;LLiii.c io a kiKiwIedj^ê o f lii.siory;
o f fvrreme^- T l i o f drle^ v a i i e d i r o i ^ Dii: Higtns {Gue'^ O^^ni) LO /Ujdeye iTIie
a l i l i o i L ^ l i he d i d icropniê rhar t h e po.sition o f the architect, w^.s înduriEly ch^n|i.inj^.
0 : k e i . i . L o o i wrote all t t i i : rexts. Rnr, as. the Texrs a h o u t .saddle-iiiLLkiii^ or d o i l i i i i ^
In ^;eiierid, dictc w a i a c o i i i i i i o n b f l i L - p char iinisrwas nol iufeid'J. icrving l i i i c h
c l ^ r l y j h m v , r k u m.ii.n p o i n r was to clio.oê a rarger Lfnd jieni:i"i*re rhe rihr ^lesi^^r,.
r h i j t ?;bouki nor p r i m a r i l y p r i ' j c c i l u i owTi o p i i i i u r i i i g n t i r i i i j ^ rhe faer rhar fines
b: wa^ o f g i e j l I n i p o i i a n e e n o t to be loiJ o o n s p i o u o u i . l l i c i i i o d e s j i (ne^") b.iLiiijn
t i w j i l i i p u r is d i f t i c n k ro t l c r c i m i n t : OMIII .shi>nkl iii^'e ejrprc.s.sion ro '^vhar is i n r i i n s i r
bciiiL! k a d i:j fiL i n w i d i h r ^ or hcr'envri'onmenf :ind ivtiid.i:i>nrrasii[Li': ii>o m.ucli, A '
I I ) i k e w o r k i i i c l k b u i is Liko a v i i i o n ^ i y w h o gives toriTi Lo .vhai ks iiicviLabSy o t i lis-
n e w ie?irherif n i i b r i n o i n g was Fieces^Litv. However, i i w o n l d be v e r y shorr-.si^hred i f
way. .êeordin'j ti> (..W'. N i i l u > i r ' t h e i i i o d e r i ' Lirilsi [.. .1 i^naiile.s w l i ^ r r i m e hrin'^s -i>
d i economic side ol ilic lULiticr were n o t taken.inttiaLcuuiiL^ CulLure was deployed
I:- . u ^ j ..NU NE'/H E = F I C I E : ' . C : N ^ P C n L " E C " U P E : I J ^ ' : H A : \ E D VIE.C : I E :

FifT p i l i t j i i i i u n d ircnnfimk ptifecrivc.s. P u n f c i n n a l i i y i:^ rhe. .ictepLune f>F' renliry belongs to die hesr oJ" w b a i G e r i i i i i n a r d i i l e c i t i r f basaiTcompli^heij in Lhi.s^^|ê.'^
bevond rhe i n J i v i d i u i l a.s ^ fierionLiJity. Tti rhur de&îee, it p a n l y l i L i r n i u n i z c j w i t h ibe Mes&d had designed die kirtê .salts ar-Li as a n ciio:iiii>tis hail o f a c o n s n m p r i o n
diseuiilons ock r c j l i u i rhifr had been jroi?i^ o n i i u e t die m i d d l e : i f r h e nineLeeiiiji palace, where ci>nsijmLT.s were i^ca i c e ly disrurbeil i n their h t i v i i i ^ mOiJe by o n i a i i i e i i t t
enrur^' a n d w l i i e h tefiiled rowaid alistraetLi>n a n d se^bolar.ship. Riir n b i m a r e l v T i.s n f rhel- a f f i i i s tbar couid d i s l r a c l dieii J t l e n t i H - Tr waf^ a ^yrnliwl r'f tke p i j w c r o f
abonr. r h e i n L i ^ l m u o i liirnebr rn rhe eolleetive .^Qciery dirn ihrins d i e baeL-bene u i p i i L i l k m . l'etei' B e h r c m d i d d i i i o i L d i e .sdiUi: . v i t h kJs t u r b i n e hall o f r h e A f / . i n
j f ihe iirion. It ' no cfiineidertee thLii i t WLIS precisely i n die .C.iefjiiaii i n p i r e i l i a i Berlin: ihe w:irkpEace o f rhe laboirmr wa.s- ci>nverted to a. temple o l w o i k . O d tke
rhe t h e m e of hineiioiiLdirv Timk im .sueh m a j o r sl^îfi^^JJtJt. In rhi?"rL]la.rively y o m i j ^ exterior, and to a larê ball where e i i o n i i o t t s machine?; i i i l e t l rhe roo.sr i n lite i n i e r i o r
s r j r e ^ t h e rruddJe-elasiei hud ro i d e n r i l y w i r h rbi'; a i m . T r b a d To h i i i i ^ i n i n q n i N i i y ro Saleo m i d p i o d u c d o n vvei-e extension.'' o f otic iUiodier Liiid kimned rhe eomersronC-of
Ll i t i i i i o n rhat v.LLS bni?^tini^ w i d i t e n d o n . riaL-.new society. But, ar rhe-.same r i m e , rhis de'êlopmeni brought ilie i i i c e p l i o i i . . o f
I t WLLS piobal>lv the t.-erman arehicecr H e r m a n n Murhe?;ins w h o i n r i o i l i i e e d the the c o n r t i f t be[w?.en pfTsoiml developftieut the c n l n i i e o f t h e q r o - Lind beinjr a
reim i n i t l y d f i n to urdntecmrer^ .Since r b e n i r n of the century, M u l h e s i u s . w h o [ j m l u l .society.
l u d voi'lêd f o r liie Clernian j j o v c r i u n c t i i i n jLLpLiii Liiid ihe U K f o r .si>me dmc^ liLid Tn hi.s biôk o n sf^le arebiteeiine and the j r r o f hiiildin[i^...Vluike.siLLs betîiis w i t l i
dL'\'oLcd e f f o r t ti? ibe Innovation i>f CJerman nrehirtcnirt^ Tn 1 be pnhlishetJ a l i i s t o i i c a l o.'et'.iew. H e m e t e d o u t i r t u d i c r i t i c i s m to the ninereenrb cenruiy, and
A'rhitfklt/nis^hi? 7j^.ith>:l.rikhiungen [Acehitectoi^k". C o i i s l d e i i i i i o i u u l die A ^ e ) , i n i m i y a f e w thinker^ reêeived any k i n d ôf pslJhicive- rtvjcv^. A l u t k e s i n s dismissed an
./vhicb he diii-iissed rhe f n r u i t o f arehileetLice. ' N o l i i o d e r n m i w e m e n r v/hat'i<>evcr arehirccrii'e rhar wa? t o t n i d e d u p o n lies and lejeered rhe si^ns o f deiêtLecLidoii i l i a t
- lie dectar^nd 'can Liilo'^' itself ro deviare b o m the parb o f sidot t i u i c t i o n a l i t v i n dim-aL t e r i i e d b u l k m-ckitectute j n d arr l i a n d w o r L ' I k e U n i t e d Kin^^dom f o r m e d an
the aiT o f eveiydav life i f i t w i d i c : to l o l l o w the c i i i i e n t prugre^siv!: n i t i r i ; A t i d all example to h i m , I le-âw rbaf there w e i e arehirecrs i n t h a t e u u n t i y w h u k a d u i k c i i li
those whi> are cnt;LLgf d v i r h reeronie arrs oitL^ht to p>in frircc^ i n a. jin^^le b1r>ek b e h i n d tlilltreLit route. Hguestv and a eetiiiin .sobticiv were the cbaracten.sric^^ o f their archi-
t h i : p n r s i i i r o f f i m c d u n L i t y H e opposed prevailing o p i n i o n s o n i t ^ l c m d n t e c t u i e lecture, v.'hieh w a s p r i m a r i l y expres.sed i n cnrrajjes i:nd u i n i l n r y liiailOiS. whei? l i g b l
and adv:ieLLied an archireeture fhat t o o k iLLiietion i n t u aecuunt rarher r h a n aeMlietiu anti ail' played a'o importLint role a n d w h e i e the spaces were j i r o n p e d i n a nLirutiil w a y
itdes. TTis h u o k i?ii the T.n^^li.fh house, pnbli?;hed i n 1.91)4, w a i v e i y popular, bnr hi>: Moreover, die U n i t e d K i f u ^ d o m .sdll e x h i b i r e d tracer o l a h e d t k v c n d t j t r a d i r i q i i . TTe
iiLiuiilesio Stil'irrhiteklw undBiit<iî'i:!t, d a t i n g I r o i i i k J 0 2 , i j IIIUIL' f u n d a m c n t a k l l i i s refrrred ro rhe w o r k o f W i l l i a m M o i i i ann K~oiman .Sh.aw a.s exemplary. Liiid p o i n t e d
i l ' i e i i m e n i u i d o l d s a p i o p r a m m c Ti> disemd hisTi>rieism and ro ênrrare a healrbv sryJe u u i diLLt l l u t I t u b k l i i EiLid d r e a d v l i c l d a pleLi i o r t r i i t l i ' i l l arch i reen ire.
o f aicbireemre. M a i i v Lirii^ts and arehirects held rbe same o p k i i o i i i u i d saw die'tirsT ' r h t archiTcctutii o f the f i i t i t r e had t n rcnosince- t h e k u l i i f o r i t y l c aud l i a d to
si!;iLi o l LL clian^ê o f eoursi: i n ecrtain new Luikliiit^^',. ' l l i c r e n o w n e d W e r t h e i m s(<>rc lellect t i p i j n its purpose. N e w idcLi: liLid to prevail. A f w ryamples L i i u l d aheadv lie
rhar A l f i e d iVIcsici k i d b n i i r i u Têdin i n Mi^7 wa.s ^readv a d m i r e d b y rhe y o n n ^ recoiûi/ed, especially i n rhe c l o t h i n g o f t h e .time. ' W i t bemerken eine strenge, mîn
B r u n o Taiir, w h o w r o i e . l u l l of e i i L h u s i j i i i i , to his b r o i h e r i ' W h e n J âw i t l o r the mciehre âên, w i s s e n s c b a f r l i d i e Sactilidikeit^ eilii; F.nrhalnmi; v o n alien iius.sere:^
fir.st t i m e , i l w a i stniek hy its clariry and di j^Ttiry, 1 have ncver,s"ec n any orher b i n k J i n j : S d M u d d o r i i i c i i , eine t i e i i a l t m i i ^ nênau iiach dem. Z w e d : , dem iias "Werk tiienen
rhar presenr.s itself i o CLiiididb' ^nd lionesrly,.rhar says so d e a i l y m i d iiiiiply: w i r b o i i t si>l!.' (\X'e ob.sei-ze a .stricr, one c o u l d say, academic tlincrionaiity.- au a b s l c i i i i o i i I r o m
pLidiOir "1 a m so, rhis is hi>w 1 arn. i i u t i M h e r w i i e \ ' ' ' l u o d i e r word.s. i t WJ:.S a l i u i l d i i i t ^ ah entedor decoraiiê I b i n i s . a desitîi t o w a r d m i a i m , w h i c h w i l l .qeiTc rhe w o r k . ' ) He.
rhat d i d n u t h i d e b e h i n d a ma.sk hnr rarher di.splayiîl it.s cbaracrer dii'ectlv and openly [relieved rhat a. sense o f realirv Wdiild biinefir rhe new r e f o r m a t o r y m o emeu L. Tn this
Tn liis ^rijfly: o n t h e ssotc, i ' a u l G o h i e paid i i i u c h J t l e m i o n tu .ihis l>u!ldiii^ w h e i e process, one bad to pay d o s e a i t e i i t i o i i to the economie fraiTiewi>r!i i n w h i c h artistic
.ariuus doi'i-S c o n v e r j m l : rhe .stream o f iô:ids and die fl:>w o f eo.sromiTS. ' Me.s.sel had [rodticts arise, l i d s frmnewi>rk had to lie rectiuiidered. A n e w perspeerive had rn-
mana'êd ro rcsok'C the c o n H i t s ro v ' b i e h rhi^ had ld, an e c u r r e i i c e i l i a t bLid ni>t he developed on rhe ha.sia o f local hoiis.e archirecriire and the ( e r t u a f l a r d i i t e c i iiLid
escaped rhe norice o f Berla.^. W h e n Messel d i e d i n 1*'9, Bcrta].;e w f o r e ; ' ' i k e reason to be liberated I n i ' m tlie d i u i i i s o i style. I n k t e i work", w b i e b was; also ti-anslated
w h y i k i s building. m i K r be..so hij^hlv valued i>i the p r i n c i p l e aeeordin^ ro w h i c b rhe i n t o D u t c h , he referred ro t h e 'scientific s i m p l i l i c a d o n o f new l o i i i i s i l i a t ailse b o m
hui I d i n i ; k a s been d e d ^ i i e d m i d tbe % a d e a r i i c n l a t f d . T l i e p d i K i p l c i i ; a i i d l i e p e . H tbe spirimal e v o b i r i o n ' and to d i e 'btii'ge-is-eommei cial s i m p l i l i c a r i o n n f all life Itiriii.s
woi ds n f d i r r h Têhrend?^ : i n d i i s subleet; '''einer b e w u s s t vtillzojrene l!iothiiierijL[Lii;der Liii jt tonscqticriiê o f s u d i t l evolLLti<>n',''
RenaissaiKf'' (a debbei'arely accomplished (rîrhifiiiarinn o f rhe Renaissance!, A n d rhe
I n rbe bi>ok rhar Vh-as published ro m a r k rhe îccasion o f rhe (.jcriiimi '.ity exhibltio:^
m o s t perfect i v i i d i e : k , o l C o d i i c and Renaissance is o n tke kii,adc o f tlie Roêiiiliulei
i l l Dresden In 190."^, S d i u m a d r e r reLidies the same iionelnsion: dr i.s i h e . tj>Te oE
^riasse, and especially o n the c<>riicr b u i k l i i i j ! o n die Leipzi'êr Plar?., w h i c h certainly
m o d e r n c o i i c e p i i o r i i o l architecture to -Jhcriuc f o t d i e i t y l e o l o b j e c t i v i t y ' i n s t a i t oF
h OLn^NLi :.EW EFFICIENCY IN AP:HITE:ri.Ê- UNC-AINEI [v ELSDIEB H ^ R r - T M UJ', ill ii'r.

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piLLLliuiij M'kLiioii Lu L b e f r o m rhe w a j - ir is arriictirred m i d [grouped rarher chan less-tlie .same i n h i s h o o k on rbe L'eIaiion:kip beLween applied arr .ind arebireenire; ail
f i n m rhe '.Way i t [A L i n h c f l i i h e d a n d dd'acaleii.'''' i l u i iipiiiicin "vvii.'i s l i a r t r d h j ' TT.P o p i r i i o n f b a t w i s repeaie^l irs L h e k ) u r c h j o u r n a l AvihilitinrH: M i i i k e s i u s believed iliaL
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[a . s L a t c J i[j ' O v e r h a k s r c r n h n u w ' ( O n B r i c k - l ' V i n . s m i c r i o U . ' ' S d i u n i ^ c h c r d e c l a r e d W e a r e t a l k i n g ahoLfr t h e bc-iULV oi Llie -iiiLidiiiie . ' W i t h rbis, h e infrE^dnred a new
r h a r , . w i r h rhi.s. a l i r i d ^ had bcca laid br-cween die i i n k d c n e c e s s i t y of"bis rmi^:and- l-iindamenral (actor, namely d i a i o f t h e niadiine^ w l i i c l i w o i t l d be'.ome an i d e a l iiiiaj^c
the iJ^clJl r e q i i i r e m e n t . s th^L Welti bcsijg cApre.s.sed incrcasin^^ly e s p h d i l y i n s o c i e i V - o l i L e L w e E J i i e L l i century. In ( k i i n g .so, h e m o v e d a w a y b r i m c r a f r w u r k a n d indlcared
J he c h a r a c t e r u i tlie cir^' wa.s L h a n g i n g . T h i ^ w a . i a k o die i h c n i e that iht Ciemian r h a r r h e feafiry o f r h e maebine i i a d Ld b e accepted a s [ b e i n d i v i d u a l l y o n e n r c d
sociolojî-'T and cidtLLie p b i l o s f i p h ' " ' G e o r e ^ i i i i i i i c l p i i L u p Fur d i . s c n s s i o n i n a n o r h r r Pi'Li.nk T lovd Wrigli.i ka'.l duEie previuusly. i n I 9 Q 1 , wkeEi kc iLaLed d i a l t k e i i i L i ' . l i i i i e
IcciLire i n Dresden in I 9 D 3 . H e l o c u s e d m a i n l y u n die m r r r o p o h s i u i d loUowed d i e was die precursor o f JemEiciâcy, b i ] r rhar -a I T i^rill had r o iTzrain -a souJ and r h a r i t
Lx>nr'ie he lia^.1 d i o s e n in hi^ f u n i i a m c n r a l . s r n d y T'hihîOphle dei Gc/ilfi. " I h e cirie.s have w o u l d assumeeiêr-incjeLisiiig s i ^ u i i c L U i c e i n - t l i e p r o d u c t i o n process. To W r i g b r 'aiL
been abvay-s heen d i e seal of rbe money e c o n o m y bcctiuse the i l i v e r s i r y and c r o v - d i n j i [ . H , j i s - i i o t pELic reiisun b t i t i t is reaiiinable'i a n d purefy for diat le'.Lsoii IL w-iL!;-J...?:[e'p
j i e c u j i o i i i l c c ^ d i a r Lê L l i e m e d i u m u l e x c h j n i r e n i v e s an i m p t i n L i n c e to w l i U i 11 h a d tuVh-ard d e m o c i a r i c - a r c h i t e e t E i r e , - ' I n l-Vr^1^ be w o u l d sfill expres?: rh<: .same o p i n i o n
nur crime ai die sparsmcs-s n f n i r a l h a r r e r / " ' T h e m e L f o p o l i s s abi]ir\' n f a b s t r a c t W a s i.n bi5 K a b n le.cltiies, i - L L i i c L i o i i d i L y arid eiiioLiun w e r e j o k i e d i n . W r i g h l - s m i n d . LIII
sharpiv a n a l y s e d . ' B u i m o n e y economy Liiid i i i L e l l e c r rule have a p i ^ i i o i u i d correlalioii- die w-;iy Lo Lhe e n d i>f his llfe."'' T b e cor,.sei|iienees o f rhe machine f o r c u k u r c wp"e
'Uiey s h a r e ibe pnre o b i e c i i y i i y in the r r e a r m c n . t o f men itisd iliiiigs, i n ttê f o r m a l m-vealed by rhe .socialist adcpi W e r n e r Sombart, w h o was a soeiologi.sr by profession,
ju-sdcc u f t e i i c o u p l e d w i r h nirbless w v ^ d l y V ' S l i n m d d e i i i i m s t r a r r d t h a t be was a n as--wSs S i m m e l . I n I 9 6 , Stiz'iliarr k i E l w r i r r e n Ji I j o o h i n w l i i c l i l i e hrielly ciAurdiied
i r r e n t i v c r e a d e r o f ' r i i ' d e r n i i y i i i m EC'.-;aideLl LIIC cir,' 3? n nl"ve ceiUr w h e r e V i i r i o u i TILC i n i e r d e p e n E t c n c e o f applied aiT- caiiitîNsm ^ n d tel^hnology. .-'Vgain in I 90lS, he ha:l
l e e i l i i i j ; sysleliis e o n y e r j ^ e d - 'l^nr r h e m o d e r n c i t y is a i m o s L c u r i r d y d e p e n d e n r o n com missioned P i i t i - ScliiLiiiLidier Lo b i E i l d a l i o i E s e l u r h i m . SoiiibaiL was c r i i l c a l a n d
proijlnctiini Rir ihc i i u r k e l , i.e., i o r t l i e - c o m p l e L e i y u n k n o w n ensromeis w h o Lie^'er s a w i^reai op-iurturiiries bLit also grear risks. Beaiiti.-' hail Ti: r e m a i i i the u l t i m a t e goal
iO eome i n r r h c .^jj|:hts o f tEie p r o d u c e r s . ' " Hris had a l i e n . u i n ^ u o i i s e q u e r t c s . 'A a: a n d should nor be swept away by p t L L c L i c a l r e q i L i i e m e i i t s o r r e d i n o J O f t y . Tlie n n i n i a l
rciulL, d i e i u L e r e s t o f b o d i p a r r i e s is .sCiTcd b y ^ r u L l i l e s s o b i e c t i v i t y , whose mrior.alK- dependence o l a p p l i e d art aEid t h e econ:>my. w h i d i w a s priiiiLLrUy r c l i e u r c d i n tlic
ralcnfarini^ e c o n o m i c e ^ o i i i i i n e e d i i u i Icar-.any di\r>3criji b y i l j e i m p o m s e r L i b l e i iHialirv o f r h e pr<>iEiEcr, miisr n o t be lost. T h a t was o n e o f rhe alm.s o f rhe '^yîkh-imd
l'i p e r s o n a l leiarion-ships.''^ I le-râw l ' i h i i s . a^' a l l ineviuibie r e s i d t i i f t h e e n o r m o u s 0.^, a f SombLirt stated; -j...rtîrdi o f a r L i i d c taitc a n d i i i d u s i r i - j l art p i o d u c i l o i i has
L;rowtl : i f die u L i e s . started hiiice.a n u m b e r o f a r n s r ^ baye reali7ed rhar r h e field o f a p p l i e d arr al.s:i offers
laEirels.''^ Tlie process o f i n n o v a d o n wiLS acoumpLinied b v coiindcss publicarions. The
new i t u e t i l i a d t u b e p r o c l a i m e d . I t had r o be made clear i a t nhcv w e r e m e r e l y a
ihf Dt'iHsch'^y W'vkhi^y-'J 'I'ld the. confiii't-.
parr o f r h general r e t o r m a r o i y n l o v e i i i e i i r that w a s direered rowaril i m p r o v i n g r b e
I he Dtut'schtT Wokbund ( G e r i u a i i A s i o d L i L i i i i i o f C]i:ifr.smi^n} ^âve J sLroii^ i m p u l s e
situation oJ' iiuiiianity.-- MLLt^LLîines . s u c h as Dtu!:cl>t Ka.'iî I'.'iillhkii/iili'ji? ptibhilied
:-owafd fiincrionakiy/'^ Ihis a s - s o e i a t i o n , . ahoiir w b i c b m u c i i ha.s l i e e n Vs-rirren a n d
seveeal a r t i c l e s t i n t prai.seil f i i n c t i o n a l i r y . These arricles appeared i n t k e speciallsr
v v l i i d i :mi b e seen as a s i g n o f rhe t;i o w i r i g iiidusiriLd p o w e r o f / I e r m a n y . was l o u a d e d
joiirnai-s in t h e Nerhcrlands. '
n M u n i c h In 1 9 0 7 . A quesL f u r j v c w ' u u d E s - fijr m p d c r i i a p p l i c e l - a r L p r u d u c w was.
one o f the n i o r i v e s r n c n m h i n e r h c various Rectors, l l i c a r c h i - e c r Miirhesiii.s. v / h n l i i i i i a l l y . o p i n i o n s w i t f i ' E ' t h e Dusiifbt^r WoMmjid beamed rî b e siiiiiliLi, CT'Cn
w ^ . i i i L l i e sendee o l ihe Pntssian M i n i s L i y o i i r a d e . w:3.s o n e of die d i i v i i i g l o r c e s alrhoiigh r h e members came f r o m the m o s t diverse camps. People aviîded .tense
b e h i n d rhi.s f o u n d i n i ; , a k h o u j ^ h orher y o u n g arehirecrs also made a c o n r r l b u r i . o n . s i t t i ^ t i o r ' s . Egos w e r e .at d i e i c r v i c e - f i h t : c y u c . M o m a j o r d i e r e n c e s . were evident
P r i i i Schumacher; f o r I n . s r a n e e , w h o w a s p r o i e s s o r i n Dresden a n d had o r g a n i 7 e d a r i i ' t e v e n !ieLween ardiirecrs, ik:signers, indiisrrialisTs a n d o r hers. I he i m p r o v e m e n r : i f
l a r | i t e x l i i b i L i o n o i a p p l i e d LUL ikerc k i 190<, l y v e rbe foiLiiding s p e e c l i . i n i i i i LirLicIc work a n d d i e p r o d u c t o n o r t i W L i s a c o m m t L i i L d - i i n i o l people suck as Frir7 Schumacher
to m a r k rbe o c c a s i o n o f this' e x h i b l r i i > n , . he w r o r c t h a i j biEikie.s.s-like a|">proach c o l i l d | o s e p : i Lii. I ' e i e r BdireiLs. H e n r y v a n de Velde, H e i i i r i c k I c s i e i i o w LLiid HerusLUm
be deiecied n o l o n l y in rhe b i i n i n n e b u t JIS. i n t h e v i l l u s desij^ned ' i n ilie E i i i ^ i s k MLirbesliLs,^ I b e wanreil t o rebiand rhe G e r m a n a i r proilncr, w b i c b liEid s i i r f i n e t l
sryle', where ÊI a e M i k e L i c iinpre.siiLiii was ac-hieveil b y i^roiipiiig die c u b i c m a s s e s . an.d tinder tbe- predieaie ol 'bilEig .iLnd i d d e d n ' i d i e i i p and p o o r j : smoe die G e n t e n n i a l
a vbyrhmie effeer w a s g e n c i a r c d - as a resiilr o f the r e c u r r e n L a d v a n c e a n d rirrrear o f b _ d i i b i u o i i i n l^liilaelpli ia i n I fi'/fîj a n d riigardeil rhe liixLiry giKids Lroiii k'rance-As a
diese m a s s e S r ' ScliLimacbei i n i i i i e d l a L e l y iiiLiJilaLed the f u n c r i o n a l i L y i m o desiijii. I n maji>r rhrear. In oivler ro d e f e n d d i e i i o w n n i r k e t againsT p o o r - q u a l i t y priKkiccs. rhe
OF GLDA'Jb \F^V t F ~ r i F N IWTN ilk-" II I T " - T i F MN i: - A I N E I Fv E LO U I : i: NT,'.'.': V-".N III il.'.l J.Ik
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t o s t a t e iCi o r l i > i i i , A s a L i e c | i i t n e e / i j e r i i i a u p t o d i L O i s , - w l i i c l i w e r e i L p p i a i s f d a s h e i n ^ mid' ilierefli:! c a i m u L .nti.'epi i L s manileMadon, lliis, and nothing else, was rhe
iiileriii'. were l i r a j i d c d . N a . L l o n a l i ' ^ m a n d e l u u v 11111,-n w e r e i i i i p u r c a n i : e l L - n i c m S i l l r l i e reasoiL f o r d i c . ^ i i L e e t ; ! , o f t h e 1 l e r m a n . s e c r i o n a r the Bri.^ssels k x p o , w h i c i i pionipled
g e n t i i i l " t h i s a s ^ u i j j i i o n h i ^ i w e e n ai'r a n t l I n d i i . s c i y i n t i e r m a i i y . P i [ r.s I t e r ^ n i n . c L i i r i f : V k i r h e s i n s : to iirter rbf Q^rtainly e t i a i w i n i s t i e b n r n O t e n f i r d v Q n j u s L l l i e d sLaLeiiieiiL
rhe m u t u a l d i S e r e n t c s terweeiL llic pjriicipanri became ii>creasi[igly. w i d e . Tn the 'dial nil n a u o i i s a r e s l e e p i n g u t vjorkiii^, u i d y G e r m a n y is. w o r l d n ' g ... in order't
i i L L r e s t i n g y e a r b o c i k s j w l d c h i n d i e a r e d l i o w p c p l c t i L i e i s i p i e d l u k e e p iLp lO d a ( ? , rhey l.treak. f r e e o f I'lance."' A t brst, r b e T ^ u r c h ardiiteci wai. i i u i ejithiisiaslie a b o u i a
seateely s u i i a c d Wilt rke^wai d i m a r e b e c a m e iTiereasingly o b v i i i u s C v e n i n WtA-lj^mf r a r b e r "oo f i i n e t i o f - a l a p p r o a c h , \\\ .11105, h e e o n t r a s r e i l r h e e a r l y c u l i u t e i widi 'ihe
cirek's. k v c i i d i i n n g J s F CT:hihidU i u C O i i ^ ^ n e , m a j o r ditfci eni-cs of iipin|i?ir e a m e dlsaiiayifig e m p L i u e i s ' o f .our diiics, dial miscLable conime'reral c o m m r i n n , which
LO i - l i e ( o r e . M u l l w . s l u i s o u g l i r lypiîfrunvj 'li-pikcaLiuii) wlicrca; odieri only wisheil d o e s n o t r i s L i>n a t o m a b o v e t h l e v e l <if r h e si>lier, ! 3 t a g t L L a i i c - a l l y c a l c u l a d n g . n i a T e r i a l
m i c e m e rbe m i c ot rhe d f d i L ill . m indii.^rriali?ed W o i k l , a n d f o u n d t h a c Mudtedus g o a f , b i r r b e c ^ i m e e o n s l s l e n d y a n d I n n e L i s k i g l y c o n v i n c e n t h a t e f f i c i e n c y . w a . s a iiieaiLs
b a d g o n c i o o f i r a n d [ h a r h i s - s c a t L d p u i i i L w O i L l d l e a d L f a . d s p k i u i a l i j a i i o n - o f t h e aTL Lu c g i m i e t a c i a r b i i r a r i i i e s s . '^ I n tliis m a t t e r , l i e w a t s i L p p o r l e d b y w h ^ r h e c o n I d r e a d
prodiier. A s p r o p a g a i e d b w MLirbcsii]s, itw:is^tiNT m u c k u f a l a l m u r c t l i i L , l l i e indiyid. in iCounrlci^s tcrman pnblieati'on.s, T T e -hesiranrly came lu ackiiuwledge dial die
u a l i t y u f r h e e r c a l i V f a n i s t t f ^ r e a i e n e d t o b c coi"i"oded. D n i ' i n g r h e W - ^ j ^ ^ u i j / i c o n g r e s s l i o i i e s L y . r e g u l a d i y a n d s o b i i e i y i l i a t h e a d v o c a t e d i n h i s de.sign.s a n i l b u i l d i n g s largely
of 1914, > s e r i o u s c l a s h o f o p i n i o n s occurred. Mudicsius loriiiukiied posnilatL^.ai ciirresponded to- i l i i ; demand fiir m o r e FuTictiiMiaiiiv, Berlage had never i-ceoiled
i k e c o n e l u a i c i i J . o f r h e uons^resSr K a r l Q^.rhaiia. d i r e c r o r o f r h e I ' o l k w m g i V t u i e u m i n phjiii y i r w i n - ^ a r c h i t e e t i i T ^ . i n ' a n cohuntiir was' he had b e e n , d k i ^ -su .since kc
k i a j ^ c i i , arjd W a l l e r Cji-opius In c o u j i L i i c d o i L w k k H e n i y v a n d e V e l d e l iposr.ed widi spoke in 1 ^ 9 4 i n LL l e c i u r e entkled 'Bouwkunst en I m p r e s s i n Hi s m e ' (ArchireeTiire
i T u n r e r - y r g i i m c n r . ^Vlo3L a r c h i r e c r s . i i J e d w i t h che V a n d e V e l d e ^ r o u p a i i d l o i u i d r h a r and Impressionism) a b i > i i r t h e e c o n o m i e r e s o u r c e s , t h a t a l l a r d i i i e c i l i a s lO u s e . Bin
M u l b e s i u s .VLLS LOO o p p o r L u i i i s i i o i n I l l s d c s i i ' e r o . s r i e n g r h e n r h e b o n d s w i t h t r a d e a n d il wai " o n I y a f i e i d e v e l o p m e n t s I n C c r i n a i i y l e i i i f i j i e e d b i s l i f l i n i O n . s t l i a t li-e b e g a n
indiLsirv. V a n d e V e l d e w a s l e s s i n t e r t s L e d i n d i c s o c i d a s p e c t s o L a r t . f d e w a s r o o m i u c b tq^pnimote a functional a p p t o a c h in the K e t h e r l a n d s . - ^ ^ H i s Bam (Stock rtyehange;
o f a - n - a c s L l i e U c f o r r h a L , vvorkin^^ p r i n i a d l y w i r h r h e h i g h e r fhodai c L s s e s , a n d c e r e b r a l in Amsterdam wis icgaided by f i t a n v a s [ h e p r r f e e r i':T<ample o f f u i i e i i u i i a i LLicliliec-
l o ^ i e wa.s h i s i ^ i u d e l i n e in h i s irkL a g a i i i s i l i i s l o i i c a l stylf;S-. O n [bis basis, ke wrcnc LLire, w h e r e s o b r i c i y a n d h o n e s i y ['LêdoiniiLiLie^.l. k v e i i aS l a t e a s 1 ^ ^ 5 , J . A . ( . . . v a n i l e r
W k a L w e wi.^h \.., \, w i d o h i s n o t p a L T i c u l a r l y deiLLaiidiiiir- i s Lo c l e a r l y e i i i p k a s i z e r b e . S r e i i r r e m a r k e d r h a r rranqLiillit^' a n d s i m p l i c i r i . ' r h r i v e in die B e u r S : 'ever.' p a r i iliJl
e x r e r n a l a p p e a r a n c e of a l i u u s e 01' [ k e b i r n l r n r e k ' ' I i d i e i r e s ^ c n r i a l in^^redients, Lhch' L U i i i d b e l o u l i d e d o n L i i i d i d o i i L d l u i m s liLive b e m . b a n n e d , r h e a i c h i t e c t u r a l proklem.s
ibiinis'and r k e i r p u r p o s e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , l i i e exLeriur w i l l b e e i p r e s i v C : biiL i r d e s nor hjve-keen unravelled, grouped'.and r c o n i r e d t i i l i i t m -a ! , y i t e i i i o i e K t i ' e m d y s i m p l e
g e t L l i i s e a p i e s i ^ i n n by n i e a i i s . o f o r n a n i e n i a d o n , a s r h e y h a y e a l r e a d y t r i e d , b u i l a i l i e i d e v e l o p m e i i f - - ' ' T h e b . i r e w a H w a s a s i g n o f i r t n b . T . d o ^ w e n t e v e n f u r d i e r i u h i s desig::
T^hV m i r a c t i v e b r a i n p o w e r ' - ' ^ ' I h i s l a s t d a i i s e i s p i o b . i b l y i n t e n d e d a s ;Ln o i ^ a n i c r e a l i c y , fot d i e d e p a r i i i i e u i i t u r e u f t i o [ d i i i a n n and S d a t s c h i n V i e n n a that w a s r e g a r d e d in
Ai. I ' e i e f T i c h r e n i , - i n i d a l l y a l s o a d v o c a r d , r a d i e r [ h a n - a i n a L l i e i n a L i c a i a p p r o a c h sneb j y d ' - ) - a s . s e a n d a l n i | s a n i l m n n s r i : o i l 3 d u e ' r o Its n a k c d n e s s . ^ I n d i e w u i k o l JLLII D u i l - ^ r ,
as o t h e r aJiisis advncated, especially in r h e K e r b e r l a n d s . - ' " "^''hare^'er r h e t a . s e , Lkk d i e i i i i o o d i plLumiess bccLLiue a i : i d e i d u j ^ l c a l ' j o i i c e p t , A H s o p e i ' f l i i o u . s e k m e n r s k a d ro
[ationalirv- c l a s h e d w i r b e v e r y - r e l i d OILS s e n u m e n L a n d luideiiiiiiied die spinrnalir.' d i s a p p e a r . E i e r l a g e d i d n o r gi> q u i r e as f a r , b i i t n u n c dê l e k a d t o c o f u i n i i c h g b r i n g
thai kad pi'evaik^d i t i r m a n y yeaiS- Fiincrinnaliry .leemeJ r have d i s e n c k a n i e d die againsr style dnignia rooted in d i e p a s i , agaSnst a r b i t r a r i n e s s , a n d bad ti> c t i n s l s i c i i d y
w c i r l d a n d to k a v e c o n v e r r e d i t i i i L U a s u m e w k a ; b a n a l p b c c , C i i k u r e b a d r o d e \ ' e k f p p o l m . L i u i tke newly a v a i l a b l e u p p u r t i i n i d e s . H e d i d so i l l L i L j i O S t all h i s p i i b l i c a r i n n : ^ ,
J i e W s r i a r e g i e . s a i r a i i i S L i k i s [lend..--- which al.s'i d e m o n s t r a r e t ? h i s e n o i ' i n o n s . e r n t l i r i o n . T h e m a n y queues u l i c i i g i v e i l l s
l e x i a LUI C i l r e u i d v r e a s o n e d - a n d o u i i s i r u u d v e d i a r a c t e t . T o T e e r l a g e , h o w e v e r , friig-^litv
r e m a i n e d a v i r t u e a n i l not a n absi>!iire n o a ! . n e c i > r a t i o i i was i i u L a n i m i o c p n r v i c t i m

h/flu'^^'. fs in !l> Nefbc'hndi- o l d i e . i n g e to d i s c a i d '/erûhlnt^ thai w a s s u p e i H n n s ' . I n - r b e w o r k u f LIKJS a r i d
Ike Geiman section, of the W o r l d Ti-'yio in brLissels in 1910 wa.s o n e of ike most a l s u 10 d i e n e v . f u i i c d u n d i s t i - decuration meant die s q U L l l l d e t i n g o f l a b o i ^ r , health,
s t r i k i n g . I L r a d i a r e d a n n i b e d s p i r i i . as | a i i K a i l w i o r e , : ' ' T n [bp AJ.gf.mfm Jhnd?}iUd. materiaf and capital, Frugality' w^s charged with i r r e c o n c i l a b l e iiioEil:, as iheodî:
W- gushed w i d L p r a i s e ; 'T"rei"e is a m e r h o d i c a l <irgaiii.i;Lda|i, U bysLemaiic uiiiloTniiry W i e s e i i g r u n d A d o r u O wrote i n kis-strdde b n Luos.'''
i e i g n s ; hel"e i s - d a r i i y , . o r d e r , s u p e n o r d i s c i p l i n e / - ' Berlage also h e l d rbe O p i n i o n iliai
t h c ^ G c r m a j i siibmis.sion r/>wc-ted a b o v e a l l d i e oiheis, and oheie^:! p u s s i b i I iriev. for J i i m ' i l a r c i i thti t i e i t m a n s . B e r l a g . : : als<i h e l d r h e o p i n i u i r d i a t l i m e t i o n a k t ^ ' c m i l d
rhe furure. ' i k i ? . w i i i lj.eaLise:.as b e w i ore, 'ir c o n t a i n e d a developmental oppuriuiiity, p r i n i a i i ' y be f o u n d i n applied art products. Tn the mndem dwelling, humieis could
w h i l e rbe s u p e r f i c i a l . s p e c i a i u r - a n d p d m a i i l y [ h e s e l f s a r i s h e d a d h e r e n r of civnsidrv^- deiaLk ilieiiisdvcs iioin tiieir histury, lhe iiiteriui liad to be derermined by ni:*
n - r i -r.'.Mi N t V i c = F i c i E : ' . C ' : N ARC-^Tr^-|lrn:Ll^.T:..J^ -y n vii i:.-;M III I'L.|".N 3zR3hlJX

l i i i ' n i u i i e thuc ci'rre&pondcd u>. liic new I m m n n beiri: imlier LIILL hy l u c a i a n f froir- of rhe individiLal: and ofdasses ro w h o m ,he idea o l the c o m n i t i i i i t y bad become
EIIC pasi. 'As T unnseque.i'^'.r ' i f the iiiLdlIcijiLLjl iiiovcjiicii[..(if r>iir [iiTih.".S -iL.inl- iiie i i e w llltLSlr:; gim(^ is t h c rened u ibe oi lie<.loussti (asdietLsierecKle Gtideycnham] rhar
f i i i i s t r u L i i u J i merhiids' i i W ln ilsc, a - m o d e r n ' l E t m o v c m c n r hegan i n rlic f l y i n g d;L;.^ kad s i m p b ' relinquished die liortor.s a n d danuers of ei.siencc,'''"' In .rhe K c d i e d a n d s ,
oi' Lhe previous e j j a i i y : firs.idii. the h d d o t ' l n i v n i m r c and i i u e r l i aiehlLeeuir^H' ana rhe idea oF i o c i ^ art was embiaced, bnr people bad l i t t l e i n e l i i i a [ i o n iti I'olkiw. i l i c
in Miiiili c o n n r r v iiiiirs <iHin idicr. i h e ciiaracLer o l iliaL uiovcirieiiL is i'Ue o l gi'ear s.iiiie p a t l i as tke .C.ermans. n-'eii l l tliev realised diLLt c i ' m i i k u n t t lorces cotLld lit viixy:
i i n p l i L i l v aud HincriiiLllilY. Tr w i l l ntir he-.ftiund i n superficial appearances huL raLliel' LLsefuk M a n y people, i i i c l u d u i i r Berlaire.. believed rbat^ if.rh'c.eountrv did n o t w i s h ro
iti' rhe spirit aLijunthnLr h i diis Wind n f hons,-.'"" ' ^ ' h i l c s'nll pTadog d i f emphasis lose its e o m p e n t l v e p o s i t i o n , ir s h o u l d not lag b e h i n d a n d rbat i n d i v i d u a l siteiii^tks
ini rcpresenradvdiiess i n h l s i i i o r n u i i e j s i a l buildliigSn so LiiLn .ilic f i u i c L r u i i d k y . ivas OtLgiit t g . l j c u n i t e d . B u r a n p p o i ' t l o r tke e i i a b l i s k i n e n t o f tliis kind of As.sodatiijn in
c n m p r i i i i i i i e d , hc c i i u l d fake rhe f u n e r i o n , namely the d w e i l i n g insL'lf, j s t h e Ijiids u f the f S ' c T h c r l a n d s ?'eniamed weitk. It vJa.i o n l y t h i r i i i g rhe \^'a^ years rhar artemprs 'were
lus d w d l i n i ' ; houses. 'Lhe Ijoi. i h . i r this d w e i l i n g firsr had .-ro be cJoseh' evamined:d^ matie o n die bask o f t h e success ot the I t r M ' ^ m ^ e x h i b i t i o n in Cologne."" A possible
shuvvii b v rhe wav in w h i d i d w e l l i n g hcgLLii lo ueeiipy a c d i i i m l p o s i d o i i l n andiiree- tripLe alliance o f industry, ait. i m d Utide, i n die [[|otdd..^^f die DciLtiLfj-r '^'hkhind.
a i i e afLcr i f i K I . ' W l i a i acrnally is dwelling.^' was -i reeurrenr issue. To Rerlage. iE Wiis a w a s deemed irfadviîihleby d i e secrctarv o f t h e A n r b i t e c n i i a et Anrieiria .Sneiervi F T.T,
reason rn dcsli^n h ' u m tke l i i d d e o u t ward ...and to.pay less aLieiiLioii LH' lepiesenrarive "Wijdeveld, as the Clerman and A t i s t i k m W o r k Associations were o r i e u t e d t o w a r d
guidelines rhaL dcLei m i n c i l t h e facade,. 'expan.sion', whereas rhe concept i n d i e Netherlands w a s all about contjentra.tion a l i d
piesei'valloii'. I n a n ardcle i n r b e i r society" j o u r n a l , he declared rbat we should.start
In his u d i a n plaiiiilii^ designs. Teerlage increasingly began ro seek les^niarin-, after
hy a t k now l e d g i n g rhar w c have euumes slaves LO die m a d u i i e . ' i i r i t i i o r y - o u g h t to
original Iv adliei'ing rn the [ i r i i i d p l e o i die plciLiresqiLe. Tlie ItEe^LLlLLr was- saerifif-Cd
he rcTaken tlirim the i i i a d i l i i e : ' I n this w ^ J - , the oceutirnee thee.srablishmenr o f rbe
lo J i i o n n m e n t a l i t v , ^vhieh rhi: arehitect regarded as beauty i>f a higher o r d e r I n Ids
triple alliance - w i l l resemble a b a t t l f ' i i i t i l e . t r i t t n i p i i d stiuggle o l l h e J'ebelllotis slaves
lecturer o n Lirban p l a n n i n g and his e h i c i d a d o n o f rhe c i r y plan I b i The TTague. h e
^Kain.st r h e m a i d i i n e p f o d t t c t . We w i l l sdll have suffieieni teason to .Stipporr rhe Triple
tried ro apply Ills new ideas i n i k e ciLy.cjipaiision. iJecinase L L i i i o i n ; llie greaiproliLSlon
alliance 11 It docs no more rhan i\-feri'in]^ w h a t is largely called " m o d e i i a i t ^ ' a n d "art
o i ideas rhar diar.Lclerizes o n r age^ rhe i n t e n r i o n t n b d n g i>rdrr ro.îvdal relations
crait" t o lan.rc-scale i n d u s t r y t(i be stamped w i t h LIIC pretHoatc 'njadijne-isjadc'^. B u t
d e a i l y slaiiiis ' n t . ' I h c y s k o u l d be s l n i p l i e d , prganiz.ed p r j c i i c a l l ^ .aS m.nch as'
even more a m be aulilcviedr'... i t w i l l tJenionsrrare rhar wishes and inrerests rhar were
possi hfe, a n d id'O sn/liêd.'' In o r h e r v.'orels: siniuliiicaLitin l i a d tn he i m p k - n i e l i l e d in
once a l i e n t ^ one anivlher, o r even hosiile, actually l u i i pandlel."'-^'
urban p l a n n i n g t o o . and greater abstraetion bad ro be snnghn
' d i e DLLLCII pavilinn in Brussels iiLid been desigiieel by W i l l e i n iCminlioiLL a n d , w i t h In rhe Nerberlands, a p a n I r o i u BerlaL'c, j srrong imptilsc voward m t i r e h m c t i o n -
its Renai.ssanee eledgii. radiared an ambience n f bygone d m e s . Tr 'Was-ccrfainly n o t a alit^' also issued I r u i i i the world of fashion on tbe t>ne h a n d : and h'oiJi lhe 'ôild ul
biLildiiig rhar eêmplii'jedcL>iilideiice i n the l u i n i e - Tn [he N e i h e i i a i i d s , the Werklnrnd applied art i>.n rhe firher. T l i e lasliitJii a n d d o t l i i i i g i n d u s i r v k a d Lo pay more a t t e n t i o n
received relailvelv lirrle arrenrion. I'eople w e r e n o t totally u p to date, a n d tltete w c i c to the h u m a n bodv itseh. raLher d i a n .squee/.: ir inro a corset. Tt had to be allowed
o n l y oeeasinnal snippets o i news on rhar ûbiet."'' A t rhe arrisis' .consî'ts*;' n f 3?k3^ m o r e d e c d u i i i . I n the art o f f t r r n i t t t r e m a k i n g , tlierc w a s greLit resistance t o objecrs
Jan G r a i a n i J bad given r w o lectures, w i t h the tides ' M o d e r n A r t a j i d Industr.^îind rkar bore r o o m u c h o f i i a i i i c n t a t i o n . Such o r n a m e n r a t i o n h a d largely lo.sr irs s i g n i h -
TTie Desttuhi:' We-kbifnd irs s i g n i S e a n c t t o the Nerherlanils', h u t it was i i k i m a L e l y eance because peonle n o longer k n e w e^'aclly what It represented, Tlie sttatiiicLidoii
tke W^.'-khund^': e x h i b i d u n I n C o l o g n e in I'JkS rbat w ^ v i e w e d w k k the g r e a t e r of significance's bad To be eiasfek ' l l j c r e \%'ai"kn urge r o w a i d clarity, 'iJie 'ciiusrri(:-
interest, l h e B6C!''ydnr,i:h Nicisirshuid. (.RoiterLlain d^Lilv iiewspaperj o f [ ^ Jmie eveii ritsii had .To become the locus f arrenrion nnce m o r , Pn 1 [Jl (|, C r \ C ' N i i h o l k wJio
pnbkshed a p h o t o u i die s i n k i n g glass.house designed by Pan! .Scheerbarr. Por a r i m e became the d i r e c t o r id" r h e Aeadeilly o i B u i l d i n g i n AliisLerdani. gave a lecLure o n
there w.is m e n r i o n o f a D u t d i version. Liiid this w o u l d a k u ai a n aestiieii': elevation d b e Piece nf T^'iroittiie': ' W L e i i "an a]>e doe.'i n o r posses^ rhe power to f o r m its ow"
of prOk-liLcdoif ... 'on rhe same basis as. tht' têrnlan versiîn' according r'l a newspaper iirt^ it .can consider itself fiirrunate w h e n this age restricts itseli to sober, t u i a d o i i i e t i
report n o r f u r t h e r studied. A c o m m i r r e e consisting n f [I've arti&ls^ live indnsrriak.srs functionality:''--'
Lilid t w o other persi>ns w i t h iciLerest h i the matter, WLLS d l e ^ e l l y alreaely engaged i n R e f e r r i n g to tlie B'Liildiiig l-'xhibirion in keip7ig i n \')^'. Fran-?. Geisler W'lote;
tlie prepLLrLLtiuii.'^'' Hi>'\^'C\'er, rhe w a r changed rhe m o o d i>f r h e . c o u n r i y s o m u c h t h a t 'One ahii iias h o w becnme c o m m t K i in arciitieCLLtre: ilie pursuiL ol luncLionality ,
someone such as Cieoi'g Sliiiiiiel a[Tnbn[cd s o m e t h i n g positi've to die developnicnr w u k c i u t this ftnietionaliiy b e c o m i n g sobriety a n d h e i n c o m ; i e l l e d t o exclude r h e free
wheEi he wi'ore; ' M a m m o n i s m d i a i w o r s h i p o l LLII exteriur results thiit c a n h e LLssessed pl.iy o f i n i a g i i i a i i o i i . A i l elements o f f o r m , .the RnticeL>' o i constrncdon,- the lliieT d i e
ill i n o i i e y w i n c h bi'.îtfglit ns ^n m u c h d o i i b r , ha'S vaiiis'hed^ iî f b ^ selfi.shnes.s spaces, ure ne\vly considered and experienced. I t i.s precisely tlie act ol ex[)erieneing
OF C L D A f J r i vrL'j II r : r MLY IN ^ ! . ^ : : i | j | :::r-'ib:UNL:.HAirJt j i . ' t i u u . i i ^ - E P f v . A N vAV ? E R 3 E I J C

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decr-ition' and he p l a c e d the- a c c e n t -on the: G o n s t r n C r i v e s i d e o l the pioblem. I II rhe Building, b y fan TheunisscEi, was m a d e a lirrle [arer.'^ A f r h e ' e f f i c i e n c y day*'-in
waiv- c e r t a i i i l v Hot r b e <>nly a r c h i t e c t in die Netherlands tti a d v i > c a t e s i i l j r i e t y . Bveri A.nisietdam i u 1929. organi7^:d b y r h e . Nedsrh.ii-df.cb mlium >m/Effidfrny. C . H . van
ihe'e-onscTvadve A . W . Weissman-'shared rhis-iTia.riiing, althongh srvli7eil ek^menr.s d e r ' k e e u v ^ f h e d i i e r t n r o f t h e f a c t o r y s p o k e a h i H K t k e startEiir p o i n t s tliat had been
c t i n t i i i t L e d to d o m i n a t e IILC f a c L i d e I n I d s o w n - . v o t k . I l l t i l l s r e s p e c t , B e r l a g e w a s much rhe f b c n ^ o f a t t e m l o i i at tke c'irisrrLicricin o f r b e k i c r o i y . I ^ e d i d t h e s a m e olice again
srricrer a n d mure liinire-oriimteLl in s e e k i n g rhe applicyti;>n of a m o r e biLsinesslikc il y c i U - l a t e r , H i s c o n e k i s i o n s w e r e tkLit d i e LLppearaiicc ui LQe b i L l k k E L i r i s s i i e d Irmn
a p p r o a c h ; a n d be a t c u r d l i i g l v l i n k e d this to a r t : e c o n o m i e a n d s o c k d opinions- rhercrireria that had been liupused u p o n the interior o f rhe biiikling anil rhar equal
anioums oi iLUemion kad beeii paiti to tiesigidng. the htLiiian Liiid the mediLLidcal
l i i . a pLissionare Iccrure o n tiic d e l u d t k u s o f Ixrauty. H , C . VerkruyserL r e m a r k e d m
LLspc^L:Is o f t h e produerion process.^'^ L i 1 9 2 6 , a t t h e . e - a s t i n i r i>f t h e f i r s t c i i n e r e t e ; r h e
1 91 5 - 'l . v e r v a n lias tts e o n i i c c t i o n ro marter, l h e archirecr w h o w i s h e s ro Vh-rendi
. S o c i a l f ' e m o c i a t s l i a d a l r e a d y i n i l i c a r e d r h a r t h i s e q u i l i b r i u m b a d i"ecerved l i t t l e iKite
himself" b v e o f fune'jioiiditv Is making aci auempi lo adne^-e dre h n p t i s s i b l c . "-'
In the--past. I t Wxs c l a i m e d rhat Few o f t h e stLL v-hi' h a d made die i>wners o i the
VerkriLystn. who wa-s c h i e f p r u f e s s u r in LILC d e c o r a t i v e arts in I laarlem and subse-
f i e r i n y r i c h w i m l d still b e L i h v e . ' l i a f e w o f r h e m w e r e s t i l a l i v e , t h e y 'WTinld probabiy
qiienrlv director ul die School of Applied - ^ r r r h e r i r , wa'fi a m a n ' w i t h ^ s t L - o n g | - > b i l o -
b e l o d g e d i n :.ai L L - E E i s h o u s e s o m e p ' h e r e , debberadng abotil die m a n y pL|cks o l Vai'
s o p h k ' a l m e n r a l i t \ ' . ! l e s t r o v e f u r s v u t l i e s i s , o r , LLSIIC p u t i l I n 1 9 2 3 : ' l h e priiidple|hat
Ndle's chewing robaeeo,. V j t l Nelle's snuikiiig tobacco,. Van N e l IeSr-toffee - a n d rea
p e r m e a t e s o u r sttidy methotli>logv i^'the:xirnple-.notion that arr-Teebnicaf etkicatioii
r h a r pa.ssed rhrotigli tlidr liaiids, so rhar rhe Van Tics T',ecaiW'family.eotfld e i t e t atv.-
-30 be important vvlicn the tactual knowledge and piofessloiiid skdls acquired by
lactory btLikhngs a n d w a l l o w ill rbe'.liew oppurttLiiiiies.''' H o w e v e r , diks was one
lhe stiident, and rhe sense o f beauty t h a t IILLS b e e n i i r i ' i L s e e l i n h i m . a l l .L-iiirie te-igediei'
uf r h e few atTidcs rbat niemioiied ifae s l i a d o w sJile o f t h e fjcToiy. which was-.sonn
hariELoiilotLsly afid matme in his imilersraiiLling ro form rhe nieaningfiil result of
r e g a r d e d as a 'W-orking p a r a d i s e .
gradud and logicd sdf-development.''* Vetki'tiysen was a l w a y i extremely catnioii*
in- bi'ii r e a s o n i n g a n d ad<>pted a p a s s i v e a t t i t u d e . hiiaginaii<>n and conrnil h a d LU- h t

i n - a n aeLiele o n teerlage r h a i a p p e L i r e d i n Kun-I and Kunil.huridiftrk in 1^19, the
d i - o L U A i ' . D N c i V E F F l s : c N t ' ' r ' . A'^c H : " E C T i j - . . N : H A I N E C MELODIES -EPr'.AN'i-A.S 8EV3Eiak

t i r c l u i s s p i o p a g i i i i d i s T J j . i l O n d s r a i c d t h i n i f p u M - w a r j i t l i i t e c t u r e w'^Lired iciULiiTi many- i i r o n t i m e i l t a i . l p o r -plans o n l y developed i n Oiiv aft'hirecture.ai a ratlier iatc
viable i r w o u l d b.ivc: rn develop roward f i n c r i i u i a l i r v . r . a e d v w h a r lie m e a n t liy date and, even then, o n l y spariiiEiivf^'
i l i l i ; Was elarihed k l e r i n a p a b l i c a l i o n l ' F o r r h n s a k e ot b l e v i l y k i diis a r i i n i o , t h i ; I ' u n c d o n a l i r y was -stiU prcsemed a s s o m e r h i n g rhar belonged t o the Dnreb
i d i i j i i l l LLrokiteeturc i l i a t r a k e s asits^startiiig p e i i i i L ilic s o c i a l a n d [Jtiicdciil e l c i i i a i i d ' ^ narinnal character. Huwever, reehnieal l i i i i o y a t i o n begair r O - f h a i i g o a-ll thai, I-lre
and r c c h n i e a i pi0|:?rc.s.v u l ilio.dem l i t e a n d atrcmprs to a p p l y t h e s e aesthedeally a n d w h i t e sodidisiii' o f Flenry Tord .also perineLned .tlie N e i l i e r l a i i d : and caLLse.d- a s h i f r
oryaiiioalK- f i n .Jjlhfr words, f i o o i r h e i n s i d e o n r w a r d ^ w i r h o u l die d e p l n y i n e n i t ^ ^ v F o f e m p h a s i s , r n r d i s m was praised n o t o n l y hy IViednch ( l o r t l - O r r i l i e n f e l d h i i T also
t i a d i t i o n a l o i i i a m e i i L a L i o n ) is r e f c r r c e l L o i " f L L i i e L i o i i a i " or 'raLional'ihc lioiieidam k y F n i i l T l o l i e r m e l e i . i n his hiiok o n the Ford Company.''-' F u n c t i o n a l i t y no longer
a i e h i r c e : reCLU'renrly a i t e d t h i s o p i n i ' i n . In a l e e r i i r e tor rh;: Clplmiiv architectural b e l u i i g c d l o IILC narional d i a r a c l e i ' b u t WLL: LL m e i i i d i L y rhaL diLLiiipioiicu logic and
associatinUj he s u m m a r i z e d L i d s vie^y as follows! ' A i i 'ai'ehrrecLi'e- r a l i o n a l l v t o i m d e d especially tbe s d e n t l l i c approaek, and w h i c h :shi:iiii| lead t o r h e rise n f rhc" n e w
l i n LIIC cli e n m s t a n u e s o f m o d e r n Ide wlfl f o r m LUI iipposkiorL t o rhe c u r r e i i L a r c k i i i e c - h u m a n being; I c d m o l o g y and the s e c u i i t y tbaf science lepresented bad l a i d tke
rme in c v c r v a s p e c t . W i l h o n r d e c l i n i n g i n t i i h a r r i ^ n r a r i n n a l i s m , i l w i l l h e f i m c r i o i L d liLiKlaiEicni. f o r a' more businesslike a p p r o a d i lo rediiv.- W i t l i LJiis, t w . o . c n i d a l Ley
iiisr a n d t o r c i i i o s r , h u t will coiislsienilv and g e n n i n d y eApcriciiuc die I d d i c i level-''" woid-s have been meiiLluiicd; Leehiiolog^^ anil scienee. Tlie larrer i n parrienlar w o u l d
VX'iili LliiSf he hiL d i e njiil o n r h e h e a d . Si>|>et f u n c t i o n a l i r y s e e m e d ro [ack all splrhiL- be keenly dlscLissed i n rhe e e o n d decade o l ibe j-eniLirv, ScietEoe, howeveii i s u u t - k
ality. It w a s o n l y c i m c c r n e d w i r h praetirai r e q u i r e m e n r s , and f s h o r L w h e n i r eame hisrorieal knuwledgc o ' aHaiis b u t above all a n a t t e m p t t o a p p l y - s e i e n t l f i d i s e v i v e r i c s
to o H ' e r i n i r p e o p l e any t o r m o l spirkuLd e n r i c l i i n e n i . SLLLII u L L e r a i i c e s liael I k i l e elleen a i i d inventions to LLrdiiieeture.-A rriie p i t l t arose ai'ound r e d i n o l o g ; ' and its posslbdi-
W . C . B i o i i w e r , a n e l l i l e n d and p o r r r y airisc f r i ^ n l E i i d e n , h a d a l r e a i l j ' . w r i t t e n LO ta. I ' l a n n e d produerion Wasâ c o m p o n e n t o f tins-, i h c Wtfkhsiiiil liLid h>uiid new
O n d d i a L , idfor h e a r i n g a. I c C L L i r c by ihs b u e r . h e - c o u l d ncn at^rcc vvkh [ ' i f a r e h i r e d g r n i i n d ro exercise Is prowess, .\mliireers h e j ^ n r n legard rhemselves'as' inyenrois
w h e n be s a i d d i L i J . bis w o r k - s t i l l c i : n t a i n e e l 'einoLioiL'. ' H c c a i L s e y o u r w o r k l i e L r a y s an and requessed parents f o r their 'inventions', w l i i c h - w e r e o f t e n I'ekited to i c d i i i i e d
emaciaLion so f u d d t a i 3 can o n l y r b i n k o f po^'erry and bitrci' pessimism. Mpirired, IH- L-pnstriieriv-e innovations, d i m s , i t involved m u t h m o r e t l i a n m e r d y h i i i l d i n g s or
animateel . . . [be?e bave l i e c ^ n i i c noises I r o i i i a d l l l e r c i i i v.-urkk You d u yOiLi best n o t rhrm language, i t WLLS i i i d r e ahoiir rhe derermina.fion o f anthorship o f so nie t h i n g . d i a i
LO b r i m p l e a s u J i L Lo vi>in' s n r r o n n d i n i t s bur . . . i f you c y e r bad t o n p e r i e n c e w h a t l i f e is LLMild he repeared a eoimdess n u m b e r o l liines l o r e e o i i o : n k rcasOJis.
all a b o u t , y o u w o u l d lapse k n o a pessimism that w o t d d i r a i i s p o r t v O t L to d e s p e r a r i o n .
A f t e r t h e Fii'Si W o r k I W-'ar-i m a n y peiiple believed tbar rhe gares ro rhe genesis.:of
T h ' S t , , , and that a l o n e , i.s ' S ^ a i 1 .see in^yunr wîrk. Sober, Cîld, t . y n i c d , i l i J i D o i
Lhe new i i i u i i a n i i e i n g h a d h e e n Hung open. A n d iiiLLiiy iiiO'r-eineiiis w o i k e d o n iliaL
llie.'"''' I^rouwer k n e w O u d w e l f and r e a l t y hir t h e m a r k w n d i bis c o m m e n t s . OuJ
projecr. Ftii" t e m p l e , lhe c h L d l e n g e was taken Irp h y ' t h e Arhcidcrs Jm^d ('.emynh
often-SLLHered h n n i h i m s e l f
O^'oikers' o u d i A i s o d a t i o n ) i n the NetbeilandSr I n YXX?!, c b a i i m a n Koos V o r r i i r k
h i h i s in'.Luguial speech i n 1!)!-^. J---'\.C1. van i l e r Sreur p i i i n r e d o u t r h a r gre-ater f u i i c - c l a i m e d ; ' Ihe new w o r l d deniLiiids a new- l i u i i i a i i being. A n d die new l i u i n a n being is a
Lioiialir." had b e c o m e an iikii i n a i c h l l e c L t i i e . k l e leganied t h i s as a sodal n i o v e m e m e o m m i m i t y beiiig.'''^ iw<> years barer, he published a p a i i i p l i l e r on De koyyiyyi.di' id'ûwc
that w a s a l s o v i s i b l e i n rhe i n c r e a s e d s J i n p l i d t y and furLciionatity' of d o t l i i i i g . ' lhe ktdiuur f l h c C ] o m i n g N e w CLihure). I n CerniLUiy, the WtrkburuL too, lulloweel tke
purely i i n c t i o n d B r o w i i i i i g I'cvoSver e a n i t n r be e o n i | - > a r e d t o the o l d p i s t o l s i n l a i d new p a t h . N o r o n l y was tke i[iipri>veiiienr i>f rhe p r o d u c t i m p o n a n t bur also rhr
w i d i g o l d and îtvcr, w i r h o u r s h i p s , oiLr câriLLges, UILI i i i a d i i i i e s ; e v e r v J d i i g piiiiiiis mantifaottue o l p r o d u c t s f i i r the new b n i i i a n b e i n g - w h o l i a d to be edticaied. l l had
to an n r g e L o v v a r d k m c r i o n a l i r y a n d . . s i m p l i c i t y ' " ' I n 1 9 2 2 , t h i s s a m e Van det Steur been socio-economic motives d i a l l o r n i c d d i e basis o f die f m n d a d o n o l r h e Wi^rkbnud.
gave-a' l e c n i r e ar D d i t i c e i i i i i c a l Ctillege w h e r e h e fall-red abotLt the d i a r a c t e r ot r h r A.IT?;!- the war. this G e r m a n i n s r i m r i o n published a iiu-r.ber o f books thar o i i l l i n e d
u a t i o n a l arcliiLecrm"e, I n hii^ vie-tv, this was ' n o t p o m p i m s glory o r eyrremely relLiieiiierii the J3CW n > U [ c to be taken. W a k e r f J e d c r was tlie liispkLidoiiLd ligure I n ddj--nc%s
qiiahries t h a t o f t e n typibed t h e a rebirec.ru r e - o f r h e s i i r r o u n d h i g c o u n t r i e s biir f i i i m e w o r k . F i n i n g the wLir he had already w r i r r e n a b o o k o n rhe ' K i i f r u r a r b e i f n f t h r
luDCtioiiajir- ani3 s o b r i e t y b - . k h u t LdwLLys a k k r d o l r e i k e n c c , m o d e s t y i u i d L t L u i q u i l Wf-kbiind. and i n 1924 he w^s slso responsible k n the l i K r o d u c d o n of die b o o k diai
beautv tliLLL do n o l a r t e m p r ro: concc-al t k e o h j e e T i v e o f t h e geni^sis o f the w h o l e . ' " was issued to accompany an e d d h i n i o i i organi-icd liy t h e Wcrkbs'itil Die Vorrn h>it
The . s i i b r i e t y and i ^ h j e u d v d l . ' o i o u r national ciiava'ctet isalso-dearlv presenied i n rbe Clrnnm-i'.iit (Fcirni w h l i o u L O n i a m e n t a t i o n ) by W o l f g a n g Ftleiderer. T l i c book shows
sireer p l a n . ? and p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s . Ikey.ijre -all exiituples t i f a w - e l l - c i > n s i d c r c d and .thai, a f t e r .die crisis'-years. C-^:ermaiv -wiis a d v L u i d i i g t o w a r d LL c u h u r e i n v / l i i d i diere
p r a L ; d c ; d s o l t n i o i i o f i h c qiTe?irifin at l i a n i k I fowever^ r b c r c is n o . a t t e n i p r ro i n s e r t any w-a.s little a d i n i i y w i t h decoraLiiiii and m u c h m o r e w i r h rhe proper s o l i i r i o i i - r f i rhe
monumenraliiy Inro die p l a n . a n d . l o i rhe sÛiie reason, d i e stairciLse - rhe joi'e of so proper q u e s d o n , namely, die righr way ro integiale technology i n the labour process
LUid to arrive ar a responsible result w i t h o u t oriianieniLL-ioii. Here, die emphasis lay
p l -ir I-I-^.--I'N-LH' -r-L-iL:.!:Ni:-'i\-A-Rcn:TE-:TUR= . . N C H A I N E ; NÊLDDIE: HER>/IArv '....^M E E P C E i - : - ;

ii die hrnni t h a i v.\\?. d c r c n i i i i i c J b y t h r erinstnicTinn, and n n t o n t n d i t j i ) n , d i b r J " . V i o n d liaan ha-d atready i n d k . a t c d this i n Ids b o o k pe.n-phisdjî/.. published i r
ALLnliiig J.0 the pliLlosopber A d i i i u , grea:L , T i r h i : e c [ i l i r rcCPived "ils n i i i l t i b r L t c i k i n . i i -I'acis .In l 9 j U , A s l o n g as d i e people d i d n o t diaiLge. i i o d i i n g n e w c o u l d take- place.
Imguagc, w i i i c b mi QicLiLiLby iT:pTcs-sL's i t i v o i i L H i i j J i i i e l y i j u J l c LiLisii i^riis purpose .'^ But people w e r e ' s d l l searching' Tôrh M o n d i i a a n and Van lîiesbiLrg placet', ttreat
b o u j j [bus h n j i a i i e fxptLssiv':': a n d A d i i r n o d t t d t b c P h i l l u n n i i n i c liy H a t i s . S i l u r p i i o emphasis n n rhe' neWj b i n bad leis l a k h i n socieU' -' ibc d r i v i n g torce. No Beilage,
in Berlin- aS- an cxaniplo. " l i i n u u i y p f o p l e , howe^Ti:, thar wa.s rri>t thc.--.ca!vc d n d die c u k t u e c o u l d only arise i f there were m e n t i o n o l a sph'itual o i mental t u d t m d t y i r
hotm vvaa-.iiil-tcic-often piii cly p j r EIIC form's i ' j k c (afler llit:-Second W o r l d W a r ir-was si>dety. As Van DoesbLiig sawdr, rhis.wis an - e r r n n e o L i s assessment aliel, heuLLLLseljerlaif:
'fol' dif- 'good, loi'in^l. fusiead f pnrposchiInLss, f o m i a l i s m was a frL-qucnLly lieivrd was r h hgniebead o i rhis idealistic kOncepi, he \y;i3 rbe one t.n receive tnihsT c<mdem-
acLusaiion- t-wiis n o r siu-prising, ihel'idoi'e., [bat T.ndwig Mies van dci' Rohc ohjccLcd i i a d o i i . l h e route di'at this arddreet h;id c h o s e n ^V,LS severely criticised i n a' review
[n t h i s a i i d remarked [ b a t rhd Licativc pfOoess'-wasahc m o i i l i n p u r L a m c o n i p o n e n t . o f t h e bonk ,Svh(jonh':id hi wr-reiî^'-ii?^ (Têaifry in Sociery). Van D'lesbiLrg iitLriLLreel
n'bt f b e f b t l i l a l final c c i u l u Tlds wa-s rcgaidi:;! ^y. ' t i s f j J t n . n g ' ('fortiiLtig'}. Sndi c o m p l e t e l y diFFerent Ideas-and hiiroeluoed t h e m r i g h t at rhe nurset: ' I f one can spc-ak
c r k i d i n i ' d i . d n o l i m p r e s s i d c ^ i e i . hl his viewi [hp p r o d i i r t s vv'e[e . d l e . ' i i " i a i n features. îf an LLp-iLnd-ciHning style mode, ir musr reiicitl itscll in ihedivey.-Uy ofpyod'-'cdo'i. l"Oi',
finci: 1922. eomiiiissfoncd hy rhe Dtulubci Wtvhbii-iid, H i c d e r had kccii i r y i n g f n even i f rhe consciousness a n d y e a i ' i d n g Foi' a colleerive means i>f expression rcveid.'.
p i d f l i s h his.'twn i n a g a n e u n d e r tbr. n a m e o f Oir; ITprn^. Kvral is.îes d i d acLiLally hsell i n seveiLil artists, they and dieir w o r k Lire too ilisLam to have esrensiyc i n f l i n a i c i
appear, Tn be [ried again. I r i i l i c : m e a u d m e : [eebnieal p j ' o d u e d o n had become - .on general [sioduction. or. inilnstri'.'. ]\c ended bv declaring: l l is u k i i i i a t e l y die
task o f n e w architecture to t u r n its b a c k ' o n tbe e m o r i o n a l aesdiedcs, and to consist-
an i m p o r l a n r n r i e n i a d o n pninr, i\jrher than t t a d i t l n n d handcrafi:.''"' A - ^ h n i l a i change
ently i i i i p l e n i e n t i i i e d i a n i c d aesthetics.''-''^ d Van l ^ o e s b r n g - , h n u r i s m and Fimetion-
w a a l s o .dslble in rhe history o l ibe Ranhans where, front V)T} o n w a r d , the r e l a t i o n
alirv-rhinkiiiD. converged i l i ' a 'way tba-t wOidd h cnnsisrenrly f u r t h e r eliLborated i n
between a i r anel t e d m o l o g y had bec;>iiie ilie locus o l a u c i i i i o i i . I n lids cooieyr, lirrle
ifie f u t t u e , especially -.liier tke eeonoink- niLLkLise kad also crippled rhe eonsrrucrion
artendon was p a i d so die markef nr rti rhe iieneral p n b h c , . a n d a j o l i r n d i s i i f i n . JJf
indusrry. k ' k n i r i a a n ekihorare^l his idea.'i o n neupJastidsni i n ardilteCttLre l.urthei
I{oui"K^'>eidsiAr/.^: 'Recenily. o u i t a s i e r n n e l g h b o n i s bavT^ olen-been r a u n g about
in"a n i i m b e r oF Sascinating articles in i>e Sdjl magazine. A m o n g orher rhings-,. ht
'Sacldiehe Areb[ickttM' " and believe t l i a t trade a n d uLdiLstrloiLsiiess ' v i l l again aid i w
wrote; 'in dfc real w o r i d anmnd n.s. w L . s e e , ' ' a s ' a n j a i t c r o l liel-iJjhy. d o m i n a n t nafura-
in i m r p u m i i r n f rhe beauiHid aichiceetnrt'wC a i t : enrrLmdy tanking. Tûr " s a c k h d i e '
cleinenrs d i s a | i p i ^ a r i n g . Tlie o n p r e d i c t a b i l i r v o f open nature is h e e o i i i i i i g harnessed in
Is all a h o u i biLslness and p r i i h t p r o l i i dLi lias i i o e i l i i c louiidLLiioii, and o n l y bnds
die meL-opol'S. lu \h.t mudjh'i; mtii.m.ufiydrnpuyi. ecc,, we see n a t i n a l mareiial ineteas-
i l s jtL&liHcarion i n loss.''' This In.ss was s p i t i t n a h t y h u t n o t e n t i r d y . L i t i n i a i e l y It wafi-
ingly liarmoni'/-ing w i r h rhe slowly m a r u r i n g i n d i v i d u a l . "' .Vltindriaan accepted dii
-ahfiut CApei'iiiientarion and discovcs'ing n e w ways i n w h i c h a k i n d o f p r i m a l f i j r c e
ultimate consequence o l his point o i view. Van I ' o e s b i n g a.iid rhe orher niembei's.of
libcrared ereaiiviiv f r o m T.i'adiriiinal values, l h e BLLUI^LLUS w a s a lab'iratorv to trse- a
L>c Ssij! LUAAC great efftiti to ptrsh f u n c r i o n a l i r y f u r t h e r . I n Ids thst-tLSsloii oi H e V t n i k
i i i o d e u i fehlli- whose assignment i i wa^, as rhq-^ saw ir^ rn develop prnrotypca and
h o l i d a y h o m e in N o n i d w i i k ^ e i b o u t , Fan Giatama w i n t e w i r h a cerrain a m o u n t tjf
new mediods o f pi'orincri'n. h was lhe. task o l the Wf'kb-und x<t esiLLblish contact w i r h
dkdLLiii: 'D/^ Sfijiis o i i e o i the ivpieal e x p r e s s i o n s - o f dii^ w i t l i e i l i i g bourgeoisie, wbicb:
the marker, ' t h e cliLLiiee soon led ri> conflieT w i t h i n the Bauhaus. In I 9 2 3 , joliLLirnes
no li>nger believes i n ' ' l i v i n g ' rhings and n o w gli>ribe^^ g e o m e t r i e d ahsteactioiis. M a n y
I t i e n . w h o m a i n r a i n e d i u j esoteric aidtiide,- l e f t the instirure. Tie was sneceeded by
o f the best people f r o m die hoLUgeoisie are r u i n e d by an evecss o f Inrcllecrualiry.'-'-"'
r h e I Inng.iriaii L-as'lo Mohi>ly Nagy. w h o attached m u d r less valiLe to artistic .in'rli-
Heasoiiiiig aiitl e i i i t i t i : i n ci>u!d coeîsr i f r here w a s . belief, h u t i l diiit h d i e i is based o n
ddiraliry. M<>nnlv NLLI^V published ar. appeal irir d e m e n r a i y a r t i n Dc Stijl i n 1.921.
c e r r a i n d e i . the w o d d soon bes-r.onies c o l d .
' l h e iuiti-LecbnLpie a t t i t u d e [iad reveised, c e i i a i n l y a i t e i l*^2'k h \^=as ineteasingly
a e d a i m e d a^. a.possible s r i m n l a t i n n f o r the potir ec<>iioiiLic situatioiL, I n this same
On the odier l n u : d . d r e p o s i t i o n o c c u p i e d by J.J.li O u d w a s p a r t l c u l a t l y sigiiibcanr.
yCiU, , i r i histnrian-Gustav k'r'sediich TTaidaLib coined rhe r e i n i 'ncne .Sachlichkeit- f o r
f l i s influence: iiri t h Bauhaus and o n W a l t e r [r<>pius especially wa-s nuLcli iiitirc
d i e hrst t i m e . W i t h rhis. he w a s r e l e r r i i i g to i l i c p a k i t l i i g style diLLi l i e legaided as a
cobstrtsctive,''' WTeieas O u o wotdd tdk about Itmctlonalit^/ u n t i l l o n g after rhe war,
leacrinn ro e > L p r c ; : s o n i s m . ' ' Tn 1 9 2 5 . h e jngani'^êd an e>:hilnTi<>n i n I lambiLrg u n d e r
a n d call he c t i u i i t c d a m o n g rhe mi>sr r e n i : w n e d adherents : i f functiorLl LLrcidtecture,
the n a m r N e m : Saehlidikett-'.^
h e i l i d change coutse in a r o u n d 1 9>^6. Eêspi te the p u b l i c a t i o n o f his book / loILjiidin he-
i h e N e t h e d a n d s h a d also played a role i n die d i i i i i g e o l d i r e c d o i i o i die batdians. Afchilekmr. also iu l'J26, he increasingly hegLLii to speak o l u i t e r n a t i n a l 'arcbirectnr<
Ir had indicated the-way. O n f h e one hand there v^-as ' I h e o van Doeshirrij-, w h o had an tii' ro a lesser exrenr.. o f r u n c r i o n a l i s m . Tn his ' R i c h r l i j n ' -I.t l u i d e l i i i e j , publisiied in
b i o n g h t u n l t s t to W d m a c -hi 1 9 2 2 , A l o n g w i t h tbe painter Plel M o n d r i a a n , V a n rbe hir^r-^.itiniio!^ Ryi'ny. iW, he observes that a D u t c h pcison 'h;:s R o i n a n r i c i s m i r
Doeshtu'g represented a m o r e obieeiive, n o n - i r i d i v : d t L d iLttitude w i t h regard LO.ai'r. Ids blood, despite idl tSie rciio.wned sobriety; he reiects and iiitermilly ctirses wbaLe'"eL
nr.ni i-j 11 iL_--^:---ly Aî:i-"r"ECTu^^^:-' V--HAi.vE" MEL'IIDIES -EPN'A^' V.AN nP'^'cr-.ir

jturiiipis lo r i s e nhiiVL d i e spontsneniis e m o r i o m l m a n i f o ^ t a l i o n i l l oidei' rei^cli a Fttii'litfiJulhfri rsnd /hi si-iHihjii
c l e a r e r a n i l i l i i L S i i i o i e i m p e r j u i L i I c o n e e p r r o i i . ' ' Tn bis desigiis^ l i e iiLcrea-siiLgly tries l o K o i i c the. [csJh.^ m a n y people .saw f i m e r i o n a l i s m as a loijieal e v o l u t i o n o r d e v d o p n i e n t
achieve rhis ijiiiicrsonal i i o n e e p i i o i i . biis o p i i i i u i i s rtLii parallel w i r h rbnse pri>eljijjied o f w h e n : aixdiirectorr had to 5 0 . . i t was kxcreasingly piesented as a stvie t!iat belonged
wiLiii d i e Driiiahii' Wri'khu-'id. But, aLLliimgh rhe NerherlLind?'c.bili"ned rhar if-w-a.s" .0 the s o c i e l . - o l tlie i u t u r e a n d w o u l d liberate d w e l i k i g i i o n i all si|i'|ikis burden^ f r o m
a r r b c f t i r c f r o i l i i n r h e SLi'Ugele tor n e w aiehireenire 111 1 ^)73. by 1^16 i l l i a d become .lie past. Besides A d o l f Behne. Sigfried I j i i e d i o n 3 n d Hannes Meyer, h.niS[ Kropî
evidenr rhat i l bad mi.s.sed d i e boat and cotLldsoLLrecly e;>iiiieet w i t h w h a t be ( kiriiu-sicr also shared rhis o p i n i o n . Tn l'J26: ke ptiblisbed ^^7'i>idiu>!g dci'dw-'^t intîfisigslm
bad been preaeniing i i i lii^^ yfl;\\< a n d w r i t i n g s fiii" j Eiiinib.er f i f V^-^f^- W b i l e hi.i w o r k l^b'huyidey! i C h a i i g e o i k'oriii i n the d w e m i c i C e i i t u r y j . which w a dedicaterl to rhe:
was rnthdi diseii.s.sed i n Geeinany. there were f t v " aichkects i n die K e i l i c r l i i i i d b viho O.tntsLhcr WcT'ih-nndf^' In a review- o f rhis w o r k i n I !D"27, Hei Viideiliiiidmxi'Â: 'Ki'Opu
pei ceived diis. Tlie expre.siiuidsin u i die iu-eallcd 'Aiiisierdam School' received ninre make? us.feel t h a t a st]"le piesenoc reveds itseii i n o u r purely f i i n c r i i m a l eonsrruetions,
a i i e n l i o n and t f j t i l d rely n p o n a I3areh t r a d i r i o n j namely, ilii o i b i l c k a n d , . r o . a one tliat Is stronirer and more m e a n i n g f u l i l i a i i works tliai Lire hi tended ro be arrisrie
eerraiii exienr, crikiiLtal refe'ieiices. k v e l v t o r n i o l suppression i i F d T n a m e n t a t i i n i w a s in advance. I le d e m o n s r i a t c : n o w people graduallv t o o n d die most simple i i i i d diLir-
srik regarded as a negative a p p R i a e k or, a s Jtisi Havelaar described in ' R e n a r d l c j i f atiedstlc i b t ' m h i die b t i d d l n g or ear. LieruplLiiie and stibmai inc, a f o r m rhar displays
] i o \ y i i i n c h one respects r h e . s i n c e d i y o f rhc.rationalisrs and f.reqtienily die l e l i i i e n i e n r a s i r i i i l a r k v w i t h the s h a p e o f fast -flving insects or: o f lisli. H e behe\--es I n lhe deep
( i f dieir piasrie sense, o i i r o w n r u c l i one adjiilres die p u t i h ' u f their srvie awareness, eiiltural Value o f ouricenrtirV:. w k i d t achieve such iiigeuion.i; reehnillogical Lriiniiplis.
their w u r k neve irb id ess i>f[en appears t u m to he a .sysmproni of a sinis'rer (nirnre H e believes i[; die mystery o f a higher e'ffieleiiy, w h i d i re.-cak o u r engineering w o r k s
i n w h i e l i o r g a n k a d o n s technique and cool faerualiti" w o i i l o . suppress a n d t d d n i a i e l y anil nature, aiiil In: b d l i T e s i n rhe creative force o f Iin:, a creative i r i e n t a l p o w e r that
s i n o d i e i all the v i t d i l y i . f die linier h i e , u f dse suul, i n t i u d and religion ves, all meta- iiecesSLudy crvstLiilkes I n t o i o n m ' ' ' ^ i h c ciiipliLisis Is Increasingly placed on r h e menrab
pbysieal a g i i a d o n and joys.''" Berlage a k u shared rhis o p i n i o n . I n i 9 2 ; , ' i i e - a d n i i r t d rarher than the s p i f i t i i a l as d e t e t m i n e d bv rhe soul; i t is die m c n t i d I n die senSe.'of
ihiir rbe mosc reeciii m a l e r i a k were b e i n g used and eb.burated i n t u a new art k i r i i i :."'i'aiUpowei"r-5ou3 ^ i i d m i n d H'e.feopposing lorces i n rhi'S eonrevt_'^' l h e m i n d was.seen
i n t k e Nerbeilands', l i u t he addeek 'iMeverdidcssj I w t n j k l p r e f e r CO express a niiirt: as h e k i g too i i i a i c r k i l , wfiereas the s p i r i m a l .seemed to he pushed i n t o die b a c k g r o u n d
reserved o p J i d o n abi;'iir rhe.srarcmenr one w h i c h is l e i n i o r e e d by various d a i i e i i i i g n ^rnhitcGtnr. 'Tliis was ail a f f f b i i t . t e i - Iniiny' people w h o regarded a r d i i t e c t u i c J i .
witnesses f r n m abruad - i h a l insists that H u l l a i i d is d i e o n l y e o i i n r r v rhar hM-.^ being m o r e d i i i i i inci'eh' a i i i a t i e r o f h n i k l i i i g .
n a i i i ' i i d n i o d e i n arehirecFui"e.''' Berlage felr rhar his era had l O O l i l l i e ' t l i d t^T to talk
Keveral a.rchitecTs began a criisadc'agahisr what, they-saw a^ an i m p o v e r i s h m e n t
a h u u r a new .style a i l d lliar the new iu"cbi tec lute eordd n o r be regarded as national,
o l archlie.cltire as a n . e m o t i o n d art. A d - -^'a.n. dei' Stent:, c b a i r m a u o f Archlcecmra: et
k t i n c i i o i i a l i s m was regarded as i n t e r n ali u n d , uraterialisric and w i t h o u t tradition', as
.Aniieida^ w a s one i i f those w h o seized u p o n everv opjiortLinitv to ariictikite ci'i ticisni
is. alsti p l a i n i r o i n the rirle rhar .Sigfried G i e d i o n i n i t i a l l y wislied tu give ids b o o k
o f F i i n e r i o n a l i s n i . .And intieed he had p l e n t y o f o o p o i n m i n ' . In Bcm'Jmndig Wet-kblad
T'l/iiim in t'>a:-ik>tiih (Btiileihig i n irrance): Lebi-n vjir O'uduibnilo):. Acifhiiirunf! die
Aiihifc-ifs'n!, die Jiiudi-respected weeklv m a g a u i e , k e discussed the Zonnestraal
'Itirus Eiik'tehttyi.g'l^'\ nnu!7! hiiuura f W e f i v e W i r h o i i r T r a d i r i o n . A c c o u n t o f t h e w b o l e
s a n a t o r i u m h y Jan D u i k e r , as w e l l as die-Van Nelle liCT<irv. Bîtli s h t i u k l be rcgardeel
t l e v e l o p i i i e i i i u l iie.w b.tiildir'.gj.^" Er wished to he i n d e p c i i d c i i l o f history,. I i i m n d to
-..IS the nio&L Stiildng icons u i k ' u n c t i o n d i s m I n die N e t h e r l a n d s , and borh -were heavily
material aiiik above .alk new'. B u t , in a L e r i a i i i way,' peiiple c o u l d also a'eniallv say rhar
criticized hy Van det Stent. I le appreciativil Iîiiker's couraire. b u t he Jciuld i i o i accept
k u i i e i i o i i a l l s m was ;i c o i i r i n n a r i n r i o f da.^sieism w i r l i q t t t the e.iterior diaraetcrisiics.
die use of so m u c h gla&s i n i k e s a i i a t o i i u m and lie.e^'en t d r i i u c o m f i i r r a b l e a b o u r k,-"''
Tt wâ.^..^ style t h a i WLL: i i i i e r n a l i o n a l ; I t w-as ditis. ' i i c o \ i n n i n e h rhe ;;ame vây 7\ the
I n die case o f tke Van Nelle faexorv, he attain expressed c r i t i c i s m thai was p r i n i a r i f y
new alwa5"s eontains a perverse relatlonshin w i t h the o l d . kTtit the preset! pdon's o f
directed t o w a r d rhc'idea rhar F u n c t i o n a l i s m -cOuM be achieved exdusrvely t l i r o u g h
art b u t rather drose'of the mari-rial and oP the requkertieuts were t r a n d a t e d i n t o i i n
: . e d i i i l c d rationality. H e reproached die uidkuerahsin by means o f w ^ h i e b rbe aicb'i-
arehireeture that, .althuitiidi i t bore n o e A c c p t i o n d exterior fiiariires, could be applied
T c g r u r e w a s propauiired.
a n i w h c i e and rheretore possessed rhe .same ' i m p e r i a l i s t i c ' COIUIOULLMIS, even. U i t
vdshe'.l tu e k i i i i i t h a i , b v being obieetive", i l d i d n u t possess these intereneeiv. d b e ' E v e r y t i m e T am pr.'esented w i i h a w o r k b y diose de\'ored ro rhe gospel .of'"neue
t r a d i t i o n o f t h e J i e w e n s u t e s e o n t i n u ^ i m diange:and is an i m p o r t a n t n i o i i v a t i n g force .SaehlidikciL'V 1 a m seized by an almi>si Irreslsdhle d c i i t e to engage I n conlioversy,
i n CTonsi.imei Soe-iety Tlri.^î-; rhe paradoy in w h i c h ir is trapped.'^' ' l i c astttte k r i i s L T fi::lt diJ.s vry-:f;troiigly w h e n T vieK'ed Oud's ptoiect f o t D e Bents. L fei:l i t again
B l o e l i r i g l i d v staled; " f i l e :jew is e s l i e m e i y ddaycd.''^- - d d i o t i g l i to a lesser ej-Lteiit - l u this, indeed, very d g i i l l i c a n r and a? a- c o n c e p t i o n
marvellou-s Van Nelle facTorv b u i l d i n g . .And ye.s. w h v n o t ? Aii variants o i this i a i i i l l y
ii'e mail itfstos. a's it "wei. They preseni i t i n c l i o i i a l i t j " a a si|!n 1 mean,, a huge
DF C L D . - \ D '-.EO.' E F = I C I E N C ' r i N . - R : H I T E : T . =.E UNilH.'MNt L fc'tLHiJ . i i Ll-^^^-^TJf'.^-l U E ^ . n E U k

i l l L L | i i i i i a L c d sign - Jl Ll [-hce w h e r e . i l is m09L v i s l l i k - "'i a m uiirouchablc".'^ 'Iht iheh' i e j e c d u i r i u canî.wns r.irher rhan i n w o r d s . Thf:' same applied t i j - t h e body o f
i i u t h n i is pIcssciiJ than lie: CLJI j i o i i i L ULLL jcvenLl i i i L ^ o i i s i s t c n d c s i n rhe biiilL"fLrij3 and die Hinai'ku'uT m Beeldi-nile KuiiH [RtLlldit-ig aiT ami Fine .\rr) section o f t h e . ' L c n era 1
'L:oiild poke f | i n ar a Few-of its" p u r c - D i L t c h wtli-fiuinijJed c o n c f p i i ' , A l i h o i L g h he R o m a n C:ârholie .^r[j3ls' .^ssudLLtioin d h e hrst cehilon siaied e i p h c i i l y ; ' H i e - i l i a g a d n e
tlLiinicd L be syiEipaihet;: rovvard the i n t c n t i n n , ihc tnne \vas CAitcinirlv etilitid.. w i l l .li'CiL be: j u t j r ^ u i u f d j e ' s t r u g g l e ?cit ceii'aTn idea-'. 'r 'ii eleiiiLLttaiet! direciioii-
T l i i s - j i l d g e m e n t u f hLLiic'LionAhsIn y'as rn sharp conliii-;t i i j w h a t V'aii der ^.Stcin K e i t l i e r w i l l the editin ial ,sraff ôi'ni a crirical coterie.'''" Fimcr;E>iialism W:JS sini|"vly
sLaied i n [e+eience t u hJe B i j c i i L o i I dcpLLrLniciiL Hfte.-.rhat Dnd':ij-; had bniJi i n n o r iTiwcred, unless, ir appeLLied iiegadvely i n die i i c v / s . l i is-clear; b o i b b o o r s had
RuEtetilarLL; 'hi ihi's w o r l f , the livcl)-, v i l i r a n r ren.s ion o t oil r nervuiLs CTLL h i s eîni^calcd llieJi' Own behefs. One i n ihe advancenienr ( i f fFic v.'isrid t i i r i ^ L L g l i rcLLsuiiiiig a i i d new-
i i i r n . a delicately fiuc bor iiry^falline e q i i i l i b i i i n i i d i a l susiLLhis irs pu.sitinn against the inveiJLitins and discEiveries, rhe orller ihixnigh an u n w a v e r i n g belief in rhe spirinialit^'
b i m a l v'ii:>leor^ o f tlie hiLsihiig porL wiLli die relLiied b u t f i r m deLeriiiiiiadon o i hs o f liie and archirecr ure, wliioh wiis a u expression u l religious experience. Fxpiessec
nLCELid supcrioiin'-'^'^ I n thi.s ea-sc. die large glass snrfaiios appeared to d i s t n r h Van del I n terms u i material, glass was Eliamerrically i>rip'>sed t o liEîck. d h e Klti mairazine
.Steiir t n a m u e h lesser d c g i e . I Is" also w r o t e posidvcly abuut the Cine-ae bv D n i b e r f u l m i n a t e d .-?gain.st Funerionalisiii even more vebeiiienrly than the R o m a n Carholie
H e had apparently adiiLsied Ids de^v. I n LL Icuer ru Eierlage, V a n der SieiLr s i L i i n n a r i z c d jonrliLils. Tr.dld so, no< o n ilic basis o f opinions a b o u i hfe ur siyles, b u l riLiher o n die
his o p i i d o i i : Ln m a n y eases,' we yi>ung pen|->le arc e^'peiieiioint: a-very ditFieult t i t n i i basis, o l a certain material propagared, -Afrer r h e war, i t 'vas in rsr w o u d and t h e n h r e k
(.^n t h e i>ne liaiiel, wp niusr have a-conVk;.[ioii ahuut wlieLd t h e gooL^ elemenis iir-Oui rhar w o u l d be the p o p u l a r mLiie:-iLL o f die luiiu'., buL Lhe N e w F u n c t i o n a l architects
proles'sion :ai;e-t(^ 'be I I U L I I J . O n die udLer liand. 'wc see f^reai sliifis tLLking plaec.all amLOunceel c o i i c m . c an ilie saeretl marei ial. 'Ihis bad t u be applicel acci>rdirtg li lhe
aroLLiid LES i l l w h i c h a gmar dea' u f am-aerivc ideas aie presented. I [nwe^-erj w h e n .tine rides i d the aiirlientieit\' o f mareriak ' ^ - l i e n cracks were discovereil in the KieFhork
sensie's-'a large aiiiuuiiLSOl Seji-adv'erLiseiiidiiLiii additiisn to a healthy developiiieni. Liiid, in Tlorreniar-i, an exemplary lit^LLsing estate desitrned by J,j, O u d , ike magazine v / a i
even worse, a p a r a d i n g ul engineers and medical stTieneei wiLhom. deeper s i g n i h e a n e e rapitily i ) n the.scene t i l c a r p ' m - ^ b m . i t i t . 'Th' t e r m . o f ' c i > n . s t r L i c t i i i n and aestherlcs,
d i a r i sLLpei'licial p c l c c p r i o n ; and w h e n one sees a iLLsldoiiable and a new expression o f r h e s b u i l d i n g blocks ace iin a b : o l m e failtLi'c\ WLIS die Ooiickision,^- Têdnge also
the rniieh-lLateti LLcsiheLi^LLdoii, IL diics bee:ime e x r r E ' m e f y dlfUctdL t<i luielcrliiic iliaL received supptirt w l i e i i ILC iinered eriri^:isni o f rnnetitinaksEEL. ( J n i k e basis of a
enLliiiSi^sm. a n d rhe ipiesriim arisen as rn w h c r h e i ' Oi iiOL we are again tiealing w i r h lecture jp-ven by rhis arrrhitect i n L i i u b u r g , Ktd wixire; 'The speaker eohtcst.^ f . . . ; rhe
an -Jiui^ d i a l .will simply be -JiitJSied by a i i o i h e r "-ism" i n a few years. A n d w l i e n parsimony i h a i has been enforced t o the pi>int o l iiisaiiky, and rciiiarketl LLinudiLgly
nne also Têes hiiw, t i n die First d m e Tn years, rhe developed la^'inan giie.'; a l o n g w i t h that i t w a s apparently an a E ^ r h e r i c Climc w h e n one longed: f o r a hahisrraile r i i be
l i d s with- a cerrain enthnsiasni.. rhe do.nhi arises .as to -v.--lrethtr o r n o one is seeing mnre r h a n merely a . ' r a d l i i g ' ' or an i r t i i i r t i d iLiidei' a coiicreLe beam lo be . a n y t h i n g
r h i n g s ptupcrly. is i l the hrieUcCL diLLt is a l '.vi>rk here should one irv Lu ''uE'dersiaiLd' udier than a gîs plpe.'^' I n i r i a k y Riî lage wished r:i speak aliinit ' H u m a n i l y . SEiciety,
cwiyrhing, should one no longer n-y ro " t e r l " rhings? l l k .so r e m a r k a b l e rhar, ro.rbe C a i h i i r e , bur rhe assof.iadon secreuiry w h o oigLinked the lecture k n e w rhar rhe public
y-uLLiigcst observers, n o d i ing else c m e x i s t . H e p o i n t e d o u t rhar Lhe guideline i j i v c n v-ould consist niLLhdy tn R o m a n Catholics and chey siLould n u t be u d e i i d e d hy die
hy Berlage still had value. a r i n i m e n t s . Berbig'jr Eriianged rbe title lo ' T l i e congress o f T-f .Sarra?; rhe hrst congress
on Ente I national A l ' c h l l e t : t u r c ' , I n this way. Ite was able l o - i p c a k - a b o u t , recent arold-
Tr w i l l be e\'ident t h a t tbe adherenrs oF FunotiuriLdi.sni were not.eomplerelv saiished
LectLLre vviilmut aggrievinr'' liearrFelt views. Tbe meagreness was visuah/ud. Ir was
vwidi d L e e d d o i s m u l tiieir diLiisliip a r e l i i i c e i s . In a t k h r i < m , rhe D u i e l i ^ v c r i i i i i e n t and
p r i m a r i l y in Rorrerdani thai this k i n d u l ' s k i p p i n g ardiitecttire' c o u l d be t o t m d .
m i n i i c i p a k r i e s d i d litde ro e n e o u m g e F i i n r t i o n a l i s n i , w l i k k was m e n t i o n e d i h se^Tiyal
uevvipapers."' So ii d i d nor ;al-."e l o n g beiorc ihei-- f i m n d r h e i r o^vn p t i b l i c i l - v . d i a i m e k The Van NeQe lactory was a n example <if A m e r i c a n i s m or : i f ' w e i i ^ e n .Stiiialismus
and they began die m a g a z i n e CEL t i l l e d 8 m OphosnH i l l l ' ) 3 2 . I t wa.s the'-an:swer f<i i'whire sodaisni') as propagated b'y t l i e ' Gef[iaiS economist FriediTeli l.iortl-
rhr C^'tho.lie a'rehirears'"'hii had begun t h e i i o w u spceidist jouiTial, R. f\. B'oui'M'id- O t t i | i e n i e l d , wiio had w u r k c d at d i e ' l e c h n i c a l (killege o f M t m i d i iOriuLiiiy year's. H e
iwo- y.eLLi'S previoiislv, BtLSiiiess LLiid SOLLI were diamerrically opposed: aldititrirh tiLere saw i n H e n r y b d r d the gtainhiiastcf oF teebnical innnvatinn.'^-^ (Capitalism aet]i|ii"ed
were. îmilaL-iries. ' W e l I - m a n n e r e d ' e o m p a r r m e n r a l i ^ a i l o n was a f i c r more rhan ir a social countenance. Tt was n o sutnrise that, i u 1^J30, H a i i d e l s n i a a i s d i a p p i i Slokvls
had c\f.\- been - and rhe idfa- oF social a n liLLd ;L1IILOSE eomnlerciv vanished iiiiu lhe asked | . B . VLLII L o g l i c i i i to cover the Ejiiestion i>f rhe relation between aL^dLitecture and
backputLii^l, even i i t k e Lemi v/as still ulcen iised.^' Tliis coiiiparLLTienrali//ari<in w a s trade i n i t s Vê hiiiiLifyiiile. (.id-i (Tlie IiidtLStrial G n i c e ! mag.isinc. I n his eon t r i bi i t i on
aEi u l t i m a r e atreLiipt to creare order iTi t h e chaos o l o p i i i i t i i i s t h a t prevailed. Tlov."ever. he ai'gued in favour o i Fui;Ltiondls:i v.'hen lie ciaiirted; ' B u t the InuiiLLii l o n g i n g l o r
rhere were also conrrLidicrions v^hEiin every section u f rhe discipline, i h c Q u h o l i c s more iddLl ex[iression^ cyen fet rhe^ mosr businesslike purposes, p j v e r a p i d dse tty
re g c i i e r . i l l y q t d i c i l i d d i n Lheir j u d g e m e n r o f Funerioiiahsin and reiided ro d i s p l a y cnnstrnctions speeihcally For trade and iudiLSiry d i a l jan n o t o n l y be regaided as LHI
OF^LDA'-.HNE'iV EFFi:JTNi:"tM.AHrTEm^Ê^ LMLH/'IML : w I :in-Es rprv'-'htJVAH nr -iorlriK

b j e c i bur. otten also b c | n n g m t h e best o f w h a t determine?; rhe rhaT.acteii.srIc.T n f o u r [EiaLeriiilk-idc.as p t i s s i b k , and eni|itii)ii plays a negligible role, i t is 'nOr rhe ejincepr o f
eities,' A f t e r his cxperienoes in "R.ussia, he d i d n o t abandon hls sooialisi ideasi b u t be archirecmte bur rarliei the coneept tif engineering- that is d o n i h i a i i l , w l i k l i s h o u l d
d i d eome t o i m d e r s r a n d the u i i p o r t a i i c e of LJade, w l i i d l 'was uhlqûitinLsly isihlc, o f not sinpiise anyone i n view o l die great vLdue - too giear, ih our o p i n u m - qhe w d t e r
LLMLtse, aiter the stnei'; mariiet'erash u f 1929. ' W h e n trade erm'sisrenrly develnps in jttaclies LO Lccliiitiltiiry. B u t it is Cruîi the w r i t e r rs'-a civil' engineer and n o t an "a t c h i teer
an increasimdv i i i t e f i i a t i o n a ! dii-ectiiin, arehitetrm-e w i l l a k o unavoidably be inspired and rheiti is -a World o f a di-ffereiie.e b e t w e e n - a r c h i r e c T u r e i i i i d ' j i v l l engineei i n g , ' " '
bv the sahie m c n t j i i t y , dire b e g i n i d n g nf rhis d e y e l o p i i i e i i : is ulreadv nuiiecalde i n Foi' a long Uine, V a n L o g h e m c o n t i n u e d to delend himself agairrsi die view- d i a i
tlie new u i t e i i i a r i o n a i arehitcv-ttU'C all. over die wgdd."'" 'Lhis h n k hen^'een rrade ane |-Lme-tioiiallsiii w a s a sign o f menral pi>verty. HestLitcd that the name coiiltE intleeil he
crisis led t o d i t sktiatipn i n w h i c h l ' u n c t i d n a l i s m was tegatded a i LL type 61 eiisis misle'ailiiig as a . e o l l e c r i v d l i o m i n a i o r , b u r rhar rhe m o v e m e n t certainly d i d n o l aina
arehiteenne, au a r d d t e c i u r e i n w h i e h m o r e value was aiiad-Lcd to eeonomies tEian :o produce i o b i i e t y LUid hle.Likiicss."-'-' k t i n c t l o i l a l i i y a n d radonaliry d i d not u b s t n i n
to intcllecLiial e n i i e h m e n n Si:",Liigely SJuiLgli, ilic l i i m s e market espeiienoeid a' ' h r i c f rhe [sath lo beauty, even alrhoimh several [leople d i d believe thar this 'was rbe ca',se;
but f n i e e l u l ' b o o i i i i n the flr,st few .yeats after riif.e'rrsis, U u i f d h i g WLL e . i d e i i d . - the .-'\eeordiiig ro S i b o k i .Smeding, there were m a n y whi> r h o i i g l n . d i a l e v e r y d d n g liiat
stitmgesr engine o f die weak eennomy; ' wall useless, k r L i t i o l i L d i u i d illogical only laridsked l i n e beaury. '1 do m i t \\\sk\x tr> gti
IS f u " as-clainiing-rbat rhe m a j o r i t y o f present-day i ^ u t c h Lir lists support: defend or
propagate this m a d p o s t t d a d o n . b u ( i do n o t CKagjêrare w h e n 1 say that d i e w r i t i n g
and p r o p a i r a i i i i g n i e n i - i i e r s a r u o L - i i : chem larttelv regLU'tt this i|iiphilosi>pliical n o r i o i i
In a d d i t i o n t o t l i e Z > t f ^'y/ 0î/'i>/.wiiiaga-;iiie, t w o publieations appeared i n T 1^32 w i t h
US: f i e highe?ir eT:|"M-ession n f w i s d o m . O n e hnd.s rhis .strange meiilLd iwisL pai'tictl-
tiie i i i m of i c m n v i n g the obseurities.around k u n e t i o n a h s m , Btit die opposite WLIS the
larlv a m o n g die nLListerbuildec-dicorkis o l die internarional or Rus.sian concrete,
lesult. die b o o k entitled bowr'i haum hîti' himdiTig by Vaii koirhem was i m e i i t l e d
steel a n d n i i r r i i r e d -g|a,ss m'l-'veiiiehr, auckone o f diein^ ilic i|&L'jJce and a m u s i n g Fier
not o n l y i r areliitens biLt LLISO l o t LLII iiitcriiatiorLal reading piiblie^ and inrended ti'
Z w a r U even goes ttirther by s i m p l y d e n y i n g beaury all Tl[^hc ol exis|crn;e i n these
d c i i i u n s t i a t e h o w modern arehireeTure.was i-e|rcsented i n the Nediedaaids. ' l h e h o o k
times.'"-'' bestead o f Z w a r t , he euulti perhaps itist LIS easily n i e n r i o n e d M a r r Sram or
wa? e o m i i i i s s i o u e d by ibe ptihMshei, w h o regarded k as^'aAcieeesisoi- ro rhe books hy
Van' T.ogbeiii.-alrliniigh the larter was less radical in bis ojiiidoJis. I n coiiirasi, 5tam
] r G , Warrjes w h i c h h a d received [ n u c i i acclaim. Ihere was m u e h dlseussion about tbe
-Lûickly presented liliiiseh as an adherent o i die scientibc and eff.eient approaclr to
title, Van k p g h e m wished ro ^p,-ak .îboiit rarional architecture; ' l h e b o o k presented
n u n e r i o n a l i s m . \ ( d r b his irircebil tqxrn be-atrempEed t o - s d m t i l a i e . c b a r i i i o \ T : m e n r .
several historicîl cxLUiiples, I n c l u d i n g tke iêurs van Berlage (Stock F.:êhangc)- Tr
"ddcli d i o t i l d n o l o n l y permeate ârdd tec ture bur s h n n i d aetually detcriidne all
die earJy p a i r o f bis eareetj Van l j > g h e n i had been a Jollo^S'er o f Bedage's k u i u v i o i i -
h u m a n endeavîur.''"'
.alityt, w:liicli is- especially clear w h e n w e l o o k at Ids k r i i d w e l l i n g hiûses. [ Inwever,
Van l/>ghem c o u l d n o i c o n v i n u i n g l y validace the line bôm Berlage lO die arijlillects Gerl'iT T.iervcld also e o m m l t i e d his rlioirglits on I ' u n c t i o i i d l s i i i lo paper. T l i i s
v.'ko propagated F u n c t i o n a l i s m i n a r o u n d 1 ')}[). T l i e coiitriLdicLions i n tbe h o o k wete craftsniLiii c t i m b i n c d a iascinatitin f t i r iiiLiteriLik' w i t h an inremst.in c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d
articulated Eiv Sybold van a v t s t e y i i i n a review i n De- Gei/iee".ichafi- ITc-srared rhar a leaning ro^v'ard ccjiininnin'- spirit-.TUe f i i r n i t u t e designer L k i i a r Rei'kovicb Wmre'
Van T.ogbem tried ui 'undress' e v e r y t h i n g and rhar "rbe decorative w o u k l c u i i i e '.uid Libout iîetvekk H e 'fs LIII H-prloy'i e x p e r i m e n t i n g yersonalirj-, w h i i does ntic recoil h o r n
Irredsdhlv assume its placs i n a n e w wav'. H e l e f e r r e d to the Van K c l l e f a c r o i y i n t h i ; problems o f a techniea! or marerialisric nature. H e w i l l seek new iiiarenals whencA'cr
coiireyt. 'Besides its excellent uLilitv LLltlitiugli its very grear costliness makes Its g l r y i l seems to.be neirssaiyr Tn eiseilce, his^design does-not carry a p e r s o n d characten Tl
v u h i e r a l e - the f i c r n i y is p n m a r i l y i i i i p n r r a n r due ro the decorative, or racheF,-d.uc is animated hy the sense o f coinniunily a u d , as such,.doveniils w i r h rhe orientations
n u h e ncw .LLesihetlc .valties that a good architect c a n naively dispense w h e n be allows of"-bis contemporaiTes- 1 lis cyprcssinns are fiirceful a n d u f . a n extremely ciear ami
h i m s e l f t i i be led i n kLs ili:,si)rn ky.'new ideas .lip t h e e f i v c t s . o l i p a c c a n d l i g h t a J i d vibraaii riiictite, a n d Ids w o r k is l y p i l i e d by its open and eonsri nctive i|Lidity He k the-
hy the o r g a n i c articularibp o f s large c6iiip,-i'm-/''^ V a n Havestevn recognizetl m a n y mi>sT s t r i k i n g representative In ; i u r c i i u n t r y ' o l a iiiuvciiLeist that is n o t an iittetanee
contradictions i n die kiiLige: h u t these wete a eonse<|nence o f the kivoiit that h a d oi fashion b u t rarher a eoniprelieiisible atrenipr t o tealiTc a new lienaisiauce that has
heen chosen f o r rbe en ()phim!v magazine, where l egtikir uê h a d been m a d e i j f licen adapted l o uur clianged m a n n e r o l l i v i n g and t h i n k i n g . ' ' In 1931, Rietveld
plioLO-iiioiitLLges f o r tbe cover. Tn He! Vaderland. VLLII L o g h e m -was presenred a',S 'Vbe built a bousing block o n rhe.F.rasmu.slaan in U r r e c h i i l r a l oLiiiie to be'seen as a c^.s^rc
apostle o f bdneri:i!ialisiiL', vvliicli was regarded as 'sotialisr arch.itecttu'e'.. t h e reviewer cxiUiiple o l P t i n c i i o n a l l s n i , -J^. a' rcsuk o f t h i s oeeurrence, L.kreclit adv;ineed to ike
declared rhar. ro a d i s p r o p o r r i o n a l eyrenr. Van T f l g h e r u saw' arebireenire as p u r e l y fi'onr o f ruodetiiiiy.r as a l o n g review i n d i e Hel VadeAimd newspaper, published i n
engineering a i t . ' W i d i engineering art, n o t l d i i g is l e f t t o the i m a g i n a t i o n . Tt is af Tlie Hague, declared. "' T o c l a r i l y h i : ^ idea.s. rhe architect p u b l i s h e d bis paiiipbler i n
npni n f l ^ n N -rf ^ r i I - V - H I I ' t - . - | | -' eTu ..MTHAINE:; EL -P^-'i'HV'IS il! 'til l-JK
L'h' VnjeBludosi tin indcpcinleni iiLi>nrhly f n r ' A i t and I jieUiLLfc:, i n 193:^-In a d d i i i u n , T l i e p a r i h n o n i u u ^ . f u n e r i o i i a l i t v b l aro.und 1900 v.âs tLUiu-islied b y eeoEuirnLc motive^.
h t hLliJ lci:mn:?i r h n i n g h n n T the c n i ; n r i y , " " /Vhhougli liic Leir by RirTv.dd, w h p v/a.-^. I l i i i i g s changed afrci' die k h s r W o r l d War. Ideal and ideidogieal morives played an
i-ei'rainly mi' elegant wi'irei', c o n t a f i i e d i n i c r c i i i n g poincs. Rcii Rebel was l i g h i when i m p o r r a n r role. I n die discLissions keld in rbe I'^'Ôs and earlv "^Mh. cei-lLdn core
.he vvcOLc ilia-T: ihc IOLL 'ci'iiLrll.'iLLdd l i i i l c [ti lhe clariTy'i^ni'lhe EOLal hiiLLgc'."^^ VilU coAcepiS reiiLfn eonsi^tenrly a i i d i i o i j o n s a h u n i l i o w d i c i c conccpis o u g h t iit -be
Ravc.srcvn w i n i c in fJt' (imieenschiip', ^ Hiose w+i.n.kimw rnjLluntr '.n understand littl-e InieL-preted v a t y greatly, ..^ccuîLiions and defences re\olve aroLind the same affairs;
a b d u i l-'uncLionalisni w i l l m m p i e b e n d even less.ader h a v i n g tead Ri.-rvrid'.s ideaa. religion-, naltne-, spiriiiLaliiy. A f l resrs i n \ T j | v e these t^Tii'iis and the-same a o d c i i e s ,
dliat is n o disasLer. BILL iliose who do inideriiLLiiel i'ieLvcId ami koow l i i i i r as one ol naniely/ dtat die w o r l d .could o n l y he understood t h r o u g h LEU k i i c l l e c i u d approach
the. rn'o^r-dereritiined Seekers-LJI bcauEv irL die beid o f F o n e i l j j i i a l k i n vviJI manage cn and diat there-was n.o. longer any scii.pe f i r e m i i r i o n . SoBe^r-aLid coi>l f u n c r i o n a l i r y was
i k i d heL.veen ihe linr.s r h e e ^ c i r i n g ple.asnrc: nf fhe r'/eljLlEi o f rhi.s-.arriatVponl. w i r b r:'hiiffed w i t h the eiELi>Lii>nal w a r m r h and spiiîtiiabt^' o f b i i c k . Tns p i n i t i o n . tediiiic^Ll
all i t s ehildisJi lack o l kieical overv'icw, b i n aiso l i u c r c d w i t h rhe ikdies o l cIcLLt ikLshci clariiy iuid f o r c e f u l a r r i c i i l a t i o n w l i h prolo\.u^dlv- e.MperieEiced lahh. ' t h e i u t u n n line
n f in.sighr spread here aiiel ihere. H i s fellnvv' r o w n s n i a n d i d not ci>mplctely [cjtjct was rhe posirion Ol arcidicciiLre as pracrical b u i l d i n g or as ari a i r f o r m w i t h a dccpet
hhiir However, b y 1 9 3 3 . k u n c T i n n a l i s m had parsed i i s peak. T n c J I T I V ^ I o f E-as/lo significance diiLl o u t f h t t o elevate b t r i n a n i t y i n it sphhiL.d sense, Tlie race between
M h l v N a ^ v c o u l d n o t a l r e i thrs deveJopniein.'"' 'lhe political d i l l i : hi kiLrupc also L u l i u r e arid civili7arion entered a new stage, boosted by the hIiELd uL-ire f o r innovarlon
began rn display tieir eecu, h i die N t L l i c r l a n d s . rhat would srimidaie LoiisiLniji-i^>n and the ce.onolny. M ; n i y peni^le viewed this w i t h
d h e H a a i l e m architccT J.B. van l . o g h e n i c o n i u i u c d lo propagaLe FunodonLilism a certain a m o u E i t o f anxiet^^. whereas oihers saw o n l y d i c p u s i d v e LLSptcts or die matter
u n t i l his deaih I n l ' M ( J , even i h o u g h his LLrcliiiccmm tlid n o i d w a v s f u l f i ! die critetia. and f o u n d rhar Fiincrioiia.lisin imght co permeate t h e w h o l e o f fife..s" t h a t people
Aeiinrdingly, he prclerred i n use die rerm ' n i c L i v / e b o u w e n ' ( ' m o d e r n archireemrcQ.'"^ - o u l d become trtily hiLman onee ag;iin, ' W l i a t n o w appeal's tO be hiS'demise v/iU
O n d i e basis; o f his soeialisr train n f r h o i i g l i i . h e k i m i d char this a i c h i i e c i u r e waa ULOISI luT'ii o u t to be his salvation, i h e iiidividudisin o f o u r eta w i l l he m a d e snliietT to-
s u i t e d Ul iiiipruviiig die siand.LLcd o l life o f h u m a n iry, T l i e R o i i e r d a m archirecr J.J.R eotleetivism; the c.eiiiutj- o l k n n c T i o n a i i . i T i iii c o m i n g - * " ' A year after rhis sr.ircmeiii
O n d ronk a d i f f e r e n t view. Prnhahly rhe last ei u p d o n o f a defence o f F u n c d o i i a l l s i n :o\.dd he lourid ItL the liook b y J- Rieniens-l^îLrskig, L i l l i a n - w h o w o u l d f . u i i d i e .world
jaii be I b n n d in bis book Nieuw Bouii'kun^t i>s HoiLindrn Huropa, published in [9^5. upside d o w n rose to power in (.jermany. ' I he i n d i v i d u a l hecanie a part o f a desttlictivc
In this w o r k , t J u d reiieraied kis former- sranee against Bcrlagci w h o h a d atraek-cd -."lO 11 cet ive'. C o i n d d e n c e or logical consequence; As long a s w e 0.0 not aiidv&e I d s i o r y
F i m f i i o n a l i s m , as^ w e f l as issuing..a rext \ v i t h a n t n ' e r v i e w o f ciew arddLecturc i n it v ' i l l Eioi be possible ro foi'mtikLie LLII LLIIS wet,
iiuropc. C i i d ' j i s n i o l Berlage iiiusi liaê lieen painRif i n v i e w C i f t b e f a c t thac Berlage Cne- Fin;i'l w o r d about die i i r l e - o f r h is'essay T.7nehained melodies Ini-tn r b e t h e m e
had been O n d ' ^ - s p i r i m a l master fhr- some rime, d b lic parr of tbe b o o k argues o.i tlie i w e i n i e i h cenrury. O n e m o v e m e n t i o l l o w s the oltiei' i m d these hssures seem
di^r this' n e w f o n n isf arcbitcctnre w a s 'LL search f o r pure f o r m s f u r reqniremenr.s r:i lie n i t l i c a k Tlii i? al&O h o w they are presented i n architecmral hisri>ry. I liAvc.'er.
d i a l have been purely l o r i i r . i l a i e d ' . - ' " B i n r w o ye;?rs kiier, he admirred i n a letter rO die ttiEtli is dlllereiLi. i n such -rnovements,- people consistenlly reach back to, a i i d
f I . F I s Croi:^ r h a r . ncverrheless. r h e ahn oJ ai'cLiLecinre 'had lb be Ib assign beauiv, dLLborate.ijn,'.seeming aiironoriEoiLs fragments, li is oELly frtiiEL J distance that w'
.1 iiiive / n ^ ' j j ' a r g u e d i i i i a ^ n i o f a n y d i u i g dse and ir is r'aihex shnplisnc nvewannne can sec t h a i tb'ai w e 'c;Ljf- rccogEfi'c: s'ha'ied :elcmt^nts- iVfoney plays an ineieasiiiglv
t h e n i a t i e r i n terint; o f p n i and cimtra because some people ejragger.ate and advLiiice
importaELi role and often pushes Ideals aside w l d i greLLi ease. A t t e m p t s liave been
.eerra i n . o p i n i o n s i n a rarher one-sided way. [ . . . ) 1 undcL-.srand die .earning l i i t a d d i e r -made to a p p l y camoulkige: b u t - w e resist m o r e rhan L^-r t h e fact t h a t f u n c t i o n a'hd
develupmeiii ol aiddieciure LLiid have repeared^y propagLiied this v i e w niysetfl Bi] t i t Vm f o l l o w l i i i a i i c e a n d t h a t addE^d yaltie can only beachie\'ed when people t h i n k i n
mnst t-iime f r i i m t h e hearr a n d n o r n n s i s t o l die processing o f an o l d aiinuspiiere .eriiis o f c a p i t a l .
w i r b nev" n^sonices.' ' Soon idler diiS: O u d again began ro allow o r n a m e n r a r i o n back
iiiiu his work.
The^varions.-rexfs- i n rhis anrhologi" sliow d i a l o p i n i o n s o n F u n c d o n d i s m were

considerably d i v i d e d and Lliai..iliere w a s . m u c h i m p u l s e l o engage i n debare, N n n r
d i e l e s s , LL ^lear d e f u L i t i o n o f the c o n c e p t Was Lieyej' presenred and. moreover, ihere
v^âs scarcely any refetejiee to rhe mge f o r ediciency i n the hrsi decade o f t h e t c n r u r y .
F i i i i c r i o n a l i s i i i liLid no pasi. ' l h e ]iisct>rv o f t h e c o n e e p i w a s eomplerelj- i i n i m p o i ranr.
i l w a s s i m p l y a c c e [ i t e d . . ' ] h c new, as a m o l i v a d i i g lorce, w a s rhe locus o l ' a i i e n d o i i .
q r m nA\nv.=-\ EF^nriENCViy.-^rHiiêiL a iiriruATNEr; ['ELODiE-i H E P v l A N J'A'V = - E K i j t l J X :

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h.:ttiiii::i 11, L'AI .'II;II i-Jiir A-.iffJil VOLV ^Llll:clcj' LlfOLiLl:;.". lliU, r l : i : ' h 1 k-|i f . i j | .Icm p'^ldr '.Irr il^l^^^vil.lle^^
KiiiiilL' I i i l i L i i v i i . ' . i i r irriirn ^ SomL^lTC, ii:.';ÎX'fyPi' -l^' lO'lt/.-y- BcrLIn I Îjfi. |: I I I IJ lii'jl^
ICicliL^ li.LL l III: 'l^; .SL||i.|l"rl, ' W r|l:..-.ili V i i n.r:r^'''-r-i- !i.-L|r'^ l^rrn:'!. i jl i j j ' i i iUi'T i l l 11'^'.i L.'11111 IL:I 11 i l l i n
helder', i n . IV^w, j.^Vj^..^'î.7'r>..f-;..j;-. ri)ij |,'pp. i'^.^ '13,
H Adîciliul'. ' P - f I d M l dr - . L r Irlr-jl', i i t i,.^,.jr r t i , W r - n j - , 2 n i : , m i - h
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cmprLi.!' -pon iLi- o.11 iz/.c n-jl 1 i i . i i i . L l i y .\n\\z^ nfjL Rp 1 J'L^.I |ii j . ' . ^t^:!: LI. .'iiri de '.;.d^. L';-j l^'.'tnViiirf
^'l'.'V'dL'^ \j-''/!7'fl"t>'\'vc. Berlin I ' . ^ l l l .
l .Szc: V e i d . ^ ^ . f i Jh'"lL:ll.l:l;:.Jl:ÎllF,^m^.4l,:fet;^ 10^.
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[I h^n: A, " i dfT y^^.'vj^/^^.'^ kjr^k'ry. 'i-.'-t?'^' f . ^ T i r l-.^'n*/"?!'. !i'J-l'>UO, E o i w r c a m J'??!'
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i ) ' H ii..iii"ii). ST: 'Jr l/'ii.'J.v.'K'i'r, IÔd, i i f i , . 1 2 ' ^ . The niiiclc eiilLrL^t'. 'Dr -|:ir,vi-. d'jl' \ ; i-T-.H l i i i r ' .
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].- S w r U . Ms,ii:L.,ibli. ^r^/fnifr f-f <7ir^r'. . ^ t r i d u n i 1^1 J , p. .\ IIEI-qucW: p. 'i^J
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rriTii^li;lnL ] i f j . s i l K K r - i l r r j r ' , v - i l h | . Aw'^l;^. '11^ I I T Ar-, W'M: nun ^ L r t . : n i i i d o:iip3l:^. riiihl '.ir-
IWiiiK. l i i i l i l b l J u , ' D i e i d i c r K L i i j e d e l - v ^ i v j .ijiiii u ! der ';7elc'. lD; I C l l ; b i i b k i i , Ki'-T'i-yy/Ji iW^,'^''.
iii'.iii îvl-^LT Ulld d'^Lu'rlcrt,' F r i j i n 1 1 i r . . ' V r . I I i I I : ! I I I I i , ' : 1^1: .iijIiii'?- drr :lilctt'r ln' L WrinlLf. 'i/.
li^j^^'-y^'/cT^tT^^r Zi^'-Gf}!fc'i^gse dti-Ki'it'^-^^-îâpi h: Dt"C.-/>la.Fnr.Uiur , IVib^p 179
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Miiiih'lr l ^ ! ? ' , |;p,5^ It,
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|. tiir. 'l-iT.ii Kh i i l ' r . ' , in- i.'fch-h'K} / i T / i - f . p / i r j / , l OcTub:.- l ^ i l J , ^, . P-^xiir- i h i . - - i i i i k - i i i i - | i i - i i n i i - n
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kiliiAriLi:'. K i f ; ^l^:l:l.iil. 'k-.vlivh r il" rni.d^me O j i l : ^ i i - 'ri:li.r.'|-ii.ir L'II i'i. Bl|lll^Ld.L:lll: ..^|^'ir'*I.-1 i 11 . In:
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> S - ' * V i i : ^ | j r * | ^ . i i i i i d AhthlitLTii'. ID: .Hi\''.Mrtr. TV(T7, an. p. ZffJ.
.SrL::ri.ii:l,:li../Ji-.'%ri'',-.^^''',- HVIJ, no.-.^V, D. 220.
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r.-r Ij ,';Nii rji 'jj L h i u i E N u i N A P I : - I T E I : " U P E L U \ ' : - A : . ' ^ E D ME-C J I L ' . KblHAN ''.AM B E R G E 1 . X
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1 - ^'^ ^lihrijr s n i o : csi llv.i: ".hjch .E .LI/.CILO.'JI. IIJ:U:JI j n i i n c j i i i l r i i l " i l l o n r ^ i v in riir llîij;"i|ii'. [ i j ' i " V- V I l i : ! ^ ' ' ! ' ' ^ - 0.;r:::^;:-l>r^Jcy h!^-,:?!Â,^^^^^^^^ '^.y, p.JO.
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lii; C' !'!: ^fy::\<'\yî I jl | 1 , |'. .2, .Uliiiii:, 'l.'u- SHiL-blichk-cLc Ln Jci Ai;iuii:l.ri r iij'd T'hiloi-K'lue J e r jy'.niLL-:: jh-t', Ln:ylrri'-|.lHliM.
z. -W.M ^l'jdk. ' I lvi: Ll-: iii:iii: : i : Luil^cLLi? hmi.vlrun.^r'. ir.: f-:.-:"'i~,'!i': '''.'.^(i.'.-.'i, ^û. .!. l-i"r :.i,.:5^:i.|,. ^7:7:
'. ."Hlhlhvrlil. ViK.-Juj;vJLi d c v c L ^ i d c i i n e ' , L - : An.'-m'U.-y.', nn. ! . p . 2 ^ i ,
? i f : H : ( ' . V: 'LLiv.^n, 'IIci-orLdi:r'''i^ i " Ji: ^ i l i i ' a vucu b c i L ^ l r i n d c ; ^ciîii. rMk. l.iiii:.Lb:h 11 h4 J . l L^cljjii.'llh- lu.h A i r n i i i T n c c n * ' n i i i i . h^n ritî";- a t s i k u , L', iru .rJ h'^îW'-'^tfi.?! [=ri--L|i.rv L5J..>-i. C
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55 H . h r i i d . .''.,r,,r.v.'jFr"V.r-,;^'Z..Aii.'iii.iikr:' ^ ' - l i . p . I^ ^r^^/,,inîp'-i^.i:*2;.i !?^?.
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p j . i U - ' i . Scr i i ' i M l I V i ^ - i'l:. LILJ f j u j i p [l-il. I, 1)'^ i'-:\.>/-- !ynhlhT}':fit. Ifiykn.iji ii./d \l':iii:\i:f'ix j.'nt S'.'. fl,j" >q.-.dcL.jli:jr. 'Hij l u . t l I I K I . j j b o u " ' V i n Nclle'.Tii: H.i:u:'hi/.'idif IL".V^.vr'/lÎ9?'l.
nO. I j , p, y.'.
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nfi^tilvii^: jihn llit //t^.-iclsi^'n' if''!--^'-'- AnmClil.ini 3TI 4^1 ii^r I (i^p. M--.
'^ San HHLIT i i i i i j - iilcirFTcn Jihiiel^. 'ia. AS^/".nN Hd.i'^'Lii. NIIVLIIJ^.- mim-inii, cdlllor. p. 1. 51)' .^-^'; l-plctt t r n A ] , i m i k r jjijiii l,i H I ' "tlrrlm:, Jii.re-d t K ^ i n b I'J.'IJ, Ini iJM, Bc.-h^c A--lir.;L
^7. -|r.nrT-}MnM.i.'/iir^|nUl', I n Z l f IrffV.'.Tf, 11 OcmhcC I1^::i^, p. 4. y). M l ' ilii JiMiULc jutl-r.-.j] jn.:ly.L' I :. MiiJui..!. iv-Jr u L " ' E^n 'vivell iLIr.c m^scr.tn Li:: bLil::.-.Lir.d cn
t.n' ] J . I : f I..1I, 'Jlr. IJ.P r.ciLifi: :.nd:::n.V{crkv/i^r.3,ri,.ifl.,'î.i:.r.î^Ji^'^.'!. ? 2 i i . ' ';*^r ?L.9I.-n:. iS,9; 139 l.::l.:ihii.l, :;'cir.b.\icV.ch-lI^VI'IHA^.^. Jdriifl-.-M^-":^; Bbtit B i ^ r i . p. Il-.-.m-bi e;cnciiii'i'îsîrîf:.
Quoted LICJ: w l - J i L i r n r n i T rotii'; d L c u j ^ l c n ir.: i'ii-, kv:ti:i.iii.iii.:h<'''"tyvi. ^.-^ April nil!, i-v,:iiiii^ ,1 . r . i u L i d L ^ . r h . r f l ^ i i n - i ' i n i . v . - l i y M v j.iiiiuriy^^^ vriri; [ i , r T . - t * j . r l t . n ^Ûll: n l d o n d Jcbi:. SK. J i ,
Wm F':Hiiil".1(.'l".;fj:lthlb4,A*'r*.'Fi7jtt^t^'.t'>J'F^ n^r. ^^'/ÛU-ît i>.-d' ' ' tn*-.. I.lir.:^ht 1^8^, 7. lit.
*;i .Si^jft^^'fli^^rfîViî/^- l9îî^..':3'6,-.p--:iSL ill ilii*L"--ni.pu-k,,rf r > j d t M p n L T l i . n i i i i - lT'^r"iil.rrrRi-^kLnlJ,i:i-=I-rr'l.ikliH-
'^fc: L e i w r . l t L - m . Ki^'ui^'i-r ii>.|.J,iM.iu'I.:il:Hwd 18 P d j i u m I ' l i , in^-N.M. A u :nj C d h i l . ^;.:ILl:iK.L:li-|i^l.i:nM'-iii; M . r e t E m j k : n'iliiu-o, i .l| ni:lil I '^P. H - Wnjtr. In I'^./.Y'..'
<y> :t.M'.].h.Q.y^ drrSlciLr. ' l - ' . l ' i 1 = 1 L r L . l l . ' L ' V . i h : ! \ Ql'7}ir'k.ry. I ' l l 4 , l)(.-44. | . . 2 ^ . .' i/..'JF |.;V"i..I' Î-rri | ^ t , c r i f . _'oS41.: I ll|: vsi:'l '1 . i i i i i i i i i i l . filii::i ^/^.î:i"'iijli ii' l u ' l h : - rhir.k,
4 SCCI 'Hctl.^ralrrr' i l . ' . N i n M > r i j l i . : l . - h l L . ' . . i i | l \ -1; fl-Wr/^w^j; i V ! f . , 3 i : i ] j I I J U , IK 1M. i . i l I . T I i : i i . I , | i - ...'rlI IIi'^riiillr.- ; n d nn.iip 11.111 iv:' 'A^'f..
iL^S Hc:J.'i;iltr!r.k-rSi|:Ll!,nrul:^:lL.: iliîl'Ûiiiiîii:'^^ l O J - H f U l i y l 4 l ^ . |.. 7- Vi! '(Tioin ril.: iiliriiLl'. .upi,-.\^ n? H/iTf^, ISi'ÎJ, .ÎL | I , 1.
t- E . lî'iiF'.rri i.:T^r', ' l . r ."v/../.'Ujj.ir fvii^yij.'.;;.- /I..v l ' i . . : - . - ! ' H T / A y h ' . " Mi;r?ii!?}:, lJ;i|l^,i^ I 'i2:i. . I i ; h.rfiT i : S K i -KicL-.n.^k'.iiuA-/,;. l : J ? : . r L o . I I . ? . &r.L
il SiiE D: Fdir!Î.L.^klL:ii vuu l.vrrnimrb.'.rlel! hcEci, i p . - . ^T.i.,; m 1L . : i i ? : ' . ' I E L - i j i . - ^ , |i.-?il. ^.r:-
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.IJ^- K < j IIILII; K . 'lr.|r.lll^^ .Oiiz- K'^c-ii. Vîc^fijki lif^-.iilh:fl/ii .'î^^.vi/.j^viî Ixy:ii7'iy:ii^'<.
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l^'.i|>^., | L Siw i t : toDLi jr^'icn'ln 1 jjc .V-..T'fl'v.^/."r-/. h'^</'J^/<')d, i.5 Ni^veniN^ l'j'^"2r^. l;)^m!L:.-.
'nujii'111:ii liiii.in y^hiiih rhe 'vhc.lc iiilil i^ f.l ki\-. T|i lil:- l.4n--.iii l:i-:|:i|.ipr IT rlir. 'Hr^l'jJ und
Oi"i|i.ii:iili iif ilrv: i^'jlir I >k.C| IL| i ' u:i ilri]îiihJ:ii Ll:-.|ili:li-. iii^r l,i;|ur |ur tf.e G c r i i n i l CL1MI..11i_i-? iril:'|iî:i.-^..l.' 1 i - i - . k f j p ' r l l . e l r c L i : hc [VJI. 1.1 I^ÎILNI} .ib.rii|.irir..-J|! ;i|iii.:|.' ^wc- i-iî 11 i'^.1., u.^vh rii.- lutuiijn. i.-.d
7^ .:: I' y . i i i L')liL-..l.iii|:. Îfo l.i.ii..3Ll i i k ^ u ^ L .1^:1 U::.:luur', iii; H.,!yi;-^î^',^k'>'.jd. I ^ I J i M l . . .^t, H ' . j ^ H - riK lljLl.1 m I | M r : 1 1 1 1 l.. ||['? :.d:'|v: "iecnil v.ii ui. Ill .\..l|lîl'.^li-:...vihj.kji.-Si.;:n rk-'-:^: ^'i^-^.lt' n u T i i v - j i .
m u 'vill n.:..'.:'|L
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III: l^.'t/jf, I f l l . nn. p. 4.i. T : c V^'.v ni'.hr'n-L I / I I I L 'Î:.I.:I I:III.I'.I- /Wrib^::.-n- ? ; Ni|:':jli?ld^.îin^r
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Ke Qywirc, i2 l")aofk:i n35. - I L .'^|')':^-pp. IIJ-II.
75 l^c^. T . C L I ^ T I I , V.(-inlL:biiu. le Njutd'vLItcrLic.-,:!: L".; W c . ' ? : a l u i . i , p, I9. LOl S.::::Biin^,'j^chfiuulicTil L:LI 11,1 l-;|.;;eid'. ia: ^ 1!^,'/^; , i n . ' ' . p . "d-'.cc ^'Un 1 |-nL-::^;ilcil^:Tl 1 ./^j.^
7î' Sc:: ! ^ v u : Etn-:L|I:, " E L n J i i c r V c i ^ p j u n ? : i ^ i ^ e n l l h ^ r D . r ; E : ^ ; M j . i d " . l'i.: 11 i.^:l.^ri,ciLnhenAi'.bul:la:r.LU /.)c!'.'c~, l ' ' . i l . no. (n. po. "^-'ID.
J e r 3:.u'ijn,:iiLL,icl irj;Li ' u . [f?'j< in 'tfr.irri^rV -rrp-,.'^'.-lv^vrl.-.j-;nirnJI.n 1 ^ ! l . . : 11 j '.111 uri. T.ld::i;''enTnJlr.ililu-
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H- .J.J.i^ b u . i : ' H ^ i i i L l l i r i ' : -ir-.'..f^r,.^j.,,/,i^'n|.,/,-,/ri, I f f . ^ aU.A. p..2:
C - 0 L 3 AND lIE"E = F I " T F ^ 7 . ^ - ; J i " , n . " " rll I . ^ V ; ; H A n E D MELL'IL:':: H E ^ vl'-IJ EER^::IJ.:^ 45
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in / ^ n , ..liinh Rlclv^lil i!:'.ii;i":il I: l ' l j " l'(.i rhc jicii:'?: on ili:. ^cc: vjii l!.'>^'.ic11 'Krci.;.d= LiLui-n ir
l.r.hzcht". I n . U , r^Tr.'ri^^;*.;?. I ' J i l , na. 1, pp. iAC-'l.
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Of Old and New Efficiency in Architecture - Unchained Melodies

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