Analogue and Digital Electronics

Sir Mujahid Hussain

Projects Proposal
Prepared by:
Muhammad Kashif 2015-EE-702
Ayesha Khalid 2015-EE-729
Noman Nazakat 2015-EE-708

Electrical Engineering Department

MNS-UET Multan

Project # 1:
 Automatic Predefined Time Lamp Turn ON Project
It is used to glow the lamp for the time chosen by the user.
Circuit Explanation:-

(Note):
Change V+ pin no 8 into 7 and for output use pin-6 instead of 1, if you are using 8 pin PDIP
package op amp IC. The Pin diagram of IC741 is given below)
Circuit Operation:
This is a simple project which consists of cheap timer circuit using OP AMP IC741.
The timer's time period is determined by the RC constant.
Thus the Light glow time duration can be changed by changing the values of R and C.
Whenever the Push button is pressed, the lamp will glow. After the time period decided
by RC values, the light will switch off automatically.
When the push button is pressed, the output of the IC at pin 6 becomes low. It will
energizing the relay resistance R.
The Normally Open (N/O) point of the relay is connected across the switch S1. As the
relay gets energised, the point is closed.
So even on releasing the push button S1, the timer stays on. ie the lamp will glow.
Till the time, the timer stays ON the current is supplied to the lamp.
After the passage of the present time determined by constant RC, the relay deenergises
and the lamp goes off.
As no current flows from the battery during the OFF period, battery life is increased.
Project # 2:
CELL PHONE DETECTOR
Cell Phone Detector is a circuit that can sense the presence of any activated cell-phone nearby
and gives an indication of activated cell-phone near around of it. Basically Cell-phone detector
is a Frequency Detector or a Current to Voltage Converter Circuit which catches frequencies
about 0.8 - 3.0GHz (Mobile band frequencies). RL tuned circuit (ResistorInductor circuit) is
not suitable for detecting the RF signals in Giga Hertz range. This Mobile Detector Circuit can
detect incoming/outgoing calls, messaging, video transmission and any SMS or GPRS uses within the
range of 1 meter.

Circuit Explanation:
In this circuit we have used a CA3130 OP-Amp IC for detecting incoming or outgoing signal
around it. Op-amp non-inverting end is connected to Vcc through 2.2M resistor and it is also
connected to the ground through 100K resistor and 100uF Capacitor. Its inverting terminal
is feedback from its output through a 2.2M resistor for amplify the signal. Two 100nF
capacitors are connected between inverting and non-inverting terminal, working as loop
antenna for the system. Two 100nF capacitors are connected in series between Pin 1 and 8
of op-amp to boost the gain of the current to voltage converter at its output pin.
Output of this op-amp is connected at the base of NPN transistor namely BC547 through a
1k resistor and a LED is connected at its emitter for indication. A buzzer is also used for
sound indication by using a PNP transistor namely BC557. And a 9 volt battery is used for
powering the circuit. Rests of connections are shown in the Circuit Diagram below.

Working Explanation:
This circuit consist an op-amp with some active passive components. A LED and buzzer are
used for indication of presence of cellphone. Op-amp is configured as Frequency Detector
or Current to Voltage Converter and its output is connected to a LED and buzzer using NPN
and PNP transistors.
Working of Mobile Detector is simple. Two 100nF capacitors (C2 and C3), in parallel, are
used for detecting RF signal from Mobile Phone. These capacitors are working as loop
antenna for the system. When there is any call or SMS then capacitors in parallel detect the
data transmission frequencies or RF signal and output of op-amp goes high or low (fluctuating)
due to generated current at the input side of op-amp. Due to these fluctuations, LED turns on
and off through NPN transistor according to the signals frequency. Now PNP transistor is
also triggered with the same frequency and buzzer starts beeping until data transmission gets
finished.
Project # 3:
SOUND DETECTOE USING OP AMPLIFIER
Specifications:
Sometimes we are unable to hear anything around us. This circuit called Sound Scanner is
what detects vibrations of the sound waves and amplifies it to be heard distinctly by human
ears. As per the design of the scanner, it works efficiently within the 6 meters limit around the
vicinity where it is fixed.

Circuit Explanation:

The circuit diagram of sound detector circuit using op-amp 741 is shown in figure 1. The heart
of the circuit is op-amp 741 which is used in order to sense the vibrations of sound waves
condenser microphones. The sensitivity of the condenser microphone is adjusted by the value
of resistor R1 used in the circuit. Once the microphone detects sound vibrations, it picks them
up and converts into electrical signals. The output of microphone is fed as input to the pin 2 of
IC1 via coupling capacitor C1. Then the signal undergoes amplification and it is forwarded to
IC2(IC 741C) which in this project serves as a comparator device.

The non-inverting pin 3 of IC2 receives input from amplified output signal of IC1 through
another capacitor C2. In the same way, an inverting pin 2 of IC2 fetches input signal from a
reference voltage passed via voltage controller VR2. At the final stage, IC2 output is fed as
triggering input pulse to Darlington pair transistors T1 and T2. A piezo-buzzer which is
connected at the end of transistor T2 i.e. at the emitter terminal is that component responsible
to produce beeping sound at the end of operations followed throughout the entire circuit. The
fascinating fact about the project sound detector circuit using op-amp 741 is that it can be
designed within a small area on a PCB or Vero-board as well. To attain maximum possible
gain of IC1 and sensitivity of IC2, adjust the respective values of potentiometer VR1 and VR2
as stated in the earlier paragraphs. During practical implementations of the project, if the
beeping sound from piezo-buzzer goes on and on and doesnt stop, set the wiper of VR2
towards the ground line.

Parts list:

R1 = 2.8 K
R2 = 4.7 K ,
R3, R4, R6 = 10 K ,
R5 = 1 K
VR1 = 1 M
VR2 = 100 K
C1 = 0.47 F
C2 = 10 F/16V
IC1, IC2 = LM741C
T1, T2 = BC548
MIC1 = Condenser Microphone
PZ1 = Piezo Buzzer
SW1 = On/Off Switch
9V battery