INSTRUCTION MANUAL CURIE TEMPERATURE KIT (For Ferroelectric Materials) @O\ MITTAL ENTERPRISES 2151/T-7C, New Patel Nagar, New Delhi-110008, Ph. : 5702784 (Off.) 408378 (Res) F Fox 5408375 E-mail : mictalenter cotLoni jprouncure. Lecce oo — , CURIE TEMPERATURE KIT FOR FERROELECTRIC MATERIAL (BariumTitanate) INTRODUCTION Ferroelectric materials exhibit electric dipole moment even in the absence of an external electric field, Ferroelectric materials are of theoretical and technical interest as they have unusually high and unusual temperature dependent values of the dielectric constant, the piezoelectric effects etc. a Ferroelectricity usually disappears above a certain temperature called the transition (or Curie) temperature, A knowledge of the Curie temperature and the variation of the dielectric constant below and above the Curie temperature is of interest to the physicists and the engineers. Probably the best-known ferroelectric materiai is barium BaTiOa; it is a representative of the so called oxygen octahedron group of ferroelectric materials, The reason for this name is that above the Curie temperature (8 = 120" C), BaTiO; corresponds to the cubic structure presented in Fig. 1. In this structure, the Ba®* ions occupy the corners of a cube; the centers of the cube faces are occupied by 0 ions. The oxygen ions form an octahedron, at the center of which ihe small Ti** ion is located, The Ti*” ion is considerably smaller than the space Which is available inside the oxygen octahedron. It thus brings with it a high ionic polarizability for two reasons : (a) it has a charge of 4e and, (b) it can be displaced ver a relalively large distance. This may be the expianation for the occurrence of spontaneous polerization in BaTiOs. ‘There is an intimate relationship between the ferroelectric properties and the atomic arrangement in ferroelectric materials. Above 120° C, BaTiO3has the cubic structure indicated in Fig. 1. When the temperature is lowered through the critical temperature of 120° C, the material becomes spontaneously polarized and at the same lime the structure changes. The direction of spontaneous polarization may lie along any of the cube edges, giving a total 6 possible directions for the sponianeous polarization. Along the direction of spontaneous polarization of given domain, the material expands, whereas perpendicular to the polarization direction it contracts. Thus, the material is no longer cubic, but corresponds to a so-called tetragonal structure.FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION: Front panel comprises of i) Digital Volt meter (DVM) to measure the voltage across the dielectric cell (DC) pc or standard capacitor (SC). O{bo ; or SCL_SC: SC, i) Switch Si to select dielectric call or | Cy O-O-0 O standard capacitor. On ontater Si S: iii) Switch S2_to select one of the standard capacitors SC, ,SC2 or SC3. DIELECTRIC CELL ‘Holder ZLILIZEL, Gold plated discs Sample N ee Netter Figure 3 Dielectric cell consists of two 1" dia. Gold plated brass discs fitted in between the cell holder (Tefion plates). Keep the ferroelectric sample in between the metal plates and tighten the three screws such that sample fits in between the metal plates without any air gap. IMPORTANT: Dielectric cell (metal discs) and sample should be coaxial. Do not apply extra pressure on screws as that may damage the sample. 2)j THEORY In this experiment an LC circuit is used (o determine the capacitance of the dielectric cell and hence the dielectric constant. The circuit details are shown below j | Audio Oscillator Figure 3 OC = Dielectric cell SC: Standatd capacitor L > Inductance X _: Ferroelectric sample The dielectric cell OC is placed in a tubular furnace which is fed by a (arable ac power supply. By changing the voltage applied to the furnace, the temperature of the furnace can be varied. The temperature of the furnace can be measured by inserting a thermocouple in a hole (provided on one of the Teflon discs), so that it touches one of the capacitor (metal) Plates. The audio oscillator is incorporated inside the instrument. If Coe and Coc . fepresents the capacitances of the standard capacitor and dielectric cell respectively and if Vex and Vo are the voltages across SC and DC then ‘ a) > 1 =e. Vee Ose (2) The same curfent | passes through the dielectric cell Voe . ron ° = wlscV Caos = Cc Sa = ObscVse _ —=sc¥sc oC Vee Voc Voc ve @) (3)By measuring Vsc & Vog and Using the value of Csc we can determine the Capacitance of the dielectric cell Containing the sample . If Co represents the Capacitance of the dielectric cell without the crystal and tes separated by the pla Y ait GAP Whose thickness is the ‘same as the thickness of y the crystal then Co is given b; Coz SAL PY pebeats On C.R.O. Adjust the CAL Such that amplitude of the sine wave is Just before the clipping 1) Connect C.2.0, to the terminals provided on the front panel. If no sinusoidal waveform appears on C.R.O. then follow calibration Procedure first. 2) Assemble the dielectric capacitor as Shown in figure (3) and connect it to 3) Connect digitar thermometer to the maing 4) Connect hot air oven to the mains, 5) Place the dielectric celt OC in hot air oven. Insert the thermocouple to the ‘ole provided6) Switch on the unit 7) Select SC1 among standard capacitors. 8) Measure the voltage (using digital voltmeter Provided on front panel) across 8) Determine the dielectric constant of the crystal using the relation = Gel feo Vse > G = we secre (7) where Co is calculated usinig relation (5) 10) Switch ON the oven and set the knob of the dimmerstat to a position (say 50 ) initially so that rise in temperature is approximately 1° - 2° © per minute Measure voltages Voc and Vsc (as explained ia step 8) at different temperatures at 10°C interval in the range 25°C-100°C, 11) Adjust the knob of dimmerstat such that rise in temperature is again 0.5° C to 1°C per minute. Measure Voc arid Vse_ AtS°C interval upto 170°C and-at qremwals of 2°C until you reach the maximum value of the dielectric constant Thereatter take 5 points at an interval of 10°C. NOTE: Choose standard Capacitor $C1 for temperature upto 130°C Moo? for tomporature range 130°C to 190°C and SC3 for 190°C onwards, \ IMPORTANT: DO NOT INCREASE THE TEMPERATURE OF OVEN BEYOND 225°C AS IT MAY DAMAGE THE TEFLON OIScs/scREws, 12) Make the observation table as shown below: TEMPERATURE sci catoutateo ‘ cer CAPACITANCE ee Vor. Msc —{ Yo. se. | p | | |SAMPLE CALCUL ATI IONS/REA DING: Thickness of pzy sample : 1.08 mm. Radius of PZT sample : 12 mm re faxto c = alextep «10°, 36xT.08x197 = F:7*107 Af SCISU af | SC2=39ar Ont | Capacitance Dieteei ee Vie Woe [Vie Wor] Cent) Constant «| 1.83174 [1137 3127 1871.73 11.89 3213 195 1.64 13.07 3532 215 1.2 15.55 4203 2.20, 145 16.68 4508 233! 136 18.84 9 soy 243 1.29 20.72 | S640) 257° 118 23.95 6473 170 2.04 24.16 | O53 26.2 | aux) | 29.46 2962 « 33.44 9038 | 38.6 1043: 41.83 11305 | 44.36 'ivg9 | 45 12162 | 45.98 12427 45.75 12365 | 45.75 12365 46 124329 | 46 12432¢ 46 124a3 45.52 12303 44.36 ihog9 Nss414) Draw a graph of SiS. T. At the transition the dielectric constant sharply 0 100 309 Temperature * @ Figure 5 oy