SPEAR 201 Matrix

Period of Philosophy of P.E.
Activities Luminaries Reflection
- Therefore, physical
Primitive Survival of the fittest Hunting activities were already
Tilling of soil performed before
Fishing through hunting and
food gatherer fishing because the
philosophy of the
primitive times is
survival of the fittest.
- It is interesting to note
that another important
part of mans social-
recreational heritage
dates back to
prehistoric times.
Games of chance - Competitive sports
Historic People Survival of the fittest Games of dexterity and skill were important in the
Archery religious life of historic
Snow snake peoples, and contests
Hoop &pole (chunkee) that pitted one villages
Ring & pin athlete against
another.
Childrens game
Game animals
Cultivate cereals
Female was limited to household duties
Basketry
Pottery
Weaving
1
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activitiesof clothing,
Manufacturing Luminaries Reflection
footgear and kitchen utensils.
Running races (useful for
couriers)
Religion (ceremonial dance)
Valued exercise at - The Chinese valued

Chinese Feudal system developing the warriors exercise aimed at the
Civilization strengths and skills developing the
Military training in ancient China warriors strengths and
included all kinds of martial Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi skills, a stigma was
arts, such as - built the great wall attached to physical
wrestling activity as a purely
pugilism recreational pursuit for
fencing the adult.
tripod lifting - Confucianism taught
horse-racing that self-restraint and
stone-throwing moderation were the
ideal virtues and
hunting and
placed particular
swimming emphasis upon the
value of meditation
and passivity.
- Therefore, active
games and sports for
recreational purposes
were considered
beneath the dignity of
2
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities Luminaries Reflection
the adult and in
conflict with religious
ideals.
India is well known as the native place of -The caste system was
India Caste- System Yoga. introduced during 500 B.C.
The presence of the
Yoga - Isometric form of exercise untouchables is
A meditation of mental considered defilement to
discipline all castes.
- Directed along 3 distinct lines -Since the early 1900s the
Physical untouchables have waged
Mental a vigorous fight for social
Spiritual recognition and have
Polo gained considerable
Wrestling ground.
Ball games
-Yoga is one of the famous
Physical education is strongly influenced s activity in India and is still
by their religious belief. practiced throughout the
They focus on spiritual needs, not the world.
3
Period of Philosophy of P.E. needs of the bodyActivities
and worldly things. Luminaries Reflection
Throwing
Tumbling
Chariot races
Riding elephant sand horses
Playing marbles
Swordsmanship
Dancing
Wrestling and footraces
-Egypt has the most

Egypt The greatest of the Wrestling advance culture.
Pyramids Military exercises -Ancient Egyptian women
Building an empire Archery enjoyed exceptional
through Fencing privileges that are equal to
military aggression Painting on tomb wall a man, but today, Egyptian
Chess professional women are subject to
Hunting players restrictive Mohammedan
bullfights customs.
-The Egyptian ruling class
relished shows of all kinds
4
like acrobats.
Dancing for rituals Herodotus - recognized the -Their physical
ANCIENT Acrobats use of P.E as an aid to development suggests that
GREECE Boxing medicine. acrobats and boxers were
Galen - stated that P.E is a intensively trained and that
part of hygiene and only the best trainees were
subordinate to permitted to perform in
medicine. religious ceremonies.
Spartans never indulged

Sparta Strong Will Power Ball games Aristotle - recognized the the habit of admitting
Wrestling close interrelationship of defeat.
Archery the body and soul and -During the middle period
Stone and javelin throwing the mental faculties can and beyond, physical
Boxing be affected by poor education was conducted
health. in a wrestling ground
Hunting
called palaestra.
-The gymnasiums served
as training centers for the
ephebi and athletes and
provided physical
conditioning and
recreational programs for
adults.
-Plato reduced dances to
three classes: military
dance, domestic dance
and mediatorial dance.
5
-Spartans have been
criticized for
overemphasizing physical
and military education and
not providing intellectual
instruction.
boxing -The education of the
Athens Mecca of Intellectual Wrestling Athenian youth is that,
and Artistic Life Pankration boys were educated by the
Running state while girls were not
Jumping for the reason that women
had few rights in
Discuss & javelin throwing
republican Athens.
Swimming
-The Athenian enthusiasm
Practiced gesticulation for physical education was
Served as warm up activity at its peak during the sixth
and into the first half of the
Episkuros - a favorite game among fifth century B.C.
Greek youths
- Gymnastics
Males are subject to military training
Paidotribe - physical education

instructor
Palaestra - an open area suitable for Plato who subscribed

6
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities
bathing and for various physical activities to Luminaries
the Spartan idea Reflection
of the survival of
the fittest
Solon (639-559 BC)
Socrates - gave emphasis on
the importance of P.E in
attaining health in order
to achieve ones purpose
in life.
Panhellenic Games is the -The panhellenic games
Paganist collective term for four are held every fourth
separate sports festivals Charles Diehl published a summer under the
detailed report on
held in ancient Greece. supervision of ten judges
Greek stadiums
elected by the people of
Olympic Games - Elis.
The main events at each of the games were -Qualified contestants
chariot racing, wrestling, boxing, pankration, were placed on white
stadion and various other foot races, and the board displayed in
pentathlon (made up of wrestling, standing Olympia.
long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw). -Athlete who withdrew was
Except for the chariot race, all the events disgraced and heavily
were performed nude. fined.
-The last recorded victor in
the Olympic Games was
Valerius Electus of Sinope,
who won the heralds
contest in the 259th
Olympic Games A.D. 235.
7
-Their brief was not with

physical education as an
important part of the total
education of man;
physical, moral, and
spiritual; but rather with
athletic competition as a
spectacle and as a
breeding ground for
professionalism.
Young men -
Romans Run foot races Theophratus (371 - 287 BC) - The Romans believed that
Boxed drew more than 2000 exercise was beneficial to
Wrestled students to the health, and recreation was
university of Athens necessary for relaxation.
Discuss, javelin throw
Archery
Roman Baths - Thermae Flavius Theodesus known as
- Their baths where combination of library, Theodesus The Great
gymnasium, garden and lecture room, - issued decrees the
and handball courts effectively made
Christianity the official
During the empire state religion of the
sent sons and daughters to Roman
elementary school
8
ludus - reading, writing , Luminaries Reflection
arithmetic Agustus - promoted the
Seutonius - schools of Juvenes
Literature/grammatists
For secondary
Rhetoricians -trained in oratory
and debate
Roman Women
Plebian girl trained in
household chores by mother
Patrician girl educated at
home by a slave
-music and dancing
-play and sing with lyre
and lute
Physical/Military Education
Campus Maritius - assembly
point for men for conduct military exercises
-served as site of festival and Games
Barbaric in Nature - Physical activities
Middle Ages Feudalistic Society - Hunters Charles Martel implemented were generally made
- Warriors the system of part of the formal
Physical Education Vassalage device education system and
- Hunting recreational activities
- Falconry played a vital role
- Musicians during this period.
9
Period of Philosophy of P.E. -Dancing Activities Luminaries - Reflection
Nobles and peasants
-Entertainers (jongleurs, rope dancers/ enjoyed the sports and
tight rope performers) games
- Acrobats - Torch dance was
Sports and Games sometimes performed
- Wrestling at weddings: each
- Foot races dancer carried a
- Ball games lighted taper and
- High and broad jumping attempted to blow out
- Tennis the light of his
Education for knighthood. neighbor.
- At an early age serve as page in the
castle.
- Learn the basic religious rites and

ceremonies
- Become squire at right age
- The squire was tutored at gay
sciences like singing dancing and
group games
- Was taught venery, the art of skinning
and cutting of up game and falconry
- Undergo military training
RENNAISANCE The birth of The Humanistic Educational Method John Wycliffe -english Gymnastics was faithfully
Nationalism European scholars knew only two languages: Theologian, preached the included in their
- Artistic Greek and Latin. doctrine of domain educational programs for
10
Period of Philosophy
expressionofofP.E. Activities Luminaries
Berthold Schwartz, a German the sonsReflection
of the nobility and
thought of human Quick exercises: Monk developed a wealthy merchants.
affairs. Running practical explosive, led to
Sparring the invention of firearms.
Punchball Quintillan - most famous work
Ball play was a series of
Rolling on the ground declamations called the
Institutes of Oratory
Arm and legs movements
- Believed that the the
Running in a circle
childs first impressions are
Jump-straddle-hop the lasting ones
Kicking legs back and forth - Opposed to corporal
Marching toes while swinging the arms punishment for laggards.
Galen discussed exercises

suitable for youths 14 to 20
years of age.
Everything for the Exercise and play Jean JaquesRousseu (1712- Educational Reform in
The Era of people but anointing Games - manual arts and direct 1778) developed many France
Enlightenment by the people acquaintance with nature revolutionary ideas of his -Middle of the 18th century
- Flying of kites (improves the idea of the French
own in social, political
George Berkeley coordination of hand and eye) philosophers (education
(1685- Introduced : and educational theory. should have extended to
1753) Boxing - Gave an imaginary all citizens of the state)
all knowledge can be Wrestling - description of a man in a
gained Ball games state of nature -Peztallozi believed that
by the power of physical education
11
reason alone; of P.E. Activities
Games of hunting and war Rabelais andLuminaries
Locke - endorsed shouldReflection
receive just as
- The playing of musical physical education in the serious consideration in
Instruments court for military and the school program as
- Gymnastics traditional subjects.
health reasons
- Horseback riding
Johann Basedow (1724-1790)
- Fencing -In von Fellenbergs
- Developed his famous
- Dancing academy, boys were
- Swimming method of teaching through permitted to engage in
- Planting and harvesting conversation and play the activity of their
- Hiking associated with objects in choice during free
the classroom. periods.
Johann Friedrich Simon -
instituted Greek
pentathlon
Johanne Friedrich Guts Muths

- (1759-1839) Father of
Deutsche Turnverein.
Set the pattern for the German
system
- Kept record of his students
progress
- Classified exercise as
follows: (1) walking and
running (2) jumping, free
12
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities and withLuminaries
apparatus (3) lifting - Reflectionselected
Von Fellenberg
and carrying exercises of the the activities most
back muscles /pulling, pushing, suitable for the young
thrusting and wrestling (4) gentleman and
fencing, (5) climbing, (6) conducted them in the
exercises to maintain best traditions of the
equilibrium, or balancing with Rennaisance court
the aid of apparatus (7) throwing schools. He was never
and archery (8) bathing and confused in his
swimming (9) exercises of objectives, and his
suppleness (10) dancing (11) approach to physical
exercises to train the senses education must be
evaluated with this in
Heinrich Pestalozzi - (1746- mind.
1827) - believed in the
Philosophy Internal
perception of the mind
Pestalozzi - (1800) Swiss
Educator - believed that
educational process must
go on in the society of
man.
Froebel - (1826) published the
education of the man
- Discovered the true nature
and function of play to so
guide it naturally in the
work.
13
Johanne Friedrich Hervart

(1776-1841)
- based educationnand the
concept that mind and body
function as a unit and that mind
was not endowed with inborn
faculties
- The mind acquired moral
concept through experience
good and evil were not
inherent but depend upon
what one was taught
Philipp Emanuel VonFellenberg

(1771-1844)
- resolved to champion the
cause of the poor, peasants.
Physical -Simple exercises stunts and games in an
Education in 19th - Formalized and open air gymnasium. -Friedrich Ludwig Jahn- -Jahn appointed
Century artificial types of Father of Gymnastics vorturnersor squad
Continental exercises. leaders, graded and
Europe -body movement classified activities
(1800-1850) should not be according to age and
14
determined byof P.E. Activities Luminaries difficulty,Reflection
and varied them
German System apparatus to ensure a balanced and
interesting program.
- Free exercises Different forms of locomotion -Adolph Spies (1810-1858) -Devised special exercises
which could be -Free exercises could be for girls and took children
performed with or performed with or without on frequent hikes.
without apparatus. apparatus.
- play and exercise as
an educational
method.
Konrad a teacher of history Hermann said in the

The Recreation - its aim was Gymnastics, skating, swimming, bathing, and classical languages German Gymnastic
Movement in promotion of bodily rowing, games and festivals. Teachers Association at
Germany. exercise August Hermann a Brunswick that the German
gymnastic instructor at Martino- people like the English
Katharineum Gymnasium must make gymnastics
and participation in games
15
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities Luminaries
Emil Hartwick- a Prussian Reflection
a national habit if they
judge and an expert gymnast in were to combat the
his students days at the deteriorating effects of
university of Heidelberg and modern life.
Berlin.
-Lindfors three -Military gymnastics -A.O LINDFORS (1781-1847)- Ling provided a course in
Gymnastics categories of artificial -Pedagogical or athletics gymnastics. made a distinction between gymnastics and fencing
Leaders in exercises. -Medical gymnastics gymnasticanaturalis and and published army
Sweden -Develop the body by -Conditioning men for military services. gymnasticaartificiosa manuals on gymnastics
maintaining a balance and bayonet fighting.
between antagonistic PEHR HENRIK LING (1776-
pairs of muscles and 1839)-
by teaching the pupil -author of General Principles
to subjugate his will to of Gymnastics.
the command of the - master performer in the art of
teacher. Fencing .
Gymnastics in Training program for Gymnastics FRANZ NACHTEGALL (1777- Denmark was one of the
Denmark school teachers and Fencing 1847)- Nachtegall teaching first nations to establish an
military personnel. served as a guide for both institute to train military
military schools and teacher schools and teacher
institutes established in other institutes established in
countries 1804. other countries after 1804.
Physical Education Switzerland became Gymnastics PHOKION CLIAS (1782-1854) German system of
16
Period of
in SWITZERLAND Philosophy
the haven of
forP.E.
the swimming Activities Luminaries
-a dedicated teacher, he Reflection
gymnastics became well
oppressed. wrestling invented what he called the entrenched in Switzerland.
giant step an apparatus more
commonly known today as the
giant stride.
gymnastics FRANCIS AMOROS (1830) Amoros was requested to
GYMNASTICS fencing -amoros most important supervise the layout of an
LEADERS IN swimming contribution was his Manuel D open-air gymnasium and
FRANCE horseback riding. Education Physique, organize a training
Gymnastique Et Gmorale. program for school-
(1830) teachers and military
personnel.
-he was one of the first to use
the trapeze, still and flying rings,
knotted climbing ropes, inclined
board and strength testing
apparatus in physical education
program.
GYMNASTICS They organized a Mass demonstration called Slets in which Miroslav Tyre(1832-1884) Their gymnastic program
MOVEMENT IN gymnastics union with thousands of individuals performed exercises -the driving force behind the featured exercises with or
CZECHOSLOVAKIA military structure in perfect union. Sokols. without apparatus,
which became known following the German
as the Falcon or system, and emphasized
Sokols. sports of the combative
type.
17
Period of
GYMNASTICS, Philosophy
-By of P.E.
1830 the Swedish Activities
Medical Gymnastics Luminaries
ARCHIBALD Reflection
Gymnastics had been
SPORTS, AND system had gained MACLAREN(1820-1884) adopted for London girls,
RECREATION IN considerable status as MacLaren generally considered an unsuccessful attempt
THE UNITED a scientific approach a gymnastic leader without a was made in 1882 to
KINGDOM IN THE to bodily exercises. system. extend the program to
NINETEENTH - Medical boys.
CENTURY. gymnastics were
also gaining
Introduction of the international support
Swedish system from those who
recognized their
therapeutic potential.
Amateur Sports HERBERT SPENCER- (1820- The people of United
- VOLKSPIELE or PEOPLE GAMES 1893)-stress upon scientific Kingdom have also shown
- ARCHERY education helped revolutionize a predilection for adopting
- BADMINTON the curriculum in the higher the sports of other people
- BOWLS schools of Germany. and making them a part of
- CRICKET
- HOCKEY their own culture.
- ROWING At the close of the
- RUGBY eighteenth and beginning
- SOCCER of the nineteenth century
- SWIMMING games and sports played
- TENNIS an important part in the life
- TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETICS of the English schoolboy.
In spite of the forays
against athleticism, the
Englishman remained
totally dedicated to the
traditions and spirit of
athletics in the public
18
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities Luminaries schools.Reflection
CURLING- most popular games, QUEEN VICTORIA- granted the The Royal and Ancient
SPORTS IN a winter sports using stones shaped like old- title of Royal Caledonian Curling Golf Club of St. Andrews
SCOTLAND fashioned flatirons and weighing up to 44 Club. became the premier club in
pounds. the world and supreme
-CALEDONIAN GAMES authority in golf.
*Throwing the hammer (12-22 pounds),
Running Broad, High jump, Pole vaulting,
Running hitch kick, Tossing the Cawber, 200-
300 yard dashes for men and boys, high
hurdles, wrestling and various dances such
as broad sword, highland fling, Scottish reels.
-GOLF
Ireland is the only
SPORTS IN Ireland is the only -HAND BALL-originated in Ireland 1000 WILLIAM BRAGG- considered European nation which can
IRELAND European which can years ago and develop as national game in one of the most scientific claim the distinction of
claim the distinction of that country. players in the 1850s and holding games similar to
holding games similar -HURLING- another national game of the promoted the game through those of the ancient
to those of the ancient Irish. exhibition tours of Ireland. Olympics.
Olympics.
PHIL CASEY- Father of
handball, was recognized
19
-During Nazi -Gymnastics, natural gymnastics, amateur -KARL GAULHOFER, -Austria has three
Continental Europe occupation greater sports and dancing. MARGARET STREICHER, A. professional schools for
in the Twentieth emphasis was placed SLAMA- Introduced natural the training of physical
Century on activities which gymnastics into the schools education teachers,
were of military value. prior to world war II. affiliated with the
AUSTRIA universities of Vienna,
Graz and Innsbruck.
BELGUIM -favorable attitude of -secondary schools provide 2 periods a week -the state established a
faculties in higher for gymnastics, one for instruction in teacher-training institution
institutions toward swimming, and an afternoon week for games at Brussels in 1905 to
physical exercise has and sports. prepare gymnastics
encouraged voluntary leaders in the Ling
student participation System.
in gymnastics and
sports.
20
CZECHOSLOVAKIA -1949- The national -in the post war period interest in games and -JOSEPH SCHREINER- made It is good that physical
assembly placed sports was stimulated by the work of the several important changes in education and sport is
gymnastics and YMCA physical directors who introduced program. One of these was the already acknowledge by
sports under the camping, swimming and lifesaving which in inclusion of rhythmical the government
supervision and turn were made part of the school program. gymnastics and the dance in
control of the the womens program, and
government, where another was the establishment
they developed into a of a training center at Prague
national movement of called Tyrs House.
significant political
and social
importance.
FRANCE -between 1900-1920 -YMCA leaders conducted balanced program -RAY GOLLIER-inspector There is a need to make a
physical education in and conditioning exercises. French soldiers general of physical education in fitness program in order to
France was were introduced to volleyball, basketball, the school of Paris, had develop physical fitness
influenced by three track and field athletics, swimming, boxing organized monitor schools to among the militarys.
systems: the so called and wrestling. train physical educators, and
French system, -YMCA physical directors also introduced these schools produced a
which was in reality mass and games for school children in ant teacher with much better
21
the gymnasticsof P.E. Activities
French cities and towns. Luminaries
qualifications than those Reflection
developed by Amoros; currently in service in France.
the Swedish system;
and the Natural
exercises devised by
George Hebert
GERMANY -the revival of Olympic -ministerial decrees of the 1920 introduced - in 1923 DR. CARL DIEM- to develop peace and
Games in 1896 rhythmical activities of native or foreign origin, director of the newly organized friendship among
focused the attention games, and sports. Berlin College of Physical participating nations and
of continental Europe -1924 decrees required the students in the Education, invited physicians build camaraderie.
for the first time upon upper elementary grades and secondary interested in the medical aspect
sports competition as schools to attend a daily period of physical of exercise and sports, where
an expression of education and recommended that swimming they organized the medical
national pride. be provided where possible. association for the promotion of
physical education.
GREECE -the reluctance of the -Gymnastics, required by Law in 1834, were -the dominant promoters of
Greek government to emphasized in schools, but sports played Gymnastics in Greece include
accept Athens as the insignificant role. George Pagon, Jean
site of the first modern Fokianos, Jean Chryssafiss,
Olympic Games in SotiriosPeppas, Phillipe
1896 was not entirely Karvelas, and
financial. EvangelosPavlinis.
HUNGARY -Hungary showed -DR. E KAROFIATH- the one -in 1925 the government
interest sports and who organized the Commission established the (Royal)
recreation. In 1921 a of Levente Associations. College of Physical
22
Period of Philosophy of P.E. this
plan to organize Activities Luminaries
*Levente (Young Hero) Reflection
Education at Budapest .
interest was -1959 Hungary
presented to the established the Institute
National Assembly, of Scientific Research in
but on account of the Physical Education and
economic and political Sports to conduct
situation was experimental studies in
postponed until 1924. Pedagogy & methodology.
ITALY -Emphasis is placed -lower grades the program consists of free In the post war years
upon fundamental exercises, games, sports, and rhythmic. University of bologna
movements, which -upper grades consist of individual and team established a training
are integrated with sports, rhythmic activities and gymnastics course in physical
lead-up games and education for teachers in
rhythmic activities. secondary school and
higher institutions.
-Also provide a course in
theory nd practice of
sports for medical
students who wished to
qualify as sports
physician.
NETHERLANDS Physical education in -indoor programs consist of locomotion skills, Additional apparatus was
the Netherlands freely moving exercise with Indian clubs, introduce for gymnastics
(Holland) has been wands and hoops.
influenced by -outdoor program includes low organized
gymnastics systems games, volleyball, field ball, hockey,
of Danes, Swedes, basketball and softball.
French, Belgian and
Austrians.
23
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION IN
CONTINENTAL
EUROPE IN THE
TWENTIETH -In 1927 the -volleyball, basketball and swimming -In 1930 Walter Sikorski, a Academy of Physical
CENTURY (II) government Springfield College graduate Education at Warsaw is
established the Board introduced volleyball, basketball one of the leading
POLAND of Physical Education and swimming into the program professional schools in
and Military of the Association at Cracow Poland.
Preparation within the -Schools in Poznan,
ministry of Education, Cracow, and Wroclaw. All
to finance school these institution provide a
camping, activities four year curriculum
preparatory to military leading to a masters
duty and sports. degree in Physical
Education.
SCANDINAVIA -Scandinavian -Gymnastics is a core program, supplemented K.A. KNUDSEN- an advocate of
countries developed by an extensive after-school program of the Swedish system, who was
systems of games, sports and recreation. transferred to a newly organized
gymnastics which state Gymnastic Institute in
satisfy the 1923.
environmental and
cultural needs of
homogeneous .
24
Period of
SWITZERLAND Philosophy of P.E. Activities
-Track and Field, Athletics, Riflery, games, Luminaries In Reflection
1944, the state
Strong Youth, a Free and recreational activities as skiing, government established
People. swimming, mountain climbing, hiking, the state Institute of
bicycling, and other outdoor activities. Gymnastics and sports
under the administration of
the Federal Military
Department at Macolin.
PHYSICAL The Scottish Royal

EDUCATION IN Commission on
THE BRITISH Physical Training -the Fisher Education Act of 1918 - SIR GEORGE NEWMAN- of -The university of
COMMONWEALT (1903) and the English recommended elementary and secondary medical department of the Birmingham was one of the
H IN THE Interdepartmental schools require physical education and Board of Education suggested first to offer professional
TWENTIETH Committee on Physical provide facilities for holiday and school that the school camp program curriculum for both men
CENTURY Deterioration helped camping. should emphasize therapeutic and women majors leading
shape future trends of -Military Drill. exercises, games and rhythms to the baccalaureate
1.THE P.E in United Kingdom. rather than military drill. degree, in 1946.
UNITED
KINGDOM
Australia felt the
1. AUSTRALIA influence of the Australians are intensely interested I sports.
international sports -facilities for Tennis are supplied and golf
movement and courses and bowling greens are located.
provided facilities for - the national games is Cricket
greater participation in
25
Period of Philosophy of recreation
sports and P.E. Activities Luminaries Reflection
in school and among
the general public
2. BURMA Toward preparation for -it consist of gymnastics, marching, games,
the annual gymnastic and relays and the teacher is still called Drill
exhibition. Master
3. CANADA Physical education has - Football First professional
been molded by the - Other Canadian sports are Cricket, curriculum in Canada was
legislative bodies and curling, bowls, field hockey, rugby. established at McGill
local authorities, the - New world Canadians adopted university in 1912.
contributions of baseball, basketball, and volleyball.
immigrants, and the - The national game of Canada is Ice
countries natural Hockey
recourses.
26
Period of
1. INDIA Philosophy of P.E. of the
-physical training -recreation inActivities
songs and dances, associated Luminaries
-In 1908 Dr. J. HENRY GRAY Reflection
In 1854 British establish a
warrior class with festival and marriage ceremonies. established the first YMCA in network of schools and
dominated the early - Occasionally , exhibitions in the use of India at Calcutta, Bengal. colleges financed by public
period of education. military weapon and tournaments in archery funds, local authorities, and
and wrestling. private management
-YOGA-ASANA-which designed to avoid assisted by government
disease and maintain balance between the grants- in-aid.
body, mind and spirit.
-SURYA-NAMAAKRAS- which is devoted
exclusively to breathing exercises.
-Indians also have many Native gameslike
Kabaddi- played in seven players.
Chuko- raiders stimulate tigers, the dreaded
enemy of all Indians.
Lathi- single stick fighting.
-Lezim- rhythmical dance.
-Karla- requires skillful manipulation of long
heavy Indian clubs.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN
ASIATIC COUNTRIES
THE NEAR EAST -games of volleyball, -SELIM SIRRY BERRY- who -1926 Turkey established an
1.TURKEY -YMCA established its first basketball and playground had been trained in the Institute of Physical
association at ball were received with Swedish system was education in affiliation with
Constantinople enthusiasm by the Turks. appointed director. the university of Ankara
27
2.IRAQ -government of Iraq Elementary- gymnastics&rhythmic. -AKRAM FAHMI- the director -1952 the government
has organized a Secondary- English tradition of sports. who received his professional established an Institute of
directorate of physical Basketball(boys), soccer, volleyball(girls) training in the Swedish system. physical education in
education under the Baghdad.
Ministry of Education
to promote and
establish program
physical education in
the schools.
3.LEBANON -Swedish instructor of - Soccer football was introduced informally In 1934 ABD-ES- SITTAL
gymnastics was in 1896 by one of the staff member and other TRABULSI- was appointed
appointed to provide sports followed such as track and field, athletic director.
the students with a athletics, volleyball and basketball.
regular program of
exercise.
4.AFGHANISTAN -organized a -running games as soccer and field THEODORE HARDER- was University of Kabul
professional training hockey requested by Afghanistan
course for physical government and was assigned
education leaders. by the Asian Foundation to
assist the minister of Education
Dr. Ali Ahmed Papol.
28
Period of
5.ISRAEL Philosophy
-They of P.E.
made physical Activities
- introduced soccer football which became Luminaries
-ZOI NISHRY- introduced Reflection
education compulsory the most popular sports. gymnastics in secondary school
in all state- supported -Elementary- gymnastics, games and and published the first manual
schools. rhythmic. of gymnastics for teacher in the
-Secondary- Track and Field Athletics and language of the Bible.
swimming
SOUTHEAST ASIA -promote physical education -elementary and secondary OEN BING TIAT- director of Promoting physical education
1. INDONESIA and sports in Indonesia. schools required a program physical education at the and sport is a ground for
of gymnastics, free university of Padjadjaran. good health and self defense
exercises, games and skills
sports, nationaldances and
pentjak a self-defense
skill.
2. THE -the Director of public -all sports activities culminate in a series of E.L BROWN- general secretary University of Philippines
PHILIPPINES schools as head of athletic meets which are conducted on a of the YMCA, in 1913 organized adapted physical education
the Bureau of district, provincial, regional and national the first Far Eastern Olympic and minister to students
Education has basis. They features track and field athletics Games, and first meet held in need.
complete jurisdiction for boys and girls, volleyball for girls and Manila in the same year, with
over physical gymnastics, basketball and softball for the the Philippines, China, and
education. The boys Japan as charter me3mbers.
program consist of
gymnastics, marching,
and formal drills, the
whole being slanted
toward the mass
demonstration given
29
annually of P.E. the
during Activities Luminaries Reflection
national
Interscholastic Athletic
Meet.
3. THAILAND -physical education, -gymnastics, games and sports and test are Theres a need to include
under the control of employed for classification and determination in the elementary and high
the minister of of motor fitness. school curriculum to better
education, is required -scouting is required in elementary. lifestyle
subject in the
elementary and
secondary schools
and for two years of
college.
4. CHINA -the change of policy -under the republican regime in the -DR. WILLARD LYON- a
toward foreign elementary schools consisted of gymnastic, pioneer YMCA worker in China
intrusion during the marching and games. Secondary and organized a course of better
Manchu dynasty colleges feature Swedish gymnastics and quality at Nanking Teachers
favored the sports, including track and field athletics, College and Soochow
development of soccer, basketball, baseball, and swimming. University.
physical education in - Abby Shaw Mayhew- of
the schools. university of Wisconsin, who
30
went china in 1912 to help Reflection
organize the program of the
YWCA, the physical training
school for Chinese women in
Shanghai was established.
5.JAPAN -In 1945 the allied Popular sports in Japan include Rugby and 1876- WILLIAM CLARK- an Develop physical education
powers in japan soccer football, basketball, ice hockey English teacher and former to eliminate militaristic
reorganized the and skating, bowling, badminton and athlete at Cambridge University, activities.
physical education softball are popular among girls. introduced Japanese students to
program to eliminate SUMO- a form of Japanese wrestling. rowing and Track and field
any residual military JUJITS-occidental wrestling. Athletics.
emphasis. -JUDO-a defensive sports -1900s- FRANKLIN BROWN,
YMCA DIRECTOR at Tokyo
acquainted Japanese youth with
volleyball, basketball and mass
games
PHYSICAL - instruction in -popular sports include soccer, baseball, and
EDUCATION IN gymnastics is basketball, volleyball and track and field
LATIN AMERICA essential for the all- athletics.
around development - Emphasis on native folk and other forms of
1. SOUTH of the child. dancing.
AMERICA
31
-1933- Mexico organized the Pan- American

2. MEXICO Junior Pentathlon to encourage international 1933- President A.L.
athletic competition among the youth. RODRIGUEZ- established the
-1940- Mexican government sent naval confederation of Mexican
gunboat Durango on a goodwill tour to Chile, sports, which in organization
Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama to and function resembled the
compete neighbors in equitation, track and amateur Athletic Union of the
field events, basketball, fencing, swimming, United states.
tennis, and pistol and trap shooting.
3. THE -reorganizing -URBAN SCHOOLS consist of gymnastics,
REPUBLIC OF physical education games, sports and rhythmic.
CENTRAL programs.
AMERICA
COLONIAL Colonial government - Gambling John Cotton
PERIOD - Drinking and dancing
- Card and dice games
- Quoits bowls
- Ninepins and shovel board
English Colonies Trade and Hunting and fishing
during the commerce Picnics
eighteenth Slave trade
century Feudal estates
New England
Middle Colonies Established feudal Gay sleighing, skating parties, ice carnivals, Clark
estates, employed balls, concerts.
tenants farmers, Shooting matches Shuttlecock
indentured servants Hunting Tennis
and slaves to work Riding to the hounds Fives (handball)
the land Boating Bearbaiting
32
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Cricket Activities Luminaries Reflection
Golf
Battledore
Southern One crop economy Dancing Dr. Thomas Walker- a land

Colonies Giggs agent of the Loyal Company,
Reels discovered theCumberland Gap
Picnics through the allegheneis in 1750.
The Frontier Land hungry Hunting Clark
Land sopeculators Fishing Ottawa
Logrolling,
Cabin raising, corn husking bees
Early National Developed industrial Gymnastics Charles Beck
period of United revolution Early rowing contest Charles Follen
States A large- scale farming Caledonian game William McClure- was the first
system Track and field to sponsor the Pestalozzian
Baseball movement.
Wrestling Joseph Neef- (1770-1854) was
a teacher in music French and
gymnastics in Pestalozzis
School at Burgdorf.
Joseph Lancaster- an English
schoolmaster, discovered the
advantage of using monitors, or
pupilassistants, to reduce the
cost of instructions.
Francis Lieber- an expert
33
gymnast and swimming Reflection
instructor, serve as Professor Of
history at the University of South
Carolina.
34
Period of
Early National Philosophy of P.E. Activities
Early rowing contest ThomasLuminaries
Jefferson- Advocated Reflection
Elementary schools in
Period of the Caledonian games and track and a plan of popular education Masachusetts offered
United States field- fist Caledonian games held in Boston which evoked little response instruction in bookkeeping
in 1853. from southern leaders. and in the Boston
Baseball- was played first by English President Adrew Jackson- Elementary schools taught
children during the 18th century and brought who by right of suffrage became music.
them to colonies. more influential in determining
Wrestling. educational policies. Secondary schools focuses
Cricket Benjamin Franklin- wrote his to meetthe commercial
Swimming idea of the English schools in interst of the middle class
which he pleaded the use of the and to provide a practical
English tongue in school and in vocational education.
more usefull curriculum than
that of the Latin grammar College and Universities,
school. the traditional plan of one
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)- a tutor for all subjects was
Physician and wasb the earliest changed to small staff of
advacate of female education in specialist in several
the United States. disciplines.
George William- a London dry- Education of girls and
goods clerk, conceive the idea women it is a novel type of
of assisting young men to lead a secondary school for girls
moral, upright life through prayer developed called the
meetings. December 29, 1851 female seminary.
was the launched of YMCA
movement in the United States.
35
Dio Lewis (1823-1886)-

Physical Industrial growth, Gymnastics Advocate the Dio Lewis System,
Education in the transcendentalism, published ten edition of his
United States idealism and classical books the Gymnastics for
( 1861-1900) humanism Men , Women and Children.
The German system. Francois Delsarte(18-11-
The Swedish System 1871)-Advocated the
The Delsartean Delsartean System.
System Baron Pierre de Coubertin- A
Frenchman proposed the
ancient Olympic Games be
reinstated.
John Philbrick- noted that
some of the school buildings will
be furnished with excellent
gymnastic apparatus and in
some schools calisthenics
exercises were practiced.
36
PHYSICAL -Through south -popular sports include: -Education has been

EDUCATION IN American physical -Soccer regarded as a powerful
LATIN AMERICA educators are still -Baseball weapon against sexual,
committed to the -Basketball racial, and religious
1. South America European philosophy -Volleyball discrimination. The
that instruction in -Track and Field athletics. education system- formal
gymnastics is - Emphasis on native folk and other forms of and non-formal modalities,
essential for the all- dancing every level-age group has
around development an undeniable
of the child. responsibility to provide its
users with an education
inspired in values, ethics
and sound moral
principles. In doing so, it
also contributes to building
a society where all citizens
37
may live with dignity, in
harmonious co-existence
and respectful individual,
gender, cultural, racial, and
religious differences.
2. Mexico -1933- Mexico organized the Pan- American -1933- President A.L. The Mexican state has
Junior Pentathlon to encourage international RODRIGUEZ- established the been directly involved in
athletic competition among the youth. confederation of Mexican education since the 19th
-1940- Mexican government sent naval sports, which in organization century, promoting secular
gunboat Durango on a goodwill tour to Chile, and function resembled the education. Control of
Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama to amateur Athletic Union of the education was a source of
compete neighbors in equitation, track and United states ongoing conflict between
Mexican state and Catholic
field events, basketball, fencing, swimming, church, which since the

tennis, and pistol and trap shooting colonial era had exclusive
charge of education.
Mexican states power in
education, undermining the
power of Catholic church
to shape the educational
development of Mexicans.
38
Period
3. The of of
Republic Philosophy of P.E.
-Reorganizing Activities consist of:
-URBAN SCHOOLS Luminaries -TheReflection
area of public
Central America physical education -Gymnastics education, at primary,
programs. -Games secondary, and university
-Sports level, is regulated
-Rhythmic constitutionally by
autonomous bodies
because of reorganizing.
Colonial Period Colonial government -Gambling -John Cotton -The development of
-Drinking and dancing physical education and
-Card and dice games sports can be traced from
-Quoits bowls the historical phases of
-Ninepins precolonial, colonial and
-Shovel board post-colonial rule. The
indigenous sports and
games of the precolonial
period were informal and
were interwoven within the
African culture.
39
Period
English of
Colonies Philosophy
-Trade of P.E.
and commerce Activities
-Hunting Luminaries Reflection
The decision of whether to
during the -Slave trade -Fishing educate children was left
eighteenth century -Feudal estates -Picnics to individual families.
New England Pennsylvania law was
passed, requiring that all
children be taught to read
and write and be trained in
a useful trade.
Middle Colonies -Established feudal -Gay sleighing -Clark In the middle colonies,
estates, employed -Skating parties about half the adults could
tenants farmers, -Ice carnivals sign their names, colonial
indentured servants -Balls concerts leaders agreed that
and slaves to work the -Shooting matches education was important
land -Hunting but were not concerned
-Riding to the hounds with providing it.
-Boating Pennsylvania law was
-Cricket passed, requiring that all
-Golf children be taught to read
-Battledore and write and be trained in
-Shuttlecock a useful trade.
-Tennis Pennsylvania first school
-Fives( handball ) was established that same
-Cock fighting year. A variety of local
-Bearbaiting religious groups ran most
schools in the middle
colonies and stressed the
practical aspects of
education. All boys learned
a skill or trade. Depending
on their social class, they
40
might also study classical

languages, history and
literature, mathematics and
natural science. Girls were
tutored at home in a
variety of household and
social skills.
Southern Colonies -One crop economy -Dancing -Dr. Thomas Walker- a land In the southern colonies,
-Giggs agent of the Loyal Company, children generally began
-Reels discovered the Cumberland Gap their education at home.
-Picnics through the Alleghenies in 1750 Because the distances
between farms and
plantations made
community schools
impossible, plantation
owners often hired tutors
to teach boys math,
classical languages,
sciences, geography,
history, etiquette and
plantation management.
Most of them completed
their education in England.
A governess usually taught
41
girls enough reading,
writing, and arithmetic to
run a household and the
social skills to attract a
husband.
The Frontier -Land hungry - Hunting - Clark Class differences were

-Land speculators -Fishing -Ottawa pronounced, where only
-Logrolling, upper-class men were
-Cabin raising widely educated. Literacy
-Corn husking bees among the male gentry
was almost 100 percent
and 40 percent of laborers,
25 percent of the upper
class women and 1
percent of slaves could
sign their names.
Early National -Developed industrial - Gymnastics - Charles Beck The early development of
period of United revolution -Early rowing contest -Charles Follen physical education in the
States A large- scale farming -Caledonian game -William McClure- was the first United States introduced
system -Track and field to sponsor the Pestalozzian the Turner Societies, which
-Baseball movement advocated a system of
42
-Wrestling Luminaries
-Joseph Neef- (1770-1854) was Reflection
gymnastics training that
a teacher in music French and utilized heavy apparatus
gymnastics in Pestalozzis (e.g., side horse, parallel
School at Burgdorf and horizontal bars) in the
-Joseph Lancaster- an English pursuit of fitness. The
schoolmaster, discovered the Swedish system of
advantage of using monitors, or exercise promoted health
pupil assistants, to reduce the through the performance of
cost of instructions a series of prescribed
-Francis Lieber- an expert movement patterns with
gymnast and swimming light apparatus (e.g.,
instructor, serve as Professor Of wands, climbing ropes).
history at the University of South The English brought sports
Carolina and games to America
. with a system that stressed

moral development
through participation in
physical activities.
Early National -Early rowing contest Thomas Jefferson- Advocated a Thomas stated that "the
Period of the United -Caledonian games and track and field- fist plan of popular education which great thought of physical
States -Caledonian games held in Boston in 1853. evoked little response from education is not the
-Baseball- was played first by English southern leaders education of the physical
children during the 18th century and brought -President Andrew Jackson- nature, but the relation of
43
Period of Philosophy of P.E. themActivities
to colonies. who by rightLuminaries
of suffrage became Reflection
physical training to
-Wrestling. more influential in determining complete education, and
-Cricket educational policies then the effort to make the
-Swimming -Benjamin Franklin- wrote his physical contribute its full
idea of the English schools in share to the life of the
which he pleaded the use of the individual". During the
English tongue in school and in early twentieth century,
more useful curriculum than that several educational
of the Latin grammar school psychologists, supported
-Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) - a the important role of
Physician and was the earliest children's play in a child's
advocate of female education in ability to learn.
the United States A brief history of physical
-George William- a London dry- education in the United
goods clerk, conceive the idea States would kick off in the
of assisting young men to lead a nineteenth century. There
moral, upright life through was growing popularity of
prayer meetings formal physical education
programs all across
Europe where
-December 29, 1851 was the calisthenics and

44
launched of YMCA movement in Reflection
gymnastics were all the
the United States rage. American schools
looked to follow the
European model by
incorporating physical
education into the
curriculum for primary and
secondary schools. And a
brief history of physical
education would not be
complete with a
consideration of institutes
of higher education that
gradually built up
extremely successful
sports programs.
Physical Education -Industrial growth -Gymnastics -Dio Lewis (1823-1886) The brief history of
in the United States -Transcendentalism -Advocate the Dio Lewis physical education would
(1861-1900) -Idealism System, published ten edition of start in just about 1820
-Classical humanism his books The Gymnastics for when schools focused on
-The German system. Men, Women and Children gymnastics, hygiene
training and care and
development of the human
body. By the year 1950,
over 400 institutes had
introduced majors in
physical education. The
Young Men's Christian
Association launched its
45
-The Swedish System -Gymnastics -Francois Delsarte (18-11- very first chapter in 1851
-The Delsartean 1871)-Advocated the and focused on physical
System Delsartean System activities. Colleges were
-Baron Pierre de Coubertin- A encouraged to focus on
Frenchman proposed the intramural sports
ancient Olympic Games be particularly track, field and
reinstated football.
-John Philbrick- noted that some The idea of the Dio-Lewis
of the school buildings will be System was to involve
furnished with excellent exercise routines that are
gymnastic apparatus and in vigorous enough to raise
some schools calisthenics your heart rate but not as
exercises were practiced vigorous as the German
System which included
running, climbing and
throwing.
The Dio Lewis exercises
include: music, social
games, and dance
routines.
Delsarte believed that
certain movements are
highly symbolic and
powerful. When you're
46
happy you want to throw
your arms up in the air.
When you're sad you want
to put your head down and
slump forward. Probably
everybody in the world
recognizes and uses
these gestures everybody

except actors.
Physical Education -Sign of social -Gymnastics -Wilhelm Max Wundt- A German Physical education has
in the United States progress -Athletic (Track and field) physiologist, founded a gained immense
(1900- 1917) -Improvement of the -Commando Swedish Exercise psychological laboratory in importance in the 19th and
health and physical -Boating Leipzig 20th century. If we take a
welfare of children -Basketball -William James (1842-1910) - look at the history of this
-Volleyball according to him injury was field, we can see that
-Baseball initiated by puzzling situation. Physical Education has
-Thorndike (1874-1949) - gave undergone many changes
general and educational to evolve accordingly with
psychology a new point of view changing health trends and
-Jessie H. Bancroft required sports trends. Physical
twenty minutes of gymnastics education was first
daily, in addition to the recess developed by the romans,
period which called an Spartans Athenians. These
47
additional ten minutes Reflection
civilizations introduced
exercise and physical
education as a necessary
skill.
Physical Education - The Beginning of - Camping -Thomas D. Storey- conducted In the 1900s, the Athletic
in the United States Youth Services -Nature study a survey of the academic status Association was created to
(1900- 1917) Agencies -Canoeing and educational background of regulate physical
-Boating the directors of Physical education standards. This
-Swimming Education in college and was the first formal step
-Hiking universities taken on a nationwide level
-Camp cookery -Charles W. Eliot 1888 to promote Physical
-Woodcraft suggested to the Department of Education. Now we can
-Recreational playground Superintendents of the see Physical Education
National Education Association embedded in all school

to prolonged the school systems as a means to
education maintain healthy exercise
-George Ticknor proposed the regimes among students.
elective system in colleges and
universities finally triumphed
-Clark University 1889
devoted considerable attention
to psychology and education
-Columbia University 1898
48
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities organizedLuminaries
a Teachers College Reflection
which was given equal status
with other professional schools
Physical Education -Social Trends in the -Gymnastics J. F Landis- Found out that the The 1920-21 school year
in the United States 20s -Athletics large number of high schools saw the Physical
(1918-1929) did not include physical Education department
education because they lack changed to Physical
gymnasium. Education and Hygiene. It
- time was devoted to was during this time "the
calisthenics and marching Department dropped the
tactics distinction between men
- time to games and and women's courses."
recreative gymnastics Beginning with the 1924-
- time to talks hygiene, 25 school year Physical
bathing, and dressing Education and Hygiene
became Hygiene and
Gymnastics. The 1925-26
annual catalog lists the
department as Hygiene
and Physical Training. The
49
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities Luminaries focus ofReflection
the school was to
improve the physical
condition of all students.
The 1929-30 school saw
the addition of coaching
and dancing courses and a
change to Hygiene and
Physical Education.
Physical Education -Social Trends in the - Intramural Athletics -Fairly well established in the The Hygiene and Physical
in the United States 20s -Horseback Riding East and Mid-west Education department
(1918-1929) -Swimming Rapid expansion in the far remained concerned with
-Bowling West, South and Southwest students' physical
-First Aid -In 1930, 170 colleges and condition and fostering
universities had formally athletic activity. Most
organized departments of majors required students
intramural athletics to attend two class hours a
-Elmer D. Mitchell - provided week for one year.
assistance to many neophyte
intramural directors
Physical Education -A change social -Archery -June 1933 Congress At the start of the 19th
in the United States philosophy -Badminton adjourned, the United States century, sports became
(1930-1940) -During this decade, -Lacrosse had been introduced to a new more organized and the
intramural athletics for -Paddleball social philosophy the concept development of modern
men reached maturity: -Softball of equal opportunity and sports started. Machinery
guiding principles, -Touch football abundant living was developed and used
standards and policies -Miniature golf -Nursery schools and in the production of goods.
were developed which -Additional game/sport for women in team playgrounds This resulted in movement
sports: -Workers, teachers and of the
-Field ball recreational leaders
50
gave the program -Basketball-NCAA 16 REGIONS -physical educators population from rural areas
stability and future -Lacrosse -Womens athletic associations to towns to seek
direction -Soccer continued to be guided by the employment in these
-Aviation principles established by the industries, and this had a
-Camping National Section on Womens great impact on sport.
-Camp craft Athletics and Womens Division Several factors have had
-Outing clubs of the NAAF an effect on sports since
-Tap and clog dancing -Out of 90 Negro Institution, 8 the start of the 20th
-Folk and social dancing had swimming pools and offered century. More persons are
instruction in swimming in the not only playing, but also
physical education watching. Sports have
become more organized.
New rules have been
developed, and some
sports revised to formed
new ones.
Physical Education -Intramural Athletics -Millions of women replaced Throughout history, sports
in the United States men in industries served in have played a variety of
(1941-1950) armed services important functions in
-Arises of different sport society as a form of
committees recreation; preparation for
war or the hunt; or later, as
a substitute for war. Sports
have undergone many
51
changes; some have
stayed much the same
(e.g. wrestling); while
others have adapted with
the times. New sports are
always being invented and
developed. The value of

games on the development
of character was
recognized as learned
sportsmanship and
leadership, and a
willingness to abide by
rules emerged. One of the
most significant
developments is the
growth of televised sports.
Sports will continue to
change and develop in the
future as technology
progresses. The standard
of sports has continued to
be influenced by social
52
change,
commercialization, media,
sponsorship, government,
and education.
Children were instructed in the proper use of Early Filipinos: The early Filipinos
spears, bows and arrows, and swords. Children and the elders unconsciously developed
As the elders worked, the children took time strong physique by their
out from their household chores to indulge in Early Filipinos: activities that enable them
frolics such as: Children to provide food, shelter
Physical Education Survival, enculturation climbing trees and safety to their families.
in the Philippines: running and jumping all over the wide open
and recreation.
Pre-Spanish Times spaces Children were adventurous
( - 1521) crossing streams and rivers and energetic and they
playing their own game of make believe
53
imitating their parents in such activities such Luminaries madeReflection
use of their
as: environment for them to
- hunting have fun while their elders
- fishing were busy working. Their
- housekeeping recreational activities
- making weapons and tools
helped them develop
- worshipping
long-distance underwater swimming physically enabling them to
double underarm stroke Early Filipinos: maintain a healthy and
diving to fish for pearls which they sold at a Men and boys active body.
profit to neighboring countries
Rowing/Paddling the banca. Early Filipinos: The men developed
Men powerful arms and
Rituals involving various body movements massive chest because of
and deep breathing exercises. Early Filipinos the means of
transportation available to
them.
They express their faith in

their gods by various
movements and helped
them develop not just
spiritually but physically as
well.
War dances
- when tribesmen captured an enemy, they
54
performed a torture dance as they circled Luminaries Dances Reflection
served as a way of
the captive Early Filipinos: expressing themselves,
- two warriors, armed with bolos or bows Warriors their hatred, feeling of
and arrows, executed a duel dance which vengeance, making
Survival, enculturation
Physical Education stimulated a fight decisions related to war
and recreation. - at other times, after having accomplished
in the Philippines: that enabled them to be
Pre-Spanish Times dreadful contortions and springs understood by their fellow
( - 1521) accompanied by weird cries, some people. These dances
warriors finished their dance by shooting were a form of non-verbal
their arrows into the air, often hitting a bird communication wherein
in the process their movements meant
- Saut, a typical war dance, characterized what they felt in their
by quick runs, distinct body elevations, hearts.
and much body quivering performed to the
rhythm of the guimba, or drum
Himog or death dance The dance served as their
- executed to the accompaniment of the Early Filipinos: way of communicating to
bangibang, or wooden clapper Men their gods in times of death
among their warriors.
Funeral dance These dances served as
- In case of illness in the family, the people their way of offering their
also danced to hasten recovery. sympathy to the family of
- When a person died, the neighbors the person who died, and
perform this type of dance characterized as a form of ritual casting
by slow swinging of feet up in the air by a away evil spirits. This
line of men standing with arms on each became a symbol of the
others shoulders people working together
Beneseew or witch dance and sympathizing with
- Held precisely to drive away evil spirits that each other.
inhabit the balete tree
55
Tabing Baila
- a prayer for a bountiful fish catch. Early Filipinos
- The movements stimulated those of a fish,
with the hands curling in and out like a fin,
arms circle here and yon, and the body
Physical Education Survival, enculturation twisting and contorting
in the Philippines: Festival dances
and recreation.
Pre-Spanish Times Bumayab Festival dances were a
- started auspiciously with a limliwa or chant representation of their joy
( - 1521)
- notable for its elaborate footwork and
and offering thanks to their
hand movement
gods for a bountiful harvest
- music was provided by gongs, gongha,
or fish catch. Their faith is
tubob, and habit
Tanggugo clearly seen through these
- a dance with hardly any arm movement dances.
- men and women rotated bodily, stepped
sideways, and stamped animatedly with
kulong-kulong around their feet to the
accompaniment of the tanggungguan, or
gongs suspended by ropes from a
triangular rack
Unomey-umey
- a thanksgiving dance for the diwatas for a
rich crop
Courtship dances
Tadek
- both man and woman danced on tiptoe,
carrying a piece of red cloth which they
56
fluttered from side to side as they shook Luminaries Reflection
their whole body to the measure of the
ganza, or native drum
- the highlight of the dance was the

exchange of symbolic keepsakes wherein Early Filipinos: Courtship dances served
the wife offers her husband a dagger to Men and Women as opportunities to express
show that she looked up to him; in turn, themselves and to tell
the husband gave her a piece of cloth to stories of love and
Physical Education Survival, enculturation signify their common bond romance. These were a
in the Philippines: and recreation. Kinal-logong form of non-verbal
Pre-Spanish Times - the man remained in place as the woman communication making
( - 1521) teasingly sang and danced around him, use of gestures, body
trying each time to place a hat on his head movements to express
Takik love and admiration.
- the man danced with a blanket on his
shoulders
Pinanyo-wan
- both man and woman danced with a
handkerchief, the man chasing after his
love like a rooster, until she showed
acceptance by placing her handkerchief
on the shoulder of the suitor
Wedding dances These dances served as a
57
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - the babaylan orActivities
priestess usually climaxed Luminaries
Early Filipinos: form of Reflection
celebration during
a marriage ceremony with a dance at the The babaylan or priestess, the weddings and at the same
end of which she threw her javelin to kill a bride and bridegroom time a tradition asking for
sacrificial animal guidance and peace
Tagum Di Malahim throughout the couples
- characterized by energetic birdlike married life.
movements of the bridegroom, enlaced
with elegant, flexuous movements of the
bride
Mimetic dances
Munggayong Early Filipinos By making use of their
- a line of men and another of women environment, they
participants danced around a pile of pots; performed mimetic dances
the dancers sat down afterwards and went not just a form of
through the motions of making pots recreation but also their
- as they did so, tapuy or rice wine was way of telling and passing
passed around in coconut shells on stories to children.
Sayaw Tu Baud These embody their
- a pigeon dance creativity in creating
- an imitation of the flight of pigeons from
dances out of the things
hunters stalking them
they usually see and
Ninanog
observe in their
58
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - a hawk dance Activities Luminaries Reflection
surroundings.
- feigned the movements of a hawk as it
pounced on its quarry
Funny/comical primitive dances
Kinnotan or ant dance Early Filipinos They were not just serious
- showed a man dancing and gesticulating all the time; they were also
to another person who had been attacked creatively comical by
by ants performing dances that
Camote or Yam dance entertain people through
- imitated the movements of a man the dance movements.
attempting to steal yam These were a source of
Pinubag or bee dance fun and joy despite of their
- the steps and movements simulated a bee hard and some were
gathering honey dangerous daily activities
Inamo-amo or monkey dance for survival.
- mimicked the movements of a monkey as
it bounced and gamboled about
Church-centered physical activities

Physical and material Santa Cruz de Mayo A close study of the
well-being was - to commemorate the finding of the Holy Catholic missionaries and curriculum during the
Physical Education subordinated to a Cross in 324 by Empress Helena and re- priests Spanish regime shows that
in the Philippines: wholesome spiritual enacted her search and pilgrimage to no provision was made for
Jerusalem
59
Period Era
Spanish of Philosophy of P.E.
life that looked to Activities
- when the religious ceremony was over, all Luminaries Reflection
physical education. The
(1521 1898) Heaven for a reward. the children went to the pabiten which was activities that the Filipinos
In this kind of hung at a certain height and lowered now participated were those
philosophy, physical and then and as it was lowered, the related to church affairs.
education had no children shouted and jumped as high as Despite the limitations,
place. Play was they could, trying their best to grab the they were still able to be
regarded as a sign of choicest as well as the biggest number of involved in physical
laziness and was items activities and develop their
therefore not only The feast of the Immaculate Conception physique in the process. It
discouraged, but even - a celebration in honor of the Virgin Mary may seem like theres a
suppressed to a - an elaborate affair climaxed by a long huge gap between the Pre-
certain extent. The procession where Filipino dancers Spanish and Spanish Era
people indulged only dressed as a cardinal, canon, or pastor in terms of physical
in the activities and accompanied the saints on the floats and training, the existence of
amusements danced with timbrels in their hands physical activities is still
Fertility dance
approved and visible. This only shows
- performed by barren women before the
tolerated by the that physical education has
image of the Virgin in Obando, Bulacan
church. The only diversities especially on
and the Nuestra Seora de Talarin in
physical activities how people involve
Paco, Manila
allowed the people themselves in various
Dinulog or Pit Seor Santo Nio dance
were those connected activities.
- performed in Cebu by the participants
in some way with
who sought favors from the Child Jesus
church affairs. Turumba
- held in Pakil
- dedicated to the Virgin Dolores
- characterized by street dancing
60
Easter
Physical and material - after the mass and sermon, the
well-being was townspeople danced and made merry in
subordinated to a the churchyard
Physical Education wholesome spiritual Moro-Moro
in the Philippines: life that looked to - an adaptation of Spanish plays and was
Spanish Era Heaven for a reward. interspersed with many dances and quaint
(1521 1898) In this kind of gesticulations
philosophy, physical - the characters were Moors and Christians,
education had no the offering being a carry-over of the
place. Play was constant struggle for supremacy between
regarded as a sign of Mohammedanism and Christianity
Dances
laziness and was
Comintang
therefore not only
- as the musician played and sang, a boy
discouraged, but even
and a girl pantomimed the words of the
suppressed to a
song
certain extent. The Pampango
people indulged only - a dance wherein the woman skillfully
in the activities and moves her hips about to the
amusements accompaniment of loud clapping
approved and Bagay
tolerated by the - performed to melancholy and languorous
church. The only melody
physical activities - characterized by graceful arm movements
allowed the people Pabayo dance
were those connected - performed by young men on moonlight
in some way with nights in front of the house of a dalaga
church affairs. Hinal-o
- men hopped, skipped, and jumped
61
skillfully between large and small pestles Luminaries Reflection
The Filipinos eagerly watched the dances

brought over by the Peninsulars from the
Old World, imitated them, and gradually
incorporated the steps, moods, and styles
into their own dances.
They injected local leitmotifs to the dances or
substituted native props, like bamboo and
coconut for the Spanish castanets.
The stamping of the feet replaced the
Zapateado while the rigid posture and fixed
arm and foot positions gave way to flowing,
smooth movement.
Dances learned from the Spaniards:
o Waltz
o Gallop
o English contradance
o German Redowa
o French Rigaudon
o Fandango
o Jarabe
o Habanera
62
Period of Philosophy of P.E. o CachuchaActivities Luminaries Reflection
o Jota
Traditional Games
Sipa
- played in three ways:
*lambatan or by net
*bilangan or by points
*mudansa or fancy kicking exhibition
- the game was played as singles or
doubles, and by four or eight players on
one team
Arnis or native fencing

The Filipinos were - two men each held a wooden bolo or Among the great Filipinos who Filipinos were able to
not deterred from saber about thirty inches long and two mastered the art of the arnis engage themselves in
playing games and inches wide and engaged each other in a were Jose Rizal, Andres sports in spite the lack of
Physical Education engaged in their duel Bonifacio, Gregorio del Pilar, support of the government.
in the Philippines: own native sports. - provided excellent training in self-defense and Antonio Luna. They still managed to play
Spanish Era Some were forms of Dumog traditional games and
(1521 1898) amusement, as - native form of wrestling adapted some games from
Sumping
pastimes, for self- the Spaniards. These
- finger wrestling
defense and others games served as a form of
Sanggol
were even in a form - arm wrestling recreation to Filipinos.
of gambling. These Swimming Games involving gambling
undesirable - people became more proficient were not suppressed and
63
activities were not Recreational games: Activities Luminaries FilipinosReflection
were able to learn
suppressed by the Sintak, Siklot, and Chongka and adapt these games as
Spanish government - tests of individual skill and were played their pastime. These were
for they helped with shells, seeds, pebbles, or marbles undesirable but were
increase the - usually played with sigays or little shells allowed because of the
revenue of the Tubigan benefits obtained by the
Crown. - a tag game usually played on moonlight government and Filipinos
nights did not mind any of those
Piko-piko
because they considered
- a form of hopscotch
these games as a form of
Luksong tinik
- meaning jumping over thorns, the latter amusement. These types
hurdle being a bridge improvised by the of games exist until today.
fingers of the players
Lanse
- a puzzle made of a flat piece of bamboo
thirteen and one-half inches long with two
cords tied to it
Takip-silim
The Filipinos were - a blindfolded player tried to catch the rest of
not deterred from his playmates who were in circle formation
playing games and Buwan-buwan
Physical Education engaged in their - a form of dodge game
in the Philippines: own native sports. Taguan
Spanish Era Some were forms of - hide and seek
Luksong lubid
64
Period
(1521 of
1898) Philosophy
amusement, of P.E.
as - jumping rope Activities Luminaries Reflection
pastimes, for self- Bato-bato
defense and others - stone passing
were even in a form Lubi-lubi
of gambling. These - two teams jumped forward or backward
undesirable depending on who guessed correctly
activities were not where the pebble was
Luksong alon
suppressed by the
- rope swinging clockwise by two teams
Spanish government
Luksong palia
for they helped - alternate jumping to a designated area by
increase the two teams
revenue of the Paligsahang kalabao
Crown. - carabao race
Paluan ng palayok
- hitting a pot containing water and money
Tarumpo
- top spinning
Buchay
- tossing pebbles or corn kernels into the air
and catching the same with the back of
the hand
Kalahoyo
- directing stones into a hole by using a flat
pebble
Spanish-influenced games:
65
The Filipinos ofwere
P.E. o cara-cabesa Activities Luminaries Reflection
not deterred from o juego de anillo
Physical Education playing games and o a la viva
in the Philippines: engaged in their o corocochillo
Spanish Era own native sports. o santito
(1521 1898) Some were forms of o bulong pare
o pasa en orden
amusement, as
o juego de prenda
pastimes, for self-
o vivora de amor
defense and others
o Bordon de los bordones
were even in a form o Presohan
of gambling. These o bola-boaya
undesirable o banda
activities were not o palmo
suppressed by the o Biola
Spanish government o San Miguel Arcangel
for they helped o San Pedro
increase the o San Juan
revenue of the Card games, game of chance, and other
Crown. amusements with the element of gambling:
Trucos
- a game resembling billiard played
Briscas
- won upon gaining thirty-one points
Duplo
- consists of arithmetical combinations
Dice
Casino, monte and panguingui
Billar de barimbao
Capona
- played by counting off small pebbles in
four and betting on the remainder
66
Tablita
The Filipinos were - player threw a copper disk over a string The Spaniards introduced card
not deterred from stretched across a wooden board games, games of chance and
Physical Education playing games and containing twenty-six squares other amusements involving
in the Philippines: engaged in their Cara-cruz and Birachapo gambling.
Spanish Era own native sports. - heads-or-tails types of game
(1521 1898) Some were forms of Prinola
- played with hexagonally-topped dice
amusement, as
Horse racing
pastimes, for self-
Ripa
defense and others
- a lottery played with twenty cards
were even in a form Chabaqui
of gambling. These - a form of lottery played with a wooden
undesirable tablet containing painted numbers from
activities were not one to twelve and a corresponding set of
suppressed by the numbered cards
Spanish government
for they helped
increase the
revenue of the
Crown.
67
The La Independencia, influential Filipino Teodoro Sandico and Graciano

paper during Spanish regime, published a Reyes two licensed primary Although the Filipinos were
Filipino intellectuals long editorial on March 29, 1898, which and secondary instructors who not given enough incentive
subscribed to the proposed a new curriculum for the public applied for permission to open in physical education by
classical idea that elementary schools. Its most outstanding night schools for adults of both the Spaniards, they were
both the mind and features were the emphasis on physical sexes with gymnastics as one of aware of its importance.
Physical Education body must be education, absence of Christian doctrine, and the subjects to be taught. The
in the Philippines: equally developed. its stress that a history of the Philippines application was disapproved
Spanish Era written by a Filipino be taught. However, the because it would undermine
(1521 1898) authorities refused to include physical Spanish authority.
education in the curriculum.
Mariano Espiritu a teacher
who taught the primary course Mariano Espiritu and
Pupils still payed sipa and other games. and the first two years of the Ramon Tinsay knew the
secondary course in La Union value of physical fitness
and Ilocos Norte; he always and physical education as
encouraged his pupils to play a whole thats why they still
68
sipa and other games in order to Reflection
made efforts to promote
develop physical fitness among physical activities.
them.
Fencing Ramon Tisay a teacher who
taught in Silay, Negros
Occidental, gave private lessons
in fencing.
Jose Rizal proposed a modern school Early in life, Jose Rizal
A sound mind could curriculum and included instruction in Jose Rizal the pioneer Filipino decided to round out his
flourish best in a gymnastics, fencing, swimming, proponent of formal physical education by maintaining a
sound body. horsemanship, and dancing. education. well-balanced life and this
A gymnasium with gymnasium equipment has he sought to accomplish
been set up and various exercises on the by conscientiously
apparatus were taught. developing himself
mentally and physically.
Early morning hike among the townspeople of Jose Rizal promoted this hobby Rizal knew from
Calamba going to the nearby hill called the among the townspeople. experience the value of
Physical Education Lecheria. physical training and
in the Philippines: A sound mind could Jose Rizal initiated this activity decided to teach others the
Spanish Era flourish best in a with the following companions: benefits that could be
(1521 1898) sound body. Mountain climbing expedition to Mt. Makiling. o Paciano Rizal derived from it. He wanted
o Leandro Lopez others to feel the thrills and
o Mariano Herbosa exhilaration he had
o Lieutenant Jose Ataviel de enjoyed in his search for
69
Andrade Reflection
physical well-being.
Outdoor gymnasium with bodybuilding
paraphernalia composed of: These are the activities under He decided to change the
o parallel bars the physical fitness program narrow concept of
o Roman rings conducted by Jose Rizal when education established by
o Chinning bar he was exiled to Dapitan. the Spaniards. By tearing
Pupils undergo rigid physical training. down that narrow concept,
Judo he paved the way towards
Wrestling the development of a well-
Spanish fencing
balanced personality: a
American boxing
sound mind in a sound
Arnis
body (in the words of Dr.
Marksmanship
Rafael Palma).
Hagis
- a game played by Rizal and his pupils
- the object of this game was to throw
stones in such a way that they would hit
a piece of wood suspended from a
branch of a mango tree
- anyone hitting the wood five times in
succession was awarded a prize of
cartridges and the privilege of
participating in the hunting expeditions
Physical training became a regular part of the Father William McKinnon Almost the first thing the
-chaplain of the First California American administration
70
Period
Physical of
Education Philosophy of P.E. curriculum. Activities Regiment Luminaries Reflection
did was to re-establish
in the Philippines: Health, normal In the elementary grades physical exercises -several schools were opened in schools all over the Islands
American Regime growth, and were prescribed. Manila under his supervision with qualified soldiers as
(1898 - 1941) development of the Physical education was also prescribed in the -as a teacher, he helped to ease teachers. When the
body as an efficient secondary course as a required subject in whatever tension there was schools were organized,
organism. all four years of high school. between the Filipinos and the physical education was
A grade of 75% in physical education was Americans given a prominent place in
required for promotion in the elementary the program. In
grades as well as in the high schools. accordance with the
Professional boxing became an established general aim of training for
institution in the Philippines in 1910. democracy and
In 1911, an Athletic Handbook was issued by American educators wholesome living, a
the Bureau of Education which was revised -characteristic of their concern balanced curriculum was
later in 1913 that served as the guide for all for the physical training of the prescribed composed of
forms of play, calisthenics, and athletics in the Filipinos was this portion of academic instruction,
public schools. the annual report of the industrial instruction, and
The handbook divided the scope of the work General Superintendent on physical education.
of physical education into three parts: Education in 1904:
o Physical Education I (not more than ten Physical Exercise and
The introduction of music
minutes a day) which includes daily health Athletics There is manifest
and physical exercises in
sanitary inspection of pupils, of classrooms, need for attention to these
the primary school was
of school buildings, and of school premises. matters. The Filipino is
appreciated by the
o Physical Education II (not less than four nor undeveloped physically. This
Filipinos. The schools
more than ten minutes a day) which is particularly true of the
became an attractive and
included relief exercises for all grades of all students in the high schools
bright place. The large
schools. whose social position relieves
numbers of children who
them of all forms of manual
flocked to the elementary
labor and exercise.
schools found school life
pleasant instead of the
drudgery it had been
71
during Spanish days.
o Physical Education III (thirty minutes in the

primary grades, forty minutes in the
Physical Education intermediate grades, sixty minutes a day in
in the Philippines: Health, normal the secondary schools)
American Regime growth, and w Lessons for elementary grades:
(1898 - 1941) development of the - marching
body as an efficient - calisthenic exercises
organism. - dancing
- impromptu games
- group calisthenics
w Lessons for secondary boys:
- military drill
- impromptu games
- group athletics
w Lessons for secondary girls:
- marching
- calisthenic exercises
- impromptu games
- dancing
- calisthenics
The prescribed order of exercises in the
calisthenics class was:
1. Attentive exercises composed of simple
arm and leg exercises, marching, easy
dance steps.
72
2. Corrective exercises composed of arm Luminaries Reflection
flexions and head and trunk bendings
3. General exercises composed of many
movements requiring simultaneous use of
the arms, trunk, and legs.
Follow the leader

- a teacher or a resourceful pupil led the
Physical Education rest in single file around the room or
in the Philippines: Health, normal playground
American Regime growth, and - the path taken was usually winding and
(1898 - 1941) development of the footwork included:
body as an efficient running forward and back
organism. marching with short or long steps
walking stiff-legged or on toes
hopping
skipping
Group games suggested were:
- three deep
- rooster fight
- fence tag
- cross tag
- ball tag
- partner tag
- numbers change
73
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - Activities
hide the thimble Luminaries Reflection
- pull-up
- pom-pom pull away
- body guard
- huckle
- Indian wrestle
- wand wrestling
- tug-of-war
Physical Education - day and night
in the Philippines: Health, normal - basketball throw
- indoor baseball throw and catch
American Regime growth, and
- whip tag
(1898 - 1941) development of the - duck on a rock
body as an efficient - hide and seek
organism. - prisoners base
- wolf, cat and mouse
- charging beasts
- arch ball
- The following races and relays were
also listed:
74
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - backwardActivities
and forward Luminaries Reflection
- hopping
- ball passing
- crab
- obstacle
- pick-a-back
- ball roll
- straight run
- all up
- walk and run
- basketball
- wand
- broad jump
- potato
- tag the wall
- circle seat
The Athletic Badge competition was held
to encourage individual achievement.
Playing rules for the following sports were

also discussed in the handbook:
Physical Education - baseball
in the Philippines: Health, normal - indoor baseball
American Regime growth, and - boys basketball
- girls basketball
(1898 - 1941) development of the
- track and field
body as an efficient
- tennis
organism. Also explained were:
75
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - Activities
training hints Luminaries Reflection
- athletic courtesy
- equipment for playgrounds
- calisthenic exercises
- rules governing meets
- declaration of policy regarding
amateur athletics
- first aid instruction
- price list of equipment
- playground records
- working bibliography
The Bureau of Education also issued a
Physical Education Manual in 1919.
A complete course in athletics was offered
at the Teachers Assembly of the Philippine
Normal School.
The girls finally took interest in the

physical education of the schools. Participation in physical
They adopted middy blouses and training gave the girls a
76
Period
Physical of
Education Philosophy of P.E.
Health, normal Activities
bloomers and first participated in the Luminaries Reflectionin their
new confidence
in the Philippines: growth, and stereotyped form of calisthenics. physical and moral
American Regime development of the Afterwards, they learned to play tennis, strength. It made them
(1898 - 1941) body as an efficient basketball, and indoor baseball. realize the beneficial
organism. Basketball was played for several years effects of exercise. Even
and was one of the major sports in the as the girls improved
carnival interscholastic meets. physically and made
Indoor baseball (a modified form of notable achievements in
baseball) became highly developed. their physical activities, the
In 1917, two indoor baseball teams of attitude of men towards
Filipino girls were sent to play exhibition such participation relaxed
games in Shanghai, China and became approving.
In 1925:
- Mary Yotoko and Ester Tempongko
started fencing at the University of the
Philippines.
- The first high school gymnastic
exhibition and competition was
conducted which was won by the East
High School, whose girls were
outstanding in ladder pyramid building.
The first swimming club at the University
of the Philippines was organized in August
13.
On January 27, 1926, the first track and
field contest for girls was held in Felicidad Manuel coach of the
Pampanga. Pampanga Trade School girls
1935: the first National Open Track and who first won in the track and
Field Championship for women was held field contest
with Manila Central University winning
77
National champions from 1923

till the outbreak of World War II
included:
Physical Education Health, normal o Concepcion Santos
in the Philippines: growth, and Filipino girls also learned to play tennis. o Petra Careaga
American Regime development of the o C. A. Mitchell
(1898 - 1941) body as an efficient o Elisa R. Ochoa
organism. o Imgard Baumann
o Minda Ochoa
o Estrella Alburo
o Liberty Solisa
The girls also studied folk dances of other

countries.
An annual playground day demonstration
sponsored by the different schools served
to promote interest in these dances.
Camp Fire Girls club were organized in
the schools and among the activities
undertaken were:
- hiking
- swimming
- excursions
Right living, proper The American soldiers who came to the
feeding, and good Philippines played baseball at every American soldiers In 1915 the Director of
systematic exercise opportunity. By watching the soldiers play, Education reported that in
78
are three essential Filipinos began Activities
to understand the skill and Luminaries no line ofReflection
endeavor has the
factors in the rules, appreciated the game, and Filipino shown himself
production and eventually started to play it. more efficient than in
maintenance of Schools started teaching baseball due to athletic sports.
health. its popularity.
Athletic color competitions patterned after American male teachers took

those of the Public Schools Athletic League of charge of coaching the teams in The 1917 annual report of
New York City were introduced. athletics. the Director of Education
Physical Education Right living, proper In general, the school system was observed the following
in the Philippines: feeding, and good organized for athletics with the Director of The Director of Education and results of the physical
American Regime systematic exercise Education having complete control of the the Bureau of Education as a training program of the
(1898 - 1941) are three essential physical training of the public school pupils whole Bureau of Education:
factors in the and all sports and games. - According to the report
production and Interscholastic athletics was taken up by submitted by the senior
maintenance of the public schools in 1905. Inspector of Schools,
health. The athletic club of the school as the smallest Philippine Health
athletic organization was organized. Service indicates that
The schools of a district formed into a athletics have been an
union while all the districts banded important factor
themselves into a league. decreasing the number
Associations which were interprovincial in of cases of tuberculosis
nature were set up. among the pupils.
Athletic meets started: - Largely on account of
79
Period of Philosophy of P.E. -town Activities Luminaries Reflection
the improvement
-district brought by the schools,
-provincial the physical and mental
-interprovincial requirements into the
-interscholastic meet held in connection
Philippine Constabulary
with the Philippine Carnival
have been considerably
Sports included were:
raised.
- baseball
- volleyball
- indoor baseball
- basketball
- track and field
An open championship meet was

conducted after the interscholastic games
wherein teams from the public schools
Physical Education Right living, proper competed with representatives from the:
in the Philippines: feeding, and good - U.S. Army
American Regime systematic exercise - University of the Philippines
(1898 - 1941) are three essential - Government bureaus
factors in the Private schools and other institutions
production and introduced physical activities which
maintenance of included:
- basketball
health.
- soccer football
80
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - volleyball Activities Luminaries Reflection
- group games
Soon afterwards, the private schools also
formed their own athletic associations.
In 1916 the Bureau of Education
implemented certain policies.
- A credit of 1% on the general average
was granted to pupils who had done
regular and systematic work in athletics
and who took part in provincial meets.
- As an alternative, 5% was added to the
average in any single subject in which the
student was deficient.
- 2% was added to the general average of
any student who represented the Bureau
of Education in the carnival
interscholastic meet and the open meet.
The Bureau of Education published a
monthly magazine called Physical and
Vocational Training.
In 1916: The motto Athletics for Every

Pupil of the Bureau of Education as they
introduced athletics into the schools had
been practically realized.
The Playground Movement
81
Creating of P.E. The First Playgrounds
a nationwide Activities Luminaries Reflection
enthusiasm for sports - took definite form in the Philippines in
Physical Education and games, promoting 1913
in the Philippines: the establishment of - the standard barrio size of barrio school
American Regime more and better sites was set at 5,000 square meters and
(1898 - 1941) playgrounds and that of the central school at 10,000 square
extending the benefits meters
of physical education - located on the playground in the different
to those who were not schools were:
o baseball field
attending the public
o quarter-mile running track
schools.
o courts for group games
- playground and equipment were
constructed out of wood, bamboo, and
galvanized iron pipes
- public grounds were converted into
playing areas
- Sunken Gardens
- Victoria Gardens was transformed into
tennis courts for public use
- track and field oval constructed at Wallace
Field and could be played:
o soccer
o volleyball
o sipa
- a baseball diamond was built at Osmea
Park
82
- in 1916 the first playground director for
Creating a nationwide Manila was appointed
Physical Education enthusiasm for sports - training of instructors
in the Philippines: and games, promoting - in November 1917, a civil service
American Regime the establishment of examination was given for playground
(1898 - 1941) more and better teachers
playgrounds and - in 1920 a Department of Public Recreation
extending the benefits was created in Manila
- athletic fields and grandstands were
of physical education
constructed in different places in the
to those who were not
country
attending the public
- a national athletic and recreation center in
schools.
Manila was established and named as the
Rizal Memorial Stadium, Coliseum, and
Field
Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation The first officers of the PAAF
(PAAF) were:
- organized in November, 1911 to protect President:
amateur athletics Governor-General William
- set up fixed rules and regulations to draw Cameron Forbes
clear distinction between professional and (1911 1914)
non-professional sports First Vice-President:
- important projects of the federation: President Murray Butler of the
o conducting of annual championships in
University of the Philippines
all sports that it recognized Second Vice-President:
o drafting of standardized game rules
Leonard D. Dyson
o devising and executing a system of
Secretary-Treasurer:
records to protect holders from unfair
Elwood Stanley Brown of the
claims
YMCA
o taking charge of Philippine participation
in the Far Eastern Games and the
83
World Olympics Luminaries Reflection
Athletic Associations
Creating a nationwide o Southern Luzon Athletic Association Mr. Serafin Aquino
Physical Education enthusiasm for sports (1905) -Superintendent of physical
in the Philippines: and games, promoting o Manila Interscholastic Athletic Association education in the Bureau of
American Regime the establishment of (1905) Education
(1898 - 1941) more and better o Central Luzon Athletic Association (1907) -recognized the different
playgrounds and o Visayan Interscholastic Association (1909) interprovincial athletic
extending the benefits o Ilocano Interscholastic Athletic Association associations in 1938 that later
of physical education (1911) on became the BPSIAA
to those who were not o Southern Tagalog Athletic Association
attending the public (1911)
o Public Schools Interscholastic Athletic
schools.
Association (BPSIAA)
- Northern Luzon Athletic Association
- Central Luzon Athletic Association
o Manila Interscholastic Athletic
Association
- Southern Tagalog Athletic Association
- Bicol Athletic Association
- East Visayas Athletic Association
- West Visayas Athletic Association
- Mindanao Athletic Association
Games played in BPSIAA:
- baseball
- softball
84
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - basketball Activities Luminaries Reflection
- swimming
- tennis
- track and field
- boxing (exhibition)
o In 1924, the National Collegiate Athletic

Creating a nationwide Association (NCAA) was founded with the
Physical Education enthusiasm for sports following charter members:
in the Philippines: and games, promoting - University of the Philippines
American Regime the establishment of - University of Santo Tomas
(1898 - 1941) more and better - University of Manila
- National University
playgrounds and
- De La Salle College
extending the benefits
- Ateneo de Manila
of physical education - Institute of Accounts
to those who were not w Competitions in the NCAA:
attending the public - track and field
schools. - basketball
- soccer football
- swimming
- tennis
- track relays
- volleyball
- handball
- baseball
85
Period of Philosophy of P.E. w By 1936, the Activities
universities were Luminaries Reflection
eliminated and only colleges remained.
o On May 8, 1930, the UAAP (University
Athletic Association of the Philippines),
more popularly known as the Big Three,
was formally organized.
- the constitution and by-laws were
approved on September 27, 1938
- in due time, the University of the East,
Far Eastern University, and Manila
Central University became members of
the association
International Competition Far Eastern Games Filipino

o Far Eastern Athletic Association or Far winners:
Physical Education Eastern Olympic Association Second Meet:
in the Philippines: w Organized by PAAF composed of: o Genaro Saavedra (decathlon)
American Regime - China o Regino Ylanan (shotput)
(1898 - 1941) - Japan Third Meet
- Philippines o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd dash
- the Far Eastern Games were held in one
and 880-yd relay)
of the three competing countries every
Third Meet
two years
st o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd dash
w 1 meet: Manila, February, 1913
Overall Champion: Philippines and 880-yd relay)
w 2nd meet: Shanghai, 1915 o Pedro Ablan (880-yd relay)
Overall Champion: China o Alejo Alvarez (shotput)
86
Period of Philosophy of P.E. w 3rd meet: Tokyo,Activities
1917 Luminaries
o Nicolas Llaneta (880-yd relay) Reflection
Overall Champion: Japan o Rafael Montes (discus throw)
th
w 4 meet: Manila, 1919 o Constanino Rabaya (120-yd
w 5th meet: Shanghai, 1921 hurdles)
Overall Champion: Philippines o Genaro Saavedra (880-yd relay)
w 6th meet: Osaka, Japan, 1923 Fourth Meet:
Overall Champion: Philippines o Antonio Alo (pole vault)
w 7th meet: Manila, 1925
o Alejo Alvarez (shotput and
w 8th meet: Shanghai, 1927
discus throw)
w 9th meet: Tokyo, 1930
o Calixto Bello (220-yd hurdles)
w 10th meet: Manila, 1934
o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd dash,
w 11th meet (Osaka, 1938) and 12th meet
200-yd dash, and 880-yd relay)
(Manila 1941) were scheduled but were o Francisco Danao (400-yd run
never held because of the war situation in
and 1-mile relay)
the East o Nicolas Machan (broad jump)
o World Olympics, 1924 Fifth Meet

Physical Education Creating a nationwide w held in Paris o Antonio Alo (pole vault)
in the Philippines: enthusiasm for sports w Philippines sent teams including a sprinter o Ignacio Amad (120-yd hurdles)
American Regime and games, promoting o Ninth Olympic Games, 1928 o Emilio Bucoy (880-yd relay)
(1898 - 1941) the establishment of o held in Amsterdam o Fortunato Catalon (100-yd dash,
more and better o a larger delegation was sent 200-yd dash, and 880-yd relay)
playgrounds and o Berlin Olympics of 1936 o Juan Escamos (220-yd hurdles)
87
extending the of P.E.
benefits o Philippines wonActivities
in: o Fransisco Luminaries
Danao, Vicente Reflection
of physical education - basketball Lopez, and Vicente Malinao (1-
to those who were not - hurdles mile relay)
attending the public - rifle shooting o Simeon Santos (broad jump)
o Davis Cup matches o Juan K. Taduran (decathlon)
schools.
- American Zone (1926) o Sotera Abreu (50-yd swim and
- Fransisco and Guillermo Aragon
100-yd swim)
- European Zone (1928)
o Paulino Fernandez (220-yd
- Lope Yngayo and Fransisco Aragon
- American Zone (1939) breaststroke)
- Amado Sanchez and Felicisimo o Manuel Leyva, A. Mamerto, and
Ampon Ong Sin Guan (220-yd relay,
o Presentation of outstanding world players swimming)
to Filipino fans: o Gil Fargas and Leandro Suarez
o Boxing was introduced and popularized. (tennis doubles)
Seventh Meet
Teofilo Yldefonso (breaststroke)
Eighth Meet
Simeon G. Toribio
(high jump)
David Nepomuceno
- a sprinter who represented
Philippines in World Olympics,
1924
9th Olympic Games Filipino

88
Period
Physical of
Education Philosophy
Creating of P.E.
a nationwide Activities Luminaries
winners: Reflection
in the Philippines: enthusiasm for sports o Simeon Toribio (fourth in high
American Regime and games, promoting jump)
(1898 - 1941) the establishment of o Teofilo Yldefonso (third in the
more and better 400-m breaststroke)
playgrounds and World Olympics of 1932 (Los
extending the benefits Angeles) Filipino winners:
of physical education o Simeon Toribio (third in high
to those who were not jump)
attending the public o Teofilo Yldefonso (third in the
schools. 400-m breaststroke)
o Jikirum Adjaludin (fifth in
swimming event)
o Jose Villanueva (third in
boxing bantamweight division
Larry Montes became the

Philippine Open Champion in
golf for ten years
Philippine boxers who won world

recognition were:
o Pancho Villa won the world
flyweight championship on
June 18, 1923
o Ceferino Garcia won the world
welterweight championship in
1939
o Elino Flores fought for the
world lightweight championship
in February 2, 1923
89
Extending the physical training program Governor Forbes, more

Physical Education Training the body as and facilities of the YMCA by proposing its Governor William Cameron than any other American
in the Philippines: well as the mind. establishment in the Philippines. Forbes official, did much to
American Regime President: Philippine Amateur Athletic (1909 1913 incumbency, encourage the Filipinos.
(1898 - 1941) Federation ushered in the golden era of the He was a true lover of
Vice President: Far Eastern Olympic Philippine athletics) sports and took personal
Association interest in the physical
He gave the Bureau of Education authority activities of the Filipinos.
to spend funds for athletic purposes. Any plan to develop
Offered prizes to winners in the various athletics in the country
events. received his full support.
He donated a baseball outfit to the school Determined to arouse
in each division containing the highest greater interest in games,
percentage of pupils qualifying in a three- he offered prizes to
event athletic competition. winners which resulted to
He donated a volleyball outfit to the school students practicing longer
winning the championship in group athletic and harder. He was also
contests. deeply concerned with the
He donated baseball and tennis outfits to health and physical uplift of
the schools in each province. the Filipinos and exerted
He founded the Manila Polo Club and
effort to fight Tuberculosis
wrote a book on the game Polo. that plagued a great
He founded the Philippine Tuberculosis number of populace. He
Society.
90
was a leader, an educator;
a sports lover and an
admirable American who
helped the Philippines
develop its people in the
field of athletics.
YMCA physical director In his extra ordinary career

Physical Education Health and sports and In 1910, he underscored the need for a Elwood Stanley Brown of the past fifteen years, he
in the Philippines: their relationship to student building and stressed the had done more than any
American Regime sound character. importance of an athletic field. living man to carry the
(1898 - 1941) Played a key role in the introduction of ideals of sound physical
various games into the Philippines. education and wholesome
Organizer of numerous athletic contests, play by his clean and
leagues, and tournaments sponsored by brave manhood, his warm
the YMCA. and affectionate
Set up a training school for Filipino physical disposition, and his blithe
directors. spirit of play. He had
He went to Japan and China to arrange established himself deeply
personally the participation of the two in the affections of all
countries in the Far Eastern Games in those associated with him.
1913. Little did he dream that his
91
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activitiesof the Far Eastern
First executive secretary Luminaries Reflection
going to the Philippines
Olympics. would mean so much to
One of the founders of the Philippine the advancement of the
Amateur Athletic Federation scientific program of
Athletic director of the annual Philippine physical education there,
Carnival (1911 1917) which was in turn to have a
Appointed in the Playground Movement profound influence upon
committee that would make suggestions for the athletic life of the
its activities. Orient (as stated in one of
An instructor of physical educators at the tributes given to him
Baguio vacation institute for teachers. when he died).
Play for Everybody or All Sports for All
program throughout the world.
Civic Organizations Most enthusiastic backers:

Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA) o Don Teodoro Yangco The YMCA is intimately
Physical Education Maximum - organized in 1911 o Justice Jose Abad Santos connected with the
in the Philippines: development of the - a physical plant was constructed in o Secretary Jorge C. Bocobo development of athletics in
American Regime physical, intellectual, Manila o Senator Juan Sumulong the Philippines. With its
- built the first gymnasium for Filipinos in o Dean Conrado Benitez
(1898 - 1941) social, and spiritual well-rounded programme
1914 o Judge Manuel Camus
personality of boys of physical activities and its
- set up:
92
and young men of in
P.E.
the o swimmingActivities
pools Luminaries
o Timoteo Paez technicallyReflection
trained leaders
Philippines, in the o bowling alleys o Antonio K. Roxas supported by groups of
Christian Faith and o basketball, volleyball and handball o Jose P. Laurel altruistic Filipinos who
Life, according to the courts o Jose Sanvictores voluntarily serve in its
teachings and - responsible for the introduction into the o R. de San Agustin committees, the
traditions of their Philippines of such popular sports as: o Simplicio del Rosario Association should be able
respective churches. o basketball to continue the good work
o volleyball Americans who contributed to that it has carried on in the
o indoor baseball the success of the country with signal
- organized for the first time in the country, organization: success (according to
the following: o Governor-General William PAAF President Jorge B.
o cross-country hiking contest in 1912
Cameron Forbes Vargas).
o playground day in 1912 o Dr. Walter W. Marquardt
o volleyball league in 1914 o Elwood Stanley Brown
o interbureau league o D.A. Tener
o inter-dormitory league o J. M. Groves
o basketball league o George Goss
- set up camps where boys spent many o Golden D. Long
enjoyable hours
- conducted health campaigns
- varied activities:
o swimming and lifesaving
o social dancing
o body conditioning
93
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - founded a school of Activities
physical education in Luminaries Reflection
1914 J. Truit Maxwell YMCA
Physical Education - organized the following athletic associations: physical director, organizer of
in the Philippines: o Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation in the Philippine Physical
American Regime 1911 Education Association
(1898 - 1941) o Far Eastern Athletic Association in 1912
o Bureau of Public Schools Interscholastic
Athletic Association in 1912
o Inter-Commercial Athletic Association in
1932
Young Womens Christian Association
To promote among (YMCA) Physical Directors of the YWCA: The YWCA served as a
the young women - organized in October, 1926 o Van Sant Jenkins building of open doorways
growth in Christian - its nucleus was the Time Investment Club o Vera Barger through which thousands
character and service which started in 1921 to provide young o Lois Weir of girls and women of
through physical, women with worthwhile leisure-time o Mary Brobst different nationalities,
social, mental, and activities o Zelma Day creeds, and social
spiritual development. - organized various tournaments o Mrs. Balbina Icasiano positions have entered to
- promoted such sports as:
find a home and friend,
o basketball
relaxation and health;
o badminton
education and
o indoor baseball
o table tennis employment; opportunity
- there were classes in: and spiritual ministration;
o swimming guidance and leadership
o gymnastics training; international
o dancing understanding and
fellowship.
94
- play schools for children of pre-school

Physical Education To promote among age were established
in the Philippines: the young women - instruction in health and hobbies was
American Regime growth in Christian given
(1898 - 1941) character and service - popular projects were the girls camps
through physical, and outing activities
social, mental, and - provided recreation facilities to the:
o nurses of St. Lukes and Mary Chiles
spiritual development.
hospitals
o students of the Union Theological
Seminary
o members of the Philippine Columbian
Association
- established a club in Tondo where
women from the poor sectors could
gather for relaxation purposes and
creative activities
- contributed to the training of play leaders
and health education teachers
Boy Scouts of the Philippines U.S. Army Lieutenant Sherman The boy scouts were so
- boy scout troops composed mainly of Kiser started the first all- interested and worked
American boys who were sons of army Filipino troop hard to improve
personnel were already organized in U.S. themselves. They were
Army centers in the Philippines Manila Rotary Club (1922) in keener about the things
- the first all-Filipino troop was started in conjunction with the YMCA, that are instructive and
Zamboanga, 1914 and was called the initiated a 12,000 fund drive to worthwhile. They were
95
Lorillard Spencer Troop organize Luminaries
a local council of boy Reflection
eager for knowledge and
- soon, more troops were organized in scouts so that a body could on how to develop
other provinces direct the movement on a themselves in all aspects.
nation-wide basis
- some schools also adopted scouting as Col. J. E. H. Stevenot The activities helped
an avenue for its character-building -General Manager of the promote physical fitness
program Philippine Long Distance alongside developing ones
Physical Education One may willingly - October 31, 1936: Commonwealth Act Telephone Company duty to God and his
in the Philippines: dedicate ones self to No. 111 creating the Boy Scouts of the -convinced president Quezon of country and to help other
American Regime glorifying God, Philippines was passed by the National the need for an independent people at all times.
(1898 - 1941) sacrificing for the Assembly scout organization
motherland, and - January 1, 1938: the Boy Scouts of the -served as President of the
helping other people, Philippines was formally organized B.S.P. from 1939 to the
he cannot do so - the scout motto Be Prepared became outbreak of World War II
without fulfilling his Laging Handa
- popular patrol names such as lion, bear, Exequiel Villacorta chief scout
duty to himself, and
and flaming arrow were changed to lawin, executive of BSP when it was
that is to make himself
usa, and tamaraw formally organized
physically strong to
- the two highest scout ranks were altered
enable him to do all
from Life and Eagle to Maginoo and Jose
the things he has
Rizal Incorporators of the BSP:
resolved to - among the scout ideals, activities, and o Col. J. E. H. Stevenot
96
accomplish. skills are: Activities o Arsenio Luminaries
N. Luz Reflection
o first aid o Carlos P. Romulo
o safety o firebuilding o Vicente Lim
o athletics o signaling o Manuel Camus
o personal health o swimming o Jorge B. Vargas
o camp sanitation o tracking o G. C. Daza
o rope work o training
o camping o stalking
o outdoor cooking o hiking
o firemanship o physical development
o public health o home repairs
o craftsmanship o nature conservation
o plant cultivation o animal husbandry
o lifesaving
For girls from seven to Girl Scouts of the Philippines

eighteen years of age: - May 26, 1940: Commonwealth Act No. 542 Mrs. Josefa Llanes Escoda The Girl Scouts of the
understanding the which chartered the Girl Scouts of the first national director of the GSP Philippines is a realization
Physical Education value of ideals in a Philippines as a national organization of the vision and backing
Charter members:
in the Philippines: practical world and to - training camps were conducted in Baguio of active officers of the Boy
and Manila o Marina Y. Vargas
American Regime realize them in active Scouts of the Philippines.
- activities include: o Pilar Hidalgo Lim
(1898 - 1941) participation in home o Trinidad F. Legarda Through the out-of-doors
o hiking
and community life. o Concepcion R. Gonzales program a girl scout learns
o cookouts
o Emilia Q. Lim to look and search, to be a
o nature study
For women above o Concepcion M. Gil pathfinder and a pioneer,
o water sports
97
eighteen yearsofofP.E. Activities
age: o climbing mountains o MinervaLuminaries
G. Laudico and toReflection
be a lover of the
promoting service o crossing streams o Maria Aurora Quezon open. The activities
opportunities as would o camping o Helena Benitez included in the program
make them more Proficiency Badges: o Lulu Reyes help girls and women
useful to the Brownie Program o Erlinda Kalaw become empowered
community and the o athlete o swimmer o Betty Magalona individuals for they have
o first aider o team player o Leni Alano
nation as a whole. developed themselves to
o gardener o woodworker o Lily de las Alas
be active members of the
o house orderly o Lourdes Ledesma
community.
Intermediate Program
o agriculture and community life
o health and safety
o homemaking
o music and dancing
o nature
o out-of-doors
o sports and games
Senior Program
o out-of-doors
o service
o preparedness
o special hobbies
He was an athlete during his student days.
98
Period
Physical of
Education Philosophy
Promotion of P.E.
of physical He was a member Activities
of the Cebu and U.P. Luminaries
Dr. Regino R. Ylanan Upon hisReflection
death in 1963,
in the Philippines: education in the baseball and weight teams. PAAF President Antonio de
American Regime Philippines through Far Eastern Games (Manila, 1913): he las Alas said in tribute to
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to won the pentathlon, discus, and shot-put his memory, I consider Dr.
take charge of events. Ylanan the most
physical activities in Far Eastern Games (Shanghai, 1915): he outstanding of all
the country. Sent in won a gold medal in shot-put and bronze sportsmen in the
1918-19 by the medal in pentathlon. Philippines. His record of
government as a Far Eastern Olympics (Tokyo, 1917): service in sports will be
pencionado to the Captain and catcher of the Philippine hard to equal. He
United States to take baseball team. maintained the purity of
up advanced studies 1920 1927: Phyical Director of the amateurismHe was a
in physical education. University of the Philippines real sportsman, a
Responsible for making physical gentleman, and a great
education a requirement for all students loss.
enrolled at the U.P.
He contributed greatly to Philippine
participation in international competition in
these various capacities:
- Medical officer, Philippine delegation to the
Far Eastern Championship Games in
Shanghai May, 1921.
- Medical officer and head coach, Philippine
baseball team to the Far Eastern
Championship Games in Osaka, Japan
1923.
- Philippine representative and coach, track
team to the World Olympics in Paris
1924.
- Medical officer and track and field coach,
Philippine teams to the Olympic Games in
99
Amsterdam 1928. Luminaries Reflection
- General Manager, Far Eastern

Physical Education Promotion of physical Championship Games in Manila 1934.
in the Philippines: education in the - Business Manager and head coach,
American Regime Philippines through Philippine delegation to the Berlin
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to Olympics 1936
take charge of He organized the National Collegiate
physical activities in Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1925.
the country. Sent in Started a summer school of physical
1918-19 by the education in 1926.
government as a Opened a coaching school in 1929.
National physical director in 1927.
pencionado to the
Secretary-treasurer of the PAAF (1927
United States to take
up advanced studies 1957)
Constructed the Rizal Memorial Field
in physical education.
during his incumbency.
Managing editor of the Filipino Athlete in
1936.
Awarded an honorary Master of Physical
Education degree by Springfield College in
June, 1950
A miler, finished fifth in the Far Eastern
Championship Games held in Manila in Serafin Aquino
1919.
Coach of the Philippine School of Arts and
100
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Trade baseballActivities
and track and field teams Luminaries Reflection
for five years
(1922 27).
Physical director of the National University
in 1927.
Physical education supervisor of the PAAF
in 1928.
Supervisor of physical education at the
Bureau of Education for seven years
Became the bureau superintendent of One of the great steps

Physical Education Promotion of physical physical education in 1937. undertaken in the
in the Philippines: education in the Executive secretary-treasurer of the PAAF. promotion of physical
American Regime Philippines through Coached the Philippine track and field education in the
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to team at the Far Eastern Olympics held in Philippines was the
take charge of Shanghai (1927), Tokyo (1930), and the training of Filipinos to take
physical activities in Philippines (1934). charge of physical
the country. Sent in Assistant of the Philippine delegation to activities in the country.
1918-19 by the Japan and Korea in 1935. When these Filipino
government as a Coach of the track and field teams in the pensionados returned to
pencionado to the Berlin World Olympics in 1936. the Philippines, they took
United States to take Credited with the following achievements: charge of the various
up advanced studies o Organizing the Physical Education physical education
in physical education. Section in the Bureau of Education; activities in the country.
o Founding the summer school of
physical education for teachers in the
101
public schools; Luminaries Reflection
o Organizing the Bureau of Public
Schools Interscholastic Athletic
Association;
o Enriching the physical education
program in the public schools;
o Shaping definite policies about physical
education in the Bureau of Education;
and
o Holding of workshops, institutes, and
clinics in the different provinces for the
benefit of physical education teachers.
A sportsman and a sportswriter.
Assistant sports editor of the old
Cablenews American in 1915 and Manila Pedro T. Villanueva
Daily Bulletin in 1917.
Sports editor of the Manila Times in 1919

and of the Philippines Herald from 1925 to
Physical Education Promotion of physical 1941.
in the Philippines: education in the Appointed physical director of the Iloilo
American Regime Philippines through High School, then of the Philippine Normal
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to School in 1924.
take charge of Supervisor of physical education at the
physical activities in Bureau of Education in 1945-48.
Physical director of the University of the
102
the country. Sent in East for sixteenActivities
years. Luminaries Reflection
1918-19 by the Coached the victorious Philippine
government as a basketball team to the 1930 Far Eastern
pencionado to the Games in Tokyo, the La Salle and San
United States to take Beda College quintets, and the U.P.
up advanced studies Varsity basketball and football teams.
in physical education. Other positions held:
o President Philippine Physical
Education Association
o Secretary UAAP
o Chairman PAAF basketball committee
o Member PAAF executive committee
o Member PAAF football committee
Member of the Philippine track and field
teams at the Far Eastern Olympic Games Pedro Ablan
of 1917 and 1919.
Coach of the Philippine track and field
teams to the Far Eastern Games in 1930.
Supervisor of physical education at the
Bureau of Education in 1936-38.
Physical director of the Philippine Normal
School in 1938-41
Superintendent of physical education at
the Bureau of Public Schools.
103
Period of Philosophy of P.E. YMCA physicalActivities
director Luminaries Reflection
Acting physical director of the University of Geronimo T. Suva
Physical Education Promotion of physical the Philippines
in the Philippines: education in the Chief of the athletic and recreation section
American Regime Philippines through of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(1898 - 1941) training of Filipinos to Popularized morning calisthenics.
take charge of Physical director in 1937 at the State
physical activities in University.
the country. Sent in Coach of the Philippine swimming teams Candido C. Bartolome
1918-19 by the to the World Olympics in Los Angeles
government as a 1932, Berlin in 1936, London in 1948,
pencionado to the Melbourne in 1956, and Paris in 1960 and
United States to take to the Asian Games of 1950, 1954, and
up advanced studies 1958.
in physical education. He was the moving spirit behind the
formation of the Big Three (UAAP).
Instrumental in the organization of the
MBBL into an association (1961).
Her greatest contribution is her research
Anybody who on Philippine folk dances.
understands what he Boston University awarded her an Francisca Reyes Aquino
or she sees naturally honorary Doctor of Physical Education
enjoys it more than degree in 1949.
those who do not In 1954 she received from the Philippine
have any knowledge government an Award of Merit.
of it. The Far Eastern University conferred on
her in 1959 an honorary Doctor of
Humanities degree.
She won in 1959 the Presidential Citation
from the Boy Scouts of the Philippines for
Distinguished Service to the 10th World
104
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Jamboree. Activities Luminaries Reflection
Received a Certificate of Award from the

UNESCO National Commission for her
invaluable contribution to the development
of Filipino culture through folk music and
the folk dance.
The U.P. Department of Physical
Education cited her in 1961 for
outstanding contribution towards the
advancement of Filipino culture in the field
of Physical Education.
Received the coveted Rizal Pro Patria
Award in 1961.
Won the prestigious Rockefeller-
sponsored Magsaysay Award for
government service.
The following books were authored by her:
o Philippine Folk Dances and Games.
Boston: Silver Burdett and Company,
1927.
o Philippine National Dances. New York:
Silver Burdett Company, 1946.
o Foreign Folk Dances. Manila, 1947.
o Gymnastics for Girls. Manila, 1948.
105
o Dances for All Occasions. Manila, 1949. Luminaries Reflection
o Fundamental Dance Steps ad Music.
Manila, 1949.
o Rhythmic Activities. Manila, 1950.
o Philippine Folk Dances. 4 vols. Manila,
1950, 1953, 1956, 1960.
o Playground Demonstration. Manila,
1951.
o Philippine Folk Dances and Songs.
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1966.
1934: The Presidents Advisory Committee

on Dances and Songs was created with its President Jorge C. Bocobo of In restoring and making
Physical Education Preserving the task of collecting and recording songs, the University of the Philippines permanent for posterity
in the Philippines: treasury of folk dances, music, costumes, musical initiated the move to revive the one phase of the folkways
American Regime dances and songs of instruments, and customs of the country. Philippine folk dances and of the Filipinos, the State
(1898 - 1941) the Philippines for 1934 1938: Three members of the songs. University has again
posterity. committee, Mr. Ramon Tolentino, Mrs. justified its claim to a place
Fransisca R. Tolentino, and Mr. Antonino Mr. Antonino Buenaventura as an important cultural
Buenaventura, went out every summer to recorded the folk music force among the people.
the remotest barrios in the provinces and As a result of the revival of
Mr. Ramon Tolentino took still
gathered their material directly from the Philippine folk dances, the
and moving pictures of the
old people. country has been proud to
The dances were transcribed with close dancers
be able to exhibit these
attention given to their authenticity, distinct manifestations of
Mrs. Francisca R. Tolentino
quality, local color, and native form. Philippine art.
106
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activities unearthed about
The research committee Luminaries
studied the dance steps and Reflection
fifty fundamental steps and two hundred figures
folk dances.
The simple melodies were set into Committee members of the
beautiful music by committee members Conservatory of Music:
o Dr. Fransisco Santiago
from the Conservatory of Music.
August 13, 1937: the U.P. Folk Song and o Professor Antonio Molina
Dance Club was organized with the Mr. Antonino Buenaventura
following objectives:
o To cultivate and perpetuate love and
admiration for Filipino folk songs and
dances;
o To disseminate to the people in outlying
districts folk songs and dances; and
o To cooperate in carrying out the
purposes of the Presidents Committee
on Folk Songs and Dances.
-
Some members of the club were chosen
to form a troupe that would go out to the
Physical Education Preserving the provinces to present folk dance recitals.
in the Philippines: treasury of folk - Lectures on the same subject were also
American Regime dances and songs of given by the troupers to teachers of both
(1898 - 1941) the Philippines for private and public schools.
posterity. The University of the Philippines made
Philippine folk dancing a regular part of
107
the service course in physical education, Luminaries Reflection
and opened a professional course
specializing in Philippine folk dances.
The presentation of native dances was
made a constant feature in all important
university celebrations.
1940: the Bureau of Education Folk Song
and Dance club was organized under the
auspices of the Physical Education
Section of the Instruction Division.
Folk dances became a regular part of the
physical education program.
Private schools followed the pattern set
first by the University of the Philippines
and which was later adopted by the
Bureau of Education.
Research Findings of Mrs. Aquino:
The Jotas, Habaneras, Kuratsas, and
Pandangos were typically Spanish.
The Kandingan, Sua-Sua, Badjao, Daling-
Daling, and Malangka manifested Malayan
traits.
The Alcamfor, Pasakat, Minuete Yano,
and Rigodon were derived from the
French.
108
The Lanceros and Birginia showed the
American touch.
The Ba-Ingles presented English features.
The Redoba presented German features.
While incorporating most of the
characteristics of the foreign dances,
Filipinos had taken care to retain the
typically charming and piquant native traits
of the folk dances.
Non-Christian dances have remained
pure.
The dances were divided according to
their:
o steps
o the persons, birds, beasts, or plants
they were named after
o the implements, objects, or costumes
used in the dances
o their places of origin
o their nature
o speed of movement
o formation
o special distinguishing features
People living near the sea had dances and
songs about fishing and rowing.
Those in the coconut regions performed
dances using coconut shells.
Those in the rice-producing provinces had
dances depicting the various stages of
109
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activitiesrice.
planting and harvesting Luminaries Reflection
Persons in the economically self-sufficient
areas had gay and lively dances.
In places where livelihood was hard such

as the Ilocos regions, dances were sad,
slow, and even mournful.
Womans high place in the Philippine
society and her traditional modesty were
amply presented in many love, courtship,
and wedding dances.
Dances were performed with little or no
body contact.
The woman was always presented as shy
and reserved, in addition to being slow
and languid in her movements.
The man was usually chivalrous, brave,
dynamic, and vigorous in action.
As a rule, dances began and ended with a
saludo or curtsey, and the usual
arrangement was couples in longways
formation.
Foot movements were generally uniform
everywhere.
Usually, only simple hops and turns were
110
Period of Philosophy of P.E. used. Activities Luminaries Reflection
Because of the tropical climate, most
Philippine dances were slow and
languorous since vigorous movements
would cause undue fatigue.
Majority of the dances utilized only one
rhythm - 3 / 4.
Dances were usually performed to the
accompaniment of a gong, guitar, violin, or
any combination of bamboo and wind
instruments (musikang bumbong) which
were locally made.
1904: School health service of the Bureau

of Education began Dr. Victor G. Heiser first In the promotion of health
Physical Education Promotion of the 1905: the Bureau of Health (Philippine director of the Bureau of Health through the health
in the Philippines: health of the people. Health Service) was organized. education program, the
American Regime 1907: the Philippine Medical School and Dr. Aurora B. Peck assigned schools became the
(1898 - 1941) the first School of Nursing in the Philippine physician by the Bureau of primary centers that
General Hospital were established. Health to help the schools contributed to the success
Red Cross establish their health service of the program.
- expanded its services in 1917 to
include:
first aid training
public health nursing
child health care
111
Period of Philosophy of P.E. ActivitiesSociety
Philippine Tuberculosis Luminaries Reflection
- organized on July 29, 1910
Gota de Leche
- formed by American and Filipino
women in 1906
- distributed milk to infants of poor,
undernourished mothers
1913: the Womens Club opened a day
nursery led by Miss Jane S. Jack.
1926: the government began its own
maternal and child care through
puericulture centers and well-baby clinics.
1911: A law was passed requiring a
medical examination of all children in the
public schools.
A health and education period was
included in the curriculum of the
elementary and high school departments.
1912: the University of the Philippines had

started military training. Governor-General Leonard With the establishment of
Physical Education Recognizing the value 1916: all able-bodied male students at Wood presented a program of the Commonwealth of the
in the Philippines: of military training in U.P. were required to undergo military drill studies for military training, Philippines in 1935, the
American Regime contributing to general with officers of the Philippine Constabulary approved and became the U.P. defense of the country
112
Period
(1898 of
- 1941) Philosophy
physical of P.E.
conditioning. Activities
and the Philippine National guard as Luminaries
Corps of Cadets Reflection
became a matter of
instructors. primary importance. The
1917: military drill was introduced into the passage of the National
curriculum due mainly to the Philippine Defense Act developed
offer of 25,000 troops to the United States physically strong and
forces fighting in World War I. morally confident men.
There was no definite program of
instruction, no rigid training schedule; only
wooden guns were used and instruction
was informal.
1922: the U.P. Corps of Cadets was
created as a program of studies for
military training.
Annual tactical inspection at the end of the
school year wherein cadets were checked
on their proficiency in:
o close order and extended order drills
o map reading
o musketry
o scouting and patrolling
o tent pitching
o machine gun drill
o minor tactics
o chemical service
Annual military field meet wherein each
company and battery vied with one
another in various contests
113
The U.P. program was then followed by

the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and
Physical Education Recognizing the value the Ateneo de Manila which also set up
in the Philippines: of military training in similar ROTC units.
American Regime contributing to general 1936: Commonwealth Act No. 1 or
(1898 - 1941) physical conditioning. National Defense Act was passed.
o With its passage, the Bureau of
Education revamped the physical
education program and passed a
circular providing military training for
boys above ten years of age.
o All schools were required to offer
preparatory military training two days
each week.
o The time allotment was as follows:
w 40 minutes primary grades
w 50 minutes intermediate
department
w 1 hour high school
w The other three days were reserved
for regular physical education
activities.
o Full-time military training became
compulsory.
o A young man may substitute the two-
year Reserve Officers Training Corps
(ROTC) basic instruction for the full-
time trainee course.
114
In order to better propagate the ideals of The bleak and depressing

the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Dr. Jose P. Laurel declared in atmosphere of the times
Physical Education A reasonable amount Sphere, normal institutes were established. a speech on October 15, 1943: was not conducive to
in the Philippines: of daily exercise is Physical Education was an hour period, All students in our schools, physical exuberance. The
Japanese indispensable to keep two times a week and was emphasized in colleges, and universities must Filipino, tutored in the
Occupation you healthy and all levels of education. be subjected to the rigid American way of
(1942 - 1945) strong and thereby Compulsory mass physical education was discipline of a well-regulated democratic living, refused
develop your capacity required of all students (elementary daily schedule. to be ordered around by
and endurance for through college) and employees. the Japanese. And while
hard work. o Radio Taisho or Daily Calisthenics of the other countries in the
the Air was broadcast in the morning, in East accepted Japan
the afternoon, and between office because the latter had
hours. better to offer than their
o During these periods all students were previous sovereigns, only
assembled in the schoolyard and were in the Philippines were the
ordered to exercise in accordance with Japanese unsuccessful to
Japanese instructions aired over the a considerable degree in
radio. their technique, as shown
o Employees were massed in front of or by the resistance offered
behind the office building and were also by many.
115
Period of Philosophy of P.E. compelled toActivities
perform gymnastics as Luminaries Reflection
prompted over the radio.
o All athletic fields, gymnasiums, and
stadiums were taken over by the
Japanese soldiers and converted into
garrisons.
Competitive athletics and sports activities
were paralyzed.
PAAF was inactive because the Japanese
Army suspected and checked movements
of any association then in existence.
The military authorities adopted a policy of
discouraging all ball games such as
basketball, baseball, football and volleyball.
The U.S. Army Engineering Corps Swimming team first placers in The physical education
Physical Education Healthful living in a immediately set about to reconstruct the the First Asian Games: movement was greatly set
in the Philippines: wholesome Rizal Memorial Stadium and various A. Salamat: 100-meter back during the Japanese
Contemporary environment so as to games among the different army outfits backstroke occupation. The fight for
Period be physically strong were played there. J. Cayco: 200-meter the liberation of the country
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to Baseball bats and balls, basketballs, nets, breaststroke did additional harm
meet the and other athletic equipment were A. Salamat, J. Cayco, and N. because of the wanton
requirements of a donated by the army both to private Rajab: 3 x 100-meter medley destruction of the
useful life and to individuals and public institutions. relay gymnasiums, stadiums,
make wise use of Sports immediately rehabilitated after the and other existing athletic
leisure time for self- war were: Second Asian Games winners facilities. A redeeming
116
Period of Philosophy of
improvement and P.E.
for o tennis Activities Luminaries
(swimming): factor inReflection
the fight for the
the service of the o basketball P. Nabuila: 200-meter butterfly liberation of the Philippines
community. o baseball for men was the presence of
Once again foreign teams are being Haydee Coloso and Jocelyn von thousands of American
invited to play in the Philippines in order to Giese: 100-meter free style and servicemen who were
foster athletics in the country. 100-meter backstroke stationed all over the
Filipino players are sent abroad to country. These men of the
participate in exhibition matches and Second Asian Games winners armed forces of the United
acquire better skills. (boxing): States were well provided
Various Philippine delegations are sent to E. Sajo: flyweight with athletic equipment
compete in international meets. A. Ortuoste: bantamweight and had a rich program of
1951: A three-man team reached the C. Espinosa: lightweight recreation. They radiated
semifinals of the European Zone Davis E. Porto: light welterweight their zest for athletic
Cup competition. The team is composed V. Tunacao: light middleweight activities in their every
of: association with Filipinos.
o Felicisimo Ampon
Second Asian Games winners
o Raymundo Deyro
(shooting):
o Cesar Carmona
A. Einsiedel
The Philippines won the championship of
M. Gison
the Davis Cup tournament Eastern Zone A. Feliciano
in 1957, 1958, and 1960. H. Castelo
V. Zalvidea
March, 1951: First Asian Games in New They lifted the people out
Physical Education Healthful living in a Delhi, India. Third Asian Games winners: of the confusion effected
in the Philippines: wholesome The Philippines won: Adolfo Feliciano free rifle by the war and assured
117
Period of
Contemporary Philosophy so
environment of as
P.E.
to Activities
o Basketball and high jump Visitacion Luminaries
Bedana broad jump Reflection
them that with American
Period be physically strong championships Inocencia Solis 100-meter assistance, athletics could
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to o Swimming dash be rehabilitated and
meet the Manila, 1954: Second Asian Games R. Deyro and F. Ampon mens revitalized.
requirements of a The Philippines won in: tennis doubles With the grant of
useful life and to o basketball R. Deyro mens tennis singles independence, the
make wise use of o boxing Remigio Vista, Pedro Subido, Philippine government
o shooting
leisure time for self- Isaac Gomez and Enrique started perpetuating the
Tokyo, 1958: Third Asian Games
improvement and for Bautista 400-meter mens wholesome attitude toward
The Philippines won in:
the service of the o basketball championship track relay physical education which
community. o eight first places Sandra won Giese, Victoria was earlier promoted by
o eighteen second places Cagayat, Sylvia von Giese and the Americans. It realizes
o nineteen third places Haydee Coloso-Espino 400- only too well the
Indonesia, 1962: Fourth Asian Games meter womens swimming relay importance of a physically-
The Philippines won: able citizenry that must set
o basketball championship the country to higher and
o four medals in track and field greater heights as a
o gold medal in boxing sovereign nation.
o gold medal in tennis
London, 1948: Olympics
Philippines won in weightlifting
Helsinki, 1952: Olympics
The Philippines won in weightlifting
Melbourne, 1956: Olympics
The Philippines won:
o 7th place in basketball
o Special honors to Carlos Loyzaga and
Antonio Genato who were named to
the All-Olympic Basketball Selection
118
Tokyo, 1964: Olympics Fourth Asian Games winners:

Physical Education Healthful living in a Anthony Villanueva won a silver medal in Mona Sulaiman 100-meter
in the Philippines: wholesome the featherweight division. dash and 200-meter dash
Contemporary environment so as to December 16, 1967: the First National Men and women team 4 x 100
Period be physically strong Sports and Physical Fitness Festival was meter relay
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to held at the Rizal Memorial Track-Football M. Alikpala boxing
meet the Stadium. welterweight division
requirements of a Early 1960: Association for the J. Jose tennis singles
useful life and to Advancement of Amateur Athletics (AAAA)
make wise use of was formed for the purpose of organizing 1948 Olympics winner:
leisure time for self- a federation system of sports in the Rodrigo del Rosario fifth place
improvement and for Philippines. in the featherweight division
the service of the June 17, 1961: Republic Act 3135 or (weightlifting)
community. Sports Federation Law was passed.
o Under this law, each sport in the 1952 Olympics winners in
Philippines is governed by a national weightlifting:
association that is autonomous in Rodrigo del Rosario 4th place,
character and has exclusive control featherweight class
over the development and promotion of Pedro Landero 6th place,
the special sport for which it is bantamweight class
organized.
o The country is divided into regions in
order to effect better promotion and
supervision of the sport.
o The national association is the
governing body but it delegates
119
authority to the provincial chapters Luminaries Reflection
which in turn take charge of the
development of the sport in the towns
and barrios.
Philippine Amateur Swimming Association

Physical Education Healthful living in a (PASA)
in the Philippines: wholesome o Inaugurated on October 27, 1962 an
Contemporary environment so as to age group swimming program where
Period be physically strong young swimmers are group into various
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to age levels to insure a continuous supply
meet the of champions.
requirements of a Philippine Football Association (PFA)
useful life and to o Launched the Boys Football Association
make wise use of (BOFO) series.
leisure time for self- o Has set down a ruling that for a team to
improvement and for compete in any tournament it sponsors,
the service of the at least sixty percent of the players
community. must be Filipinos.
Amateur Boxing Association of the
Philippines (ABAP)
o Gabriel Flash Elorde world junior
lightweight champion
120
Period of Philosophy of P.E. o Roberto Cruz Activities
world welterweight Luminaries Reflection
champion
Philippine Lawn Tennis Association
(PHILTA)
o Initiated a program to send promising
players on regional tours to play
exhibition matches with provincial
neophytes. Luis Silverio winner of an
Philippine Amateur Golf Association Outstanding Athlete of the
(PAGA) Year award; won the third
o Promulgated definite rules and Southeast Asian golf
standardized certain procedures for the championship in Kuala Lumpur
proper conduct of golf tournaments. in 1963
Basketball Association of the Philippines

Physical Education Healthful living in a (BAP)
in the Philippines: wholesome o Has sent teams to all the important
Contemporary environment so as to sports festivals.
Period be physically strong o The Philippines has been a consistent
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to Asian basketball champion.
meet the Philippine Amateur Volleyball Association
requirements of a (PAVA)
useful life and to o Its objective is to produce teams of
make wise use of international stature.
121
leisure of self-
time for P.E. Activities
Philippine Amateur Baseball Association Luminaries Reflection
improvement and for (PABA)
the service of the o Seeking to regain the popularity that the
community. sport once enjoyed in the Philippines
before World War II.
o The Philippines won the baseball
championship at the 1954 Asian
Games.
Cycling
o Revived in the Philippines in 1955.
o Tour of Luzon: held first in 1956 as a
five-day affair but it has grown into a
twelve-day contest involving prizes
exceeding 60,000.
o At the First Asian Cycling
Championship in 1963 at Kuala
Lumpur, the Philippine team won one
bronze and four gold medals.
Philippine Amateur Judo Association
(PAJA)
o Filipino dans are sent to the Kodokan
Institute, a famous judo school in
Japan, to learn techniques of the sport.
Gymnastic Association of the Philippines

Physical Education Healthful living in a (GAP)
122
Period
in the of
Philippines: Philosophy
wholesome of P.E. Activities
o Seeking to develop in the schools this Luminaries Reflection
Contemporary environment so as to sport that promotes self-discipline,
Period be physically strong grace, precision, and ability.
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to o The first participation of Filipino
meet the gymnasts in international competition
requirements of a was at the Tokyo Olympics of 1964.
useful life and to Shooting
make wise use of o The high cost of ammunition is a big
leisure time for self- problem in the promotion of the sport in
improvement and for the Philippines.
the service of the Philippine Badminton Association
community. o Hopes to promote the sport further by
having it included in the school
curriculum and interscholastic meets,
holding clinics for young people all over
the country, and importing equipment
for resale at cost to local enthusiasts.
o In 1962, the Philippines sent its first
badminton team to play at the Asian
Games in Jakarta.
Philippine Weightlifting and Bodybuilding
Association (PWABA)
o Holds national tournaments in various
places.
o Launched the importation of lifting
paraphernalia.
Table Tennis Association of the Philippines
(TATAP)
o The group with the widest program of
activities but tends to concentrate
projects only in Manila.
123
National Archery Association of the

Physical Education Healthful living in a Philippines (NAAP)
in the Philippines: wholesome o A national tournament is conducted
Contemporary environment so as to each February.
Period be physically strong o A silver cup was won by Filipino archers
(1946 - ) and mentally fit to in the 1962 Asian Games at Jakarta.
meet the Amateur Softball Association (ASA)
requirements of a o Organized only in 1965.
useful life and to Philippine Yachting Association (PYA)
make wise use of o Yachting activities are centered in the
leisure time for self- Manila Yacht Club.
Manila Polo Club
improvement and for
o Sponsors activities in polo.
the service of the
Car racing
community.
o The soap box derby, a popular event
Arsenio Laurel two-time
among young boys, is staged annually
(1962, 1963) winner of the
by the Better Boys Association.
Philippine Amateur Fencing Association Macao Grand Prix
(PAFA)
Karate Federation of the Philippines
(KAFEPHIL)
Jai alai: Philippine Amateur Pelotari
Association (PAPA)
o Popularly called the game of a
thousand thrills.
124
o Similar to a handball but played with the Luminaries Reflection
use of the cesta, wicker crescent.
o Makes use of a back wall called the
pared de rebote.
o Scoring: the first man to gain five points
wins.
National Arnis Association (NAA)
Sipa and Arnis
Bayanihan Folk Arts Center of the

Philippine Womens University Mrs. Lucrecia Reyes Urtula These ambassadors of the
Physical Education Putting Philippine folk o Designated the Bayanihan Dancers directed the dance troupe of the dance generated much
in the Philippines: dances on the special cultural ambassadors of the Bayanihan Folk Arts Center sent goodwill for the country in
Contemporary international scene. country in 1959. to the International Exposition in the various places that
Period o Toured the U.S., Europe and Australia. Brussels, 1958 they visited and
(1946 - ) o 1960: won a Special Critics Award for contributed much to
Folk Ensemble at the Fete des Nations enhance Philippine
in Paris. prestige abroad. At the
o The repertoire they presented same time, they developed
consisted of the following: national pride among the
I. Dance of the Mountain People Filipinos and promoted
II. Regional Variations
greater interest in
III. Mindanao Dance
IV. In Rural Philippines Philippine culture.
FEU Dance Troupe
o Made its debut in 1957 during a
125
Philippine Folk Dance Festival at the Luminaries Reflection
Rizal Memorial Coliseum.
o 1959: the group went to France on the
invitation of the French government
and performed at the Theatre des
Nations in Paris.
o Toured nine European countries.
o Won grand prizes in Spain.
o Their presentation was entitled
Portrait of a Filipino and was
composed of the following:
I. Tribal and Muslim Dances
II. Courtship Dances
III. Social Dances
IV. National Dances
V. Religious and Ceremonial Dances
Baranggay Folk Dance Troupe of the Mrs. Paz Cielo Belmonte

Philippine Normal College organized the Baranggay Folk
Physical Education Putting Philippine folk o Organized in 1959. Dance Troup; dance director
in the Philippines: dances on the o The outstanding characteristic of their
Contemporary international scene. group is the folk-like and unaffected
Period way they present their dances.
(1946 - ) o Toured ten Southeast Asian countries.
o The following was their repertoire:
I. Muslim Dances
II. Christian Dances
126
III. Tribal Mountain Dances Luminaries Reflection
IV. Dances of the Yesteryears
V. Dances of the Countryside
Filipinescas
o Dance group that specializes in
stylized native dances. Mrs. Leonor Orosa Goquinco
o 1961: won a grand prize at the Festival director and choreographer of
Folklorico Ibero-Americano in Spain Filipinescas
o Also performed in Germany,
Scandinavia, and Washington.
o Its presentation was called
Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend,
and Love in Dance.
The Great Difference, High Pockets, Among the hundreds of
King Caloy, Stupendous Spire and El Carlos Loyzaga athletes of the
Leon contemporary period, four
Plays three positions (center, forward, and have carved for
guard) equally well. themselves permanent
He led the San Beda Lions to four NCAA niches in Philippine sports
championships and one national crown. hall of fame Carlos
Responsible for YCOs winning seven Loyzaga, Gabriel Elorde,
consecutive national championships Felicisimo Ampon, and
(1954-60) and five MICAA cage titles. Rodolfo Tan Cardoso.
127
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Mainstay of theActivities
Philippine basketball Luminaries Reflection
Physical Education teams at the following competitions: They have shown
in the Philippines: o All four Asian Games in which the outstanding ability and
Contemporary Philippines emerged as champion have exemplified the best
Period (1951, 1954, 1958 and 1962). qualities of true sportsmen.
(1946 - ) o Two Olympics (1952 & 1956)
o Two World Championships (1954 and
1959).
o Two Asian Basketball Conference
Championships (1960 and 1963).
He has won various honors:
o twenty-five gold medals
o Athlete of the Year
o Mr. Basketball
o one of the Best Ten Cagers of the World
Selection (Brazil, 1954)
o All-Olympic Basketball Choice
(Melbourne, 1956)
He won the world junior lightweight
championship by defeating Harold Gomes Gabriel Flash Elorde
in Manila, 1960.
A friend and a former boxer, Lucio
Laborte, taught him the rudiments of
boxing.
He started fighting professionally at
seventeen in Cebu in 1951 and won his
first professional fight by defeating Kid
Gonzaga by TKO in the fourth round.
He also held the Oriental lightweight
crown and bantamweight and
featherweight titles of the Orient.
128
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Experts classifyActivities
him as a scientific or Luminaries Reflection
thinking fighter.
Asian chess champion at age twenty-five.

He started by watching chess games at a
Physical Education barber shop in Alaminos in 1947, then Rodolfo Tan Cardoso
in the Philippines: kibitzing, and finally, by formally joining in
Contemporary the games.
Period 1955: he became the champion of
(1946 - ) Pangasinan by defeating twelve
challengers at the age of eighteen.
1956: he won the first national junior
chess championship with a four-year
scholarship.
Chosen by the Philippine Sportswriters
Association as the Chess Player of the
Year 1956, 1957 and 1958.
He was runner up to Russias international
grand master David Bronstein in the
number of games won and overall
percentage at the XIIth Moscow Chess
Olympics.
He was conferred the title International
Chess Master by the Federacion
International Des Echecs (FIDE), the first
Asian to attain that distinction.
129
He was also awarded the Norman Vincent Luminaries Reflection
Brilliancy Trophy for placing fifth in the
world junior chess tournament in Toronto,
Canada in 1957.
Physical education is a requirement from

the elementary to the college level. The most important
Physical Education Physical education is Time allotment for physical training: agencies for developing
in the Philippines: a preparation for life o Primary twenty minutes interest in physical
Contemporary and that the best o Intermediate thirty minutes education among the youth
Period preparation for life is o High schools forty minutes are the schools. The
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad o College thirty-three to thirty-six hours increasing recognition of
interest in moral and per semester or one hour, two days a the place of physical
character training week during the first two years education in general
derived from Students who are physically handicapped education and the rising
wholesome activities. are placed in a special class upon popularity of physical
presentation of a medical certificate and education among the youth
are given activities adapted to their of the country has made
particular conditions. imperative the training of
Public Schools Interscholastic Athletic
more leaders and teachers
130
Association (PSIAA): Intramural Luminaries inReflection
the field.
competitions Interscholastic
competitions Provincial meets
Interprovincial meets Public
Interscholastic Athletic Association Meet
Mass demonstrations in gymnastics and
folk dances are presented.
Private Schools Interscholastic Athletic
Association (PRISAA)
o organized on February 17, 1953
o 1962: the board of governors decided to
reduce the units or participants to eight
from thirteen.
Instruction in the skills is more thorough
and advanced.
There is also emphasis on swimming.
Three big collegiate athletic associations

in the Philippines:
Physical Education Physical education is o University Athletic Association of the
in the Philippines: a preparation for life Philippines (UAAP)
Contemporary and that the best o National Collegiate Athletic Association
Period preparation for life is (NCAA)
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad o State Colleges and Universities Athletic
131
interest of P.E.
in moral and Activities
Association (SCUAA) Luminaries Reflection
character training Qualifications of Physical Education
derived from Teachers:
wholesome activities. o Elementary: practical courses in physical
education (athletics, fundamentals of folk
dancing, group games, gymnastics) at
summer sessions
o Secondary and College: B.P.E. (Bachelor
of Physical Education), B.S.E. (Bachelor
of Science in Education, major in
Physical Education), or C.P.E. (Certificate
in Physical Education).
o Physical Director (head of physical
education department): M.P.E. (Master of
Physical Education) or M.A. (Master of
Arts, major in physical education).
Class size and Physical Education
Uniforms
o There should not be more than sixty
students under an instructor during each
period.
o Both the P.E. instructor and the student
should wear appropriate shoes and
uniforms during the play period.
132
Period of Philosophy of P.E. Activitiesof Physical
1924: The Department Luminaries Reflection
Education of the University of the
Physical Education Physical education is Philippines started offering professional
in the Philippines: a preparation for life courses.
Contemporary and that the best 1925: The University of the Philippines
Period preparation for life is offered summer courses in physical
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad education and athletic coaching for public
interest in moral and school teachers.
character training October 11, 1930: the Board of Regents
derived from approved the curriculum leading to the
wholesome activities. Certificate in Physical Education.
1933: The Bachelor of Physical Education
course was started.
1937: The curriculum was revised to give
students a chance to choose their course.
In order to earn a B.P.E. (Bachelor of
Physical Education) degree, a student
must take eighteen units more of
professional physical education courses
than are required of candidates for a
B.S.E. (major in physical education).
1967: an Institute of Physical Education
was organized with two programs
opened:
o Six-week non-credit coaching
proficiency course in baseball and
softball, track and field, basketball and
volleyball.
o Forty-unit course leading to a
Certificate in Physical Education taken
on a semester (20 units per) or
133
summer plan (ten units per). Luminaries Reflection
National College of Education

o 1938: accredited regular courses in
Physical Education Physical education is physical education were conducted in
in the Philippines: a preparation for life cooperation with the PAAF.
Contemporary and that the best o 1940: the Bureau of Education and the
Period preparation for life is PAAF agreed to run the summer school
(1946 - ) acquiring of a broad of physical education as a joint
interest in moral and venture.
character training o In order to earn a Certificate in
derived from Physical Education, a student must
wholesome activities. complete forty units from among their
required subjects.
o A graduate study program leading to a
Masters degree in Physical Education
is also offered
Philippine Normal College
o The government training center for
elementary school teachers.
o Physical education courses required:
- PE 101 (Women) Fundamental of
Physical Skill and Games and
Sports, (Men) Volleyball, Basketball,
and Table Tennis
134
Period of Philosophy of P.E. - ActivitiesFundamentals of
PE 102 (Women) Luminaries Reflection
Rhythmic, Folk, and Social Dances,
(Men) Gymnastics, Rhythmical
Activities, and Officiating
- PE 204 (Men and Women) Physical
Education and Recreation for
Elementary Grades
135

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Period of Philosophy of P.E.

Activities Luminaries Reflection

Valued exercise at - The Chinese valued

-Egypt has the most

Spartans never indulged

Males are subject to military training

Paidotribe - physical education

Palaestra - an open area suitable for Plato who subscribed

-Their brief was not with

- Learn the basic religious rites and

Galen discussed exercises

Johanne Friedrich Guts Muths

Johanne Friedrich Hervart

Philipp Emanuel VonFellenberg

Konrad a teacher of history Hermann said in the

PHYSICAL The Scottish Royal

-1933- Mexico organized the Pan- American

Southern One crop economy Dancing Dr. Thomas Walker- a land

Dio Lewis (1823-1886)-

PHYSICAL -Through south -popular sports include: -Education has been

field events, basketball, fencing, swimming, church, which since the

might also study classical

The Frontier -Land hungry - Hunting - Clark Class differences were

. with a system that stressed

-December 29, 1851 was the calisthenics and

these gestures everybody

National Education Association embedded in all school

developed. The value of

They express their faith in

- the highlight of the dance was the

Church-centered physical activities

The Filipinos eagerly watched the dances

Arnis or native fencing

The La Independencia, influential Filipino Teodoro Sandico and Graciano

o Physical Education III (thirty minutes in the

Follow the leader

Playing rules for the following sports were

The girls finally took interest in the

National champions from 1923

The girls also studied folk dances of other

Athletic color competitions patterned after American male teachers took

An open championship meet was

In 1916: The motto Athletics for Every

o In 1924, the National Collegiate Athletic

International Competition Far Eastern Games Filipino

o World Olympics, 1924 Fifth Meet

9th Olympic Games Filipino

Larry Montes became the

Philippine boxers who won world

Extending the physical training program Governor Forbes, more

YMCA physical director In his extra ordinary career

Civic Organizations Most enthusiastic backers:

- play schools for children of pre-school

For girls from seven to Girl Scouts of the Philippines

He was an athlete during his student days.

- General Manager, Far Eastern

Became the bureau superintendent of One of the great steps

Sports editor of the Manila Times in 1919

Received a Certificate of Award from the

1934: The Presidents Advisory Committee

In places where livelihood was hard such

1904: School health service of the Bureau

1912: the University of the Philippines had