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Study of the natural phenomena and the
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Chemical Energy
in the fields
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
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1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Base quantity
1 any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument.
A physical quantity is ..
2 stopwatch, metre rule balance,thermometer,ammeter
Examples of scientific instruments :
etc.
3 A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical
quantities.
4 Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured.
battery
6 Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are :
Light intensity
i) ..unit candela ii) .
.. Amount of substance unit ..
mol
2
Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Standard Form
1 Standard form = A x 10 n , 1 < A < 10 and n = integer
simplify the expression of very large and small numbers
2 Standard form is used to ...
3 Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following
quantities in standard form :
6.37 x 106 m
a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =.
1.673 x 10-27 kg
b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =...
3.0 x 10 -4 m
c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m =
7.2 x 10 -8 m
b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = ...
5.5 x 10-7
c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = ..
Prefixes
represent a large physical quantity or extremely small quantity in S.I
1. Prefixes are usually used to ...
units.
before the unit as a multiplying factor.
2. It will be written
3. The list of prefixes : Eg :
10
12 Tera (T)
1 x 1012 m
1 Tm = .
9
10 Giga (G) 3.6 x 10-3A
6
3.6 mA = .
10 Mega (M) How to change the unit ;
2 Eg :
103 101 kilo (k) Hekto (ha)
10 Deka (da) 1. Mega to nano
1.33 MA = 1.33 x 106 A
100 10
-1
desi (d)
-2
10 centi (s) = 1.33 x 10 6-(-9) nA
-3
10 mili (m)
= 1.33 x 10 -15 nA
-6
10 micro () 1.23 Tm to unit m unit
2. Tera to micro
10-9 nano (n) 1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 10 12m
-12
= 1.23 x 10 12 (-6)m
10 pico (p)
= 1.23 x 10 18m
5456 pA to MA unit
5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA
3. piko to Mega
= 5.456 x 10 -9 pA
= 5.456 x 10 -9 (6) MA
= 5.456 x 10 -15 MA
4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and
small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the
quantities in standard prefixes:
9.1 x 10 1MHz
a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = .
1
12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10 Mm
b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m =
2
383 Mm = 3.83 x 10 Mm
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m =
6.0 x 10 12 Tm
d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg =
3
Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Derived quantities
Derived Name of
Formula Derived unit
quantity derived unit
area area = length x width m x m = m2
3
volume volume = length x width x height mxmxm=m
mass kg
density density 3
kg m 3
volume m
displacement m
velocity velocity m s 1
time s
momentum momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1
m s 1
m s -1 s 1
change in velocity s
Acceleration accelerati on
time m s 2
force
pressure pressure kg m s-2 / m2 kg m-1 s-2
area
(Nm-2)
weight weight = mass x gravitational acceleration kg ms -2 Newton (N)
work work = force x displacement Nm Joule (J)
work
power power
time J s -1 Watt (W)
1
kinetic energy K.E mass velocity 2
2 Kg ms-2 Joule (J)
potential
energy
P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height Kg ms-2 Joule (J)
voltage
resistance resistance v A-1 Ohm ()
current
Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement,
perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1.3 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
Quantity which has only magnitude or size
1 Scalar quantities are
Mass, Length, Speed, volume
Examples :
Quantity which has magnitude or size and direction.
2 Vector quantities are...
Velocity, Force, Displacement, Acceleration
Examples :
3 Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require
magnitude, direction or both to specify them.
1.4 MEASUREMENTS
Micrometer screw gauge less than 2 cm (20 mm) 0.001 cm (0.01 mm)
5
Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4 Sample of measuring instruments :
is use to measure electric current
4.1 Ammeter : ..
incorret reading 1 2 3 correct
1 2 3
0 4 reading
0 4
pointer mirror
pointer mirror
Pointers image can be seen Pointers image is behind the pointer
is use to determine the volume of liquid.
4.2 Measuring cylinder : ....................
water
10 11 12 13 14 15 Reading = cm
inside jaws
cmVernier
0 scale1 2 3 4 Main scale
SKALA
0
outside jaws
Main scale in cm
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
0 1
cm
0 1
0.15
0 5 10 Vernier calliper reading = . cm
4.5 Micrometer screw gauge.
A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure :
objects that are small in size
a.
diameter of a wire
b. .
diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings
c.
Example :
2.0 mm
Sleeve scale :
0.22 mm
Thimble scale : .
2.22 mm
Total reading : ...
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4.6 Some others measuring instruments :
Measuring tape
. measuring cylinder
.. beaker
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing
appropriate instruments.
Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge
(b) 4
A B
5
(c) 6 7
Answer: 6.28 cm..
0 5 1
(d) 0 1
Answer: 0.02 cm..
0 5 10
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
0 1
0 5 10
5 6
0 5 10
3. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)
0 5 40 0 35
5 10
35 30
Answer: . Answer:..
(c) (d)
25 0 5 20
0
20 15
Answer: Answer:.
0 0 5
0
45
0
5 0 5 20
0
0
15
5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)
0 5 40 0 35
5 10
35 30
20 15
0 0 5
0
45
0
5 0 5 20
0
0
15
target
consistent but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent
..
target
Accurate but not consistent
.. inaccurate but consistent
.. inaccurate but not consistent
Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of
some measuring instruments.
Errors in measurements
of approximation only.
1. All measurements are values
how close the measurement is to the actual value.
2. In other word, it is a matter of
error exist in all measurements.
3. This is because
4. Two main types of errors:
Systematic errors
4.1
Occurs due to :
a weakness of the instrument
a)
the difference between reaction time of the brain and the action.
b)
zero error is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use.
c)
Examples :
Range of the measuring instrument absolute error .
a)
Reaction time of the brain.
b)
Initial reading is not at the zero scale zero error
c)
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Absolute error :
Refer to the smallest reading that can be measured by an instrument.
.
.
Example :
If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cm
Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm
It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of
Parallax error :
the instrument.
wrong
right position of the eye (no error)
wrong
0 1 cm
0 1 cm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zero error =
+0.03 cm Zero error =
0.04 cm
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Random error
4.2 ..
Occurs due to
carelessness in making the measurement.
a)
parallex error , incorrect positioning of the eye when taking the readings.
b)
sudden change of ambient factors such as temperature or air circulation.
c)
Example :
Readings are close to the actual value but they are not consistent.
a) ..
Can be minimized by consistently repeating the measurement at different places in
b) ..
an identical manner.
.....................................................................................................................
Steps Explanation
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Plan and report an experiment
Retort stand
protractor
ll
bob
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8 Tabulate the Length,l / Time for 10 oscillations / s Period/ s
data cm 1 2 Average (T = t10/10)
6 0 .0 15.8 1 5 .7 15.8 1 .5 8
5 0 .0 15.0 1 5 .0 15.0 1 .5 0
4 0 .0 13.1 1 3 .1 13.1 1 .3 1
3 0 .0 11.9 1 1 .9 11.9 1 .1 9
2 0 .0 9 .9 9.9 9 .9 0 .9 9
9 Analyse the
T/s Graf of period, T vs
data pendulums length, l
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 l / cm
Precautions :
10 Discussion 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a
steady state.
2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.
3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
11 Conclusion
The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.
Hypothesis accepted.
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Reinforcement Chapter 1
8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is 16. An object moves along a straight line
A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10 -6 m for time, t. The length of the line, s is
C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 10 9 m 1
given by the equation s gt 2 . The
2
9. Which of the following measurements SI unit of g is
is the longest? A m2 s2 B m s-2
A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm C s -1
D s-2 m
C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10 -11 km
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
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Part B : Structure Question
1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as
shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the
two towns.
P Q
Figure 1
(a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective
SI units.
Distance : m and time : s
(ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.
Speed m s-1
(b) Convert the value 1 . m to standard form.
3
5 x 10-3
= 0.2 x 10 m
= 2.0 x 102 m
-9
10
-6
10
6
10
9
10
Table 1
(d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in
terms of its basic units.
work Force displacement kgms 2 m
Power = = Unit = = kg m2 s-3
time time s
(e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.
-2 -2 -2
Volume = (7 x 10 ) (5 x 10 ) (12 x 10 )
-6
= 420 x 10
-4 3
= 4.20 x 10 m
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Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 03 A range.
Figure 2
Mirror
(a) (i) Name component X. ...
To avoid parallax error
(ii) What is the function of X? .
(b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.
Table 2
No
(i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ...
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).
3 rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range.
3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye
positions while measuring the volume of the water.
Figure 3
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