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Rate Control for Streaming Video over Wireless

California State University LA


Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Darshan Patel, Miken Shah

Abstract
In recent years Rate control is an Mobile device, particularly PDA
important issue in video streaming (Personal Digital Assistant), is mainly
applications for both wired and wireless used for receiving video streaming from
networks. A newly accepted method its server and many new wireless phones
which is TCP friendly is a function of are available in market which can work
packet loss rate, round trip time, and on wireless for accessing VoD. In order
maximum transfer unit. This new to have continuous video stream buffer
approach is known as TFRC. In wireless is used. Buffer is properly dimensioned
network typically, the sending rate at the as when the congestion occurs it does
server is faster than the playback rate at not affect the receiver. If the dimension
of the wirelss device. Therefore it is not of buffer increases very high it increases
possible for the receiver to receive at the the cost, so it should be of proper
speed which transmitter is sending even dimension.
when there is no congestion and with the
lowest BER. In this paper we will try to To have continuous video available of
obtain effective rate control scheme wireless device continuous monitoring
using a buffer level at a mobile device. of the network is necessary in order to
In experiment it is considered that the avoid congestion collapse. A widely
buffer at a mobile device distinguished popular TCP friendly scheme is
into three distinct states depending on its available. This new approach is known
level (occupancy). For each of these as TFRC i.e TCP friendly rate control. It
states a different rate control scheme is is a function of packet loss rate, round
considered in a formula. Since the trip time, and Maximum transfer unit.
sending rate increases as the inter-packet TFRC can then take into account only
delay (IPD) at the sender decreases, by those packet losses caused by congestion
changing IPD to control the rate with its when adjusting streaming rate. The main
state. Experiment was carried out on a a advantage of TFRC is that there is only
prototype which is considered as wired- small rate fluctuation, which is very
cum wireless. useful for wireless device. When a
mobile client receives video stream
1. INTRODUCTION from its server, the server will send data
rate at higher speed while a mobile client
In recent years it has been observed a will receive it slowly. Therefore, even if
great change in the wireless. People there is no congestion and happens
started using PDA and expecting to extremely low BER (bit error
watch and to enjoy every video that they rate) over wireless, the mobile client
can surf on internet. In a typical VoD can’t receive streaming video as fast as
(Video on Demand) application, a mobile client is sending. The second

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concern is that a status of the mobile wireless channel error or due to the
device can be determined as the level congestion. In another research by
(occupancy) of the buffer. For instance Minghua chen and Avideh Zakhor
if the buffer level is less than minimum shows that one TFRC connection leads
level, the device stays in the state is to the underutilization of he wireless
considered as underflow. Which bandwidth. Therefore in order to fully
shows that sending rate is too low. If the utilize the multiple simultaneous
buffer level is quite larger than some connections are necessary. The major
specified value, it considered as advantage for this is it does not require
overflow. In order to prevent buffer to any new modification in the existing
overflow relatively low processing network infrastructure and protocols
inside a mobile device by considering except at the application layer. Other
that sending rates are not too aggressive. advantage is that it fully utilize the
wireless bandwidth, taking nmber of
2. Related Works connections and packet size are selected
appropriately.
Padhye et al proposed the model for
steady state throughput for TCP flow, as
a function of packet loss rate and round 3. A buffer controlled adaptive
trip time. video streaming

3.1 A buffer control scheme

Here the client buffer must be at


minimum level before client buffer starts
displaying. The amount of data
Where T reperesent the sending rate and displayed should be atleast the amount
Si the packet size, rtt is the round trip consumed by stream playback.
time , rto is retransmission time-out and
p is the end to end packet loss rate. In
presence of wireless errors is shows
degraded performance.
B is the buffered data time at two
different time one while transmitting and
other is at time (t-1). T(t-1) is the
sending rate. C is the amount cosumed at
The above equations gives the stream playback. Consider the
fundamental factors that affect the illustration in Figure 1. Assume that the
sending rate. sending rate is 1, 2, 2, 2 … and the
Chen et al proposed multiple TFRC amount consumed the stream’s playback
connections to fully utilize wireless is 2 which is constant. The minimum fill
channel. Research by Tang et al. leverl for the overlflow is 2 and 7
proposed of suing small dummy packets respectively. Second step is when it
to actively probe whether the network is receives 2 packets, 2 packets are
congested in case of packet loss. With consumed for stream playback and 1
their help it is possible to find whether
the packet loss occurs due to error in

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remains in buffer. When the buffer level In a case where the data production rate
is 7 it is equal to overflow. is higher the consumption rate which
results in overflow. That means some
packets may be lost or dropped. The
larger the buffer size, the longer the
consumption rate.

• it can be determined by the


empirically.

3.3 The rate control at the application


layer

Where 10.7sec is the sending rate and In an application layer, an inter packet
1.56 is the consumption rate. delay (IPD) refers to the time interval
between the transmission of two
The minimum buffer level required at successive packets by the same host. The
the client to prevent underflow can be sending rate is T increases as IPD
approximately expressed by decreases. Chose IPD in range of 1ms
and 20ms. Theoretically, IPD is chosen
judiciously by considering network
parameters, such as rtt, the buffer size
In case when ther is no user interaction and the the capacity link.
the the rate utilized is kept constant. In
addition, the minimum level is pre 4 Performance Evaluations
determined and remains constant
In that case, when the buffer level can be 4.1 Experiment Setup
affected by the sending rate and on the
other side sending rate is controlled by A topology setup is carried out where
the client buffer. both type of wired and wireless network
is used. First experiment shows that to
3.2 A Classification of the buffer analysis the efficiency of the proposed
states rate control in different error rate
conditions. Second experiment carried
There are three states considered and out to check the sending rate to see
they are underflow, stable and whether it reacts to buffer level changes
underflow. In a case when the sending quickly.
rate is never less than consumption rates
it would not affect. If this condition is
not satisfied than it results in underflow.

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Fig 5. Comparison result
4.2 Results (buffer size with 16,834 bytes)

With the proposed buffer control scheme


the overflow rate decreases. In addition,
since the sending rate is faster than
the data consumption rate, the packet
loss is occurred during the overflow
state.

5. Conclusion

We are able to understand how buffer


control is useful for video streaming
Fig3. Congestion window under over wireless. Since it is used over PDA
different control error rates it has limited processing and buffer size.
So it will continuously overflow if there
The congestion window decreases as the is no BER or congestion control. From
error rate increases. As a result sending this paper we are able to understand how
rate is low for the highest error rates. we can control the sending rate with the
use of buffer with the possibility of
Fig 4 shows the rate with buffer sizes. packet loss. The most important
With smaller buffer size it maintains a advantage for this is the cost effective
smoother rate and reacts to bandwidth rate control by changing the inter-packet
changes slowly. However, it results in delays. Another advantage is it does not
under-utilization of a wireless channel. require any modification in the protocol.
By implementing it is possible to find
changes in the rate of overflow it
reduces. Thus the proposed method
maintains and Bandwidth changes more
quickly.

Reference

1. S. Floyed et al., “Equation-based


Fig4 sending rate under different Congestion Control for
buffer Size

4
Unicast Applications”, Proc. ACM
SIGCOMM 2000, pp 43-56
2. Chen, M., Zakhor, A., “Rate Control for
Streaming Video Over Wireless”, IEEE
Wireless Communications, 2005,pp32-41
3. J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, D. Towsley, and J.
Kurpose, “Modeling TCP throughput: A
simple model and its empirical validation”,
ACM SIGCOMM, 1998, pp.303-314
4. Youn-Sik Hong, Hwa-Seok LimA Cost
Effective Rate Control for Streaming Video
Dedicated to Wireless Handheld Devices

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