ASPEN

Distance Relay Editor

V2003
User's Manual

Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.

NOTICE

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor is a proprietary computer program of Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.
(ASPEN).

The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.
assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.

Copyright 1988-2003 Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc. All right reserved.

HOW TO ORDER MORE MANUALS

This User's Manual may be duplicated by the Licensee for its own use. You can order a new copy by writing to the
address below. Please refer to document DE-UM -2003.

HOW TO REACH ASPEN

Mailing address: ASPEN

34 N. San Mateo Drive
San Mateo, CA 94401
U.S.A.

Telephone: (650)347-3997
Fax: (650)347-0233
eMail: support@aspeninc.com
WEB Page: www.aspeninc.com

Our office hours are from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Pacific time (GMT-8 in the winter; GMT-7 in the summer), Monday
through Friday.

__________________________________________________________________________________

ASPEN DistriView, ASPEN OneLiner, ASPEN Power Flow, ASPEN Overcurrent Relay Editor, ASPEN
Distance Relay Editor, ASPEN Batch Short Circuit Module, ASPEN PowerScript and ASPEN Relay
Database are trademarks of Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Incorporated.

Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Contents
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................................................2
1.2 DISTANCE RELAY LIBRARY.............................................................................................................................................2
1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL.....................................................................................................................................................2
1.4 INSTALLING THE PROGRAM ...........................................................................................................................................3
1.5 STARTING THE PROGRAM...............................................................................................................................................3
SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 WHATS IN A RELAY TYPE..............................................................................................................................................4
2.2 METHODS..............................................................................................................................................................................5
2.3 DISTANCE RELAY SIMULATION IN ONELINER AND DISTRIVIEW.......................................................................5
2.4 VOLTAGE MEMORY AND POLARIZATION .................................................................................................................6
2.5 MHO AND MHO4 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................7
2.6 GCX METHOD.......................................................................................................................................................................9
2.7 KD METHOD .......................................................................................................................................................................10
2.8 QUAD AND QUAD4 METHOD .......................................................................................................................................11
2.9 HZ METHOD........................................................................................................................................................................13
2.10 HZM METHOD..................................................................................................................................................................14
2.11 HCZ METHOD...................................................................................................................................................................15
2.12 RAZOA METHOD ............................................................................................................................................................16
2.13 REL316 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................................17
2.14 REL316_4 METHOD..........................................................................................................................................................19
2.15 REL 521 METHOD.............................................................................................................................................................21
2.16 7SA513 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................................24
2.17 7SA511 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................................26
SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE............................................................................................................................29
3.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................29
3.2 MAIN WINDOW COMMANDS ......................................................................................................................................30
FILE MENU...........................................................................................................................................................................31
NEW COMMAND................................................................................................................................................................31
OPEN COMMAND ..............................................................................................................................................................32
SAVE COMMAND...............................................................................................................................................................33
SAVE AS COMMAND.........................................................................................................................................................34
EXIT COMMAND................................................................................................................................................................35
TYPE MENU..........................................................................................................................................................................36
EDIT COMMAND................................................................................................................................................................36
COPY FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY COMMAND ..........................................................................................................39
VIEW MENU..........................................................................................................................................................................40
TOOLBAR COMMAND......................................................................................................................................................40
STATUS BAR COMMAND ................................................................................................................................................41

INDEX..............................................................................................................................................................................................43

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 Contents i

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW
The distance relay characteristics used by ASPEN OneLiner/DistriView are stored in a binary file called the
distance relay library. The ASPEN Distance Relay Editor is an auxiliary program for maintaining the distance
relay library.

1.2 DISTANCE RELAY LIBRARY

The distance relay library stores the characteristics of different relay types in a form that can be used by
OneLiner/DistriView to simulate the relay operation.
Each relay type in the library is named after a specific commercial make and model of distance relay, such as GEC
Optimho and SEL 321. An exception to this is the collection of six relay types, GEC-Type, GCX-Type,
KD-Type, HX-Type, HCZ-Type and HZM-Type, which is required for backward compatibility. You can
use the Distance Relay Editor to add any number of relay types to the library and to edit their characteristics.
OneLiner/DistriView reads the distance relay library when it begins execution. When you create a new distance
relay in OneLiner/DistriView by executing the New | Relay | DS Ground Relay or New | Relay | DS Phase Relay
command, the program will display a list of all the available types in the distance relay library and ask you to
select one. The relay parameter names and default values within the distance-relay info dialog box will come
directly from the distance relay library.
OneLiner/DistriView uses the information in the library to determine which zones are tripped and how long is the
time delay when it is asked to display the relay operating time in the main one-line window.
All of these attributes of a relay type can be edited within the Distance Relay Editor. The users ability to modify
the relay characteristics in the distance relay library is key to OneLiner/DistriViews flexibility in modeling
distance relays.

1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This Users Manual will show you how to use the ASPEN Distance Relay Editor to create new distance relay
types and to edit the characteristics of existing relay types. It will also describe how distance relays are modeled
in OneLiner/DistriView.
The description of the distance relay model is in Section 2. The program commands are explained in Section 3.

2 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

1.4 INSTALLING THE PROGRAM
The Distance Relay Editor is installed during the installation of OneLiner/DistriView. See Section 2 in the Help
file located in the ASPEN OneLiner or ASPEN DistriView program group for details .

1.5 STARTING THE PROGRAM

On the Windows desktop, look for a program group for ASPEN OneLiner or DistriView. Inside the program
group you will find an icon labeled 'Distance Relay Editor' that looks like this:

Start up the Distance Relay Editor:

1. Double click on the Distance Relay Editor icon to start the program.

You will see the Main Window when the program starts up.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 3

SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING

2.1 WHATS IN A RELAY TYPE

The following shows the info dialog box for a distance relay type called SEL 321. You can call up this
dialog box with the Type | Edit command in the Distance Relay Editor.

The attributes of a distance relay type include the following:

Type name: An 18-character name that identifies a specific commercial make and model of a distance relay.
Phase Relay: This check box is marked if the type can be used to create a phase distance relay in OneLiner
and DistriView.
Ground Relay: This check box is marked if the type can be used to create a ground distance relay in
OneLiner and DistriView. Some ground relay types models both phase and ground functions. Examples of
these are RAZOA and REL316.
Zone 2 Supervision on OC Relay: This check box is marked if zone 2 of this relay type can supervise a
nondirectional, torque-controlled overcurrent relay.
Memory duration: Duration of the voltage memory. Zero means there is no memory.
Method of polarization: Available options include Self Polarized, Cross Polarized and Positive-
Sequence Polarized.
Method: The method name is shown immediately above the data grid. (The method is Quad in the above
illustration.) The method is the basic technology employed by the relay type. Examples of basic relay
technologies are balanced-beam, mho and quadrilateral designs. Some of the methods available are designed
to model one-of-a-kind designs, such as the RAZOA relay. The Distance Relay Editor asks you to choose a
method whenever a relay type is created. Methods will be covered in more detail in Section 2.2.

4 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 Parameter names and default values: The method you choose for the relay type determines the variables that
are needed to model it. The data grid in the above dialog box lists the parameter names and default values.
Each parameter is also assigned an index that appears in the first column of the data grid. You can change
the parameter names and default values. These will appear in the distance-relay info dialog box in OneLiner
and DistriView. However, you cannot change the indices because OneLiner and DistriView use them as
parameter identifiers.

2.2 METHODS
Each relay type in the distance relay library is an instance of a method, which encapsulates the basic relay
technology. The following is a list of methods currently available:
GCX: This method simulates the GCX relay, which has a mho characteristics with 2 reactance lines.
HZ: This method simulates the HZ balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics.
HZM: This method simulates the HZM balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. Offsets are
possible.
HCZ: This method simulates the 2-zone balanced-beam relay with variable time delay in zone 2.
KD: This method simulates the well-know 3-phase KD phase relay.
Mho: This method simulates the mho characteristics created by the classic phase-comparator method.
Mho4: This is identical to the Mho method, except Mho4 can have up to four zones (instead of 3).
Quad: This method simulates the quadrilateral relay. Phase comparators are used to model the straight-line
characteristics.
Quad4: This is identical to the Quad method, except Quad4 has 4 zones (instead of 3) and the resistive
blinders for each zone can be specified independently.
RAZOA: This method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay.
REL316 and REL316_4: This method simulates the ABB REL316 relay.
REL521 : This method simulates the ABB REL521 relay.
7SA513: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA513 relay.
7SA511: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay.
More details on each of these methods will be given later in this section.

2.3 DISTANCE RELAY SIMULATION IN ONELINER

AND DISTRIVIEW
When you ask to see the relay operating time in the main window of OneLiner or DistriView, the program takes
the following steps for each distance relay:
1. The program gets the relays type name (e.g., SEL 321), which is an attribute of the relay itself.
2. The program then searches the distance relay library for this type name. Once found, the program gets the
method name (e.g. Quad), memory duration, polarization method, and other attributes from the type record.
3. The program then branches, based on the method name, to the appropriate function to determine the relay
tripping and time delay. The operating time is then shown on the one-line diagram.
When you display the distance relay characteristics on the Distance Relays Window, the logic flow is as follows:
1. The program gets the relays type name (e.g., SEL 321), which is an attribute of the relay itself.
2. The program then searches the distance relay library for this type name. Once found, the program gets the
method name (e.g. Quad), memory duration, polarization method, and other attributes from the type record.
3. The program then branches, based on the method name, to the appropriate functions to perform the
following chores:

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 5

 Draw the relay characteristics.
Draw the relay caption that summarizes the relay parameters.
Compute the relay tripping and time delay.
Plot and display in text the apparent impedances and trip/restrain states.
From a programming standpoint, each distance relay method (such as Quad) is implemented in OneLiner and
DistriView as a collection of four C++ functions that perform the functions listed under item 3 above. The
necessary voltage and current phasors and relay parameters are passed to these functions through formal
parameters. Starting with Version 6 of DistriView and Version 9 of OneLiner, users have the ability to create
custom distance-relay methods through a DLL (dynamic link library) written in C++. Please contact ASPENs tech
support if you are interested in creating your own relay method.

2.4 VOLTAGE MEMORY AND POLARIZATION

You can specify for each relay type the duration of the voltage memory and the method of polarization. Within
OneLiner/DistriView, the logic that simulates the distance relay will use different voltage phasors for polarization
depending on the option you select. The polarizing quantity and the duration of the memory, in turn, affect the
behavior of the relay immediately after the onset of a fault. (This last point is the subject of numerous technical
papers and textbooks and will not be discussed in this Users Manual.)
The options available for voltage polarization are:
Self polarized
Cross polarized
Positive-sequence polarized.
These methods are described below.
The memory duration you specify will affect the quantities listed under the column Quantity Actually Used in
the tables that follow. For a given zone, the program will use the prefault voltages if the memory duration is
longer than that zones time delay. Otherwise, it will use the post-fault voltages.
The program will always use the post-fault voltages for polarization if the memory duration is zero.
Self Polarized Relays
A self polarized relay makes no attempt to substitute a voltage phasor by phasors of the other possibly healthy
phases. This is the simplest method possible.
Phase Relay
Quantity Needed Quantities Actually Used
Vb-Vc Vb-Vc
Vc-Va Vc-Va
Va-Vb Va-Vb
Ground Relay
Quantity Needed Quantities Actually Used
Va Va
Vb Vb
Vc Vc
Cross Polarized Relays
A cross polarized relay derives the polarizing voltage phasors indirectly from the other phases. See table below.
(The symbol j denotes the imaginary number equal to the square root of -1.)

6 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 Phase Relay
Quantity Needed Quantities Actually Used
Vb-Vc -jVa
Vc-Va -jVb
Va-Vb -jVc
Ground Relay
Quantity Needed Quantities Actually Used
Va j(Vb-Vc)
Vb j(Vc-Va)
Vc j(Va-Vb)

Positive -Sequence Polarized Relays

A positive-sequence polarized relay derives its polarizing voltages by decomposing a positive-sequence phasor,
V1, into its symmetrical phase components.
Phase Relay
Quantity Needed Quantities Actually Used
Vb-Vc -j1.732 V1
Vc-Va (-1.5+j0.866) V1
Va-Vb (1.5+j0.866) V1
Ground Relay
Quantity Needed Quantities Actually Used
Va V1
Vb (-0.5-j0.866) V1
Vc (-0.5+j0.866) V1

2.5 MHO AND MHO4 METHOD

The Mho method models electromechanical and microprocessor relays with the well-known mho element. This
method has provisions for reversed zones and offsets. These features, in addition to the choice for voltage
polarization and memory duration, should make this method suitable for a large number of commercial relay types.
The Mho4 method is identical to the Mho method, except Mho4 has 4 zones, instead of 3.
There are three units in each zone. The Mho method determines whether a unit trips by comparing the phase
angle between (V-ZI) and Vp, where Z is the zone reach (sometimes called the replica line impedance), I is the
current, V is the voltage, and Vp is the polarizing voltage. The polarizing voltage must lead the quantity (V-ZI) by
90 degrees or more in order for the unit to trip. A zone is considered tripped if any one or more of the three units
trip. The voltage V and current I of the three units are listed in the tables below.
Phase Relay
V I
BC Unit Vb-Vc Ib-Ic
CA Unit Vc-Va Ic-Ia
AB Unit Va-Vb Ia-Ib
Ground Relay
V I
A Unit Va Ia + 3 K Io
B Unit Vb Ib + 3 K Io
C Unit Vc Ic + 3 K Io
The polarizing voltage Vp for each unit depends on the option chosen for the relay type. (See section 2.4 for
details.) The program logic computes the polarizing voltages separately for each zone. If the time delay of that

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 7

zone is shorter than the voltage memory, then Vp is computed from the prefault voltages. Otherwise, it is
computed from post-fault voltages. If a zone has an offset, Vp is replaced by Vp+ZI, where Z is the offset
impedance.
The Mho method gives rise to static relay characteristics that are circular. See relay characteristics on the next
page.

The parameters for the Mho method are as follows:

Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Imp Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms.
Z_1 Ang Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees
Z_2 Offset Imp. Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms
Z_2 Offset Ang. Zone 2 offset angle in degrees
Z_2 Imp Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Ang Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds
Z_3 Offset Imp. Zone 3 offset impedance in secondary ohms
Z_3 Offset Ang. Zone 3 offset angle in degrees
Z_3 Imp Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms.
Z_3 Ang Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds.
Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
The Mho4 method has these additional parameters:
Z_4 Offset Imp. Zone 4 offset impedance in secondary ohms
Z_4 Offset Ang. Zone 4 offset angle in degrees
Z_4 Imp Zone 4 reach in secondary ohms.
Z_4 Ang Zone 4 characteristic angle in degrees
Z_4 Delay Zone 4 time delay in seconds.
Z_4 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 4 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.

8 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

2.6 GCX METHOD
The GCX method is for relay types that have a mho element for zone 3 and reactance lines for zone 1 and 2. The
GCX method can be used for both phase and ground relays.
There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are listed in the tables
below.

Phase Relay
V I
BC Unit Vb-Vc Ib-Ic
CA Unit Vc-Va Ic-Ia
AB Unit Va-Vb Ia-Ib
Ground Relay
V I
A Unit Va Ia + 3 K Io
B Unit Vb Ib + 3 K Io
C Unit Vc Ic + 3 K Io
The logic for zone 3 is identical to that for the Mho method.
The reactance-line characteristics are simulated by comparing the phase between (V-XI) and XI. The quantities V
and I are identical to those used by the Mho method, and X is the zone reactance. This checking is done
separately for the three units in each zone.
The GCX characteristics are shown below.

The parameters for the GCX method are as follows:

Parameter Meaning
Z_1 X Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 X Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 delay in seconds.
Z_3 Imp. Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 9

 Z_3 Ang. Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees.
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 delay in seconds.

2.7 KD METHOD
The KD Method models the original KD relay as well as a number of electromechanical and microprocessor relay
types that utilize the same basic technology. The KD Method can be applied to phase relays only.
Each zone has two units: the 3-phase unit and the phase-to-phase unit. The zone reach and the characteristic
angle for the two units are specified separately by the user, and they do not have to be the same. For each unit,
three voltages, x, y and z are computed based on the voltages, currents and zone reach. The unit is considered
tripped if the voltage phasor x-y leads the phasor z-y.
The program logic employs a very short-term self-polarized voltage memory when a phase voltage is below 0.01
secondary volts. The memory-voltage option and duration you selected for the relay type have no effect on this
logic.
3-Phase Unit
Variable Definition
x Va + 1.5 (Ib+Ic) Z
y Vb
z Vc
Phase-To-Phase Unit
Variable Definition
x Va - (Ia-Ib) Z
y Vb
z Vc - (Ic-Ib) Z
(Note: The variable Z in the first table is the reach of the 3-phase unit. The variable Z in the second table is the
reach of the phase-to-phase unit. The reach of the 3-phase unit and the reach of the phase-to-phase unit need
not be identical.)
The KD Method does not allow offsets, but you can have the relay characteristics shifted slightly to include the
origin.
The graphical characteristics of the KD Method are the same as those of the Mho Method.
The parameters for the KD method are as follows:
Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Imp 3P Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms for the 3-phase unit.
Z_1 Imp PP Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms for the phase-phase unit.
Z_1 Ang 3P Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees for the 3-phase unit.
Z_1 Ang PP Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees for the phase-phase unit.
Z_2 Inc. Origin Zone 2 is shifted slightly to include the origin if this value is 1.
Z_2 Imp 3P Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms for the 3-phase unit.
Z_2 Imp PP Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms for the phase-phase unit.
Z_2 Ang 3P Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees for the 3-phase unit.
Z_2 Ang PP Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees for the phase-phase unit.
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds
Z_3 Inc. Origin Zone 3 is shifted slightly to include the origin if this value is 1.
Z_3 Imp 3P Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms for the 3-phase unit.
Z_3 Imp PP Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms for the phase-phase unit.
Z_3 Ang 3P Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees for the 3-phase unit.
Z_3 Ang PP Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees for the phase-phase unit.
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds

10 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.

2.8 QUAD AND QUAD4 METHOD

The Quad method is for relay types with quadrilateral characteristics. The Quad method can have up to three
zones. All but the first zone can be reversed. This method can be used for both phase and ground relays.
The Quad4 method is identical to the Quad method, except Quad4 can have up to 4 zones and the resistive
blinders for each zone can be specified independently.
There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are these.
Phase Relay
V I
BC Unit Vb-Vc Ib-Ic
CA Unit Vc-Va Ic-Ia
AB Unit Va-Vb Ia-Ib
Ground Relay
V I
A Unit Va Ia + 3 K Io
B Unit Vb Ib + 3 K Io
C Unit Vc Ic + 3 K Io
The quadrilateral characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, each of which is simulated as
a phase comparator. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of several phase comparators. For
example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip, all of the following must be true:
1. The directional phase comparator indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction.
2. The right resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the left of the blinder.
3. The left resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the right of the blinder.
4. The reactance phase comparator indicates that the fault is below the zone-1 line.
The input quantities A and B for each of these comparators are listed below:
A B
Reactance Line V- X I XI
Right Resistive Blinder V - R1 I -ZI
Left Resistive Blinder -Z I V - R2 I
Directional Line -Z I Vp
In this table, R1 and R2 are the x-axis intercept of the right and left resistive blinders, X is the zone reactance, Z is
a unity vector at the characteristic angle, and Vp is the polarizing quantity.
This implementation gives rise to a quadrilateral characteristic shown below. Note the characteristic angle
determines the angle of the resistive blinders. The angle of the directional line can be controlled independently.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 11

The parameters of the Quad method are these:
Parameter Meaning
Charact. Ang. Characteristic angle in degrees
Dir. Blinder Angle Directional blinder angle in degrees
Right Blinder R+ x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Left Blinder R- x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_1 X Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 X Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds
Z_2 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 2 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
Z_3 X Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds.
Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
The parameters of the Quad4 method are these:
Parameter Meaning
Charact. Ang. Characteristic angle in degrees
Dir. Blinder Angle Directional blinder angle in degrees
Z_1 X Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_1 Blinder R+ x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_1 Blinder R- x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_2 X Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds
Z_2 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 2 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
Z_2 Blinder R+ x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_2 Blinder R- x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_3 X Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds.
Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
Z_3 Blinder R+ x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_3 Blinder R- x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_4 X Zone 4 reactance in secondary ohms.

12 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 Z_4 Delay Zone 4 time delay in seconds.
Z_4 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 4 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
Z_4 Blinder R+ x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_4 Blinder R- x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms

2.9 HZ METHOD
The HZ Method is for relay types of the balanced-beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only.
The relay type modeled with the HZ method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in
design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are:
Directional Unit
Vp Current
Phase A Vb-Vc Ia
Phase B Vc-Va Ib
Phase C Va-Vb Ic
The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30
degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines
which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for
other purposes.
The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these:
Zone 1 and Zone 2
V I
BC Unit Vb - Vc Ib - Ic
CA Unit Vc - Va Ic - Ia
AB Unit Va - Vb Ia - Ib
Zone 3
V I
BC Unit Vb - Vc Ib
AB Unit Va - Vb Ia
CA Unit Vc - Va Ic
Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 5 volts and the
magnitude of (Z I) is greater than the magnitude of V. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit indicates
that the fault is in the tripping direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped.
The characteristics of the HZ method are circles centered at the origin.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 13

The parameters of the HZ method are listed below:
Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Imp. Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Imp. Zone 2 impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds
Z_3 Imp. Zone 3 impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds

2.10 HZM METHOD

The HZM Method is for relay types of the balanced-beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only.
The relay type modeled with the HZM method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in
design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are:
Directional Unit
Vp Current
Phase A Vb-Vc Ia
Phase B Vc-Va Ib
Phase C Va-Vb Ic
The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30
degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines
which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for
other purposes.
The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these:
V I
BC Unit Vb - Vc Ib - Ic
CA Unit Vc - Va Ic - Ia
AB Unit Va - Vb Ia - Ib

14 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 10 volts and the
magnitude of (Z I) is greater than the magnitude of V. Offset is achieved by substituting V+ZI for V, where Z is
the offset impedance. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit indicates that the fault is in the tripping
direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped.
The characteristics of the HZM method are circles centered at the origin, unless the zones are offset.

The parameters of the HZM method are listed below:

Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Offset Imp. Zone 1 offset impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_1 Offset Ang. Zone 1 offset angle in degrees
Z_1 Imp. Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Offset Imp. Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Offset Ang. Zone 2 offset angle in degrees
Z_2 Imp. Zone 2 impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds
Z_3 Offset Imp. Zone 3 offset impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_3 Offset Ang. Zone 3 offset angle in degrees
Z_3 Imp. Zone 3 impedance in secondary ohms.
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds

2.11 HCZ METHOD

The HCZ Method is also for relay types with the balanced beam design. This method can be used for phase
relays only.
The HCZ Method has a directional unit that is exactly the same as HZM method. In fact, it is identical to the
HZM method with only these exceptions:
1. The zones cannot be offset.
2. There are only two zones.
3. The delay of zone 2 is a linear function of the faults apparent impedance.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 15

The parameters of the HCZ method are listed here:
Parameter Meaning
HZ Impedance Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms.
CZ Delay (s/ohm) Zone 2 delay in seconds per secondary ohm.
The program considers zone 2 to be restrained if the time delay is 60 seconds or longer.

2.12 RAZOA METHOD

The RAZOA Method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay. The RAZOA relay has both phase and ground units that
respond to phase and ground faults. Within OneLiner and DistriView, however, a RAZOA relay must be
modeled as a ground distance relay.
The RAZOA method uses an overcurrent starting logic when the current threshold is set to 0.01A or higher. An
under-impedance starting method is used otherwise.
When using the overcurrent starter logic, OneLiner/DistriView uses the following table to determine which of the
units are used for a given fault:
Starting PS Switch Position
Element 0 1 2 3 4 5
R A CA A CA A CA
S B AB B AB B AB
R&S AB AB AB AB AB AB
T C BC C BC C BC
T&R CA CA CA CA CA CA
S&T BC BC BC BC BC BC
R&S&T AB AB AB AB AB AB
R&N A A A A A A
S&N B B B B B B
R&S&N B B A A AB AB
T&N C C C C C C
T&R&N A A A A CA CA
S&T&N C C C C BC BC
R&S&T&N AB AB AB AB AB AB
In this table, R, S, T and N are overcurrent starting units:
R is TRUE if the phase a current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
S is TRUE if the phase b current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
T is TRUE if the phase c current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
N is TRUE if the residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
PS position is an option that can be selected by the user (through a knob on the panel). Depending on the PS
position and which of the starting units are enabled, the relay checks one or more of the following units:
Ground units A, B and C.
Phase unit AB, BC and CA
As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay (between phase b and phase c), the fault
currents on phases b and c enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase
a current. Unit N is not enabled because there is no ground current. If the PS position is set at 1, the above
table tells us that this fault will be checked by the phase units AB and BC. If the PS position is set at 2, the table
tells us that the fault will be check by phase unit BC and ground units B and C. In both cases, the relay will be
tripped by the phase unit BC.

16 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

OneLiner/DistriView will display on the distance relay window all the units that are used and the corresponding
apparent impedances.

2.13 REL316 METHOD

The REL316 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay. (Please also see the documentation in section 2.14 for
revsion 4 of the REL316 relay.) The REL316 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and
ground faults. Within OneLiner and DistriView, a REL316 relay must be modeled as a ground distance relay.
The REL316 logic simulates both overcurrent and under impedance starter logic. Set parameter I_start to zero to
invoke impedance start. The following table is used to determine which of the measuring loop are used for a given
fault during the processing period I:
Starting Element Loop measured
R,E RE
S,E SE
T,E TE
R,S RS
S,T ST
T,R TR
R,S,E RS
S,T,E ST
T,R,E TR
R,S,T TR(RS)(ST)
In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units:
R is TRUE if phase a current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
S is TRUE if phase b current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
T is TRUE if phase c current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 17

 E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay between phase b and phase c, the fault currents
on phases b and c enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase a
current. Unit E is not enabled because there is no ground current.
Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than 1 cycle. In the processing period II
that follows, REL316 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the under-
impedance region the relay generates trip or other signal accordingly. Present version of OneLiner and
DistriView simulates the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state
of all the phase and ground units that are used and the corresponding apparent impedances.

The parameters of the REL316 method are listed below:

Parameter Meaning
I_start Overcurrent start trigger. Set to 0 for under-impedance start.
I_phase_min Current enable value.
3U0 Ground fault detector:
= 0: use 3Io only;
= 1: use 3Io AND 3Vo;
= 2: use 3Io OR 3Vo;
UminFault Neutral voltage enable.
R_load Left blinder line of load area in secondary ohm
Angle_load Angle of load-area upper blinder line in degree
Char.Angle Characteristic angle in degree
Z1_X Zone 1 reactive reach.
RR1 Zone 1 resistive reach.
Z2_X Zone 2 reactive reach

18 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 RR2 Zone 2 resistive reach.
Z2_delay Zone 2 time delay.
Z3_X Zone 3 reactive reach
RR3 Zone 3 resistive reach.
Z3_delay Zone 3 time delay.
Zoverreach_X Overreach zone reactance.
Zrevs_X Reverse zone reactance.

2.14 REL316_4 METHOD

The REL316_4 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay revision 4. The REL316 method models earlier versions
of the relay (see section 2.13). The revision modeled by this method can have different settings for the phase and
ground units. It also has many user-enterable parameters that were fixed in earlier versions.
The REL316_4 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within OneLiner
and DistriView, a REL316_4 relay must be modeled as a ground distance relay.
The REL316_4 logic simulates both overcurrent and under-impedance starter logic. Set parameter "StartMode" to
1 for under-impedance start or to 0 for overcurrent start. The following table is used to determine which of the
measuring loop are used for a given fault during the processing period I:
Starting Element Loop measured
R,E RE
S,E SE
T,E TE
R,S RS
S,T ST
T,R TR
R,S,E RS
S,T,E ST
T,R,E TR
R,S,T TR(RS)(ST)
In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units:
R is TRUE if phase a current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
S is TRUE if phase b current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
T is TRUE if phase c current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
As an example, for a phase b-to-phase c fault in front of the relay, the fault currents on phases b and c
enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase a current. Unit E is not
enabled because there is no ground current.
Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than one cycle. In the processing period II
that follows, the REL316_4 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the
under-impedance region, the relay will generate a trip (or other) signal. Present version of OneLiner and
DistriView simulate the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state of
all the phase and ground units and the corresponding apparent impedances.
The characteristics of a REL316_4 relay are shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are shown in blue, and
the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 19

The parameters of the REL316_4 method are listed below (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all zone
delays are in seconds, all currents are in secondary amps, and all voltages are in secondary volts):
Parameter Meaning
I_start Overcurrent start trigger in amperes. Set to 0 for under-impedance start.
GFMode Method for detecting ground faults:
= 0: use 3Io only (The 3Io threshold is entered as MinI in the dialog box)
= 1: use 3Io AND 3Vo thresholds
= 2: use 3Io OR 3Vo threshold.
3U0min Neutral voltage (3Vo) threshold for the ground fault detector.
UminFault Minimum voltage at which the fault voltage is used for determining fault
direction.
R_load Resistive blinder for avoiding load encroachment. R_load must be greater than 0
and less than 999 ohms.
Angle_load Limit phase-angle for avoiding load encroachment. Angle_load must be between
15 and 65 degree.
X_1 Pickup line reactance for zone 1.
X=0 disable zone. (Zone 1 cannot be disabled) X< 0 for restraint direction.
R_1 Pickup line resistance for zone 1. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_1 is
nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300.
RR_1 Resistive reach of zone 1 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RR_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
RRE_1 Resistive reach of zone 1 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RRE_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
X_2 Pickup line reactance for zone 2. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction.

20 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 R_2 Pickup line resistance for zone 2. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_2 is
nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300.
RR_2 Resistive reach of zone 2 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RR_2 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
RRE_2 Resistive reach of zone 2 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RRE_2 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
Delay_2 Zone 2 time delay. Delay_2 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10.
X_3 Pickup line reactance for zone 3. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction.
R_3 Pickup line resistance for zone 3. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_3 is
nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300.
RR_3 Resistive reach of zone 3 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RR_3 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
RRE_3 Resistive reach of zone 3 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RRE_3 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
Delay_3 Zone 3 time delay. Delay_3 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10.
X_4 Pickup line reactance for zone 4. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction.
R_4 Pickup line resistance for zone 4. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_4 is
nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300.
RR_4 Resistive reach of zone 4 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RR_4 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
RRE_4 Resistive reach of zone 4 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RRE_4 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
Delay_4 Zone 4 or overreach time delay. Delay_4 must be greater than or equal to 0 and
less than 10. If Delay_4 < Delay_2, Delay_4 is for the overeaching zone,
otherwise it is for zone 4.
X_Rev Pickup line reactance for the reverse zone. X=0 disable zone. X_Rev must be
greater than -300 and less than or equal to 0.
R_Rev Pickup line resistance for the reverse zone. R_Rev must be greater than -300 and
less than 0.
RR_Rev Resistive reach for reverse zone for phase faults. R_Rev must be greater than -
300 and less than 0
RRE_Rev Resistive reach for reverse zone for ground faults. R_Rev must be greater than -
300 and less than 0
Delay_Def Time delay for the reverse zone. Delay_Def must be greater than or equal to 0
and less than 10.
The operating time of every active distance zone (when the parameter X is not zero) is determined by parameter
'Delay', which has a setting range from 0 to 10s in step of 0.01. The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in
the dialog box. The set time must satisfy the following relationship:
If Delay_4 is zone 4 delay: Delay_1 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_4 < Delay_Def
If Delay_4 is overreach zone delay: Delay_1 < Delay_4 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_Def

2.15 REL 521 METHOD

The REL 521 method models the ABB REL-521 relay. This method models the phase or the ground function within
the REL-521 relay. Within OneLiner and DistriView, REL 521 relay can be added as either a phase or a ground
distance relay.
The user can set each zone as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. The polygon tripping
characteris tics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, which are commonly referred to as the

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 21

reactance-reach lines, the resistance-reach lines, and the directional lines. The relay model permits separate
setting of the reactance X and the resistance R for each zone.
The REL-521 method has five zones. If the relay is modeled as a phase relay, each zone is made up of three units:
L1-L2, L2-L3 and L3-L1. If the relay is modeled a ground relay, each zone is made up of three units : L1-G, L2-G
and L3-G. For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used. For the directional determination, the
sound phase and stored reference voltages are used. The table below summaries these quantities for the phase
and ground units.
REL-521 Phase Distance Relay
Measured Measured current Meausred voltage Measured current Meausred voltage
Loop (distance) (distance) (direction) (direction)
L1-L2 Ia - Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca
L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab
L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc
Note: Vbc is shorthand for Vb -Vc, Vca is Vc -Va, and Vab is Va -Vb.

REL-521 Ground Distance Relay

Measured Measured current Meausred voltage Measured current Meausred voltage
Loop (distance) (distance) (direction) (direction)
L1-G Ia + 3 K Io Va Ia Vbc
L2-G Ib + 3 K Io Vb Ib Vca
L3-G Ic + 3 K Io Vc Ic Vab
Note: In OneLiner, you can enter two different values of K for the ground unit. K1 is for zone 1. K2 is for the
other zones. (This capability will be implemented in a future update of DistriView.)
For directional determination, the relay uses prefault voltages when (1) the zone delay is below the memory time
or (2) when the directional quadrature voltages are too low in magnitude. The memory time of a REL-521 relay
starts at two cycles, and can automatically extend until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated
value.
To see whether the relay trips requires the computation and testing of various distance and directional quantities.
For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 of a ground relay to trip, all of the following must be true for one of the
three units of zone 1:
1. The resistance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach.
2. The reactance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach.
3. The relays directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1.
The polygonal characteristic of a REL-521 relay is shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are shown in
blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red

22 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

The parameters of the REL 521 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all delays are in
seconds, and all angles are in degrees):
Parameter Meaning
ArgDir Lower angle of forward direction charactoristics (5 ArgDir 45). Angle is
defined with reference to R-axis in clockwise direction.
ArgNegRes Upper angle of forward direction charactoristics (90 ArgNegRes 175). Angle
is defined with reference to R-axis in couter clockwise direction.
ZM1 Operation mode and directionality of zone 1. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 =
Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM1 to 0 to disable zone 1.
ZM1_Xline Zone 1 reactance. Set ZM1_Xline to X1PP for a phase relay, or ZM1_Xline =
X1PE + X0PE for a ground relay. (X1PP, X1PE and X0PE are setting parameters of
the relay).
ZM1_Rline Zone 1 resistance. Set ZM1_Rline to R1PP for a phase relay, or ZM1_Rline=R1PE
+ R0PE for a ground relay. (R1PP, R1PE and R0PE are setting parameters of the
relay).
ZM1-RF Resistive reach of zone 1. Set ZM1-RF to ZM1_RFPP for a phase relay, or set
ZM1-RF to ZM1_RFPE for a ground relay. (ZM1_RFPP and ZM1_RFPE are
setting parameters of the relay).
ZM2 Operation mode and directionality of zone 2. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 =
Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM2 to 0 to disable zone 2.
ZM2_Xline Zone 2 reactance. Set ZM2_Xline to ZM2_X2PP for a phase relay or ZM2_Xline
= ZM2_X2PE + ZM2_X0PE for a ground relay.
ZM2_Rline Zone 2 resistance. Set ZM2_Rline to ZM2_R2PP for a phase relay or
ZM2_Rline=ZM2_R2PE + ZM2_R0PE for a ground relay.
ZM2-RF Resistive reach of zone 2. ZM2-RF = ZM2_RFPP for Ph-Ph faults or set ZM2-RF
to ZM2_RFPE for a ground relay.
ZM2-T2 Time delay of zone 2.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 23

 ZM3 Operation mode and directionality of zone 3. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 =
Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM3 to 0 to disable zone 3.
ZM3_Xline Zone 3 reactance. Set ZM3_Xline to ZM3_X3PP for a phase relay, or ZM3_Xline
= ZM3_X3PE + ZM3_X0PE for a ground relay.
ZM3_Rline Zone 3 resistance. Set ZM3_Rline to ZM3_R3PP for a phase relay or
ZM3_Rline=ZM3_R3PE + ZM3_R0PE for a ground relay.
ZM3-RF Resistive reach of zone 3. Set ZM3-RF to ZM3_RFPP for a phase relay or set
ZM3-RF to ZM3_RFPE for a ground relay.
ZM3-T3 Time delay of zone 3.
ZM4 Operation mode and directionality of zone 4. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 =
Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM4 to 0 to disable zone 4.
ZM4_Xline Zone 4 reactance. Set ZM4_Xline to ZM4_X4PP for a phase relay or ZM4_Xline
= ZM4_X4PE + ZM4_X0PE for a ground relay.
ZM4_Rline Zone 4 resistance. Set ZM4_Rline to ZM4_R4PP for a phase relay or
ZM4_Rline=ZM4_R4PE + ZM4_R0PE for a ground relay.
ZM4-RF Resistive reach of zone 4. Set ZM4-RF to ZM4_RFPP for a phase relay or set
ZM4-RF to ZM4_RFPE for a ground relay.
ZM4-T4 Time delay of zone 4.
ZM5 Operation mode and directionality of zone 5. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 =
Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM5 to 0 to disable zone 5.
ZM5_Xline Zone 5 reactance. Set ZM5_Xline to ZM5_X5PP for a phase relay, or ZM5_Xline
= ZM5_X5PE + ZM5_X0PE for a ground relay.
ZM5_Rline Zone 5 resistance. Set ZM5_Rline to ZM5_R5PP for a phase relay, or
ZM5_Rline=ZM5_R5PE + ZM5_R0PE for a ground relay.
ZM5-RF Resistive reach of zone 5. Set ZM5-RF to ZM5_RFPP for a phase relay, or set
ZM5-RF to ZM5_RFPE for a ground relay.
ZM5-T5 Time delay of zone 5.

The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.

2.16 7SA513 METHOD

The 7SA513 method simulates Siemans relay 7SA513. This relay can have up to three zones. All zones can be set
as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. This relay has both phase and ground units that
respond to phase to phase and phase to ground fault. Within OneLiner and DistriView, a 7SA513 relay must be
added as ground distance relay.
The polygon tripping characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, which are reactance
reach lines, resistance reach lines, and directional lines. Separate setting of the reactance X and the resistance R is
permited for each zone. Resistance R can be set separately for faults with and without ground involvement. Each
zone can be set forward, reverse or non-directionally. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of
apparent impedance and relay directional determination. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a single-
line-to-ground fault, all of the following must be true:
1. The resistance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach.
2. The reactance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach.
3. The relays directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1.
For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase
and stored reference voltages are used:

24 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 Measured Measured current Meausred voltage Measured current Meausred voltage
Loop (distance) (distance) (direction) (direction)
L1-G Ia + 3 K Io Va Ia Vbc
L2-G Ib + 3 K Io Vb Ib Vca
L3-G Ic + 3 K Io Vc Ic Vab
L1-L2 Ia - Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca
L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab
L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc
For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient because of multiple
faults, especially three-phase faults, prefault stored voltages are used when the trip time is below memory time.
The memory time starts with two cycles, and can automatically extend up to 20 cycles. If the relay does not trip
within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take current quadrature voltages afterwards. This implementation
gives rise to a 7SA513 polygonal characteristic shown below. Note that the angles of the two directional lines
can be controlled independently.
The polygonal characteristic of 7SA513 relay is shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are shown in blue,
and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red

The parameters of the 7SA513 method are these:

Parameter Meaning
Alpha 1 Directional angle 1 (must be between -90 and 90 degrees)
Alpha 2 Directional angle 2 (must be between 0 and 180 degrees)
X1 Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z1_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) Zone 1 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for non-directional.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 25

 R1E Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault.
R1 Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault.
X2 Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms.
T2P Zone 2 delay for single-phase faults.
T2PP Zone 2 delay for multi-phase faults.
Z2_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) Zone 2 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for non-directional.
R2E Zone 2 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault
R2 Zone 2 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault.
X3 Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms.
T3 Zone 3 delay for all faults.
Z3_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for non-directional.
R3E Zone 3 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault.
R3 Zone 3 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault.

The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.

2.17 7SA511 METHOD

The 7SA511 method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay. This relay can have up to five zones: Zone 1 Z1, zone 2
Z2, zone 3 Z3, overreach zone 1B and overreach zone 1L Z1L. All zones can be set as forward directional, reverse
directional, or non-directional.
The tripping zones of the 7SA511 relay have a polygonal characteristic. They consist of the directional line, a
reactance and resistance limit. Reactance intersection X and resis tance intersection R can be set separately and
independently from each other. In addition, the R-intersections can be set separately for phase-phase faults and
phase-earth faults (RE) so that a higher resistance margin can be obtained for earth faults, if required. This
implementation gives rise to a 7SA511 polygonal characteristic shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are
shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red

26 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of apparent impedance and realy directional determination.
For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a 1LG fault, all of the following must be true:
1. The resistance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach.
2. The reactance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach.
3. The relays directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1.
For distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase and
stored reference voltages are used:

Measured Measured current Meausred voltage Measured current Meausred voltage

Loop (distance) (distance) (direction) (direction)
L1-G Ia + 3 K Io Va Ia Vbc
L2-G Ib + 3 K Io Vb Ib Vca
L3-G Ic + 3 K Io Vc Ic Vab
L1-L2 Ia - Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca
L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab
L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc
When the relay detects a fault, the delay timer are started. The impedance of the selected fault loop is compared
with the threshold of the set zones. Tripping occurs when the impedance is within a zone whose corresponding
time stage has expired and the fault direction agrees with the direction set for that zone. For zone Z1 (and Z1B
overreach) the delay time can equal zero, meaning that tripping occurs as soon as it has been confirmed that the
fault lies within the zone.
For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient, prefault stored voltages
are used when the trip time is below the memory time. The memory time starts with two cycles, and can
automatically extend up to cycles. If the relay does not trip within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take
current quadrature voltages afterwards.
The parameters of the 7SA511 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, and all delays are
in seconds):

Parameter Meaning
Z1 Zone 1 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse.
Z1-X Zone 1 reactance reach. Z1-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130.
Z1-R Zone 1 resistance phase-phase. Z1-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z1-RE Zone 1 resistance phase-earth. Z1-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65
Z2 Zone 2 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse.
Z2-X Zone 2 reactance reach. Z2-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130.
Z2-R Zone 2 resistance phase-phase. Z2-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z2-RE Zone 2 resistance phase-earth. Z2-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z2-T Zone 2 delay. Z2-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32.
Z3 Zone 3 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse.
Z3-X Zone 3 reactance reach. Z3-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130.
Z3-R Zone 3 resistance phase-phase. Z3-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z3-RE Zone 3 resistance phase-earth. Z3-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z3-T Zone 3 delay. Z3-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32.
Z1B Overreach zone 1B enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3
for reverse.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING 27

 Z1B-X Overreach zone 1B reactance = reach. Z1B-X must be greater than 0.05 and less
than 130.
Z1B-R Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-phase. Z1B-R must be greater than 0.05 and
less than 65.
Z1B-RE Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-earth phase. Z1B-RE must be greater than 0.05
and less than 65.
Z1B-T Overreach zone 1B delay. Z1B-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than
32.
Z1L Overreach zone 1L enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3
for reverse.
Z1L-X Overreach zone 1L reactance = reach. Z1L-X must be greater than 0.05 and less
than 130.
Z1L-R Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-phase Z1L-R must be greater than 0.05 and
less than 65.
Z1L-RE Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-earth. Z1L-RE must be greater than 0.05 and
less than 65.
Z1L-T Overreach zone 1L delay. Z1L-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than
32.
The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.

28 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section documents the commands in the Main Window.
_________________________________________________________________________
Main Window Commands
The Main Window opens libraries and distance relay types. The commands in the Main Window are described in
Section 3.2.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE 29

3.2 MAIN WINDOW COMMANDS
The Main Window contains commands for manipulating libraries and relay types. The Main Window is initially
gray when the program begins execution. After a library is opened, the name of the library is shown in the title
bar of the Main Window.
The commands in the Main Window are described in this section.

30 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

Main Window
FILE MENU
NEW COMMAND
The New command lets you create a new distance relay library.
This feature is not available in this version. You can create a new library now by copying an existing library to
another file and editing it.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE 31

Main Window
FILE MENU
OPEN COMMAND
The Open command lets you open an existing library for editing.
TO OPEN AN EXISTING LIBRARY:
1. Select the File | Open command.
A dialog box will appear asking you for the name of the library that you
want to open.
2. Use the controls in the standard file dialog box to specify the name of the library.
3. Click on "Open" to close the dialog box.
The program will read in the relay types from the binary file you specified.

32 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

Main Window
FILE MENU
SAVE COMMAND
The Save command saves the current library to disk under the current library name. The contents of the old
library are overwritten by the new information. It is wise to periodically save the file you are editing to guard
against information loss in the event of a program or system failure.
TO SAVE A LIBRARY:
1. Select the File | Save command.
The cursor will turn into an hourglass while the current library is being
written to disk. You may continue working after the cursor is restored to
the original arrow shape.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE 33

Main Window
FILE MENU
SAVE AS COMMAND
The Save As command saves the current library to the disk under a different name. The original library is not
altered or saved. After you execute this command, the library is saved to this new file whenever the Save
command is used.
TO SAVE THE LIBRARY UNDER A NEW NAME:
1. Select the File | Save As command.
A dialog box will appear asking you to specify the name of the library.
2. Use the controls in the standard file dialog box to specify the name of the library.
You should name all your library files with the .DRL extension.
3. Click on "OK".
The cursor will turn into an hourglass while the current library is being
written to disk. The new file name will appear in the caption bar of the
Main Window. You may continue working after the cursor is restored to
the original arrow shape.

34 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

Main Window
FILE MENU
EXIT COMMAND
This command lets you close the current library and shut down the Distance Relay Editor.
TO EXIT THE DISTANCE RELAY EDITOR:
1. Select the File | Exit command.
If no library has been opened or if the current library has not been
changed, the Main Window of the program will simply disappear.

If the current library has been modified, a dialog box will appear asking
you whether the changes should be saved.

2. Click on "Yes" if you wish to save the updated library; otherwise click on "No".
The program will shut down and its window will disappear.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE 35

Main Window
TYPE MENU
EDIT COMMAND
This command allows you to view and edit relay types. You can also create new relay types and delete existing
relay types.
TO VIEW A LIST OF RELAY TYPES:
1. Select the Type | Edit command.

A dialog box will appear

displaying all the relay types in the relay library.

TO DELETE A RELAY TYPE:

1. Select the relay type to be deleted from the list box. Then, click on "Delete".
The selected relay type will be removed from the list box.
Note: The program does not allow you to delete any of the five generic
relay types, CEY-Type, GCX-Type, KD-Type, HCZ-Type and
HZM-Type, which are required for backward compatibility.
2. Click on "Close" to close the dialog box.
TO ADD A NEW RELAY TYPE:
1. Click on the "Add" button.

A dialog box will appear

asking for the relay method. The methods currently available are listed in
the dialog box.

2. Select the relay method and click on "OK".

A dialog box will appear asking for the relay type parameters. The method
name is shown immediately above the data grid.

36 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

 3. Enter the 'Type' name.
The relay type name must be unique and can have up to 18 characters.
4. Click on the 'Phase Relay' check box if this type may be a phase distance relay.
5. Click on the 'Ground Relay' check box if this type may be a ground distance
relay.
6. Click on the 'Zone 2 Supervision on OC Relay' check box if zone 2 of this relay
type can supervise a nondirectional, torque-controlled overcurrent relay.
7. Enter the voltage memory duration in "Memory".
Zero means there is no memory. The program will use the prefault
voltages for polarization if the time delay is less than this duration;
otherwise, it will use the post-fault voltages for polarization.
8. Click on the drop down list box and select a method of polarization.
Available options include Self Polarized, Cross Polarized and
Positive-Sequence Polarized.
9. Specify the name and default value for each of the parameters in the data grid.
The method you choose for the relay type determines the parameters that
are required to model it. These parameters are listed in the data grid. Each
parameter is assigned an index which is used by OneLiner/DistriView as a
parameter identifier. You cannot change these indices. However, you can
change the parameter names and default values, which will appear in the
distance-relay info dialog box in OneLiner/DistriView. The parameter
name can have up to 24 characters.
10. Click on "OK" to close the dialog box.
The 'Distance Relay Type' dialog box will display the new relay type.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE 37

TO VIEW OR EDIT A RELAY TYPE:
1. Select the relay type to be edited or viewed from the list box. Then, click on
"Edit".

A dialog
box will appear displaying the parameters of the relay type and method.

2. View or edit the parameters of the relay type and method.

See previous page for explanation of the parameters.
Note: The program does not allow you to edit any of the five generic
relay types, CEY-Type, GCX-Type, KD-Type, HCZ-Type and
HZM-Type, which are required for backward compatibility. The OK
button is dimmed for these types.
3. Click on "OK" to close the dialog box.

38 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

Main Window
TYPE MENU
COPY FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY COMMAND
This command lets you copy distance relay types from another distance relay library.
TO COPY RELAY TYPES FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY:
1. Select the Type | Copy from Another Library command.
A dialog box will appear asking you for the name of the library from which
you would like to copy.
2. Use the controls in the standard file dialog box to specify the name of the library.
Then, click on "Open" to close the dialog box.

A dialog box will

appear listing the distance relay types in the relay library you specified.

3. Select the relay types you would like to copy. Click on "Select All" to copy all
relay types or click on them individually in the list box.
The relay types you have selected will become highlighted.
4. Click on "Copy".
The selected relay types will be copied into the distance relay library.
5. Click on "Done" to close the dialog box.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE 39

Main Window
VIEW MENU
TOOLBAR COMMAND
This command lets you show or hide the toolbar.
TO SHOW OR HIDE THE TOOLBAR:
1. Select the View | Toolbar command.
The program will either hide or display the toolbar.

40 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003

Main Window
VIEW MENU
STATUS BAR COMMAND
This command lets you show or hide the status bar.
TO SHOW OR HIDE THE STATUS BAR:
1. Select the View | Status Bar command.
The program will either hide or display the status bar.

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE 41

 M
Method
RAZOA 16
REL316 17
Index Methods 5
7SA511 26
7SA513 24
7SA521 21
GCX 9
HCZ 15
HZ 13
HZM 14
KD 10
Mho and Mho4 7
7 Quad and Quad4 11
7SA511 METHOD 26 RAZOA 16
7SA513 METHOD 24 REL316_4 19
7SA521 Method 21 Mho and Mho4 Method 7

C N

Copy Relay Types from Another Library 39 New Command 31

D O

Distance Relay Editor Open Command 32

exit 35
Distance Relay Library P
create new 31
Polarization 6
open 32
cross polarized 6
save 33
positive-sequence 7
save as 34
self polarized 6

E
Q
Edit Command 36
Quad and Quad4 Method 11
Exit Command 35

G R
RAZOA Method 16
GCX Method 9
REL316 Method 17
REL316_4 Method 19
H Relay Type 2, 4, 5
HCZ Method 15 delete 36
HZ Method 13 edit 36
HZM Method 14 view 36

K S

KD Method 10 Save As Command 34

Save Command 33
Status Bar Command 41

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003 Index 43

T
Toolbar Command 40

V
Voltage Memory 4, 6

44 Index ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003