International Conference on Construction and

Building Engineering (ICONBUILD 2017)

Handling The Decline Of Ground Water

Using Artificial Recharge Areas

Muhammad Shofi H (m.shofi.h@gmail.com) 1, a) and K. Edi Yoga, 2, (kuncaraningratediyoga@yahoo.com) b)

Dr.Ir Dicky Muslim., M.Sc, 3, (d.muslim@unpad.ac.id) c)

1
(Geological Engineering Padjadjaran University) 2(Geological Engineering Padjadjaran University)
3(Geological Engineering Padjadjaran University)
( Jln. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21Jatinangor, Kab. Sumedang 45363 West Java )
Phone (022) 842 88888 ; Fax. (022) 842 88898

a)
Corresponding author: m.shofi.h@gmail.com
b)
Anotherauthor : kuncaraningratediyoga@yahoo.com
c)
Anotherauthor, : d.muslim@unpad.ac.id

Abstract. Jatinagor, a region with rapid growth makes the need of water always increases. The ground water surface in the
observation area shows a decrease based on its potential.This deflation is mainly caused by the unequality between inputs and
outputs of the ground water itself. The decrease of this ground water surface is also caused by the number of catchment areas
that keeps decreasing. According to the data analysis of geology and hidrology, the condition of ground water in Jatinangor on
2015 had indicated a decrease compared to 2010. Now, the longlivity of clean water can be ensure by the hidrogeology
engineering, which is to construct an artificial recharge for ground water in use. The numeric method is to determine the number
of ground water supply in Jatinangor.According to the research, the most suitable artificial recharge is in the form of a small dam
2 3
located in the interminent river. With the area of 209.000 m , this dam will be able to contain 525 m runoff water with the intensity
of maximum rainfall effectively 59,44 mm/hour. With the increase of water volume done by this artificial recharge, the demand of
cleanwater will be fulfill.

Keywords : Ground Water, Recharge Area, Artificial Recharge

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

 Title of the conference

Introduction The ground water mining will happen if extraction is

bigger than infiltration (Fetter, 2006). To avoid this,
The observation area is located at Jatinangor, West
studies in the catchment area are very necessary. The
Java Province, Sumedang Regency, which is
goal of this study is to determine the decrease of
approximately located between Bandung and
ground water level and condition in the catchment
Sumedang. The area observed was specified near the
area, also to design an effective artificial aquifer
Cileles River and focused in the recharge area.
recharge to increase the rate of water infiltration.

Jatinangor change from rural area to a city so that it

According to the data comparison of Jatinangor and
has developed a very dense population in a very short
its nearest administration which is Garut. Jatinangor
time. This was mainly caused by the raid of diversity
had showed that its has an unsuitable number of
students which follows the development of
catchment area population compared to garut..
universities resulting in the improvement of economy
Garut & Jatinangor Profile (2015)
and the region.
2
Variables Garut Jatinangor
2
Clean water supply become an issue because the need Population 4650 ppl/km 4298.5 ppl/km
of clean water always increases. PDAM as the Density
primary water provider and the ground water acts as Catchment Area
2 3.946 2.7525
the source of clean water, hence the extraction of (km )
ground water keep increasing while open spaces (that
mostly difficult enable the infiltration of water) added
with the development of infrastructures. Table.1 Describing the unsuitable ratio of population
density to catchment area Jatinngor has to Garut

Source ;
If this continues, the issue of ground water scarcity http://www.garutkab.go.id
https://sumedangkab.bps.go.id
will arise in time that was caused by the extraction of https://garutkab.bps.go.id/
generous amount of ground water along with the
growth of Jatinangors population. In the other hand
catchment and recharge areas keep turning into
households. This cause water to mostly turn into run
off and only few can infiltrate the aquifer.

Picture.2 Mount Tampomas, the

catchment area closest to
Jatinangor .

Picture.1 The observation area is located at Jatinangor,

(satellite view by maps/google.com)

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

 International Conference on Construction and
Building Engineering (ICONBUILD 2017)

Picture.3 Mount Geulis and

Nangkod, the catchment area
closest to Garut
The comparison shows the inadequate amount of area
Jatinangor referring to comparing to an equally
developed administrated area which is Garut. If this
keeps continuing, Jatinangor will be lacking in ground
water supply due to the advanced population projection
and development of the region in the upcoming period.
Methods
Data from the area of study could be obtain from the
double rings falling head infiltration-meter method.
Results will be converted into infiltration rate map. The
last data in the form of weathering data from the geology
observation station that was taken before by the latest
studies. From the three, overlay was created and the
artificial target area and a suitable method are being
determined according to the geology, hydrogeology and
the area condition.
Picture.4 Double rings falling head infiltrameter used to
determined infiltration rate map
The geologic and hydrogeologic condition of the
observation area will be made into map. The ground
water basin is determined using geo-electrics.
Hydrogeology map according to geo-electrics was made
to determine the aquifer and non-aquifer layer every
certain depth. In every sheet of maps, the direction of
groundwater is known based on the value of apparent
resistivity. The lateral limit of ground water is then
determined by every map to know lateral limit of CAT.
To understand the condition of the basin vertically, a
section of hydrogeological data from the geo-electrics
was made. After knowing the distribution/basin limits,
recharge area can be determined.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

 International Conference on Construction and
Building Engineering (ICONBUILD 2017)

Result & Discussion

Artificial recharge design was created according to the

condition, capacity, and effectivity of the recharge area.
Ground water surface data that occur on the well was
created into iso-freatic map or ground water surface
contour map. Those then being processed into the flow
of ground water map.

The flow of ground water surrounding the area of study

Picture.6 Map of Groundwater Basin on Observation
usually flows relative from the north to the south region.
Recharge Area, Jatinangor
Researchers create hydrogeologic map that contain of
the aquifer, aquiclude, and aquitard, by Saputra
Geoelectrics (2013).
From the result of those borders then a ground water
basin map was created. After being boarded laterally for
every depth, ground water basin shows that in the middle
of GWB a few non GWB was found. This is because
these layers were formed by aquiclude that has the
characteristics to block ground water flow so that it is
unable to enter GWB.

Recharge area was a region with a ground water flow

that were distributed/divergent while discharge area,
were collected/convergent, if viewed from the directions
of ground water flow (Fetter, 2001).

Picture.5 The isoresistivity map depth 0 M Jatinangor

Recharge Area

To be able to know the basin of ground water required

data. Based on geoelectric data from Saputra research
(2013), a hydrogeological map is created for each depth.
Then created the boundary of the basin according to
geological condition (Neumann, Cauchy, and Dirichlet).

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

 International Conference on Construction and
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results, compared to validate FFD value from satellite

Picture.7 Map of Groundwater Current, Jatinangor Recharge
Area
Based on the ground water flow in the observation area,
an unbalance of recharge and discharge was showed, so
that the construction of artificial recharge is necessary to
counter the ground water issue. For shallow ground
water, recharge happened because water can infiltrate
from the surface to the aquifer. Therefore, recharge area
was a region with permeable stone structures that was
cropped in the surface and connected with the aquiver
beneath hence it is able to be more specific to determine
suitable catchment areas which were the ones that got
permeable cropped stone structure in the surface.
image.
Measurements of infiltration rate values are done there
are 3 points representing high FFD value and low FFD
value. The result is then made a map of infiltration rate.
To know the correlation and effect of weathering to
infiltration, used several parameters to compare
weathering condition of research area with each other.
First made an estimate of the thickness of the soil or the
result of weathering rock, and then made a map of the
thickness of the soil. The level of weathering and soil
thickness and the presence of cracks greatly affect the
rate of infiltration at the soil surface or rocks.
The thicker the soil cover and the more cracks in the
measuring site the infiltration rate is likely to increase.
Weathering category is also not an organic soil, because
it is still a reddish-brown color and contains little organic
material (residual plant roots).

Picture.8 Hidrogeology Outcrop of Geoelectrics, Jatinangor

Recharge Area

To determine the target artificial recharge area further

research is done by calculating the FFD value of the
DEM image. To ensure that the value of this image is
valid, FFD measurements are made in the field using a
grid or square of square area. From the field FFD
measurement results, the result is made FFD map. Map
of FFD from DEM image and from field measurement
Analysis
Based on the field condition data in the research area, an
analysis is conducted to determine the target area of
artificial recharge and also the methods that can be used
for each region. The areas eligible for artificial recharge
are areas that are still included in the watershed (in order

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 International Conference on Construction and
Building Engineering (ICONBUILD 2017)
to provide water supply for artificial recharge), and
areas, where there is still targeted aquifer within either
the surface or subsurface.
While other properties that support the area with high
infiltration value so easy to absorb water without having
to do stripping / removing impermeable layer on the
surface, have adequate water supply and the water has
the quality in accordance with artificial recharge method
to be used in the area The. Therefore, there are several
areas to apply artificial recharge method in the research
area. Here are the target locations for artificial recharge:
There are 3 artificial recharge target areas as shown
above. Each region has its own characteristic, so the
appropriate artificial recharge method is also different.
Region 1: The recommended artificial recharge method
may be a vegetative method, especially for land that is
rarely of plant, or can also use bio-Pori method. In this
area, it is not advisable to use deep artificial wells
because starting from a depth of 25 meters there is an
impermeable rock that is a protester of groundwater
flow, which causes the flow of groundwater tends to turn
eastward.
Region 2: The recommended method is the shallow well
catchment method (especially for residential areas) or
deep absorption wells, basins / recharge ponds, biopores,
or trenches (in intermittent river basins).
Region 3: The recommended artificial recharge method
is the absorption trench, small dam, collar / recharge
basin.
Based on FFD data and infiltration rate, the most
potential area for artificial recharge is region 3, because
it has a potent rhythm that potentially raises the porosity
of the rock (making it better for infiltration) and also has
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University
the highest infiltration rate. This potential region is
precisely located at an elevation of 856 meters above sea
level. Further observation for this area is required before
designing or selecting the most appropriate artificial
recharge method. One of the things that must be
considered is the topography of the target area.
Secondary data processing and field survey have been
conducted to determine the condition of this area.
The first supporting topography conditions are steep
slopes, narrow valleys and elongated, plus it has a
natural deep ditch (0.5 - 2 m).
Both water sources for artificial recharge. In the target
area, there is no constant flow of surface water (river), so
the main source of water that may be utilized is
rainwater which will become run-off or intermittent river
flow.
Thirdly in terms of ease, a simple small dam making can
catch and hold intermittent river flow that occurs in the
rainy season. This restrained stream will seep bit by bit
into the aquifer. In addition, the construction is simple
and easy and requires a relatively small cost.
The design for the infiltration trench was adjusted to the
field conditions. The model created is a small dam form
that stops natural trenches that exist in the target area.
This dam also contains spillway structure in case of
overload then the water will bulldoze of this section
smoothly so as not to damage the dam or ditch walls.
The height of the dam is made an average of 1.5 meters
and the width is about 0.6 to 1.5 meters. The height and
width of the dam are made according to the natural
trench size in the fie
Conclusion
This study is a preliminary study of artificial recharge
design, To determine the amount of water that can be
impregnated by this structure, the capacity and
effectiveness of this structure is estimated using the
available data. Based on a simple mathematical
calculation, this small dam capacity is 525 m3, with
 International Conference on Construction and
Building Engineering (ICONBUILD 2017)

maximum rain intensity that can be accommodated

effectively of 59.44 mm / hr. It is estimated that the
addition of absorption water volume by this structure
reaches 65,000 m3 annually or about one quarter of
UNPAD water consumption annually.
The calculation is based on target area no 3B, with a
length of about 350 meters and an area of 209,800
square meters. The total number of beds made is, about
10 pieces or more with a distance between dams around
35 meters. If this design is to be implemented, further
studies are needed, especially geotechnical studies to
determine the effect of artificial recharge on land
carrying capacity and soil or slope stability. It is hoped
that with the implementation of artificial recharge
method can solve the problem of ground water level
reduction, soil instability in infrastructure and residents
need clean water still fulfill.

References

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Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Johnson, A.I. 1963. A Field Method for
measurement of Infiltration - General

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

 International Conference on Construction and
Building Engineering (ICONBUILD 2017)

Groundwater Techniques, Geological Water- [9]. Soengkono, Supri. 2000. Assessment Of Faults
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Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University