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A considerable amount of research has been for thee last 40 years carried
out throughout the world into this vocal phenomenon, particularly as it is
practised in Mongolia and Tuva.
In Mongolia and Tuva, thee word KHOOMEI means pharynx, throat, and
KHOOMEILAKH is the technique of producing vocal harmonics. This
most unusual technique, which takes the human voices to its limits, entails
the production of two sounds simultaneously: a drone or fundamental that
is rich in harmonics and reminiscent of the jew's harp (the reason why this
technique is also known as "jew's harp voice"). This technique is strenuous
for the performer according to Mongolian singers. The performer must
tauten his muscles and swell his cheeks. Different sounds are obtained by
varying
the air pressure across the vocal folds, the volume of the mouth cavity, and
tongue placement. In this way, variable pitch harmonics are produced to
form the melody. The fundamental is produced in the back of the throat,
passing through the mouth, and exciting throught the slightly parted lips
and to a lesser extent through the nose.
Research can be done in many ways: by means of obervation of native
performers after on or more visits to the country concerned, or by means of
practising instruments and vocal training aimed at a better understanding of
the musical structure employed by the population being studied. My own
research does not belong to either of these two categories since I have
never been to Monglia and I have never learned the KHOOMEI style
(Overtone singing) from a Mongolian teacher. What I am going to describe
for you here is the result of my own experiments which will enable anyone
to produce two simultaneous sounds similar to Mongolian and Tuvin
overtone singing.
DEFINITION
The manner in which the Mongolian and Tuvin word is transcribed is by no
means not uniform: HO-MI, H-MI (Vargyas, 1968), KHOMEI,
KHMII (Bosson, 1964: 11), CHMEJ (Aksenov 1973: 12),
CHMIJ (Vietze 1969: 15-16), XMIJ (Hamayon 1973; Tran Quang
Hai 1980: 162).
French researchers have used other terms to describe this peculiar vocal
technique such as CHANT DIPHONIQUE or BIPHONIQUE (Leipp 1971),
Tran Quang Hai 1974, Gilles Leothaud 1989, VOIX GUIMBARDE, VOIX
DEDOUBLEE (Helffer 1973, Hamayon 1973), and CHANT
DIPHONIQUE SOLO (Marcel-Dubois 1979).
Several terms exist in English such as SPLIT-TONE SINGING, THROAT
SINGING, OVERTONE SINGING, and HARMONIC SINGING. In
German, it is called ZWEISTIMMIGEN SOLOGESANG. In Italian, it is
called CANTO DIFONICO ou CANTO DIPLOFONICO .
For convenience, I have employed the term "OVERTONE SINGING" to
describe a style of singing performed by a single person producing
simultaneously a continuous drone and another sound at a higher pitch
issueing from a series of partials or harmonics resembling the sound of the
flute.
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Bibliography
AKSENOV, A.N. 1973: "Tuvin Folk Music", Journal of the Society for
Asian Music 4(2):7-18, New York.
HAMAYON, R. 1980: "Mongol Music", New Grove's Dictionary of Music
and Musicians 12: 482-485, Stanley Sadie (d), MacMillan
Publishers,Londres.
LANERI, R. 1983: "Vocal Techniques of Overtone Production",NPCA
Quarterly Journal 12(2-3): 26-30.
LEIPP, E. 1971: "Considration acoustique sur le chant diphonique",
Bulletin du Groupe d'Acoustique Musicale 58: 1-10, Paris..
LEOTHAUD, G. 1989: "Considrations acoustiques et musicales sur le
chant diphonique", Le chant diphonique, dossier n 1: 17-43, Institut de la
Voix, Limoges.
TRAN QUANG HAI & GUILOU, D. 1980: "Original Research and
Acoustical Analysis in Connection with the Xmij Style of Biphonic
Singing", Musical Voices of Asia : 162-173, The Japan Foundation (d),
Heibonsha Ltd, Tokyo.
TRAN QUANG HAI & ZEMP,Hugo. 1991: "Recherches exprimentales
sur le chant diphonique", Cahiers de Musiques traditionnelles : VOIX
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TRAN QUANG HAI, 1975: "Technique de la voix chante mongole:
xmij", Bulletin du CEMO (14 & 15): 32-36, Paris.
TRAN QUANG HAI, 1983: "Note propos du chant diphonique mongol",
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Paris.
TRAN QUANG HAI, 1989: "Ralisation du chant diphonique", dossier n1
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C.Als (d), La Pense Sauvage: 43-52, Grenoble.
TRAN QUANG HAI, 1991: "New Experimental About the Overtone
Singing Style", (Nouvelles Exprimentations sur le chant diphonique),
Nouvelles Voies de la Voix, 1re partie, Bulletin d'adiophonologie 7(5&6):
607-618, Besanon.
TRAN QUANG HAI, 1995: " Le chant diphonique: de......ion, historique,
styles, aspect acoustique et spectral", EM, ANnuario degli Archivi di
Etnomusicologia dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, 2:123-150,
Rome.
TRAN QUANG HAI, 1995: "Survey of overtone singing style", EVTA
(European Voice Teachers Association, Dokumentation 1994 (actes du
congrs): 49-62, Detmold