Composites Science and Technology 70 (2010) 15641570

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Composites Science and Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compscitech

Highly strong and conductive carbon nanotube/cellulose composite paper

Masanori Imai a,*, Kousuke Akiyama a, Tomo Tanaka b, Eiichi Sano b
a
Tokushu Paper Co. Ltd., 501 Honjuku, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka 411-8750, Japan
b
Research Center for Integrated Quantum Electronics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Carbon nanotube (CNT)/cellulose composite materials were fabricated in a paper making process opti-
Received 18 July 2009 mized for a CNT network to form on the cellulose bers. The measured electric conductivity was from
Received in revised form 24 May 2010 0.05 to 671 S/m for 0.516.7 wt.% CNT content, higher than that for other polymer composites. The real
Accepted 27 May 2010
permittivities were the highest in the microwave region. The unique CNT network structure is thought to
Available online 2 June 2010
be the reason for these high conductivity and permittivity values. Compared to other carbon materials,
our carbon CNT/cellulose composite material had improved parameters without decreased mechanical
Keywords:
strength. The near-eld electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) measured by a microstrip line
A. Carbon nanotubes
A. Flexible composites
method depended on the sheet conductivity and qualitatively matched the results of electromagnetic
A. Nano composites eld simulations using a nite-difference time-domain simulator. A high near-eld EMI SE of 50-dB
B. Electrical properties was achieved in the 510 GHz frequency region with 4.8 wt.% composite paper. The far-eld EMI SE
was measured by a free space method. Fairly good agreement was obtained between the measured
and calculated results. Approximately 10 wt.% CNT is required to achieve composite paper with 20-dB
far-eld EMI SE.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Several studies describe preparing and characterizing CNT rein-

Technical improvement in the electronics eld in recent years
has diversied and advanced electromagnetic wave applications.
An example is the rapidly increasing use of wireless telecommuni-
cations systems, such as cellular phones and RFID tags. In particular,
technology that aims for higher frequency and wider bandwidth for
establishing a high-speed communication system is advancing.
Against this background, however, concerns about deterioration
of the radio wave environment have risen. A deteriorated radio
wave environment has adverse effects on electronic equipment,
such as false operation due to unnecessary electromagnetic waves
and leakage of information in wireless telecommunications.
Due to these circumstances, electromagnetic wave absorption
materials as technological countermeasures from the viewpoint
of electromagnetic compatibility have gained attention. Usage of
these materials is expected to increase in the future.
One candidate material for this application is carbon nanotubes
(CNTs). Since their discovery, CNTs have attracted much attention
because of their outstanding properties, such as high aspect ratio,
high electric conductivity, and high strength. Many studies have
been performed on various industrial applications, e.g., battery
electrodes, electronic devices, eld emission displays, and atomic
force microscopes.
forced composite materials as electromagnetic interference (EMI)
shielding materials. For example, Zanfeng et al. prepared single-
walled (SW) CNT/epoxy composites and measured the EMI shield
effectiveness (SE) of these materials [1]. Grimes et al. made CNT/
polyethylmethacrylate composite thick lms and determined the
permittivity spectra of these composites [2]. The common charac-
teristic of those composite materials is their higher electric con-
ductivities compared with conventional carbon black/polymer
composites due to the high aspect ratio of CNT.
CNT/cellulose composite papers have also been reported. For
example, Fugetsu et al. fabricated electrically uniform CNT/cellu-
lose composite papers using a CNT water dispersion and indicated
the possibility of applying the papers as EMI shielding material [3].
However, systematic analysis of the electrical properties of these
papers is required to elucidate their EMI SE characteristics and to
design an EMI shielding material.
We report the mechanical and electrical properties of CNT/cel-
lulose composite materials prepared by a paper making process.
We measured the EMI SE characteristics of the composite materials
and compared them to theoretical characteristics using an electro-
magnetic eld simulator.
2. Fabrication

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 55 988 1141; fax: +81 55 988 1147. To optimize the paper making process for CNT/cellulose com-
E-mail address: mimai@m.tt-paper.co.jp (M. Imai). posites and the quality of the resultant paper, it is important to im-

0266-3538/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.05.023
 M. Imai et al. / Composites Science and Technology 70 (2010) 15641570 1565

prove the interaction between the pulp bers and paper chemicals so that it adsorbs on the cellulose surfaces before the CNT water
used in the process, such as starch, sizing agent (bleeding inhibitor dispersion is added. Polymers have three adsorption states on sur-
of ink), ller, and pigment [4]. The main interaction between these faces: train, tail, and loop (Fig. 1) [6]. The train segments are the
chemicals is ion binding; whether or not these chemicals bond parts that contact the surface, and the loop and tail segments dif-
with the pulp bers depends on the charge of the pulp suspension. fuse in solvents. When a CNT anionic dispersant is added to the cel-
Pulp bers have negative charges because they generate carboxyl lulose-xer mixture, the loops and tails of the xer adsorb on the
groups during the paper making processes such as cooking or CNT surfaces and create cross-linkage between the cellulose bers
bleaching [5]. When anionic surfactant is used to disperse CNTs, and CNTs; the bonding of CNTs to cellulose bers were facilitated.
CNT surfaces also have negative charges. Therefore, a cationic xer If the xer is added after the CNT dispersant is mixed with the cel-
can be applied to x the CNTs to the pulp. lulose, many CNT agglomerates form in the mixture, resulting in
CNTs are known to make strong aggregates due to Van der non-uniform paper (data not shown).
Waals force. Therefore, it is important to prevent dispersed CNTs Multi-walled (MW) CNTs were provided by Nanocyl S.A. (Nano-
from self-agglomerating before bonding them with cellulose bers. cyl 7000). The average diameter of the CNTs was 10 nm, and the
For this purpose, a cationic xer is mixed with the cellulose bers average length was 1.5 lm. CNT dispersion of 1% was provided
by Daido Corporation. An anionic surfactant was used to disperse
the CNTs [7].
Loop Bleached hardwood Kraft pulp (50 wt.%) and bleached softwood
Tail
Kraft pulp (50 wt.%) were dispersed in water and beat using a Tappi
Train
+ standard niagara beater until freeness of 500 ml was obtained. The
+ freeness of the pulp was measured using a Schopper Riegler free-
+
+ ness tester in accordance with JIS P 8121. Then, a xer of 2%-
+ cationized starch (Neotack L-1, from Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co.,Ltd.)
+ + +
water solution was added to the pulp and mixed with the CNT dis-
+ persion. Hand-made CNT/cellulose composite material was pre-
+ +
+ pared using 25  25 cm wire cloth. The additive amount of CNT
+ + was changed, and six kinds of paper were prepared. Usually, the
+ +
- - - - - CNT content of a composite is measured using thermogravimetric
-
Pulp surface analysis (TGA) [3]. However, this method could not be applied to
our composite paper because the TG curves of the CNTs and cellu-
Fig. 1. Adsorb states of polymers on solid surfaces in water dispersions. lose could not be distinguished with high accuracy when the com-

x 1,000 x 5,000

x 10,000 Plain paper

Fig. 2. SEM images of CNT/cellulose composite materials and plain paper.

1566 M. Imai et al. / Composites Science and Technology 70 (2010) 15641570
ponents were mixed. Thus, CNT content was calculated by dividing
the added amount of CNTs by the sum of the weight of the CNTs
and cellulose.
As control materials, carbon black (Mitsui Chemicals #41) and
carbon ber (Kureha C-103T) were used instead of CNT to produce
composite papers. Plain paper was also prepared in the same way.
The CNT/cellulose composite material was coated in gold and
observed with a JEOL JSM-6360LA scanning electron microscope
(SEM). SEM images of the material are shown in Fig. 2. As shown,
CNT networks were observed on the cellulose bers.
3. Measurements
To control the humidity of the paper, the CNT/cellulose compos-
ite papers were kept for 24 h under 23 C, 50% RT. The tension
strength of the papers was measured in accordance with JIS P
8113 using a tensile tester (Kumagaya Riki Kogyo Co. Ltd.). After
humidity control, the electrical conductivity was determined by a
four-point contact method using a Mitsubishi Chemistry Loresta
MCP-HT 450 in accordance with JIS K7194.
The scattering (S) parameters for the CNT/cellulose composite
papers were measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA) with
a bandwidth of 67 GHz (Agilent E8361C) and a K-band (18
26.5 GHz) waveguide. A sample piece of paper was inserted in
the waveguide. The permittivity and permeability of the composite
papers were extracted from the measured S parameters with mate-
rial measurement software (Agilent 85071E).
The EMI SEs for the near and far elds were measured using a
microstrip line (MSL) and free space methods, as shown in
Fig. 3a and b, respectively. The VNA was used for both methods.
An MSL with a characteristic impedance of 50 X was fabricated
with a FR4 board. The measured frequency range was determined
to be from 50 MHz to 25.05 GHz due to the bandwidth of the MSL.
The EMI SE was dened by the ratio of transmission when the MSL
was not shielded by the sample paper to transmission when the
(a) Sample
Microstrip line
Printed-circuit board
Port 1 Port 2
Vector network analyzer
(b)
Horn antenna
Sample
Port 1 Port 2
Vector network analyzer
Fig. 3. Pattern diagrams of (a) MSL method and (b) free space method.
MSL was shielded by a thin insulating sheet and the sample paper.
For the free space method, a pair of horn antennas with a band-
width of 1540 GHz was used and the measurement system
including the antennas was calibrated with a gated reection line
method.
4. Results and discussion
The properties of each composite material are shown in Table 1.
The CNT/cellulose composites show electric conductivities even
when the CNT content is much less than the carbon material con-
tent in the other composites. This is attributed to the high aspect
ratio of CNTs, which make a network as many conduction paths
are effectively formed. It is necessary to optimize the fabrication
method for different CNT dispersions. Some methods have been
proposed to fabricate CNT/cellulose composite paper, e.g., adjust-
ing the pH of the suspension solution [3] or mixing a CNT disper-
sion with cellulose without using any xer [8]. However, when
these methods were applied to this CNT anionic dispersion, the
CNT yield was low compared to that when a cationic xer was
used. When 2.5 wt.% CNT was added during the fabrication pro-
cess, the surface resistivity of the CNT/cellulose composite material
using a cationic xer was 58 X/sq, but that when the adjusting pH
method was used was 17,800 X/sq. The resistance obtained
through the method without xer was too high to measure by
the four-point contact method. Also, adjusting pH becomes more
difcult when the scale of paper making process is larger. Using
xer is thought to be easier way to apply manufacturing machine.
The tensile strengths of the composites are also shown in Ta-
ble 1. When CNT content was under 5%, the tensile strength of
the CNT/cellulose composite was almost the same as that of plain
paper. Inter-ber bonding of cellulose is hydrogen bonding, and
adding much carbon or bers without hydroxyl groups to the pulp
inhibits the interaction between cellulose bers. As shown in Ta-
ble 1, tensile strength decreased when the added amount of carbon
material was increased. However, as described above, CNTs can im-
prove the electric conductivity even when added in small amounts
because they form a network structure in the material. Due to this,
they interfere with the hydrogen bonding of the cellulose bers
less than other carbon materials do, resulting in highly strong
material.
Fig. 4 shows the measured conductivity dependence on the CNT
content for CNT/cellulose composite papers along with that for the
carbon black (CB)/cellulose and carbon ber (CF)/cellulose com-
posite papers fabricated for comparison. The effectiveness of the
cellulose ber network as a matrix for increasing the electrical con-
ductivity is compared with CNT composites whose matrices are
homogeneous. The gure contains the measured conductivities
for CNT composites with insulating matrices reported in the liter-
ature [2,960,77]. Our CNT/cellulose composite papers have the
highest conductivity reported to date for CNT content of 1
5 wt.%. The high conductivity of our composite paper is caused
by the unique network topology in the paper. A large number of
conducting CNT networks is efciently formed with the help of
the cellulose network. This results in high conductivity with only
little CNT content. In addition, the advantage of CNT over CB and
CF was clearly demonstrated.
There are other methods to increase the electrical conductivity
for CNT-based materials. One interesting method is to use CNT
buckypapers [61]. An extremely large conductance of more than
105 S/m was reported for SWCNT buckypaper [62]. In particular,
aligning CNTs is effective for increasing the conductivity [63,64].
Although they are useful for electrode applications, CNT buckypa-
pers are unsuitable for EMI shielding. They are metallic and ex-
 M. Imai et al. / Composites Science and Technology 70 (2010) 15641570 1567

Table 1
Properties of composite materials.

Material Content (wt.%) Basis weight (g/m2) Thickness (mm) Surface resistivity (X/sq) Volume resistivity (Xcm) Tensile strength (N/m)
5 3
CNT 0.5 110 0.166 3.39  10 2.00  10 6.21
1.0 116 0.186 4.51  102 7.25 6.33
2.4 118 0.192 5.81  10 1.11 6.50
4.8 122 0.191 2.89  10 5.21  101 6.40
9.1 117 0.195 1.29  10 2.66  101 4.60
16.7 126 0.166 9.12 1.49  101 4.36
Carbon black 9.1 115 0.212 7.51  103 1.01  10 4.37
16.7 122 0.224 7.74  102 3.83 2.96
23.0 134 0.268 4.21  102 4.37  101 2.03
Carbon ber 10.0 116 0.222 3.39  1011 6.81  1011 6.29
30.0 106 0.265 4.61  102 4.73  10 3.20
80.0 102 0.529 1.61  10 2.14  101 1.77
Plain paper 104 0.169 6.33

104 104
SWCNT
MWCNT This work
102
CF
103

Real permittivity, r
Conductivity (S/m)

CB
This work
1
102

10-2
10

SWCNT
10-4 MWCNT
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1k 1M 1G

CNT content (%) Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 4. Measured conductivity dependence on CNT content for CNT/cellulose, CB/ Fig. 6. e0r of CNT/cellulose composite papers as function of frequency, and those
cellulose, and CF/cellulose composite papers and CNT composites with insulating reported in the literature.
matrices reported in the literature.

Both the real and imaginary parts of permittivity (e0r and e00r , respec-
tively) increase with increasing CNT content. Scattered data for
300
higher content are caused by the uctuating frequency depen-
18 26.5 GHz dence of e0r and e00r as shown in the inset of Fig. 5. The imaginary part
250 e00r for all the samples was about half of the value calculated by r/
Imaginary permittivity, r

16.7 wt%
(Xe0), where r is the measured conductivity, X is the angular fre-
200 quency, and e0 is the vacuum permittivity. We could not com-
9.1 wt% 300
r pletely determine the reason for this difference. A possible
250
reason might be the accuracy of the software for extracting the
150
200 permittivity of materials with high conductivities that we used.
r, r"

150 r In fact, the extracted real parts of permeability l0r for the papers
100 4.8 wt% ranged from 0.7 to 1.5. Fig. 6 summarizes e0r as a function of fre-
100

50
quency for our composites along with those reported in the litera-
50 ture [24,30,3436,54,6575]. Our composite papers are among the
0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 highest in the microwave region. The reason for this high e0r is the
2.4 wt% Frequency (GHz)
0 same as that for high conductivity. The unique CNT network forms
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 a large number of nanometer-sized capacitors, which results in
Real permittivity, r large polarization and thus large e0r . The effective permittivities of
composites have been evaluated with effective medium theories
Fig. 5. ColeCole plot of permittivity extracted from measured S parameters for (EMTs), such as the MaxwellGarnett formula. Grimes et al. [65]
CNT/cellulose composite papers. successfully reproduced their experimental permittivity of
MWCNT/polystyrene composites with an EMT modied by Lagar-
kov and Sarychev [76]. We tried to reproduce the measured data
pected to be less effective for near-eld EMI shielding as described with the LagarkovSarychev, MaxwellGarnett, and Bruggeman
by Fugetsu et al. [3]. formulae but unfortunately did not succeed. A novel formula will
The ColeCole plot of permittivity extracted from S parameters be required to describe the permittivity of our composites due to
measured for CNT/cellulose composite papers is shown in Fig. 5. their unique CNT networks.
1568 M. Imai et al. / Composites Science and Technology 70 (2010) 15641570

70 40
Experiment
Calculation
Shielding effectiveness (dB)

Shielding effectiveness (dB)

60
4.8 wt%
30
50

9.1 wt%
40
20
30
4.8 wt%
20 0.99 wt%
10

10 0.99 wt%

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 15 20 25 30 35 40
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 7. Example of near-eld EMI SE for CNT/cellulose composite papers measured Fig. 9. Far-eld EMI SEs measured with free space method and their theoretical
with MSL method. curves.

70 The far-eld EMI SEs measured with the free space method
@ 5 GHz CNT/cellulose paper along with theoretical curves are shown in Fig. 9. The theoretical
far-eld EMI SE was calculated by:
Shielding effectiveness (dB)

60

50
EM simulation
40
30
20
10
CB/cellulose paper
0 such as electronic components.
1 10
Sheet resistance (/sq.)
Fig. 8. Near-eld EMI SEs at 5 GHz as function of sheet resistance.
An example of near-eld EMI SE for CNT/cellulose composite
papers of 21  21 cm measured with an MSL method are shown
in Fig. 7. The uctuations observed for CNT/cellulose composite pa-
pers with 4.8 wt.% CNT might be due to impedance mismatch be-
tween the 50 X measurement system and the MSL shielded by
the composite paper. A high near-eld EMI SE of 50-dB was
achieved in the 510 GHz frequency region with the 4.8 wt.%
CNT composite paper. We fabricated CNT/cellulose composite pa-
pers with several levels of CNT content and found the near-eld
EMI SE had a distinguishing dependence on the sheet resistance
of the papers. The near-eld EMI SEs at 5 GHz as a function of
the sheet resistance are shown in Fig. 8. As can be seen, a sheet
resistance of around 40 X/sq was optimum for achieving the max-
imum EMI SE at 5 GHz. Note that the optimum sheet resistance de-
pends on the target frequency. To theoretically conrm the
dependence, we performed electromagnetic eld simulations
using a commercially available nite-difference time-domain sim-
ulator. Measured e0r and conductivity were used in the simulations.
The simulation result, shown as a curve in Fig. 8, qualitatively
matched the measured data. More than 30 wt.% CF was required
to achieve an EMI SE of 30-dB for CF/cellulose composite papers
and the EMI SE for CB/cellulose composite paper with 30 wt.% CB
was 13 dB. This also demonstrates the advantage of CNT over CB
and CF. Metal shielding is less effective for near-eld EMI shielding
because the metal resistance is too low, as can be seen from Fig. 8.
SE 10log10 jtj2
CF/cellulose 1r 2i expcd
t 1r2i exp2cd
;
paper
where ri is the reection at the air and paper interface, c is the prop-
agation constant in the paper, and d is the paper thickness. Mea-
sured e0r and conductivity were used in the calculations. A fairly
good agreement was obtained between the measured and calcu-
lated EMI SEs. About 10 wt.% CNT was required to achieve 20-dB
far-eld EMI SE. A metal plate reects incident waves almost per-
fectly, but perfect reection is undesirable for shielding applications
100 1000 104
5. Conclusion
We fabricated CNT/cellulose composite materials using a paper
making process. Higher electric conductivity and permittivity val-
ues compared to those for polymer-based composite materials
were achieved without decreasing the paper strength. The EMI
SE characteristics measured by the MSL method and the free space
method were qualitatively matched to the theoretical characteris-
tics obtained by the simulations. Our CNT/cellulose composite,
with its improved EMI SE characteristics, can be used to decrease
electromagnetic wave interference, control undesired reection,
prevent cross talk, and suppress noise in circuits.
References
[1] Zanfeng L, Gang B, Yi H, Yanfeng M, Feng D, Feifei L, et al. Reection and
absorption contributions to the electromagnetic interference shielding of
single-walled carbon nanotube/polyurethane composites. Carbon
2007;45:8217.
[2] Grimes CA, Mungle C, Kouzoudis D, Fang S, Eklund PC. The 500 MHz to
5.50 GHz complex permittivity spectra of single-wall carbon nanotube-loaded
polymer composites. Chem Phys Lett 2000;319:4604.
[3] Fugetsu B, Sano E, Sunada M, Sambongi Y, Shibuya T, Wang X, et al. Electrical
conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding efciency of carbon
nanotube/cellulose composite paper. Carbon 2008;46:125369.
[4] Swanson JW. The science of chemical additives in papermaking. Tappi
1961;44(1):14281.
[5] Kato M, Isogai A, Onobe F. Adsorption behavior of aluminum compounds on
pulp bers at wet-end. J Wood Sci 1998;44(5):3618.
[6] Scheutjens JMHM, Fleer GJ. Statistical theory of the adsorption of interacting
chain molecules. 2. Train, loop, and tail size distribution. J Phys Chem
1980;84(2):17890.
[7] Morimoto Y, Kubosaki N. Japan Patent Kokai; 2007. p. 157440 [21June,2007].
 M. Imai et al. / Composites Science and Technology 70 (2010) 15641570
[8] Oya T, Ogino T. Production of electrically conductive paper by adding carbon
nanotubes. Carbon 2008;46:16971.
[9] Sandler J, Shaffer MSP, Prasse T, Bauhofer W, Schulte K, Windle AH.
Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy
matrix and the resulting electrical properties. Polymer 1999;40:596771.
[10] Kilbride BE, Coleman JN, Fraysse J, Fournet P, Cadek M, Drury A, et al.
Experimental observation of scaling laws for alternating current and direct
current conductivity in polymer-carbon nanotube composite thin lms. J Appl
Phys 2002;92:402430.
[11] Kymakis E, Alexandou I, Amaratunga GAJ. Single-walled carbon nanotube-
polymer composites: electrical, optical and structural investigation. Synth Met
2002;127:5962.
[12] Park C, Ounaies Z, Watson KA, Crooks RE, Smith Jr J, Lowther SE, et al.
Dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes by in situ polymerization under
sonication. Chem Phys Lett 2002;364:3038.
[13] Allaoui A, Bai S, Cheng HM, Bai JB. Mechanical and electrical properties of a
MWNT/epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 2002;62:19938.
[14] Ramasubramaniam R, Chen J, Liu H. Homogeneous carbon nanotube/polymer
composites for electrical applications. Appl Phys Lett 2003;83:292830.
[15] Ounaies Z, Park C, Wise KE, Siochi EJ, Harrison JS. Electrical properties of single
wall carbon nanotube reinforced polyimide composites. Compos Sci Technol
2003;63:163746.
[16] Sandler JKW, Kirk JE, Kinloch IA, Shaffer MSP, Windle AH. Ultra-low electrical
percolation threshold in carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites. Polymer
2003;44:58939.
[17] Kim HM, Kim K, Lee CY, Joo J, Cho SJ, Yoon HS, et al. Electrical conductivity and
electromagnetic interference shielding of multiwalled carbon nanotube
composites containing Fe catalyst. Appl Phys Lett 2004;84:58991.
[18] Martin CA, Sandler JKW, Shaffer MSP, Schwarz MK, Bauhofer W, Schulte K,
et al. Formation of percolating networks in multi-wall carbon-nanotube-epoxy
composites. Compos Sci Technol 2004;64:230916.
[19] Grunlan JC, Mehrabi AR, Bannon MV, Barh JL. Water-based single-walled-
nanotube-lled polymer composite with an exceptionally low percolation
threshold. Adv Mater 2004;16:1503.
[20] Meincke O, Kaempfer D, Weickmann H, Friedrich C, Vathauer M, Warth H.
Mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of carbon-nanotube lled
polyamide-6 and its blends with acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene. Polymer
2004;45:73948.
[21] Wang L, Dang ZM. Carbon nanotube composites with high dielectric constant
at low percolation threshold. Appl Phys Lett 2005;87:042903.
[22] McNally T, Potschke P, Halley P, Murphy M, Martin D, Bell SEJ, et al.
Polyethylene multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Polymer
2005;46:822232.
[23] Aarab H, Baitoul M, Wery J, Almairac R, Lefrant S, Faulques E, et al. Electrical
and optical properties of PPV and single-walled carbon nanotubes composite
lms. Synth Met 2005;155:637.
[24] Ahmad K, Pan W, Shi SL. Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of
multiwalled carbon nanotube and alumina composites. Appl Phys Lett
2006;89:133122.
[25] Dalmas F, Dendievel R, Chazeau L, Cavaille JY, Gauthier C. Carbon nanotube-
lled polymer composites. Numerical simulation of electrical conductivity in
three-dimensional entangled brous networks. Acta Mater 2006;54:292331.
[26] Kymakis E, Amaratunga GAJ. Electrical properties of single-wall carbon
nanotube-polymer composite lms. J Appl Phys 2006;99:084302.
[27] Thostenson ET, Chou TW. Processing-structure-multi-functional property
relationship in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Carbon 2006;44:30229.
[28] Kim HM, Choi MS, Joo J, Cho SJ, Yoon HS. Complexity in charge transport for
multiwalled carbon nanotube and poly(methyl methacrylate) composites.
Phys Rev B 2006;74:054202.
[29] Moisala A, Li Q, Kinloch IA, Windle AH. Thermal and electrical conductivity of
single- and multi-walled carbon nanotube-epoxy composites. Compos Sci
Technol 2006;66:12858.
[30] Chang TE, Kisliuk A, Rhodes SM, Brittain WJ, Sokolov AP. Conductivity and
mechanical properties of well-dispersed single-wall carbon nanotube/
polystyrene composite. Polymer 2006;47:77406.
[31] Hu G, Zhao C, Zhang S, Yang M, Wang Z. Low percolation thresholds of
electrical conductivity and rheology in poly(ethylene terephthalate) through
the networks of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Polymer 2006;47:4808.
[32] Jiang MJ, Dang ZM, Xu HP. Giant dielectric constant and resistance-pressure
sensitivity in carbon nanotube/rubber nanocomposites with low percolation
threshold. Appl Phys Lett 2007;90:042914.
[33] Shi SL, Liang J. Electronic transport properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes/
yttria-stabilized zirconia composites. J Appl Phys 2007;101:023708.
[34] Liu L, Matitsine S, Gan YB, Chen LF, Kong LB, Rozanov KN. Frequency
dependence of effective permittivity of carbon nanotube composites. J Appl
Phys 2007;101:094106.
[35] Huang Y, Li N, Ma Y, Du F, Li F, He X, et al. The inuence of single-walled carbon
nanotube structure on the electromagnetic interference shielding efciency of
its epoxy composites. Carbon 2007;45:161421.
[36] Xiang C, Pan Y, Guo J. Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of
multiwalled carbon nanotube reinforced fused silica composites. Ceram Int
2007;33:12937.
[37] Broza G, Piszczek K, Schulte K, Sterzynski T. Nanocomposites of poly(vinyl
chloride) with carbon nanotubes (CNT). Compos Sci Technol 2007;67:8904.
[38] Kovacs JZ, Velagala BS, Schulte K, Bauhofer W. Two percolation thresholds in
carbon nanotube epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 2007;67:9228.
1569
[39] Ma PC, Kim JK, Tang BZ. Effects of silane functionalization on the properties of
carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol
2007;67:296572.
[40] Zhang CS, Ni QQ, Fu SY, Kurashiki K. Electromagnetic interference shielding
effect of nanocomposites with carbon nanotube and shape memory polymer.
Compos Sci Technol 2007;67:297380.
[41] Lisunova MO, Mamunya YP, Lebovka NI, Melezhyk AV. Percolation behaviour
of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes
composites. Eur Polym J 2007;43:94958.
[42] So HH, Cho JW, Sahoo NG. Effect of carbon nanotubes on mechanical and
electrical properties of polyimide/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites. Eur
Polym J 2007;43:37506.
[43] Jiang MJ, Dang ZM, Xu HP. Enhanced electrical conductivity in chemically
modied carbon nanotube/methylvinyl silicone rubber nanocomposite. Eur
Polym J 2007;43:492430.
[44] Francis LF, Grunlan JC, Sun J, Gerberich WW. Conductive coatings and
composites from latex-based dispersions. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng
Aspects 2007;311:4854.
[45] Dai J, Wang Q, Li W, Wei Z, Xu G. Properties of well aligned SWNT modied
poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. Mater Lett 2007;61:279.
[46] Musumeci AW, Silva GG, Liu JW, Martens WN, Waclawik ER. Structure and
conductivity of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(3-hexylthiophene)
composite lms. Polymer 2007;48:166778.
[47] Jeon K, Lumata L, Tokumoto T, Steven E, Brooks J, Alamo RG. Low electrical
conductivity threshold and crystalline morphology of single-walled carbon
nanotubes: high density polyethylene nanocomposites characterized by SEM,
Raman spectroscopy and AFM. Polymer 2007;48:475164.
[48] Kim DO, Lee MH, Lee JH, Lee TW, Kim KJ, Lee YK, et al. Transparent exible
conductor of poly(methylmethacrylate) containing highly-dispersed
multiwalled carbon nanotube. Org Electron 2008;9:113.
[49] Show Y, Itabashi H. Electrically conductive material made from CNT and PTFE.
Diamond Relat Mater 2008;17:6025.
[50] Wang Q, Dai J, Li W, Wei Z, Jiang J. The effects of CNT alignment on electrical
conductivity and mechanical properties of SWNT/epoxy nanocomposites.
Compos Sci Technol 2008;68:16448.
[51] Mamunya Y, Boudenne A, Lebovka N, Ibos L, Candau Y, Lisunova M. Electrical
and thermophysical behaviour of PVC-MWCNT nanocomposites. Compos Sci
Technol 2008;68:19818.
[52] Chou WJ, Wang CC, Chen CY. Characteristics of polyimide-based
nanocomposites containing plasma-modied multi-walled carbon
nanotubes. Compos Sci Technol 2008;68:220813.
[53] Wu TM, Chen EC. Preparation and characterization of conductive carbon
nanotube-polystyrene nanocomposites using latex technology. Compos Sci
Technol 2008;68:22549.
[54] Li Q, Xue Q, Hao L, Gao X, Zheng Q. Large dielectric constant of the chemically
functionalized carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol
2008;68:22906.
[55] Mu M, Walker AM, Torkelson JM, Winey KI. Cellular structures of carbon
nanotubes in a polymer matrix improve properties relative to composites with
dispersed nanotubes. Polymer 2008;49:13327.
[56] Grossiord N, Kivit PJJ, Loos J, Meuldijk J, Kyrylyuk AV, van der Schoot P, et al. On
the inuence of the processing conditions on the performance of electrically
conductive carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites. Polymer
2008;49:286672.
[57] Li Y, Chen C, Zhang S, Ni Y, Huang J. Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic
interference shielding characteristics of multiwalled carbon nanotube lled
polyacrylate composite lms. Appl Surf Sci 2008;254:576671.
[58] Valentino O, Sarno M, Rainone NG, Nobile MR, Ciambelli P, Neitzert HC, et al.
Inuence of the polymer structure and nanotube concentration on the
conductivity and rheological properties of polyethylene/CNT composites.
Physica E 2008;40:24405.
[59] Murthy DVB, Subramanian V, Sundaray B, Natarajan TS. Microwave hall
mobility studies on polymer-single walled carbon nanotube composite bers.
Appl Phys Lett 2008;92:222111.
[60] Bonnet P, Sireude D, Garnier B, Chauvet O. Thermal properties and percolation
in carbon nanotube-polymer composites. Appl Phys Lett 2007;91:201910.
[61] Liu J, Rinzler AG, Dai H, Hafner JH, Bradley RK, Boul PJ, et al. Fullerene Pipes.
Science 1998;280:12536.
[62] Wu Z, Chen Z, Du X, Logan JM, Sippel J, Nikolou M, et al. Transparent,
conductive carbon nanotube lms. Science 2004;305:12736.
[63] Park JG, Li S, Liang R, Fan X, Zhang C, Wang B. The high current-carrying
capacity of various carbon nanotube-based buckypapers. Nanotechnology
2008;19:185710.
[64] Wang D, Song P, Liu C, Wu W, Fan S. Highly oriented carbon nanotube papers
made of aligned carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2008;19:075609.
[65] Grimes CA, Dickey EC, Mungle C, Ong KG, Qian D. Effect of purication of the
electrical conductivity and complex permittivity of multiwall carbon
nanotubes. J Appl Phys 2001;90:41347.
[66] Watts PCP, Ponnampalam DR, Hsu WK, Barnes A, Chambers B. The complex
permittivity of multi-walled carbon nanotube-polystyrene composite lms in
X-band. Chem Phys Lett 2003;378:60914.
[67] Wu J, Kong L. High microwave permittivity of multiwalled carbon nanotube
composites. Appl Phys Lett 2004;84:49568.
[68] Xiang C, Pan Y, Liu X, Sun X, Shi X, Guo J. Microwave attenuation of
multiwalled carbon nanotube-fused silica composites. Appl Phys Lett
2005;87:123103.
1570 M. Imai et al. / Composites Science and Technology 70 (2010) 15641570
[69] Saib A, Bednarz L, Daussin R, Bailly C, Lou X, Thomassin JM, et al. Carbon
nanotube composites for broadband microwave absorbing materials. IEEE
Trans Microw Theory Tech 2006;54:274554.
[70] Zhu H, Lin H, Guo H, Yu L. Microwave absorbing property of Fe-lled carbon
nanotubes synthesized by a practical route. Mater Sci Eng B 2007;138:1014.
[71] Konyushenko EN, Kazantseva NE, Stejskal J, Trchova M, Kovarova J, Sapurina I,
et al. Ferromagnetic behaviour of polyaniline-coated multi-wall carbon
nanotubes containing nickel nanoparticles. J Magn Magn Mater
2008;320:23140.
[72] Shi SL, Liang J. The effect of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on electromagnetic
interference shielding of ceramic composites. Nanotechnology 2008;19:
255707.
[73] Thomassin JM, Pagnoulle C, Bednarz L, Huynen I, Jerome R, Detrembleur C.
Foams of polycaprolactone/MWNT nanocomposites for efcient EMI
reduction. J Mater Chem 2008;18:7926.
[74] Liu L, Kong LB, Matitsine S. Tunable effective permittivity of carbon nanotube
composites. Appl Phys Lett 2008;93:113106.
[75] Zhao X, Koos AA, Chu BTT, Johnston C, Grobert N, Grant PS. Spray deposited
uoropolymer/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite lms with high
dielectric permittivity at low percolation threshold. Carbon 2009;47:5619.
[76] Lagarkov AN, Sarychev AK. Electromagnetic properties of composites
containing elongated conducting inclusions. Phys Rev B 1996;53:631836.
[77] Rosca ID, Hoa SV. Highly conductive mutiwall carbon nanotube and epoxy
composites produced by three-roll milling. Carbon 2009;47:195868.