1 Eso - Unit 10 - Lines and Angles. Geometric Figures.

Unit 10 April
1. LINES.
1.1. PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR.
In Geometry, Bisection is the division of something into two equal parts, usually
by a Line, which is then called a Perpendicular Bisector or Segment Bisector (a line
that passes through the Midpoint of a given segment).
How to construct a Perpendicular Bisector in a Segment

?
Step 1: Stretch your compasses until it is more than half the length of
. Put the
.
sharp end at and mark an arc above and another arc below line segment
Step 2: Without changing the width of the compasses, put the sharp end at and
that will intersect with the arcs
mark arcs above and below the line segment
drawn in step 1.
Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.1

Unit 10 April
Step 3: Join the two points where the arcs intersect with a straight line. This line is
. P is the midpoint of
the perpendicular bisector of .

Unit 10 April
1.2. ANGLE BISECTOR.
The Angle Bisector is a line that passes through the apex of an angle, that
divides it into two equal angles.
How to construct an Angle Bisector for the following angle?
Step 1: Put the sharp end of your compasses at point and make one arc on the
line
(point ) and another arc on line
(point ).
Step 2: Put the sharp end of the compasses at and make an arc within the
lines . Do the same at T and make sure that the second arc intersects
and
the first arc.

Unit 10 April
Step 3: Draw a line from point to the points of intersection of the 2 arcs. This
.
line bisects
MATH VOCABULARY: Bisection, Perpendicular Bisector, Segment Bisector, Arc,

Midpoint, Segment, Line, Apex.

Unit 10 April
2. ANGLES.
2.1. PARALLEL ANGLES.
Two Parallel Angles are equal or Supplementary Angles.
Two angles are Supplementary when their addition is .
When Parallel Lines get crossed by another line (which is called a Transversal),
you can see that many angles are the same.

Unit 10 April
The pairs of angles on opposite sides of the transversal but outside the two
lines are called Alternate Exterior Angles.
The angles in matching corners are called Corresponding Angles.
The pairs of angles on opposite sides of the transversal but inside the two lines
are called Alternate Interior Angles.

Unit 10 April
The pairs of angles on one side of the transversal but inside the two lines are
called Consecutive Interior Angles.
Vertically Opposite Angles are the angles opposite each other when two lines
cross.
Alternate Exterior Angles, Corresponding Angles, Alternate Interior Angles and

Vertically Opposite Angles are equal.
MATH VOCABULARY: Parallel Angles, Supplementary Angles, Transversal, Alternate

Exterior Angles, Corresponding Angles, Alternate Interior Angles, Consecutive Interior
Angles, Vertically Opposite Angles.

Unit 10 April
2.2. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES.

2.2.1. SEXAGESIMAL DEGREE.
Remember that a Right Angle is .
A Straight Angle is .
A Full Angle is .
There are in one Full Rotation (one complete circle around). The
most usual unit of measurement for angles is the Sexagesimal Degree, which consists

Unit 10 April
in / of a full angle. The measurement of an angle in Sexagesimal Degrees is

denoted by the symbol . To get an idea, one degree corresponds to the following
aperture:
What happens when we have an angle of less than ?
To be able to speak about angles that measure less than , we use

submultiples of a degree, so we avoid working with expressions like the following:
This angle measures half a degree.

This angle measures 0.56 degrees
Thus, the Sexagesimal Degree has submultiples: these are the Minute and the
Second. The Minute is designated as and the second as .

Unit 10 April
The measurement of an angle in degrees, minutes and seconds would be, for
example, . It would be read as: an angle of degrees, minutes and
seconds.
Let's see the exact value of minutes and seconds:
One Minute is the result of taking a degree and dividing it into equal parts. This
is, mathematically expressed:

= =

A Second is the result of taking a minute and dividing it in equal parts. This is,
mathematically expressed:

= =

2.2.2. USING A PROTRACTOR.
To find the number of degrees in an angle, we use a Protractor.
A straight angle is divided into equal subdivisions on a Protractor, marked

from to . You find two scales marked to , one in clockwise direction and
the other in anti-clockwise direction. Each subdivision stands for .
Steps to measure:
Place the center of the protractor on the vertex of the angle.
Base line should fall along any of the sides.

Unit 10 April
The scale (clock wise or anti-clock wise direction), which begins with zero on the
side, is chosen.
Read the mark on the scale where the other arm crosses it.
2.2.3. COMPLEX AND NON-COMPLEX FORM.
To change degrees into minutes and seconds we will always work by means of
Conversion Factors. To convert from Complex Form to Non-Complex Form:
= ,
Write 73 13 48 in seconds:
73 = 73 3,600 = 262,800
13 = 13 60 = 780
73 13 48 = 262,800 + 780 = 263,628

Unit 10 April
To do it backwards:

= ; =

= ; =

= ; =
,
Write 263,628 in complex form:
263,628 3,600 = 73, = 828
828 60 = 13 , = 48
Therefore:
263,628 = 73 13 48
MATH VOCABULARY: Right Angle, Straight Angle, Sexagesimal Degree, Full Angle,
Minute, Second, Protractor.
2.3. ANGLES OPERATIONS.

2.3.1. ADDING ANGLES USING THE SEXAGESIMAL MEASURE.
To Add we need to add separately degrees or hours, minutes and seconds and
then convert the seconds into minutes and the minutes into degrees/hours if we get
more than .

Unit 10 April
Add 15 43 30 + 25 50 34
15 43 30
+ 25 50 34
40 93 64
+1 60
40 94 4
+1 60
41 34 4
2.3.2. SUBTRACTING ANGLES USING THE SEXAGESIMAL MEASURE.
To Subtract we need to subtract separately degrees/hours, minutes and

seconds, if we do not have enough seconds or minutes we convert one degree/hour
into minutes or a minute into seconds.
Subtract 56 38 11 32 43 56
56 38 11
32 43 56
56 38 11
1 + +60
55 97 71
32 43 56
23 54 15
We obtain = +60 1, 60 from subtracting 1 from degrees and 1 by

given +60 to seconds.
2.3.3. MULTIPLICATION BY A NATURAL NUMBER.
We Multiply separately degrees/hours, minutes and seconds and then we

convert the seconds into minutes and the minutes into degrees/hours when we get
more than subunits.

Unit 10 April
Multiply (13 23 26) 4:
13 23 26
4
52 92 104
+1 60
52 93 44
+1 60
53 33 44
2.3.4. DIVISION BY A NATURAL NUMBER.
We Divide the degrees/hours, and the remainder is converted into minutes

that must be added to the previous quantity that we had, divide the minutes and we
repeat the same that we have before. The remainder is in seconds.
2.4. INTERIOR ANGLES OF POLYGONS.
An Interior Angle is an angle inside a Shape.

Unit 10 April
2.4.1. TRIANGLES.
The Interior Angles of a Triangle add up to
60 + 90 + 30 = 180
70 + 80 + 30 = 180

Unit 10 April
2.4.2. QUADRILATERALS.
A Quadrilateral has 4 straight sides. The Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral add

up to .
90 + 90 + 90 + 90 = 360
100 + 80 + 90 + 90 = 360
Because there are 2 triangles in a square: + =

Unit 10 April
2.4.3. PENTAGON.
A Pentagon has 5 sides, and can be made from three triangles. Its interior
angles add up to = . And when it is regular (all angles the same),
then each angle is / = .
The Interior Angles of a Pentagon add up to .
2.4.4. THE GENERAL RULE.
Each time we add a side (triangle to quadrilateral, quadrilateral to pentagon,

etc), we add another to the total:

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= ( )
( )
( ) =

2.5. CIRCUMFERENCE ANGLES.

2.5.1. CENTRAL ANGLE.
Central Angle is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by two given
points on the circle.
2.5.2. INSCRIBED ANGLE.
Inscribed Angle is an angle made from points sitting on the circle's

circumference.
and are "End Points"

is the "Apex Point"

Unit 10 April
2.5.3. INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREMS.
An Inscribed Angle is half of the Central Angle . Called The Angle at the
Center Theorem.
And (keeping the endpoints fixed) the angle is always the same, no matter
where it is on the circumference the angle is the same. Called The Angles
Subtended by Same Arc Theorem.

Unit 10 April
2.5.4. ANGLE IN A SEMICIRCLE.
An Angle Inscribed in a Semicircle is always a Right Angle. The end points are
either end of a circle's diameter, the apex point can be anywhere on the
circumference.
The inscribed angle is half of the central angle .
MATH VOCABULARY: Polygon, Interior Angle, Shape, Triangle, Quadrilateral, Square,

Side, Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon, Octagon, Nonagon, Decagon, Circumference,
Central Angle, Circle, Arc, Inscribed Angle, End Points, Apex Point, Theorem, Semicircle.

Unit 10 April
3. LINES OF SYMMETRY OF PLANE SHAPES.

3.1. LINE OF SYMMETRY.
Another name for Reflection Symmetry. One half is the reflection of the other
half. The "Line of Symmetry" is the imaginary line where you could fold the image and
have both halves match exactly.
You can find if a shape has a Line of Symmetry by folding it. When the folded
part sits perfectly on top (all edges matching), then the fold line is a Line of Symmetry.
Here I have folded a rectangle one way, and it didn't work.
But when I try it this way, it does work (the folded part sits perfectly on top, all
edges matching):

Unit 10 April
3.2. TRIANGLES.
A Triangle can have , or or of symmetry:
3.3. QUADRILATERALS.
Different types of Quadrilaterals (a 4-sided plane shape):

Unit 10 April
3.4. REGULAR POLYGONS.
A Regular Polygon has all sides equal, and all angles equal:
And the pattern continues:
A regular polygon of 9 sides has 9 Lines of Symmetry

A regular polygon of 10 sides has 10 Lines of Symmetry
...
A regular polygon of "n" sides has "n" Lines of Symmetry

Unit 10 April
3.5. CIRCLE.
A line (drawn at any angle) that goes through its center is a Line of Symmetry.
So a Circle has infinite Lines of Symmetry.
3.6. PLANE SHAPES.
If a Plane Shape has Lines of Symmetry, all of then cut in one point, and
every two near lines form an angle:

=

= =

MATH VOCABULARY: Symmetry, Plane Shapes, Line of Symmetry, Reflection

Symmetry, Rhombus.

Unit 10 April
4. PLANE FIGURES.
4.1. TRIANGLES.
4.1.1. EQUILATERAL, ISOSCELES AND SCALENE.
There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or
angles) are equal. There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles.
4.1.2. ACUTE, OBTUSE AND RIGHT ANGLES.
Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside:

Unit 10 April
4.1.3. RELATIONSHIP OF SIDES TO INTERIOR ANGLES IN A TRIANGLE.
In a Triangle:
The shortest side is always opposite the smallest interior angle.

The longest side is always opposite the largest interior angle.
Recall that in a Scalene Triangle, all the sides have different lengths and all the
interior angles have different measures. In such a triangle, the shortest side is always
opposite the smallest angle. (These are shown in bold color above)

Unit 10 April
Similarly, the longest side is opposite the largest angle. If the smallest side is
opposite the smallest angle, and the longest is opposite the largest angle, then it
follows that since a triangle only has three sides, the midsize side is opposite the
midsize angle.
An Equilateral Triangle has all sides equal in length and all interior angles equal.
Therefore there is no "largest" or "smallest" in this case.
Isosceles Triangles have two sides the same length and two equal interior
angles. Therefore there can be two sides and angles that can be the "largest" or the
"smallest".
4.1.4. CONSTRUCT A TRIANGLE GIVEN THE LENGTH OF ITS THREE SIDES.
We can use a pair of compasses and a ruler to construct a triangle when the
lengths of its sides are given.
Construct a triangle with = and

= , = .
with lengths and mark the points and .

Step 1: Draw a line segment
x cm
, first stretch the 2 arms of the compasses apart, place

Step 2: To draw
the sharp point at point and mark an arc with the pencil end.

Unit 10 April
x cm
Step 3: To draw
, adjust the compasses to , place the sharp point at
point and mark an arc with the pencil end. You need to draw the arc so that it
will intersect with the arc drawn in step 2. Label the point of intersection as
point .
x cm
Step 4: Draw straight lines from to and from to .
x cm

Unit 10 April
4.1.5. MEDIAN. CENTROID.
A Median of a Triangle is a line segment from a vertex (corner point) to the

midpoint of the opposite side.
A triangle has three medians, and they all cross over at a special point called
the "Centroid".
4.1.6. ALTITUDE. ORTHOCENTER.
Altitude is another word for height. In a triangle is the line at right angles to a
side that goes through the opposite corner.

Unit 10 April
Where all three lines intersect is the "Orthocenter":
Note that sometimes the edges of the triangle have to be extended outside the
triangle to draw the Altitudes. Then the Orthocenter is also outside the triangle.
4.1.7. CIRCUMCENTER.
Using the Perpendicular Bisector of sides:
Where all three perpendicular bisectors intersect is the center of a triangle's

"Circumcircle", called the "Circumcenter":

Unit 10 April
4.1.8. INCENTER.
If we use the Angle Bisector of the angles of the triangle:
Where all three angle bisectors intersect is the center of a triangle's "Incircle",
called the "Incenter"

Unit 10 April
4.1.9. PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM.
When a triangle has a Right Angle (90), and squares are made on each of the
three sides, then the biggest square has the exact same area as the other two squares
put together!
It is called "Pythagoras' Theorem" and can be written in one short equation
Note: is the longest side of the triangle, and are the other two sides.

Unit 10 April
The longest side of the triangle is called the "Hypotenuse", so the formal
definition is:
In a right angled triangle: the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.
52 = 32 + 42
25 = 9 + 16 = 25

Unit 10 April
There are many geometric problems where we have to use the Pythagoras'
Theorem:
We have to study the shape to find out the right angles and the right triangles,
and apply the Pythagoras' Theorem:

Unit 10 April
Rhombi
Trapezoids
Regular Polygons
Circles

Unit 10 April
4.1.10. AREA AND PERIMETER.
The Perimeter is the distance around the edge of the triangle: just add up the
three sides:
208 + 145 + 203 = 556
The Area is half of the base times height. "" is the distance along the Base. ""
is the height (measured at right angles to the base).

Unit 10 April
Many times we will have to use the Pythagoras' Theorem to find the height of
the triangle.
2 + 52 = 102
2 = 102 52 = 100 25 = 75
= 75 8.7
10 8,7
= = 43.5 2
2
MATH VOCABULARY: Plane Figures, Equilateral, Isosceles, Scalene, Acute, Obtuse,

Median, Centroid, Altitude, Orthocenter, Circumcenter, Incenter, Pythagoras' Theorem,
Hypotenuse, Rhombus, Trapezoid, Area, Perimeter, Base.

Unit 10 April
4.2. QUADRILATERALS.
Quadrilateral just means "four sides" (quad means four, lateral means side). A
Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a flat shape), closed (the lines join
up), and has straight sides.

Unit 10 April
4.2.1. SQUARE.
A Square is a flat shape with 4 equal sides and every angle is a right angle (90).
Properties:
All sides are equal in length.

Each internal angle is 90.
Opposite sides are parallel (so it is a Parallelogram).
The Area is the side length squared:
= =
The Area is also half of the diagonal squared:
The Perimeter is 4 times the side length:

Unit 10 April
= + + + =
A square has two Diagonals; they are equal in length and intersect in the
middle. The Diagonal is the side length times the square root of 2:
4.2.2. RECTANGLE.
A Rectangle is a four-sided flat shape where every angle is a right angle (90).
Properties:
Each internal angle is 90.

Opposite sides are parallel (so it is a Parallelogram).
The Area is the width times the height:

Unit 10 April
The Perimeter is the distance around the edges. The Perimeter is 2 times the
(width + height):
= + = ( + )
A rectangle has two Diagonals, they are equal in length and intersect in the
middle.
The Diagonal is the square root of (width squared + height squared):
= +
4.2.3. RHOMBUS.
A Rhombus is a flat shape with 4 equal straight sides.

Unit 10 April
Properties:
All sides have equal length.

Opposite sides are parallel, and opposite angles are equal (it is a Parallelogram).
The Altitude is the distance at right angles to two sides.
And the Diagonals "" and "" of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
The Square is a Rhombus.
The Area can be calculated by:
The altitude times the side length:
Multiplying the lengths of the diagonals and then dividing by 2:
The Perimeter is 4 times "s" (the side length) because all sides are equal in
length:
=

Unit 10 April
It is more common to call this shape a Rhombus, but some people call it a
Rhomb or even a Diamond. The plural is Rhombi or Rhombuses, and, rarely, Rhombbi
or Rhombbuses (with a double b).
4.2.4. PARALLELOGRAM.
A Parallelogram is a flat shape with opposite sides parallel and equal in length.
Properties:
Opposite sides are parallel.

Opposite sides are equal in length.
Opposite angles are equal (angles "" are the same, and angles "" are the same).
Angles "" and "" add up to , so they are supplementary angles.
A Parallelogram where all angles are right angles is a rectangle.
The Area is the base times the height:
The Perimeter is 2 times the (base + side length):

Unit 10 April
= + = ( + )
The Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. In other words the

diagonals intersect each other at the half-way point.
4.2.5. TRAPEZOID.
A Trapezoid is a 4-sided flat shape with straight sides that has a pair of opposite
sides parallel (marked with arrows below):
Properties:
Has a pair of parallel sides.

Is an Isosceles Trapezoid when both angles coming from a parallel side are equal,
and the sides that aren't parallel are equal in length.
Is called a "Trapezium" in the UK.

Unit 10 April
The Area is the average of the two base lengths times the altitude:
The Perimeter is the sum of all side lengths:
= + + +
The Median (also called a midline or Midsegment) is a line segment half-way

between the two bases.
+
=

You can calculate the area when you know the median, it is just the median
times the height:
=

Unit 10 April
A Trapezium (UK: Trapezoid) is a quadrilateral with NO parallel sides. The US

and UK have their definitions swapped over.
4.2.6. KITE.
A Kite is a flat shape with straight sides. It has 2 pairs of equal adjacent sides.
Properties:
Two pairs of sides.

Each pair is made up of adjacent sides (they meet) that are equal in length.
The angles are equal where the two pairs meet.
Diagonals (dashed lines) cross at right angles, and one of the diagonals bisects
(cuts equally in half) the other.
When all sides have equal length the Kite will also be a Rhombus.
When all the angles are also the Kite will be a Square.
To find the Area of a Kite, Multiply the lengths of the diagonals and then divide
by 2 to find the Area:

=


Unit 10 April
The Perimeter is 2 times (side length a + side length b):

= ( + )
A concave Kite is called a Dart.
MATH VOCABULARY: Diagonal, Rectangle, Rhomb, Diamond, Rhombi, Rhombuses,

Rhombbi, Rhombbuses, Parallelogram, Trapezoid, Trapezium, Midsegment, Kite, Dart.
4.3. POLYGONS.
A Polygon is a plane shape with straight sides. Polygons are 2-dimensional

shapes. They are made of straight lines, and the shape is "closed" (all the lines connect
up).

Unit 10 April
A Regular Polygon has all angles equal and all sides equal, otherwise it is
Irregular.
A Convex Polygon has no angles pointing inwards. More precisely, no internal

angle can be more than . If any internal angle is greater than then the
polygon is Concave. (Think: concave has a "cave" in it).
A Simple Polygon has only one boundary, and it doesn't cross over itself.
A complex polygon intersects itself! Many rules about polygons don't work when it is
Complex.

Unit 10 April

Unit 10 April
4.3.1. CIRCUMCIRCLE, INCIRCLE, RADIUS AND APOTHEM OF REGULAR POLYGONS.
They are just the names of the "Outer" and "Inner" circles (and each Radius)
that can be drawn on a polygon like this:
The "outside" circle is called a Circumcircle, and it connects all vertices (corner
points) of the polygon. The Radius of the circumcircle is also the radius of the polygon.
The "inside" circle is called an Incircle and it just touches each side of the polygon at its
midpoint. The radius of the incircle is the Apothem of the polygon.
4.3.2. AREA AND PERIMETER OF REGULAR POLYGONS.
The Perimeter is times the Side, where is the number of sides.
We can learn a lot about regular polygons by breaking them into triangles like
this:

Unit 10 April
Notice that:
The "Base" of the triangle is one Side of the polygon.

The "Height" of the triangle is the "Apothem" of the polygon.
Now, the Area of a Triangle is half of the base times height, so:

= =

To get the area of the whole polygon, just add up the areas of all the little
triangles ("" of them)

= =

MATH VOCABULARY: Convex, Concave, Apothem, Radius.
4.4. CIRCLE.
A Circle is easy to make: Draw a curve that is "Radius" away from a central
point. All points are the same distance from the center.

Unit 10 April
4.4.1. AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE.
The Radius is the distance from the center outwards. The Diameter goes
straight across the circle, through the center. The Circumference is the distance once
around the circle.
Also note that the Diameter is twice the Radius:

Unit 10 April
The Area of a circle is times the radius squared, which is written:
4.4.2. LINES AND SLICES.
A line that goes from one point to another on the circle's circumference is
called a Chord. If that line passes through the center it is called a Diameter. A line that
"just touches" the circle as it passes by is called a Tangent. And a part of the
circumference is called an Arc.
There are two main "Slices" of a circle. The "pizza" slice is called a Sector. And
the slice made by a chord is called a Segment

Unit 10 April
The Quadrant and Semicircle are two special types of Sector: Quarter of a circle
is called a Quadrant. Half a circle is called a Semicircle.
You can work out the Area of a Sector by comparing its angle to the angle of a
full circle.

= ( )

The Area of a Segment is the area of a sector minus the triangular piece (shown
in light blue here).
The Arc Length (of a Sector or Segment) is:

Unit 10 April

= ( )

4.4.3. RELATIVE POSITIONS.
The Circle has different Relative Positions:
Relative Position of a Straight Line with respect to a circumference:

Unit 10 April
Relative Position of two circumferences:
MATH VOCABULARY: Convex, Center, Diameter, Slice, Chord, Tangent, Arc, Sector,
Segment, Quadrant, Semicircle.

Unit 10 April
5. SOLID GEOMETRY.
Solid Geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional space, the kind of space

we live in. It is called three-dimensional, or 3D, because there are three dimensions:
Width, Depth and Height.
Let us start with some of the simplest shapes:

Unit 10 April
There are two main types of solids, "Polyhedra", and "Non-Polyhedra": The
Polyhedra must have flat faces. If not they are Non-Polyhedra.
5.1. POLYHEDRONS.
A Polyhedron is a solid with flat faces. So no curved surfaces: cones, spheres

and cylinders are not polyhedrons.
5.1.1. THE PLATONIC SOLIDS.
A Platonic Solid is a 3D shape where:
Each face is the same Regular Polygon.

The same number of polygons meet at each vertex (corner).

Unit 10 April
5.1.2. PRISMS.
A Prism is a solid object with:
Identical ends.
Flat faces.
The same cross section all along its length.
A Cross Section is the shape made by cutting straight across an object.

Unit 10 April
The Cross Section of this object is a triangle it has the same cross section all
along its length so it's a Triangular Prism. The ends of a prism are parallel each one is
called a Base.
The side faces of a prism are Parallelograms (4-sided shapes with opposite
sides parallel).
These are all Prisms:

Unit 10 April
All the previous examples are Regular Prisms, because the cross section is
regular (in other words it is a shape with equal edge lengths, and equal angles.). Here is
an example of an Irregular Prism:

Unit 10 April
5.1.3. PYRAMIDS.
A Pyramid is made by connecting a base to an Apex:
There are many types of Pyramids, and they are named after the shape of their
Base.

Unit 10 April
This tells us where the top (apex) of the pyramid is. When the apex is directly
above the center of the base it is a Right Pyramid, otherwise it is an Oblique Pyramid.
This tells us about the shape of the base. When the base is a regular polygon it
is a Regular Pyramid, otherwise it is an Irregular Pyramid.

Unit 10 April
5.2. NON-POLYHEDRA.
5.2.1. SPHERE.
Properties:
It is perfectly symmetrical.
All points on the surface are the same distance "r" from the center.
It has no edges or vertices (corners).
It has one surface (not a "face" as it isn't flat).
It is not a polyhedron.
A Sphere is a Rotated Circle.
5.2.2. CYLINDER.
Properties:
It has a flat Base and a flat top.

Unit 10 April
The base is the same as the top.

From base to top the shape stays the same.
It has one curved side.
It is not a polyhedron as it has a curved surface.
A Cylinder is a Rotated Rectangle.
5.2.3. CONE.
Properties:
It has a flat base.

It has one curved side.
It is not a polyhedron as it has a curved surface.
The pointy end of a cone is called the Apex.
The flat part is the Base
A Cone is a Rotated Triangle.
MATH VOCABULARY: 3D Shapes, Sphere, Torus, Cylinder, Cone, Cube, Cuboid, Pyramid,
Prism, Polyhedra, Non-Polyhedra, Polyhedron, Platonic Solids, Edge, Face, Vertices,
Vertex, Apex.

1 Eso - Unit 10 - Lines and Angles. Geometric Figures.

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Unit 10 April

How to construct a Perpendicular Bisector in a Segment

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.1

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.2

1.2. ANGLE BISECTOR.

How to construct an Angle Bisector for the following angle?

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.3

MATH VOCABULARY: Bisection, Perpendicular Bisector, Segment Bisector, Arc,

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.4

Two Parallel Angles are equal or Supplementary Angles.

Two angles are Supplementary when their addition is .

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.5

The angles in matching corners are called Corresponding Angles.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.6

Alternate Exterior Angles, Corresponding Angles, Alternate Interior Angles and

MATH VOCABULARY: Parallel Angles, Supplementary Angles, Transversal, Alternate

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.7

2.2. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES.

Remember that a Right Angle is .

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.8

in / of a full angle. The measurement of an angle in Sexagesimal Degrees is

What happens when we have an angle of less than ?

To be able to speak about angles that measure less than , we use

This angle measures half a degree.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.9

2.2.2. USING A PROTRACTOR.

To find the number of degrees in an angle, we use a Protractor.

A straight angle is divided into equal subdivisions on a Protractor, marked

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.10

2.2.3. COMPLEX AND NON-COMPLEX FORM.

73 13 48 = 262,800 + 780 = 263,628

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Write 263,628 in complex form:

263,628 3,600 = 73, = 828

2.3. ANGLES OPERATIONS.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.12

2.3.2. SUBTRACTING ANGLES USING THE SEXAGESIMAL MEASURE.

To Subtract we need to subtract separately degrees/hours, minutes and

We obtain = +60 1, 60 from subtracting 1 from degrees and 1 by

2.3.3. MULTIPLICATION BY A NATURAL NUMBER.

We Multiply separately degrees/hours, minutes and seconds and then we

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.13

Multiply (13 23 26) 4:

2.3.4. DIVISION BY A NATURAL NUMBER.

We Divide the degrees/hours, and the remainder is converted into minutes

2.4. INTERIOR ANGLES OF POLYGONS.

An Interior Angle is an angle inside a Shape.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.14

The Interior Angles of a Triangle add up to

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A Quadrilateral has 4 straight sides. The Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral add

Because there are 2 triangles in a square: + =

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The Interior Angles of a Pentagon add up to .

2.4.4. THE GENERAL RULE.

Each time we add a side (triangle to quadrilateral, quadrilateral to pentagon,

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.17

2.5. CIRCUMFERENCE ANGLES.

2.5.2. INSCRIBED ANGLE.

Inscribed Angle is an angle made from points sitting on the circle's

and are "End Points"

Axel Cotn Gutirrez Mathematics 1 ESO 10.18

2.5.3. INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREMS.