DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD Table of Contents 1. Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 2 3. Historical Background ............................................................................................................ 3 4. Recent and Current Developments ........................................................................................ 5 5. Laying Pipelines to Safeguard National Interests .................................................................... 6 6. Energy in Turkmenistan and Geopolitics of Pipeline ................................................................ 7 7. Aims to be fulfilled through TAPI... 8 8. Security Challenges.. 9 9. Attitude of Major World Powers.9 10. Significance of TAPI 12 11. Conclusion 13