THE GLOSSARY OF
PROSTHODONTIC
TERMS
A accelerator n (1611) 1: a substance that speeds a chemical reac-
Abbe flap [Robert Abbe, New York, N.Y. surgeon, 1851-1928]:
eponym for a lip switch operation. A triangular, full thickness flap
from the lower lip used to fill in a deficit in the upper lip. Specif-
ically applied to the midportion of the upper or lower lipcalled
also lip switch operation
Abbe, R. A new plastic operation for the relief of deformity due to double
harelip. Med Rec 1898;53:477.
abduct vt (1834): to draw away from the median planecomp
ADDUCT
aberrant adj (ca. 1798) 1: a deviation from the normal or usual
course, form, or location 2: straying from the normal way
abfraction n (1991): the pathologic loss of hard tooth substance
caused by biomechanical loading forces. Such loss is thought to
be due to flexure and chemical fatigue degradation of enamel
and/or dentin at some location distant from the actual point of
loadingcomp ABLATION, ABRASION, ATTRITION, ERO-
SION
ablation n (15c) 1: separation or detachment; extirpation; eradica-
tion 2: removal of a part, especially by cuttingsee ABFRAC-
TION, EROSION
abrade vt (1677): to rub away the external covering or layer of a
partcomp ATTRITION, EROSION
abrasion n (1656) 1: the wearing away of a substance or structure
(such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal
mechanical process 2: an abnormal wearing away of the tooth
substance by causes other than masticationcomp ATTRITION,
EROSION
1abrasive n (1853): a substance used for abrading, smoothing, or
polishing
2abrasive adj (1875) 1: tending to abrade 2: causing irritation
abrasively adv, abrasiveness n
abrasivity n (1998): the property of one material to wear away
another material by means of frictional contact
absorbed dose: the amount of energy from ionizing radiation
absorbed per unit mass of matter, expressed in gray units
absorptance n (ca. 1931): the ratio of the radiant energy absorbed
by a body to that incident on it
absorption n (1741) 1: the uptake of substances into or through
tissues, eg, mucosa, skin, and intestine 2: in radiology, the uptake
of energy by matter with which the radiation interactssee A. OF
RADIATIONcomp ADSORPTION
absorption of radiation: collision-like interactions between the indi-
vidual particulate or quantum components of a beam of radiation
and the subatomic parts of matter that occur at random during
irradiation. Each interaction may result in partial or complete
transfer of energy
abutment n (1634) 1: that part of a structure that directly receives
thrust or pressure; an anchorage 2: a tooth, a portion of a tooth,
or that portion of a dental implant that serves to support and/or
retain a prosthesisusage see ANGULATED A., HEALING A.,
IMPLANT A., INTERMEDIATE A., ONE PIECE A., PREPA-
RATION PIECE A., STANDARD A., TWO PIECE A.
abutment clamp (1998): any device used for positioning a dental
implant abutment upon the dental implant body
accelerant n (1916): a substance used to accelerate a process (as in
enhancing the speed of a chemical reaction)
48 THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
tion 2: in physiology, a nerve, muscle, or substance that quickens
movement or response
accretion n (1615) 1: the process of enlargement or growth by a
gradual build-up 2: in periodontics, the accumulation on teeth or
dental implants of foreign material such as plaque, calculus, and
materia alba
acentric relation: see ECCENTRIC RELATION
achromatic adj (1766) 1: lacking in hue and saturation, therefore
falling into a series of colors that varies only in lightness or bright-
ness 2: possessing no hue; being or involving black, gray, or white
achromatopsia n 1: monochromatism 2.: a type of monochroma-
tism in which all colors are perceived as achromatic, called also
achromatism, total color perception deficiency
acid-etched bonded splint: see RESIN-BONDED SPLINT
acid-etched bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
acid-etched fixed partial denture: see RESIN-BONDED PROS-
THESIS
acquire vt acquired; acquiring (15c) 1: to obtain as ones own;
to come to have as a new or additional trait, characteristic or capa-
bility 2: attained with time
acquired centric: see ECCENTRIC RELATION, MAXIMAL
INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired centric occlusal position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION,
MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired centric position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION, MAXI-
MAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired centric relation: see ECCENTRIC RELATION, MAXI-
MAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired eccentric relation: any eccentric relationship position of
the mandible relative to the maxilla, whether conditioned or
learned by habit, which will bring the teeth into contact
acquired occlusal position: the relationship of teeth in maximum
intercuspation regardless of jaw positionsee MAXIMAL
INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acrylic resin 1: pertaining to polymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid, or acrylonitrile; for example, acrylic fibers or acrylic resins 2:
any of a group of thermoplastic resins made by polymerizing
esters of acrylic or methylmethacrylate acids
acrylic resin base: a denture base made of acrylic resin
activated resin obs: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
1activator n: a removable orthodontic device intended to stimulate
perioral muscles
2activator (1998): 1: any chemical agent which triggers an initiator
chemical to begin a chemical reaction 2: a substance used in small
proportions to increase the effectiveness of an accelerator chemical
acute closed lock: a form of temporomandibular joint dysfunction
characterized by limitation in jaw movement of a short duration
with pain, limitation of jaw opening to 25 to 30 mm (as measured
in the incisor area) and, with jaw opening, a deflection of the
mandible toward the affected joint
acute pain: pain having a brief and relatively severe course
adaptation n (1610) 1: the act or process of adapting; the state of
being adapted 2: the act of purposefully adapting two surfaces to
provide intimate contact 3: the progressive adjustive changes in
sensitivity that regularly accompany continuous sensory stimula-
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
tion or lack of stimulation 4: in dentistry, (a) the degree of fit
between a prosthesis and supporting structures, (b) the degree of
proximity of a restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the
adjustment of orthodontic bands to teeth
adaptation syndrome: a syndrome characterized by alterations in
response as an accommodation to the environment
adaptive occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
additive color mixture: the perceived color that results when the
same area of the retina of the eye is illuminated by lights of dif-
ferent spectral distribution such as by two colored lightscomp
SUBTRACTIVE COLOR SYSTEM
adduct vt (1836): to draw toward the median plane or toward the
axial linecomp ABDUCT
adherence n (1531): the act, quality, or action of adhering; persis-
tent attachment
adhesion n (1624) 1: the property of remaining in close proximity,
as that resulting from the physical attraction of molecules to a
substance or molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of
bodies in contact 2: the stable joining of parts to each other,
which may occur abnormally 3: a fibrous band or structure by
which parts abnormally adherecomp CAPSULAR FIBROSIS,
FIBROUS A., INTRACAPSULAR A., MYOFIBROTIC CAP-
SULAR CONTRACTURE
1adhesive adj (1670): sticky or tenacious
2adhesive n (1912) 1: any substance that creates close adherence to
or on adjoining surfaces 2: a luting agentsee DENTURE A.,
MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETIC A.
adhesive capsulitis: within the temporomandibular joint, any situa-
tion in which the disk is in normal position, joint space volume is
decreased, and motion is restricted
adhesive failure (1998): bond failure at an interface between two
materials due to a tensile or shearing forcesee COHESIVE
FAILURE
adiadochokinesia n: inability to perform rapid alternating
movements such as opening and closing the jaws or lips, raising
and lowering the eyebrows, or tapping the finger
adipose atrophy: reduction of fatty tissue
adjustable anterior guidance: an anterior guide on an articulator
whose surface may be altered to provide desired guidance of the
articulators movement mechanism; the guide may be pro-
grammed (calibrated) to accept eccentric interocclusal records
adjustable articulator: an articulator that allows some limited
adjustment in the sagittal and horizontal planes to replicate
recorded mandibular movementssee ARTICULATOR
adjustable axis face-bow: see FACE-BOW
adjustable occlusal pivot obs: an occlusal pivot that may be adjusted
vertically by means of a screw or other device (GPT4)
adjustment n (1644) 1: the act or process of modifying physical
parts 2: in dentistry, a modification made on a dental prosthesis
or natural tooth to enhance fit, function, or acceptance by the
patientsee OCCLUSAL A.
adsorption n (1882): the adhesion, in an extremely thin layer, of
molecules to the surfaces of liquids or solids with which they are
in contactcomp ABSORPTIONadsorptive adj
adult speech aid prosthesis: a definitive prosthesis that can improve
speech in adult cleft palate patients either by obturating (sealing
off) a palatal cleft or fistula or occasionally by assisting an incom-
petent soft palate. Both mechanisms are necessary to achieve
velopharyngeal competencysyn PROSTHETIC SPEECH
APPLIANCE, SPEECH AID, SPEECH BULB
afterimage n (1874): in visual acuity, a prolongation or renewal of
a visual sensory experience, ascribable to residual excitation after
external stimuli have ceased to operate
afterloading technique: in therapeutic radiology, the use of applica-
tors for brachytherapy so designed that they may be quickly
loaded with radioactive sources after placement within the patient
agar n (1889): a complex sulfated polymer of galactose units,
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
adaptation alloplastic material
extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides,
and related red algae. It is a mucilaginous substance that melts at
approximately 100C and solidifies into a gel at approximately
40C. It is not digested by most bacteria and is used as a gel in
dental impression materials and a solid culture media for microor-
ganisms.
age atrophy: the normal diminution of all tissues due to advanced age
agenesis n (ca. 1879): absence, failure of formation, or imperfect
development of any body partsee CONDYLAR AGENESIS
agnathia n: a developmental anomaly characterized by absence of
the mandible
agnosia n (ca. 1900): diminution or loss of the ability to recognize
the import of sensory stimuli; the varieties correspond with the
senses and are distinguished as auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tac-
tile, and visual
agonist n (ca. 1626) 1: in physiology, a muscle that is controlled by
the action of an antagonist with which it is paired 2: in anatomy,
a prime mover 3: in pharmacology, a drug that has an affinity for
and stimulates physiologic activity in cell receptors normally stim-
ulated by naturally occurring substances
air abrasion: see AIRBORNE PARTICLE ABRASION
air-bone gap: in audiology, the difference in patient acuity to sound
produced by air and through bone that reflects hearing loss due
to middle ear dysfunction or pathology
airborne particle abrasion: the process of altering the surface of a
material through the use of abrasive particles propelled by com-
pressed air or other gases
air chamber: see RELIEF AREA
air conduction: the normal process of conducting sound waves
through the ear canal to the tympanic membrane
air dose: in therapeutic radiology, the amount of energy absorbed
per unit mass of tissue at a given site, in air
Akers clasp [Polk E. Akers, Chicago, III, dentist]: eponym for a one-
piece cast partial denture with cast clasps. He is said to have
improved and standardized the one-piece casting method for fab-
ricating gold partial dentures in the early 1920ssee SUPRAB-
ULGE CLASP
Akers PE. Partial dentures. J Amer Dent Assoc 1928;15:717-22.
ala n, pl alae (1738): a wing or a wing like anatomic part or
processalar adj
ala nasi n: in anatomy, the cartilaginous processes forming the wing-
like flares of each nares
ala-tragus line: a line running from the inferior border of the ala of
the nose to some defined point on the tragus of the ear, usually
considered to be the tip of the tragus. It is frequently used, with
a third point on the opposing tragus, for the purpose of estab-
lishing the ala tragus plane. Ideally, the ala-tragus plane is consid-
ered to be parallel to the occlusal plane. The occlusal plane is at
an angle of approximately 10 degrees relative to the Frankfort
horizontal plane, when viewed in the midsagittal planesee
CAMPERS LINE
alginate n (ca. 1909): see IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
allodynia n: pain resulting from a non-noxious stimulus to normal
skin or mucosa
allogeneic adj (1963): in transplantation biology, denoting indi-
viduals (or tissues) that are of the same species however antigeni-
cally distinctcalled also homologous
allogeneic graft: see HOMOGRAFT
allograft n (1964): a graft of tissue between genetically dissimilar
members of the same speciescalled also allogeneic graft and
homograft
alloplast n 1: an inert foreign body used for implantation within
tissue 2: a material originating from a nonliving source that sur-
gically replaces missing tissue or augments that which remains
alloplastic graft: a graft using an inert material
alloplastic material: any nonbiologic material suitable for implanta-
tion as an alloplast
49
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
alloy angle of gingival convergence
alloy n (14c): a mixture of two or more metals or metalloids that are
mutually soluble in the molten state; distinguished as binary,
ternary, quaternary, etc., depending on the number of metals
within the mixture. Alloying elements are added to alter the hard-
ness, strength, and toughness of a metallic element, thus obtain-
ing properties not found in the pure metal. Alloys may also be
classified on the basis of their behavior when solidified usage see
BASE METAL, NOBLE METAL
alloying element (1998): metallic or nonmetallic elements added to
or retained by a pure metal for the purpose of giving that metal
special properties
alpha particle n (1903): a positively charged nuclear particle identi-
cal with the nucleus of a helium atom that consists of two protons
and two neutrons and is ejected at high speed in certain radioac-
tive transformations
altered cast: a master cast that is revised in part before processing a
denture basecalled also corrected cast, modified cast
altered cast partial denture impression: a negative likeness of a por-
tion or portions of the edentulous denture bearing area(s) made
independent of and after the initial impression of the natural
teeth. This technique utilizes an impression tray(s) attached to the
removable partial denture framework or its likeness
aluminum oxide 1: a metallic oxide constituent of dental porcelain
that increases hardness and viscosity 2: a high strength ceramic
crystal dispersed throughout a glassy phase to increase its strength
as in aluminous dental porcelain used to fabricate aluminous
porcelain jacket crowns 3: a finely ground ceramic particle (fre-
quently 50 m) often used in conjunction with air-borne particle
abrasion of metal castings before the application of porcelain as
with metal ceramic restorations
aluminous porcelain: a ceramic material composed of a glass matrix
phase with 35% or more of aluminum oxide, by volume
alveolar adj (1799): that part of the jaws where the teeth arise
alveolar augmentation: any surgical procedure used to alter the con-
tour of the residual alveolar ridge
alveolar bone: the bony portion of the mandible or maxillae in
which the roots of the teeth are held by fibers of the periodontal
ligamentcalled also dental alveolus
alveolar crest: see RESIDUAL RIDGE CREST
alveolar mucosa: the mucosal covering of the alveolar process, loose-
ly attached to the bone
alveolar process: the cancellus and compact bony structure that sur-
rounds and supports the teeth
alveolar reconstruction: any surgical procedure used to recreate a
severely resorbed residual alveolar ridge
alveolar resorption: see RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION
alveolar ridge: see RESIDUAL RIDGE
alveolectomy n: see OSTEOTOMY
alveoloplasty n: see OSTEOTOMY
alveolus n, pl -li (ca. 1706): one of the cavities or sockets within
the alveolar process of the maxillae or mandible in which the
attachment complex held the root of a tooth after the tooths
removal
amorphous: without crystalline structure; having random arrange-
ment of atoms in space
analgesia n (ca. 1706): absence of sensibility to pain, designating
particularly the relief of pain without loss of consciousness
1analgesic adj: relieving pain
2analgesic n: an agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of
consciousnesssee A. BLOCKING AGENT, A. DIAGNOSTIC
BLOCK
analgesic blocking agent: any analgesic that blocks or prohibits sen-
sory perception
analgesic diagnostic block: the selective use of a local anesthetic
injection or application of a topical anesthetic to identify and
localize pain
analog n (1826) 1: in dentistry, something that is analogous in part
50
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
or whole to something else; ie, a replica of a portion of an implant
body made of brass, aluminum, steel, or plastic 2: an organ simi-
lar in function to an organ of another animal or plant but with dif-
ferent structure and originspelled also analogue
anamnesis n, pl -neses (ca. 1593) 1: a recalling to mind; a remi-
niscence 2: the past history of disease or injury based on the
patients memory or recall at the time of interview and examina-
tion 3: a preliminary past medical history of a medical or psychi-
atric patient
anatomic crown: the portion of a natural tooth that extends coronal
from the cementoenamel junctioncalled also anatomical crown
anatomic landmarks: a recognizable anatomic structure used as a
point of reference
anatomic occlusion: an occlusal arrangement wherein the posterior
artificial teeth have masticatory surfaces that closely resemble
those of the natural healthy dentition and articulate with similar
natural or artificial surfacescalled also anatomical occlusion
anatomic teeth 1: artificial teeth that duplicate the anatomic forms of
natural teeth 2: teeth that have prominent cusps on the masticat-
ing surfaces and that are designed to articulate with the teeth of the
opposing natural or prosthetic dentition 3: anatomic teeth have
cuspal inclinations greater than 0 degrees and tend to replica nat-
ural tooth anatomyusage cusp teeth (30 to 45 degrees) are con-
sidered anatomic teeth. Modified occlusal forms are those with a
20-degree cusp incline or lesscalled also anatomical teeth
Boucher CO. J Prosthet Dent 1953;3:633-56.
anatomy n, pl -mies (14c) 1: a branch of morphology that involves
the structures of organs 2: the structural makeup esp. of an organ
or any of its parts 3: separating or dividing into parts for exami-
nationanatomic or anatomical adj
ANB angle: in cephalometric analysis, the angle formed between the
nasion point A line and the nasion point B line
anchorage area: that area which, by its situation, configura-
tion and/or preparation, is suitable for the retention of a
prosthesis
anchorage component: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
BODY
anchorage element: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
ABUTMENT ELEMENT(S)
Anderson splint [Roger Anderson, American orthopedic surgeon,
1891-1971]: eponym for a skeletal traction splint with pins
inserted into proximal and distal ends of a fracture. Reduction is
obtained by an external plate attached to the pinscalled also
byphasic splint
Anderson R. Ambulatory method of treating fractures of the shaft of the
femur. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1936;62:865.
Andrews bridge: the combination of a fixed partial denture incor-
porating a bar with a removable partial denture that replaces teeth
within the bar area, usually used for edentulous anterior spaces.
The vertical walls of the bar may provide retention for the remov-
able component. First attributed to James Andrews, DDS, Amite,
LA
Everhart RJ, Cavazos E Jr. Evaluation of a fixed removable partial denture:
Andrews Bridge System. J Prosthet Dent 1983;50(2):180-4
anesthesia n (ca. 1721): loss of feeling or sensation; also spelled
anaesthesia
anesthesia dolorosa: pain within an area or region that is anesthetic
or anesthetized
1anesthetic adj (1846) 1: capable of producing anesthesia 2: lack-
ing awareness or sensitivity
2anesthetic n (1848) 1: a substance that produces anesthesia 2:
something that brings relief
angle of gingival convergence 1: according to Schneider, the angle
of gingival convergence is located apical to the height of contour
on the abutment tooth. It can be identified by viewing the angle
formed by the tooth surface gingival to the survey line and the
analyzing rod or undercut gauge in a surveyor as it contacts the
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
height of contour 2: the angle formed by any surface of the tooth
below the survey line of the height of contour, with the selected
path of insertion of a prosthesis 3: the angle formed by the tooth
surface below the height of contour with the vertical plane, when
the occlusal surface of the tooth is oriented parallel to the hori-
zontal plane
Schneider RL. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58:194-6.
angle of incidence: the angle formed between the axis of a light
beam and the perpendicular to the objects surface
angle of reflection: the angle formed between the axis of a reflected
light beam and the perpendicular to the objects surface
Angles classification of occlusion [Edward Harley Angle, Ameri-
can orthodontist, 1855-1930]: eponym for a classification system
of occlusion based on the interdigitation of the first molar teeth
originally described by Angle as four major groups depending on
the anteroposterior jaw relationship. Class IV is no longer used.
Class I (normal occlusion or neutroocclusion): the dental relation-
ship in which there is normal anteroposterior relationship of the
jaws, as indicated by correct interdigitation of maxillary and
mandibular molars, but with crowding and rotation of teeth else-
where, i.e., a dental dysplasia or arch length deficiency. Class II
(distocclusion): the dental relationship in which the mandibular
dental arch is posterior to the maxillary dental arch in one or both
lateral segments; the mandibular first molar is distal to the maxil-
lary first molar. Further subdivided into two divisions. Division 1:
bilateral distal retrusion with a narrow maxillary arch and pro-
truding maxillary incisors. Subdivisions include right or left (uni-
laterally distal with other characteristics being the same). Division
2: bilateral distal with a normal or square-shaped maxillary arch,
retruded maxillary central incisors, labially malposed maxillary lat-
eral incisors, and an excessive vertical overlap. Subdivisions
include right or left (unilaterally distal with other characteristics
the same). Class III (mesioocclusion): the dental relationship in
which the mandibular arch is anterior to the maxillary arch in one
or both lateral segments; the mandibular first molar is mesial to
the maxillary first molar. The mandibular incisors are usually in
anterior cross bite. Subdivisions include right or left (unilaterally
mesial with other characteristics the same). Class IV: the dental
relationship in which the occlusal relations of the dental arches
present the peculiar condition of being in distal occlusion in one
lateral half and in mesial occlusion in the other (no longer used)
Angle EM. Classification of malocclusion. Dental Cosmos 1899;41:248-
64,350-7.
angular cheilitis: inflammation of the lip or lips with redness and the
production of fissures radiating from the angles of the mouth
called also perleche
angulated abutment (1998): any endosteal dental implant abut-
ment which alters the long axis angulation between the dental
implant body and the dental implant abutmentsyn ANGLED
ABUTMENT
ankyloglossia n: restricted movement of the tongue, often due to anterior guide: see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
the position of the lingual frenulum, resulting in speech impedi-
ments; may be complete or partialcalled also adherent tongue,
lingua frenata, and tongue-tie
ankylosis n, pl -loses (1713): immobility and consolidation of a
joint or tooth due to injury, disease, or a surgical procedure see
BONY A., EXTRACAPSULAR A., FIBROUS A., INTRACAP-
SULAR A.; spelled also anchylosis
anneal vt (1580) 1: to heat a material, such as metal or glass, fol-
lowed by controlled cooling to remove internal stresses and cre-
ate a desired degree of toughness, temper, or softness to a mate-
rial 2: to heat a material, such as gold foil, to volatilize and drive
off impurities from its surface, thus increasing its cohesive prop-
erties. This process is termed degassing 3: to homogenize an
amalgam alloy by heating in an oven
annular n (1571): a term used to describe a ringlike anatomic
structure
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
angle of gingival convergence anterior open bite
anodontia n: a rare dental condition characterized by congenital
absence of all teeth (both deciduous and permanent)comp
HYPODONTIA, OLIGODONTIA
anodontism n: see ANODONTIA
anomalous trichromatic vision: a form of defective color vision in
which three stimuli are required for color matching, but the pro-
portions in which they are matched differ significantly from those
required by the normal trichromat. There are three forms of
anomalous trichromatic vision: protanomalous, deuteranomalous,
and tritanomalous
anomaly n, pl -lies (1664) 1: something different, abnormal, pecu-
liar, or not easily classified 2: an aberration or deviation from nor-
mal anatomic growth, development, or function 3: marked devi-
ation from the normal standard, especially as a result of congeni-
tal defects
ANS: acronym for Anterior Nasal Spine. The outline of the anterior
nasal spine as seen on the lateral cephalometric radiograph. It is
used as a cephalometric landmark
antagonist n (1599) 1: a tooth in one jaw that articulates with a
tooth in the other jawcalled also dental antagonist 2: a sub-
stance that tends to nullify the actions of another, as a drug that
binds to cell receptors without eliciting a biologic response 3: a
muscle whose action is the direct opposite of another muscle
Antes Law [Irwin H: Ante, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, dentist]:
eponym, in fixed partial prosthodontics for the observation that
the combined pericemental area of all abutment teeth supporting
a fixed partial denture should be equal to or greater in perice-
mental area than the tooth or teeth to be replaced; as formulated
for removable partial prosthodontics, the combined pericemental
area of the abutment teeth plus the mucosa area of the denture
base should be equal to or greater than the pericemental area of
the missing teeth
Ante IH. The fundamental principles, design and construction of crown
and bridge prosthesis. Dent Item Int 1928;50:215-32.
anterior adj (1541) 1: in front of or the front part; situated in
front of 2: the forward or ventral position 3: a term used to
denote the incisor or canine teeth or the forward region of the
mouth anterior determinant of occlusionsee DETERMI-
NANTS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
anterior disk displacement: see DISK DISPLACEMENT
anterior guidance 1: the influence of the contacting surfaces of ante-
rior teeth on tooth limiting mandibular movements 2: the influ-
ence of the contacting surfaces of the guide pin and anterior
guide table on articulator movementsusage see ANTERIOR
GUIDE TABLE 3: the fabrication of a relationship of the anteri-
or teeth preventing posterior tooth contact in all eccentric
mandibular movementssee ANTERIOR PROTECTED
ARTICULATION, GROUP FUNCTION, MUTUALLY PRO-
TECTED ARTICULATION
anterior guide pin: that component of an articulator, generally a
rigid rod attached to one member, contacting the anterior guide
table on the opposing member. It is used for the purpose of main-
taining the established vertical separation. The anterior guide pin
and table, together with the condylar elements, direct the move-
ments of the articulators separate members
anterior guide table: that component of an articulator on which the
anterior guide pin rests to maintain the occlusal vertical dimen-
sion and influence articulator movements. The guide table influ-
ences the degree of separation of the casts in all relationshipssee
also ANTERIOR PROGRAMMING DEVICE
anterior nasal spine: a sharp median bony process, adjacent to the
inferior margin of the anterior aperture of the nose, formed by
the forward prolongation of the two maxillae
anterior open bite (obs): see ANTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSAL
RELATIONSHIP
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
anterior open occlusal relationship articulate
anterior open occlusal relationship: the lack of anterior tooth con-
tact in any occluding position of the posterior teeth
anterior programming device: an individually fabricated anterior
guide table that allows mandibular motion without the influence
of tooth contacts and facilitates the recording of maxillo-
mandibular relationships; also used for deprogrammingsee also
DEPROGRAMMER
anterior protected articulation: a form of mutually protected artic-
ulation in which the vertical and horizontal overlap of the anteri-
or teeth disengage the posterior teeth in all mandibular excursive
movementssee CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
anterior reference point: any point located on the midface that,
together with two posterior reference points, establishes a refer-
ence plane
anterior teeth: the maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines
anterior tooth arrangement: the positioning of the anterior teeth
for esthetics and phonetics
anterior tooth form: the outline form as viewed in any selected
plane and other contours of an anterior tooth
anteroposterior curve: the anatomic curve established by the
occlusal alignment of the teeth, as projected onto the median
plane, beginning with the cusp tip of the mandibular canine and
following the buccal cusp tips of the premolar and molar teeth,
continuing through the anterior border of the mandibular ramus,
ending with the anterior most portion of the mandibular condyle.
First described by Ferdinand Graf Spee, German anatomist, in
1890see CURVE OF SPEE
antiflux n: materials that prevent or confines solder attachment or
flow
antimetabolite n (1945): a substance that competes with,
replaces, or antagonizes a particular metabolite
anti-Monson curve: see REVERSE CURVE
antineoplastic adj (1969) 1: inhibiting or preventing the devel-
opment of neoplasms; inhibiting the maturation and proliferation
of malignant cells 2: an agent having such properties
antineoplastic drug: an agent used in treatment or palliation of the
symptoms of cancer
anti-rotation (1998): a structural feature of some endosteal dental
implant components that prevents relative rotation of fastened
parts. This feature may exist between a dental implant body and
the dental implant abutment, and/or the dental implant abut-
ment and dental implant abutment element(s)
antitragus n, pl -gi: a projection of the cartilage of the auricle, in
front of the cauda helicis, just above the lobule, and posterior to
the tragus, from which it is separated by the intertragal notch
apatite n (1803): calcium phosphate of the composition
Ca5(PO4)3OH; one of the mineral constituents of teeth and
bones (with Ca CO3)
aperture n (15c): an opening or open space; a hole
apex n, pl apexes or apices (1601) 1: the uppermost point; the ver-
tex 2: in dentistry, the anatomic end of a tooth root
aphagia n: abstention from eating; inability to swallow
aphasia n (1867): defect or loss of the power of expression by writ-
ing, speech or signs, or of comprehending written or spoken lan-
guage due to disease of or injury to the brain
aphonia n (1778): loss or absence of voice as a result of the failure
of the vocal cords to vibrate properly
apical adj (1828): of, relating to or pertaining to the top or apex
apically adv
aplasia n: defective development or congenital absence of an organ
or tissue
aplastic adj: devoid of form; without development
appliance n (1561): see DEVICE, RESTORATION
apposition n (15c): the condition of being placed or fitted togeth-
er; in juxtaposition or coadaptation
approximation n (15c) 1: the process of drawing together 2: the
quality of being close or nearapproximative adj
52
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
apraxia n (1888): the loss of ability to carry out familiar, purposeful
movements in the absence of paralysis or other sensory or motor
impairment, especially the inability to make proper use of an object
apron n: see LINGUAL PLATE
arbitrary face-bow: a device used to arbitrarily relate the maxillary
cast to the condylar elements of an articulator. The position of the
transverse horizontal axis is estimated on the face before using
this devicecomp AVERAGE AXIS FACE-BOW
arc of closure: the circular or elliptic arc created by closure of the
mandible, most often viewed in the mid-sagittal plane, using a
reference point on the mandible (frequently either mandibular
central incisors mesial incisal edge)
arc therapy: in therapeutic radiology, external beam radiation in
which the source of radiation is moved about the patient on an
arc during treatment. Multiple arcs may be used. In some cases
the beam is stationary, and the patient is rotated in a vertical plane
arch bars: a system of rigid wires and/or other retainers used for
intermaxillary fixation in treatment of fractures of the maxillae
and mandible and/or stabilization of injured teeth, generally
attached to the remaining natural dentition and/or occlusal
splints
arch form: the geometric shape of the dental arch when viewed in
the horizontal plane (square, tapering, ovoid, etc.)
arch length discrepancy: the abnormal relationship between the size
of the mandible and/or maxilla and their component teeth, espe-
cially as viewed and analyzed in the occlusal plane
archwire n: an orthodontic wire placed intraorally for the applica-
tion of force
arcon n: a contraction of the words ARTICULATOR and
CONDYLE, used to describe an articulator containing the
condylar path elements within its upper member and the condy-
lar elements within the lower member
arcon articulator: an articulator that applies the arcon design. This
instrument maintains anatomic guidelines by the use of condylar
analogs in the mandibular element and fossae assemblies within
the maxillary element
arrow point tracer 1: a mechanical device used to trace a pattern of
mandibular movement in a selected planeusually parallel to the
occlusal plane 2: a mechanical device with a marking point
attached to one jaw and a graph plate or tracing plane attached to
the other jaw. It is used to record the direction and range of
movements of the mandiblesee GOTHIC ARCH TRACER
arrow point tracing: see STYLUS TRACING
arthralgia n (ca. 1848): pain in a joint or joints
arthritis n (14c): inflammation of a joint or joints
arthrodial joint: a joint that allows gliding motion of the surfaces
arthrodial movement: gliding joint movement
arthrography n 1: roentgenography of a joint after injection of an
opaque contrast material 2: in dentistry, a diagnostic technique
that entails filling the lower, upper, or both joint spaces of the
temporomandibular joint with a contrast agent to enable radi-
ographic evaluation of the joint and surrounding structures; used
to diagnose or confirm disk displacements and perforations
arthropathy n (ca. 1860): a disease of a joint
arthroplasty n: the surgical formation or reformation of a joint
arthrosis n (1634) 1: a joint or articulation 2: a disease of a joint
articular adj (15c): of or relating to a joint
articular capsule: the fibrous ligament that encloses a joint and lim-
its its motion. It is lined with the synovial membrane
articular cartilage: a thin layer of hyaline cartilage located on the
joint surfaces of some bones but not usually found on the articu-
lar surfaces of the temporomandibular joints, which are covered
with an avascular fibrous tissue
articular temporomandibular joint: see DISK
1articulate vb (1691) 1: to join together as a joint 2: the relating
of contacting surfaces of the teeth or their artificial replicas in the
maxillae to those in the mandible
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
2articulate adj (1586): in speech, to enunciate clearly or be clear-
ly spoken
articulating paper: ink-coated paper strips used to locate and mark
occlusal contacts
articulation n (15c) 1: the place of union or junction between
two or more bones of the skeletonsee CRANIOMANDIBU-
LAR A., TEMPOROMANDIBULAR A. 2: in speech, the enun-
ciation of words and sentencessee SPEECH A. 3: in dentistry,
the static and dynamic contact relationship between the occlusal
surfaces of the teeth during functionsee ANTERIOR PRO-
TECTED A., BALANCED A., DENTAL A., FUNCTIONAL
A., MONOPLANE A., MUTUALLY PROTECTED A.
articulator n: a mechanical instrument that represents the tem-
poromandibular joints and jaws, to which maxillary and mandibu-
lar casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular move-
mentsusage articulators are divisible into four classes Class I
articulator: a simple holding instrument capable of accepting a sin-
gle static registration. Vertical motion is possiblesee NONAD-
JUSTABLE A. Class II articulator: an instrument that permits hor-
izontal as well as vertical motion but does not orient the motion to
the temporomandibular joints. Class III articulator: an instrument
that simulates condylar pathways by using averages or mechanical
equivalents for all or part of the motion. These instruments allow
for orientation of the casts relative to the joints and may be arcon
or nonarcon instrumentssee SEMI-ADJUSTABLE A. Class IV
articulator: an instrument that will accept three dimensional
dynamic registrations. These instruments allow for orientation of
the casts to the temporomandibular joints and simulation of
mandibular movementssee FULLY ADJUSTABLE A., FULLY
ADJUSTABLE GNATHOLOGIC A.
artifact n (1821) 1: any characteristic product of human activity,
i.e., any hand-made object that could represent a particular cul-
ture or stage in its technologic development 2: a product of an
artificial character due to extraneous agencyused in medicine to
signify details or conditions that are misleading or unnatural due
to imperfect materials or techniques
artificial crown: a metal, plastic, or ceramic restoration that covers
three or more axial surfaces and the occlusal surface or incisal
edge of a tooth
artificial denture: see COMPLETE DENTURE
artificial stone: see DENTAL STONE
asepsis n (1892) 1: free from infection 2: the prevention of contact
with microorganisms
aseptic adj (ca 1859): free of infection or septic material; sterile; free
from pathogenic microorganismsaseptically adv
asymmetrical adj (1690): characterized by or pertaining to asym-
metry
asymmetry n (1690): absence or lack of symmetry or balance; dis-
similarity in corresponding parts or organs on opposite sides of
the body
asymmetry of movement: the condition observed when mandibular
movement has a lateral component on opening and closing, espe-
cially when viewed in the frontal plane
asymmetry of the mandible: the condition that exists when the
right and left sides of the mandible are not mirror images of one
another
atrophic fracture: spontaneous fracture due to atrophy
atrophy n, pl -phies (1601) 1: a wasting away 2: a diminution in
size of a cell, tissue, organ or partatrophic adjatrophy vb
see ADIPOSE A., AGE A., BONE A., DISUSE A., MUSCULAR
A., POSTMENOPAUSAL A., SENILE A.
attached gingiva: the portion of the gingiva that is firm, dense, stip-
pled, and tightly bound to the underlying periosteum, bone, and
tooth
attachment n (15c) 1: a mechanical device for the fixation, reten-
tion, and stabilization of a prosthesis 2: a retainer consisting of a
metal receptacle and a closely fitting part; the former, the female
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
articulate autologous
(matrix) component, is usually contained within the normal or
expanded contours of the crown of the abutment tooth and the
latter, the male (patrix) component, is attached to a pontic or the
denture frameworksee FRICTIONAL A., INTERNAL A.,
KEY and KEYWAY A., PARALLEL A., PRECISION A.,
RESILIENT A., SLOTTED A.
attachment apparatus: in periodontics, a general term used to des-
ignate the cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
attachment screw (1998): see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
ABUTMENT ELEMENT(S)
attenuation of radiation: the reduction of intensity of radiation as a
result of scattering and absorption of radiation. Attenuation of
electron beams always lowers the average beam energy
attrition n (14c) 1: the act of wearing or grinding down by friction
2: the mechanical wear resulting from mastication or parafunc-
tion, limited to contacting surfaces of the teethcomp ABRA-
SION, EROSION
atypical facial pain: a painful syndrome characterized by dull aching
or throbbing, rather than paroxysms of pain, such as seen in
trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, or postherpetic neuralgia, occur-
ring in areas supplied by various nerve groups, including the fifth
and ninth cranial nerves and the second and third cervical nerves.
The distribution of atypical facial pain does not follow the estab-
lished pathways of innervation of the major sensory nerves, how-
ever (i.e., trigeminal neuralgia). Attacks last from a few days to
several months and seem to occur after dental work or sinus
manipulation, but examination of the teeth, nose, sinuses, ears,
and temporomandibular joints seldom reveals any abnormalities.
A psychogenic etiology has been suggested. This is believed by
some to not be a specific disease entity but rather a symptom, the
etiology of which has not been determinedcalled also atypical
facial neuralgia and facial causalgia
audiogram n (1927): a record of the thresholds of hearing of an
individual over various sound frequencies
audiology n (1946): the study of the entire field of hearing,
including the anatomy and function of the ear, impairment of
hearing, and the education or reeducation of the person with
hearing loss
audiometer n (1879): an instrument used to assess hearing at var-
ious intensity levels and frequencies
audition n (1599): the power or sense of hearing
auditory discrimination: ability to discriminate between sounds of
different frequency, intensity, and pressure pattern components;
ability to distinguish one speech sound from another
augment vb (15c): to make greater, more numerous, larger, or more
intense
augmentation n (14c): to increase in size beyond the existing size.
In alveolar ridge augmentation, bone grafts or alloplastic grafts
are used to increase the size of an atrophic alveolar ridge
auricular defect: absence or partial absence of the external ear
auricular prosthesis: a removable prosthesis that artificially restores
part or the entire natural earcalled also artificial ear, ear pros-
thesis
auriculotemporal syndrome: sweating and flushing in the preauric-
ular and temporal areas when certain foods are eaten
auscultation n (ca. 1828): the process of determining the condi-
tion of various parts of the body by listening to the sounds they
emit
autogenous adj (1846): originating or derived from sources with-
in the same individual; self-produced; self-generated; autologous
autogenous graft: a graft taken from the patients own body called
also autograft
autograft n (ca.1913): a graft of tissue derived from another site in
or on the body of the organism receiving itcalled also
autochthonous graft, autologous graft, and autoplast
autologous adj (ca. 1921) 1: related to self; designating products
or components of the same individual organism 2: autogenous
53
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
autonomic nervous system Bennetts side shift
autonomic nervous system: the part of the nervous system that
enervates the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, and respira-
tory organs. It operates outside of consciousness and controls
basic life-sustaining functions such as heart rate, digestion, and
breathing. It includes the sympathetic nervous system and the
parasympathetic nervous system
autopolymer n: a material that polymerizes by chemical reaction
without external heat, as a result of the addition of an activator and
a catalystautopolymerization vb bar connector: a metal component of greater length than width that
autopolymerizing resin: a resin whose polymerization is initiated by
a chemical activator
average axis face-bow: a face-bow that relates the maxillary teeth to
the average location of the transverse horizontal axis
average value articulator: an articulator that is fabricated to permit
motion based on mean mandibular movementscalled also Class
III articulator
avulsion n (1622): a forcible separation or detachment, as in a tear-
ing away of a body part surgically or accidentally
avulsion fracture: a tearing away of a part of a bone, usually adjacent
to a tendon or ligament
axial inclination 1: the relationship of the long axis of a body to a
designated plane 2: in dentistry, the alignment of the long axis of
a tooth to a horizontal plane
axial loading: the force directed down the long axis of a body. Edito-
rial note Usually used to describe the force of occlusal contact upon
a natural tooth, dental implant or other object, axial loading is
best described as the force down the long axis of the tooth or whatev-
er body is being described. Loading the axis is an error in syntax
axis n, pl axes (14c): a line around which a body may rotate or
about which a structure would turn if it could revolvesee
CONDYLAR A., SAGITTAL A., TRANSVERSE HORIZON-
TAL A., VERTICAL A.
axis of preparation: the planned line or path of placement and
removal for a dental restoration
axis orbital plane: the horizontal plane established by the transverse
horizontal axis of the mandible with a point on the inferior bor-
der of the right or left bony orbit (orbitale). This plane can be
used as a horizontal reference point
axle n (14c): a rigid shaft or rod that directs rotary motion
B speckles, or the like
back pressure porosity: porosity produced in dental castings
thought to be due to the inability of gases in the mold to escape
during the casting procedure
backing n (1793): a metal support that attaches a facing to a
prosthesis
backscatter or backscattering n (1940): see SCATTERED
RADIATION
balanced articulation: the bilateral, simultaneous, anterior, and pos-
terior occlusal contact of teeth in centric and eccentric positions
see CROSS ARCH B.A., CROSS TOOTH B.A.
balanced bite: see BALANCED ARTICULATION
balanced occlusal contact: see NONWORKING SIDE
OCCLUSAL CONTACTS
balanced occlusion: see BALANCED ARTICULATION
balancing condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
balancing contact: see BALANCING OCCLUSAL CONTACT
balancing interference: undesirable contact(s) of opposing occlusal
surfaces, on the nonworking side
balancing occlusal contact: see NONWORKING SIDE
OCCLUSAL CONTACTS
balancing occlusal surfaces obs: the occluding surfaces of dentures
on the balancing side (anteroposteriorly or laterally) that are
developed for the purpose of stabilizing dentures (GPT-4)
balancing side obs: see NONWORKING SIDE
bar n (12c): a straight piece of metal or wood that is longer than it
54
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
is wide. It may have several uses including a lever, barrier, fasten-
er, handle, or support. In prosthodontics, it serves to connect two
or more parts of a removable partial denture or fixed partial den-
tureusage see B. CONNECTOR
bar clasp: a clasp retainer whose body extends from a major connec-
tor or denture base, passing adjacent to the soft tissues and
approaching the tooth from a gingivo-occlusal direction
bar clasp arm: see BAR CLASP
serves to connect the parts of a removable partial dentureusage
see LABIAL B.C., LINGUAL B.C., PALATAL B.C.
bar retainer obs: a metal bar usually resting on lingual surfaces of
teeth to aid in their stabilization and to act as indirect retainers
(GPT-4)see BAR CONNECTOR
basal adj (1828): pertaining to or situated near the base
basal bone: the osseous tissue of the mandible and maxillae exclusive
of the alveolar processes
basal seat: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
basal surface: see DENTURE BASE
1base vt (1587): the act of placing a lining material under a dental
restoration
2base n (14c): any substance placed under a restoration that blocks
out undercuts in the preparation, acts as a thermal or chemical
barrier to the pulp, and/or controls the thickness of the overlying
restorationcalled also base materialusage adjectives such as
insulating b., therapeutic b. may also be used
3base n (19c): the portion of a denture that supports the artificial
dentition and replaces the alveolar structures and gingival tis-
suessee DENTURE B.
base material obs: any substance of which a denture base may be made,
such as acrylic resin, vulcanite, polystyrene, or metal (GPT-4)
base metal: any metallic element that does not resist tarnish and cor-
rosionsee NOBLE METAL
base metal alloy: an alloy composed of metals that are not noble
baseplate n: see RECORD BASE
baseplate wax: a hard pink wax used for making occlusion rims, wax-
ing dentures, and other dental procedures
basket endosteal dental implant: a perforated, cylindric, endosteal
dental implant, the implant body of which is designed in the form
of single, double, and/or triple contiguous cylinder(s)
beading: creating an irregular surface by means of stipples, dots,
beam n, obs: a term once used instead of bar with specific reference
to the bar connectorusage included cantilever beam, continu-
ous beam, simple beam (GPT-4)
bees wax n (1676): a low-melting wax obtained from honeycomb
and used as an ingredient of many dental impression waxes
Beilby layer [Sir George Thomas Beilby, British chemist, 1850-
1924]: eponym for the molecular disorganized surface layer of a
highly polished metal. A relatively scratch-free microcrystalline
surface produced by a series of abrasives of decreasing coarseness.
Beilby GT. Aggregation and flow of solids, 1921.
bench set: a stage of resin processing that allows a chemical reaction
to occur under the conditions present in the ambient environ-
ment; also used to describe the continuing polymerization of
impression materials beyond the manufactures stated set time
Bennett angle obs: the angle formed between the sagittal plane
and the average path of the advancing condyle as viewed in
the horizontal plane during lateral mandibular movements
(GPT-4)
Bennetts movement [Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, British dental
surgeon, 1870-1947]: see LATEROTRUSION
Bennett NG. A contribution to the study of the movements of the
mandible. Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section)
Bennetts side shift [Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, British dental
surgeon, 1870-1947]: see MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANS-
LATION
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
Bennett NG A contribution to the study of the movements of the
mandible. Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section)
1bevel n (1611): a slanting edge
2bevel vt: the process of slanting the finish line and curve of a tooth
preparation
Bezold-Brucke effect [Helmholtz, 1867]: the apparent change in
hue that accompanies a change in luminance
B.I.D.: acronym for L. Bis In Die, twice a day
bifid condyle: a condyle anomaly where an exaggerated central
depression exists
bifurcation n (1615) 1: division into two branches 2: the site
where a single structure divides into two parts, as in two roots of
a tooth
bilaminar zone: see RETRODISCAL TISSUE
bilateral adj (1775): having or pertaining to two sides
bilateral distal extension removable partial denture: a removable
partial denture replacing the distal most tooth or teeth on each
side of one arch of the mouthsee KENNEDY CLASSIFICA-
TION OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES
bimaxillary protrusion: a dental or skeletal protrusion of both the
maxillary and mandibular jaws and/or teeth simultaneously
bimeter n (20c): a gnathodynamometer equipped with a central
bearing plate of adjustable heightsee GNATHODY-
NAMOMETER
bioacceptability (1998): the quality of compatibility in a living
environment despite adverse or unwanted side effects
biocompatible adj: capable of existing in harmony with the sur-
rounding biologic environment
biofeedback n (1971) 1: the process of furnishing an individual
information, usually in an auditory or visual mode, on the state
of one or more physiologic variables such as blood pressure,
skin temperature, or heart rate; this procedure often enables an
individual to gain some voluntary control over the variable
being sampled 2: the instrumental process or technique of
learning voluntary control over automatically regulated body
functions
biofunctional orthopedics: see FUNCTIONAL JAW ORTHOPE-
DICS
biointegration n (1998): the benign acceptance of a foreign sub-
stance by living tissue see OSSEOUS INTEGRATION
biologic width (1998): the combined width of connective tissue and
epithelial attachment superior to the crestal bone
Gargiulo AW et al. J Periodontology 1961;32:261-7
Cohen DW. Lecture at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, June 3,
1962
biomaterial n (1966): any substance other than a drug that can bond strength: the force required to break a bonded assembly with
be used for any period of time as part of a system that treats, aug-
ments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body
biomechanics n, pl but sing or pl in constr (1933) 1: the applica-
tion of mechanical laws to living structures, specifically the loco-
motor systems of the body 2: the study of biology from the func-
tional viewpoint 3: an application of the principles of engineering
design as implemented in living organismssee also DENTAL B
biometry n (1831): the science of the application of statistical
methods to biologic facts, as the mathematical analysis of biolog-
ic data
biopsy n, pl -sies (1895): the removal of tissue for histologic exam-
ination and diagnosis
biostatistics n, pl but sing in constr (1950): the science of the
application of statistical methods to biologic facts, as the mathe-
matical analysis of biologic datasee BIOMETRY
biphasic pin fixation: the use of extraoral pin fixation in the treat-
ment of bone fractures
biscuit bite slang: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATION-
SHIP RECORD
bisque bake: a series of stages of maturation in the firing of ceramic
materials relating to the degree of pyrochemical reaction and sin-
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Bennetts side shift bone conduction
tering shrinkage occurring before vitrification (glazing)called
also biscuit bake
bite vb, obs: the act of incising or crushing between the teethsee
OCCLUSION RECORD
bite analysis: see OCCLUSAL ANALYSIS
bite block: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
bite closing: see DECREASED OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMEN-
SION
bite guard: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
bite opening: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
bite plane: see OCCLUSAL PLANE
bite plate: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
bite raising: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
bite rim: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
biting force: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
biting pressure: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
biting strength: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
blade endosteal dental implant: a faciolingual narrowed, wedge-
shaped dental implant body with openings or vents through
which tissue may grow
blade implant: see BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
block out adj: 1: elimination of undesirable undercuts on a cast, 2:
the process of applying wax or another similar temporary sub-
stance to undercut portions of a cast so as to leave only those
undercuts essential to the planned construction of a prosthesis. A
blocked out cast may also include other surface modifications
needed relative to the construction of the prosthesis
bolus n (1562): a rounded mass, as a large pill or soft mass of
chewed food
blowout fracture: a fracture of the orbital floor caused by a sudden
increase in intraorbital pressure due to traumatic force
board-certified prosthodontist: in the United States, as defined by
the American Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist who has
passed the certifying examination administered by the American
Board of Prosthodontics
board-eligible prosthodontist: in the United States, as defined by
the American Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist whose
application for examination for certification is current and has
been accepted for examination by the American Board of
Prosthodontics
boil out: see WAX ELIMINATION
bond n (12c) 1: the linkage between two atoms or radicals of a
chemical compound 2: the force that holds two or more units of
matter togethersee SECONDARY BONDS, VANDER-
WALLS BOND
failure occurring in or near the adhesive/adherens interface
bonded bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
bonding n (1976) 1: joining together securely with an adhesive
substance such as cement or glue 2: the procedure of using an
adhesive, cementing material or fusible ingredient to combine,
unite, or strengthen
bonding agent: a material used to promote adhesion or cohesion
between two different substances, or between a material and nat-
ural tooth structures
bone n (bef. 12c): the hard portion of the connective tissue which con-
stitutes the majority of the skeleton; it consists of an inorganic or
mineral component and an organic component (the matrix and
cells); the matrix is composed of collagenous fibers and is impreg-
nated with minerals, chiefly calcium phosphate (approx. 85%) and
calcium carbonate (approx. 10%), thus imparting the quality of
rigidity to bonecalled also osseous tissuesee ALVEOLAR B.
BASAL B. CANCELLOUS B. COMPACT B., CORTICAL B.
bone atrophy: bone resorption noted internally by a decrease in den-
sity and externally by an alteration in form
bone augmentation: see AUGMENTATION
bone conduction: the conduction of sound to the inner ear through
55
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
bone conduction Campers plane
the bones of the skullcalled also cranial conduction, osteotym-
panic conduction, and tissue conduction
bone curettage: the surgical shaving or smoothing of the bones
external surface
bone expansion: manipulation of a bony ridge by placement of an
osteotome to split the cortical ridge and hence enhance bone width
bone factor: relative response of alveolar bone to stimulation or irri-
tation. The ratio of osteogenesis to osteolysis
bone marrow: the soft vascular tissue that fills bone cavities and can-
cellus bone spaces which consists primarily of fat cells, hematopoi-
etic cells, and osteogenetic reticular cells
Bonwill triangle [William Gibson Arlington Bonwill, American den-
tist, 1833-1899]: eponym for a 4-inch equilateral triangle bound-
ed by lines connecting the contact points of the mandibular cen-
tral incisors incisal edge (or the midline of the mandibular resid-
ual ridge) to each condyle (usually its mid point) and from one
condyle to the other, first described in 1858 while introducing his
Anatomical Articulator
Bonwill WGA. Scientific articulation of the human teeth as founded on
geometrical, mathematical and mechanical laws. Dental Items Int 1899;
21:617-56, 873-80.
bony ankylosis: the union of bones of a joint by proliferation of
osteoblasts, resulting in complete immobility
border n (14c): the circumferential margin, edge or surface; a
bounding line, edge, or surfacesee DENTURE BORDER
border molding 1: the shaping of the border areas of an impression
tray by functional or manual manipulation of the tissue adjacent
to the borders to duplicate the contour and size of the vestibule
2: determining the extension of a prosthesis by using tissue func-
tion or manual manipulation of the tissues to shape the border
areas of an impression material
border movement: mandibular movement at the limits dictated by
anatomic structures, as viewed in a given plane
border position: see POSTERIOR B.P.
border seal: the contact of the denture border with the underlying
or adjacent tissues to prevent the passage of air or other sub-
stances
border tissue movements: the action of the muscles and other tis-
sues adjacent to the borders of a denture
boxing an impression: the enclosure of an impression to produce
the desired size and form of the base of the cast and to preserve
desired details
boxing wax: wax used for boxing an impression
bracing adj: the resistance to horizontal components of masticatory
force
bracket n: an orthodontic device attached to an individual tooth to
hold arch wires
brazing investment: an investment having a binding system consist-
ing of acidic phosphate such as monoammonium phosphate and
a basic oxide such as magnesium oxide
brazing material: an alloy suitable for use as a filler material in oper-
ations with which dental alloy(s) are joined to form a dental
restoration
braze vt (1677): to join with a nonferrous alloy that melts at a lower
temperature than that of the metals being joined
breakdown potential: the last noble potentia where pitting and/or
crevice corrosion will initiate and propagate
bridge n, slang: see FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
bridge work slang: see FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
brittle 1: easily broken or shattered; fragile or crisp 2: prone to frac-
ture or failure; the fracture that occurs when the proportional
limit of a material is exceeded
bruxism n (ca. 1940) 1: the parafunctional grinding of teeth 2: an
oral habit consisting of involuntary rhythmic or spasmodic non-
functional gnashing, grinding, or clenching of teeth, in other than
chewing movements of the mandible, which may lead to occlusal
traumacalled also tooth grinding, occlusal neurosis
56
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
bruxomania vb, obs: the grinding of teeth occurring as a neurotic
habit during the waking state (GPT-4)
buccal adj (ca. 1771): pertaining to or adjacent to the cheek
buccal flange: the portion of the flange of a denture that occupies
the buccal vestibule of the mouth
buccal vestibule: the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on
one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge (in the edentu-
lous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the lateral side by the
cheek posterior to the buccal frenula
buccolingual relationship: any position of reference relative to the
tongue and cheeks
buccoversion n: a deviation toward the cheek
bulb n, slang: see OBTURATOR, SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
BULL: acronym for Buccal of the Upper, Lingual of the Lower
(cusps); applies to Clyde H. Schuylers rules for occlusal adjust-
ment of a normally related dentition in which those cusps con-
tacting in maximum intercuspation (mandibular buccal and max-
illary lingual) are favored by adjustment of those cusps which are
not in occlusal contact in maximum intercuspation (maxillary
buccal and mandibular lingual)called also the BULL RULE
bur n (14c): a steel or tungsten carbide rotary cutting instrument
bur head: the cutting portion of a dental bur
bur head length: the axial dimension of the bur head
bur head shape: the geometrical outline form of the cutting surface
edges, usually described successively by proximity from the shank
to the tip end
bur shank: that component of a dental bur which fits into the hand
piece; the shaft section of the dental bur that may be friction grip-
ping or latch-type in form
burnish vt (14c): to make shiny or lustrous by rubbing; also to facil-
itate marginal adaptation of restorations by rubbing the margin
with an instrument
burnishibility n: the ease with which a material can be burnished
burn out adj: see WAX ELIMINATION
butt v (14c): to bring any two flat-ended surfaces into contact with-
out overlapping, as in a butt joint
butt margin: see SHOULDER FINISH LINE
button implant: see MUCOSAL IMPLANT
C
Ca: acronym for CArcinoma or CAncer
CAD-CAM: acronym for Computer Aided Design-Computer Aided
Manufacturer (or Computer Assisted Machining)
calcium hydroxide: an odorless white powder that is very slightly
soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Aqueous and nonaque-
ous suspensions of calcium hydroxide are often used as cavity lin-
ers to protect the pulp from the irritant action of restorative mate-
rials; also used in pulp capping, pulpotomy and apexification pro-
cedures
calcium sulfate: a product obtained by calcination of gypsum under
steam pressure. The alpha form is composed of regularly shaped
grains, with low porosity, and requiring little water for a satisfac-
tory mix. Forms include alpha, alpha-modified and beta.
calcium sulfate plaster: compounds occurring in anhydrous form as
anhydrite, and in the natural form as gypsum or gypsum dehy-
drate. The term plaster also applies to a mixture consisting of
water and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSo4. 12 H2O)
cameo surface: the viewable portion of a denture; the portion of the
surface of a denture that extends in an occlusal direction from the
border of the denture and includes the facial, lingual, and palatal
surface. It is the part of the denture base that is usually polished,
and includes the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth
Campers line: see ALA-TRAGUS LINE
Campers plane 1: a plane established by the inferior border of the
right or left ala of the nose and the superior border of the tragus
of both ears 2: a plane passing from the acanthion to the center
VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
of the bony external auditory meatus; called also acanthion-exter-
nal auditory meatus planesee also ALA-TRAGUS LINE
cancellous bone (1836): the reticular, spongy or lattice-like por-
tion of the bone; the spongy bone tissue located in the medulla
of the bone; this bone is composed of a variable trabecular net-
work containing interstitial tissue that may be hematopoietic
candle n (12c): a unit of luminous intensity, equal to 160 of the lumi-
nous intensity of a square centimeter of a black body heated to
the temperature of the solidification of platinum (1773C)
candle power: luminous intensity expressed in candles
canine eminence: the labial prominence on the maxillary alveolar
process corresponding to the position of the root of the canine
tooth
canine guidance: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
canine protected articulation: a form of mutually protected articula-
tion in which the vertical and horizontal overlap of the canine teeth
disengage the posterior teeth in the excursive movements of the
mandiblecomp ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATION
canine protection: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cantilever n (1667): a projecting beam or member supported on
one end
cantilever bridge slang: see CANTILEVER FIXED PARTIAL
DENTURE
cantilever fixed partial denture: a fixed partial denture in which the
pontic is cantilevered, i.e., is retained and supported only on one
end by one or more abutments
cap splint: a plastic or metallic device used in the treatment of max-
illary or mandibular fractures and designed to cover the crowns of
the teeth and usually luted to them
capillary attraction: that quality or state which, because of surface
tension, causes elevation or depression of the surface of a liquid
that is in contact with the solid walls of a vessel
capsular adj (ca. 1730): pertaining to a capsule
capsular contracture: see CAPSULAR FIBROSIS
capsular fibrosis: fibrotic contracture of the capsular ligament of the
temporomandibular joint
capsular ligament: within the temporomandibular joint, a ligament
that separately encapsulates the superior and inferior synovial cav-
ities of the temporomandibular articulation
capsule n (1693): a fibrous sac or ligament that encloses a joint and
limits its motion. It is lined with synovial membrane
capsulitis n: the inflammation of a capsule, as that of the joint, lens,
liver, or labyrinth
carat n (15c): a standard of gold fineness. The percentage of gold in
an alloy, stated in parts per 24. Pure gold is designated 24 carat
cartilage n (15c): a derivative of connective tissue arising from the
mesenchyme. Typical hyaline cartilage is a flexible, rather elastic
material with a semitransparent glasslike appearance. Its ground
substance is a complex protein through which there is distributed
a large network of connective tissue fibers
case n, substand (13c): a dental patient
1cast vb (13c): to produce a shape by thrusting a molten liquid or
plastic material into a mold possessing the desired shape
2cast n (14c): a life-size likeness of some desired form. It is formed
within or is a material poured into a matrix or impression of the
desired formcomp MODELsee DENTAL C., DIAGNOS-
TIC C., FINAL C., PRELIMINARY C., REFRACTORY C.,
REMOUNT C.
cast relator: a mechanical device that orients opposing casts to each
other without reference to anatomic landmarkssee ARTICU-
LATOR
castable n (1998): any refractory material that has a bonding agent
added and can be mixed with water or other liquid agents and
poured in a mold to set
castable ceramic: for dental applications, a glass-ceramic material
that combines the properties of a restorative material for function
with the capability to be cast using the lost wax process
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Campers plane central bearing tracing device
1casting n (14c): something that has been cast in a mold; an object
formed by the solidification of a fluid that has been poured or
injected into a mold
2casting vt: the act of forming an object in a moldsee VACUUM
C.
casting flask: a metal tube in which a refractory mold is made for
casting dental restorations
casting ring: the inferior portion of a refractory flask that provides a
negative likeness or dimple into which a metal is cast in the refrac-
tory investment
casting wax: a composition containing various waxes with desired
properties for making wax patterns to be formed into metal cast-
ings
catalyst n (1902): a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction
without affecting the properties of the materials involved
cathode n (1834): the negative pole in electrolysis
CAT: acronym for Computerized Axial Tomography
cautery n, pl -teres (15c): the application of a caustic substance, hot
instrument, electric current, or other agent used to burn, scar, or
destroy tissue
cavity varnish: a combination of copal resin or other synthetic resins
dissolved in an organic solvent such as chloroform or ether
CD: acronym for Complete Denture
CDA: acronym for Certified Dental Assistant
CDL: acronym for Certified Dental Laboratory
CDT: acronym for Certified Dental Technician
cellulitis n (1861): diffuse and especially subcutaneous inflamma-
tion of connective tissue
1cement n (14c) 1: a binding element or agency used as a substance
to make objects adhere to each other, or something serving to
firmly unite 2: a material that, on hardening, will fill a space or
bind adjacent objectssyn luting agent
2cement vt (15c): to unite or make firm by or as if by cement; to lute
cementation obs 1: the process of attaching parts by means of a
cement 2: attaching a restoration to natural teeth by means of a
cement (GPT-4)
cemented pin: a metal rod luted into a hole drilled in dentin to
enhance retention
cemento-dentinal junction: the area of union of the dentin and
cementum
cemento-enamel junction: that area where the enamel and cemen-
tum meet at the cervical region of a tooth
cementoid n: the uncalcified surface layer of cementum including
incorporated connective tissue fibers
cementum n (1842): the thin calcified tissue of ectomesenchyme
origin that covers the root of a tooth
cementum fracture: the tearing of fragments of the cementum from
the tooth root
center of the ridge: the faciolingual or buccolingual midline of the
residual ridge
center of rotation: see ROTATION CENTER
central bearing obs: application of forces between the maxilla and
mandible at a single point that is located as near as possible to the
center of the supporting areas of the maxillary and mandibular
jaws. It is used for the purpose of distributing closing forces even-
ly throughout the areas of the supporting structures during the
registration and recording of maxillomandibular relations and
during the correction of occlusal errors (GPT-4)
central bearing point obs: the contact point of a central bearing
device (GPT-4)
central bearing tracing: the pattern obtained on the horizontal plate
used with a central bearing tracing device
central bearing tracing device: a device that provides a central point
of bearing or support between the maxillary and mandibular den-
tal arches. It consists of a contacting point that is attached to one
dental arch and a plate attached to the opposing dental arch. The
plate provides the surface on which the bearing point rests or
57
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
central bearing tracing device chew-in record
moves and on which the tracing of the mandibular movement is
recorded. It may be used to distribute occlusal forces evenly dur-
ing the recording of maxillomandibular relationships and/or for
the correction of disharmonious occlusal contacts. First attributed
to Alfred Gysi, Swiss prosthodontist, in 1910
centric adj (1590) 1: located in or at a center; central 2: concen-
trated about or directed toward a center
centric check bite: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric interocclusal record: see CENTRIC RELATION
RECORD
centric jaw record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric jaw relation: see CENTRIC RELATION
centric occlusion: the occlusion of opposing teeth when the
mandible is in centric relation. This may or may not coincide with
the maximal intercuspal positioncomp MAXIMAL INTER-
CUSPAL POSITION
centric position obs: the position of the mandible when the jaws are
in centric relation (GPT-1)
centric range: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT AREA
centric record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric relation 1: the maxillomandibular relationship in which the
condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion of their
respective disks with the complex in the anterior-superior position
against the shapes of the articular eminencies. This position is
independent of tooth contact. This position is clinically dis-
cernible when the mandible is directed superior and anteriorly. It
is restricted to a purely rotary movement about the transverse
horizontal axis (GPT-5) 2: the most retruded physiologic relation
of the mandible to the maxillae to and from which the individual
can make lateral movements. It is a condition that can exist at var-
ious degrees of jaw separation. It occurs around the terminal
hinge axis (GPT-3) 3: the most retruded relation of the mandible
to the maxillae when the condyles are in the most posterior
unstrained position in the glenoid fossae from which lateral move-
ment can be made, at any given degree of jaw separation (GPT-
1) 4: The most posterior relation of the lower to the upper jaw
from which lateral movements can be made at a given vertical
dimension (Boucher) 5: a maxilla to mandible relationship in
which the condyles and disks are thought to be in the midmost,
uppermost position. The position has been difficult to define
anatomically but is determined clinically by assessing when the
jaw can hinge on a fixed terminal axis (up to 25 mm). It is a clin-
ically determined relationship of the mandible to the maxilla
when the condyle disk assemblies are positioned in their most
superior position in the mandibular fossae and against the distal
slope of the articular eminence (Ash) 6: the relation of the
mandible to the maxillae when the condyles are in the uppermost
and rearmost position in the glenoid fossae. This position may
not be able to be recorded in the presence of dysfunction of the
masticatory system 7: a clinically determined position of the
mandible placing both condyles into their anterior uppermost
position. This can be determined in patients without pain or
derangement in the TMJ (Ramsfjord)
Boucher CO. Occlusion in prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent 1953;3:633-
56.
Ash MM. Personal communication, July 1993.
Lang BR, Kelsey CC. International prosthodontic workshop on complete
denture occlusion. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan School of Den-
tistry; 1973.
Ramsfjord SP. Personal communication, July 1993.
centric relation interocclusal record: see CENTRIC RELATION
RECORD
centric relation occlusion: see CENTRIC OCCLUSION
centric relation position: see CENTRIC RELATION
centric relation record: a registration of the relationship of the max-
illa to the mandible when the mandible is in centric relation. The
registration may be obtained either intraorally or extraorally
58
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
centric slide obs: the movement of the mandible while in centric rela-
tion, from the initial occlusal contact into maximum intercuspa-
tion (GPT-4)
centric stop: opposing cuspal/fossae contacts that maintain the
occlusal vertical dimension between the opposing arches
cephalogram n: see CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPH
cephalometer n: an instrument for measuring the head or skull;
an orienting device for positioning the head for radiographic
examination and measurement
cephalometric radiograph: a standardized radiograph of the skull
cephalometric tracing: a line drawing of structural outlines of cran-
iofacial landmarks and facial bones, made directly from a cephalo-
metric radiograph
cephalometry n, cephalometric adj 1: the science of measurement
of the dimensions of the head 2: in dentistry, certain combina-
tions of angular and linear measurements developed from tracing
frontal and lateral radiographic head films used to assess craniofa-
cial growth and development on a longitudinal basis and to deter-
mine the nature of orthodontic treatment response
cephalostat n: an instrument used to position the head to produce
spatially oriented, reproducible, radiographs or photographs
ceram n: a heat treatment process that converts a specially formu-
lated glass into a fine grained glass-ceramic material
1ceramic adj (1850): of or relating to the manufacture of any prod-
uct made essentially from a nonmetallic mineral (as clay) by firing
at a higher temperature
2ceramic n (1859): the product of ceramic manufacture
ceramic crown: a ceramic restoration that restores a clinical crown
without a supporting metal substructure
ceramic flux: a glass modifier; metallic ions such as calcium, potassi-
um or sodium, usually as carbonates, which interrupt the oxy-
gen/silica bond, thus enhancing fluidity
ceramics n 1: compounds of one or more metals with a nonmetal-
lic element, usually oxygen. They are formed of chemical and bio-
chemical stable substances that are strong, hard, brittle, and inert
nonconductors of thermal and electrical energy 2: the art of mak-
ing porcelain dental restorations
ceramist or ceramicist n (1855): one who engages in ceramics
ceramometal restoration: see METAL CERAMIC RESTORA-
TION
cermet (1998): fused glass powder with silver particles through high
temperature sintering of a mixture of the two particles
cervical adj (1681) 1: in anatomy, pertaining to the cervix or neck
2: in dentistry, pertaining to the region at or near the cementoe-
namel junction
cervix n, pl cervices (15c) 1: the neck 2: a constricted portion of
a part or organ
1chamfer n 1: a finish line design for tooth preparation in which the
gingival aspect meets the external axial surface at an obtuse angle
2: a small groove or furrow 3: the surface found by cutting away
the angle of intersection of two faces of a piece of material (i.e.,
stone, metal, wood): a beveled edge
2chamfer vt chamfered; chamfering; chamfers 1: to cut a fur-
row in 2: to make a chamferon; to cut or reduce to a chamfer;
bevel 3: generally thought of as producing a curve from the axial
wall to the cavosurface
chamfer angle n: the angle between a chamfered surface and one of
the original surfaces from which the chamfer is cut
characterize: to distinguish, individualize, mark, qualify, singular-
ize, or differentiate something
characterized denture base: a denture base with coloring that sim-
ulates the color and shading of natural oral tissues
check bite slang: see INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
cheilitis: inflammation of the lip
cheilosis: a fissured condition of the lips and angles of the mouth;
often associated with riboflavin deficiency
chew-in record: see STEREOGRAPHIC RECORD
VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
chewing cycle: see MASTICATORY CYCLE
chewing force: see MASTICATORY FORCE
Christensens phenomenon [Carl Christensen, Danish dentist and
educator]: eponym for the space that occurs between opposing
occlusal surfaces during mandibular protrusion
Christensen C. The problem of the bite. D Cosmos 1905;47:1184-
95.
chroma n (1889) 1: the purity of a color, or its departure from white
or gray 2: the intensity of a distinctive hue; saturation of a hue 3:
chrome describes the strength or saturation of the hue (color)
see also SATURATION
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co. Inc.
1975:14-7.
chromatic stimulus: a stimulus that under prevailing conditions of
adaptation gives rise to a perceived chromatic color
chromaticity coordinates: the two dimensions of any color order
system that exclude the lightness dimension and describe the
chromaticity. Unless otherwise specified, the term refers to the
CIE coordinates x, y, and z for Illuminant C and 2 degrees
(1931) Standard Observercalled also color coordinates
chromaticity diagram: a plane diagram in which each point repre-
sents a different combination of dominant wave length and puri-
ty and which is usually constructed in some form of a triangle
with calorimetric primaries represented at the corners. The CIE
standard chromaticity diagram is essentially a right angle triangle
representing hypothetical primaries and the complete chromatic-
ity gamut of the CIE standard observer
chromaticness n: the intensity of hue as expressed in the Natural
Color System
chromatopsia n: an abnormal state of vision in which colorless
objects appear colored; a visual defect in which colored objects
appear unnaturally colored and colorless objects appear color
tinged
chronic adj (1601): marked by long duration or frequent recur-
rence; not acute; always presentchronically adj click n (1611): a brief sharp sound; with reference to the temporo-
chronicity n
chronic closed lock: with respect to the temporomandibular joint, a
restriction in motion of the joint characterized most frequently by
long duration, pain, crepitus and radiographic evidence of joint
asymmetry
chronic pain: pain marked by long duration or frequent recurrence
CIE: acronym for Commission Internationale dEclairage
CIE LAB system: CIE LAB relates the tristimulus values to a color
space. This scale accounts for the illuminant and the observer. By
establishing a uniform color scale, color measurements can be
compared and movements in color space defined
CIE standard illuminant: the illuminants A, B. C, D65 and other
illuminants, defined by the CIE in terms of relative spectral power
distributions; A = Planckion radiation (a theoretical body that
absorbs all incident optical radiant energy) a temperature of about
2856K; B = Direct solar radiation 48,000K; C = Average day-
light; D65 = Daylight including the ultraviolet region: 6500K
cinefluoroscopy n: dynamic fluoroscopic images recorded on clip n (15c) slang 1: any of numerous devices used to grip, clasp, or
motion picture film
cineradiography n: the making of a motion picture record of
successive images appearing in a fluoroscopic screen
cingulum n, pl -la (1845) 1: an anatomical band or encircling
ridgecingulate adj 2: the lingual lobe of many anterior teeth;
a convex protuberance at the lingual cervical one third of the
anatomic crown
cingulum rest: a portion of a partial denture that contacts the pre-
pared or natural cingulum of the tooth, termed the cingulum rest
seat
circumferential clasp: a retainer that encircles a tooth by more than
180 degrees, including opposite angles, and which generally con-
tacts the tooth throughout the extent of the clasp, with at least
one terminal located in an undercut area
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
chewing cycle closest speaking space
circumferential clasp arm: see CIRCUMFERENTIAL CLASP
clasp n (14c): the component of the clasp assembly that engages a
portion of the tooth surface and either enters an undercut for
retention or remains entirely above the height of contour to act
as a reciprocating element. Generally, it is used to stabilize and
retain a removable prosthesissee BAR C, CIRCUMFEREN-
TIAL C., COMBINATION C., CONTINUOUS C.
clasp arm: see CLASP
clasp assembly: the part of a removable partial denture that acts as a
direct retainer and/or stabilizer for a prosthesis by partially
encompassing or contacting an abutment toothusage: compo-
nents of the clasp assembly include the clasp, the reciprocal clasp,
the cingulum, incisal or occlusal rest, and the minor connector
clasp bridge slang: see UNILATERAL REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURE
clasp guideline: see SURVEY LINE
clearance n (1563) obs: a condition in which bodies may pass each
other without hindrance. Also, the distance between bodies
(GPT-4)
1cleft n 1: a space or opening made through splitting 2: a hollow
between ridges or protuberances
2cleft adj: partially split or divided
cleft palate n (1841) 1: a congenital fissure or elongated opening in
the soft and/or hard palate 2: an opening in the hard and/or soft
palate due to improper union of the maxillary process and the
median nasal process during the second month of intrauterine
developmentsyn PALATAL CLEFTsee COMPLETE C.P.,
OCCULT C.P.
cleft palate prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
cleft palate speech aid prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHE-
SIS
clenching vt (13c): the pressing and clamping of the jaws and teeth
together frequently associated with acute nervous tension or
physical effort
mandibular joint, any bright or sharp sound emanating from the
jointsee CLICKING, EARLY CLOSING C., EARLY OPEN-
ING C., LATE CLOSING C., LATE OPENING C., MID
OPENING C. RECIPROCAL C.
clicking n (611): a series of clicks, such as the snapping, cracking, or
noise evident on excursions of the mandible; a distinct snapping
sound or sensation, usually audible (or by stethoscope) or on pal-
pation, which emanates from the temporomandibular joint(s)
during jaw movement. It may or may not be associated with inter-
nal derangements of the temporomandibular joint
clinical adj (ca. 1755) 1: of or related to or conducted in or as if
within a clinic 2: analytical or detachedclinically adv
clinical crown: the portion of a tooth that extends from the occlusal
table or incisal edge to the free gingival margin
clinical remount: see REMOUNT PROCEDURE
clinometer n (1811): a device for measuring angles of elevation or
inclinationclinometric adjclinometry n
hook 2: a device used to retain a removable prosthesis intraorally
to a fixed abutment; i.e., a bar, crown, or other retainer
closed bite slang: see DECREASED OCCLUSAL VERTICAL
DIMENSION
closed lock: an internal derangement of the temporomandibular
joint in which the disk is dislocated anteriorly and, usually, medi-
al to the condyle; displacement or dislocation of the disk without
spontaneous reductionsee ACUTE CLOSED LOCK,
CHRONIC CLOSED LOCK
closed reduction of a fracture: reduction (repositioning) and fixa-
tion of fractured bones without making a surgical opening to the
fracture site
closest speaking space: the space between the anterior teeth that,
according to Dr Earl Pound, should not be more or less than 1 to
59
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
closest speaking space compensating curve
2 mm of clearance between the incisal edges of the teeth when the
patient is unconsciously repeating the letter S Dr Meyer M. Sil-
verman termed this speaking centric, which was defined as the
closest relationship of the occlusal surfaces and incisal edges of the
mandibular teeth to the maxillary teeth during function and rapid
speech. This was later called closest speaking level by Dr Silverman
and finally the closest speaking space
Silverman MM. Speaking centric. Dent Digest 1950;55:106-11.
Silverman MM. Accurate measurement of vertical dimension by phonetics
and speaking centric space. Dent Digest 1951;57:261-5.
Silverman MM. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J
Prosthet Dent 1953;3:193-9.
Pound E. Esthetics and phonetics in full denture construction. J Calif Dent
Assoc 1950;20:179-85.
Pound E. The mandibular movements of speech and their seven related
values. J Prosthet Dent 1966;16:835-43.
Pound E. The vertical dimension of speech, the pilot of occlusion. J Calif
Dent Assoc 1975;6:42-7.
Pound E. Let /s/ be your guide. J Prosthet Dent 1977;38:482-9.
clutch n: a device placed in both the maxillary and mandibular arch-
es for the purpose of supporting components used to record
mandibular movement
coadapted adj (1836) 1: mutually adapted, especially by natural
selection 2: in medicine, the proper realignment of displaced
partscoadaptation n color stimulus: visible radiation entering the eye and producing a sen-
Coble balancer [Lucian G. Coble, North Carolina, US dentist] 1: an
intraoral balancing device used to determine centric relation and
the centric relation record 2: used to equilibrate complete den-
tures intraorallysee CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
DEVICE
Coble LG. Correct centric position must be established for good denture
fit and function. Dent Survey 1951;27:1391-3.
Coble LG. A complete denture technique for selecting and setting up
teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1960;10:455-8.
cohesion n (1660) 1: the act or state of sticking together tightly 2:
the force whereby molecules of matter adhere to one another; the
attraction of aggregation 3: molecular attraction by which the
particles of a body are united throughout their mass
cohesive failure: bond failure within a dental material due to a ten-
sile or shearing forcesee ADHESIVE FAILURE
cold curing resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
collarless metal ceramic restoration: a metal ceramic restoration
whose cervical metal collar has been eliminated. Porcelain is
placed directly in contact with the prepared finish line
collateral ligaments: two or more ligaments paired to a single joint
for the specific purpose of restricting extension and flexion with-
in one plane only
colloid: a material in which is suspended a constituent in a finely
divided state that is invisible to the eye but capable of scattering
light
color n (13c) 1: a phenomenon of light or visual perception that
enables one to differentiate otherwise identical objects 2: the
quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected or
transmitted by it. Color is usually determined visually by mea-
surement of hue, saturation, and luminous reflectance of the
reflected light 3: a visual response to light consisting of the three
dimensions of hue, value, and saturationsee PERCEIVED C.,
PSYCHOPHYSICAL C.
color blindness: abnormal color vision or the inability to discrimi-
nate certain colors, most commonly along the red-green axis
color constancy: relative independence of perceived color to changes
in color of the light source
color deficiency: a general term for all forms of color vision that
yield chromaticity discrimination below normal limits, such as
monochromatism, dichromatism, and anomalous trichromatism
color difference: magnitude and character of the difference between
two colors under specified conditions; referred to as delta E
60
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
color difference equations: equations that transform CIE (Com-
mission Internationals dEclairage) coordinates into a more uni-
form matrix such that a specified distance between two colors is
more nearly proportional to the magnitude of an observed differ-
ence between them regardless of their hue
color notation: the use of symbols in some orderly fashion by which
the attributes of color may be defined or may be set down in writ-
ten formula
color rendering index: a number from 1 to 100 given to a light
source to indicate its relative equivalence to pure white light
which has a color rendering index (CRI) of 100. The closer the
number is to 100, the more it resembles pure white light
color scale: an orderly arrangement of colors showing graduated
change in some attribute or attributes of color as a value scale
color solid: a symbolic figure in three dimensions that represents the
relations of all possible colors with respect to their primary attrib-
utes of hue, lightness, and saturation. Usually, value (lightness)
appears as the vertical axis of the figure with hue and saturation
represented in polar coordinates about the lightness axis, satura-
tion being radial. The boundaries of the solid are actually irregu-
lar, but it is sometimes represented as a cylinder, a sphere, or a
cube
color standard: a color whose psychophysical dimensions have been
accurately measured and specified
sation of color, either chromatic or achromatic
color temperature: the temperature in degrees Kelvin (Celsius plus
273) of a totally absorbing or black body (object) that produces
colors as the temperature changes. The range is from a dull red to
yellow to white to blue. This term is sometimes used incorrectly to
describe the color of white light sources. The correct term to
describe the color of light sources is correlated color temperature
colorimeter n (ca. 1863): a device that analyzes color by measur-
ing it in terms of a standard color, scale of colors, or certain pri-
mary colors; an instrument used to measure light reflected or
transmitted by a specimen
coloring n (14c) 1: the act of applying colors 2: something that
produces color or color effects 3: the effect produced by applying
or combining colorssee EXTRINSIC C., INTRINSIC C.
combination clasp: a circumferential retainer for a removable partial
denture that has a cast reciprocal arm and a wrought wire reten-
tive clasp
combination syndrome: the characteristic features that occur when
an edentulous maxilla is opposed by natural mandibular anterior
teeth, including loss of bone from the anterior portion of the
maxillary ridge, overgrowth of the tuberosities, papillary hyper-
plasia of the hard palates mucosa, extrusion of the lower anterior
teeth, and loss of alveolar bone and ridge height beneath the
mandibular removable partial denture basesalso called anterior
hyperfunction syndrome
comminuted fracture: a fracture in which the bone has several lines
of fracture in the same region; a fracture in which the bone is
crushed and splintered
comminute vt -nuted; -nuting (1626) obs: the reduction of food
into small parts (GPT-4)comminution n
commissure n (15c): a point of union or junction especially
between two anatomic partscommissural adj
commissure splint: a device placed between the lips that assists in
achieving increased opening between the lipscalled also lip
splint
compensating curve 1: the anteroposterior curvature (in the medi-
an plane) and the mediolateral curvature (in the frontal plane) in
the alignment of the occluding surfaces and incisal edges of arti-
ficial teeth that are used to develop balanced occlusion 2: the
curve introduced in the construction of complete dentures to
compensate for the opening influences produced by the condylar
and incisal guidances during lateral and protrusive mandibular
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excursive movementscalled also compensating curvature, com-
pensating curve
compact bone: any bone substance that is dense or hard
complementary colors 1: two colors that, when mixed together in
proper proportions, result in a neutral color. Colored lights that
are complementary when mixed in an additive manner form white
light and follow the laws of additive color mixture. Colorants that
are complementary when mixed together form black or gray and
follow the laws of subtractive colorant mixture 2: colors located
in directly opposite positions on the color wheel. Colorants that
are complementary when mixed together form black or gray and
follow the laws of subtractive color
complete arch subperiosteal implant: a device placed under the
periosteum on the residual ridge to provide abutments for sup-
porting a removable or fixed prosthesis in a fully edentulous
archusage such implants should be described by means of their
relationship to their bases of support, the alveolar bone. As such,
at placement, such an implant is described as an eposteal dental
implantsee EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
complete cleft palate: an opening extending through the anterior
alveolar ridge, primary and secondary palatessee PALATAL
CLEFT
complete crown: a restoration that covers all the coronal tooth sur-
faces (mesial, distal, facial, lingual, and occlusal)
complete denture: a removable dental prosthesis that replaces the
entire dentition and associated structures of the maxillae or
mandible
complete denture prosthetics obs 1: the replacement of the natural
teeth in the arch and their associated parts by artificial substitutes
2: the art and science of the restoration of an edentulous mouth
(GPT-4)see COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
complete denture prosthodontics: that body of knowledge and
skills pertaining to the restoration of the edentulous arch with a
removable prosthesis
complete facial moulage: an impression procedure used to record
the soft tissue contours of the whole face
complicated fracture: a fracture with significant injury to adjacent
soft tissue (i.e., neurovascular injury) components of mastication:
those factors of food manipulation and comminution that follow
ingestion and precede deglutition
compomer (1998): a poly-acid modified composite resin, com-
posed of glass filler, acid-modified dimethacrylate resin, and a
photoinitiator
components of occlusion: the various elements that are involved in
occlusion, such as the temporomandibular joints, the associated
musculature, the teeth, their contacting surfaces and investing tis-
sues, and/or the denture supporting structuressee also
DETERMINANTS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
compound n, slang (19c): see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRES-
SION COMPOUND
compound joint: a joint involving three or more bones
compression molding: the act of pressing or squeezing together to
form a shape within a mold; the adaptation, under pressure, of a
plastic material into a mold
compression of tissue: see TISSUE DISPLACEMENT
compressive stress: the internal induced force that opposes the
shortening of a material in a direction parallel to the direction of
the stresses; any induced force per unit area that resists deforma-
tion caused by a load that tends to compress or shorten a body
computerized tomography: (CT) the technique by which multidi-
rectional x-ray transmission data through a body is mathematical-
ly reconstructed by a computer to form an electrical cross-sec-
tional representation of a patients anatomy. CT is used as an
acronym to designate any technical field associated with these
techniques
concrescence n: the union of roots of approximating teeth via
deposition of cementum
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
compensating curve congenital
concretion n: any inorganic mass in a natural cavity or organ
condensable composite resin: a highly filled composite resin in
which the filler particles have been altered so that the material is
condensable in a manner similar to amalgam
condensation reaction: any chemical reaction between two mole-
cules to form a larger molecule, with the elimination of a smaller
molecule
conditional color match: a pair of colors that appear to match only
under limited conditions, such as a particular light source and a
particular observer; a metameric match
condylar agenesis: a developmental abnormality characterized by
the absence of a condyle
condylar articulator: an articulator whose condylar path compo-
nents are part of the lower member and whose condylar replica
components are part of the upper membercalled also nonarcon
articulator
condylar axis: a hypothetical line through the mandibular condyles
around which the mandible may rotate
condylar dislocation: a condition in which the mandibular condyle
is displaced within the temporomandibular joint, usually forward
of the condylar eminencecalled also luxation
condylar displacement: see MANDIBULAR DISLOCATION
1condylar guidance vt: mandibular guidance generated by the
condyle and articular disc traversing the contour of the glenoid
fossae
2condylar guidance n: the mechanical form located in the upper
posterior region of an articulator that controls movement of its
mobile member
condylar guide assembly: the components of an articulator that
guide movement of the condylar analogues
condylar guide inclination: the angle formed by the inclination of a
condylar guide control surface of an articulator and a specified
reference planesee LATERAL CONDYLAR INCLINATION
condylar hinge position obs: the position of the condyles of the
mandible in the glenoid fossae at which hinge axis movement is
possible (GPT-4)
condylar inclination obs: the direction of the lateral condyle path
(GPT-4)
condylar path: that path traveled by the mandibular condyle in the
temporomandibular joint during various mandibular movements
condylar path element: the member of a dental articulator that con-
trols the direction of condylar movement
condylar path tracing: a graphic registration of the movement of the
condylesee MANDIBULAR TRACING
condylar slant: see CONDYLAR PATH, LATERAL CONDYLAR
PATH
condylar subluxation: an incomplete or partial dislocation of the
condyle
condylarthrosis n: an ellipsoidal articulation; a modification of
the ball/socket type of synovial joint in which the articular sur-
faces are ellipsoid rather than spheroid. Owing to the arrange-
ment of the muscles and ligaments around the joint, all move-
ments are permitted except rotation about a vertical axiscalled
also articulation ellipsoidea, condylar articulation, condylar joint,
condyloid joint, or ellipsoidal joint
condyle n (1634): an articular prominence of a bone, i.e., in the
mandible, an ellipsoidal projection of bone, usually for articula-
tion with another bonecondylar adjsee CONDYLAR
PATH, LATERAL CONDYLAR PATH, MANDIBULAR
CONDYLE, NECK OF THE CONDYLE
condyle chord: see CONDYLAR AXIS
condyle head: see CONDYLE
condyle path: see CONDYLAR PATH
cone n (1562): one of the receptors of color vision found in the reti-
nal layer of the eye and concentrated in the macula lutea
congenital adj (1796): existing at, and usually before, birth; refer-
61
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
congenital coronoplasty
ring to conditions that are present at birth, irrespective of their
causation
connecting bar: see MAJOR CONNECTOR
connective tissue: a tissue of mesodermal origin rich in interlacing
processes that supports or binds together other tissues
1connector n (15c): in removable prosthodontics, the portion of a
removable partial denture that unites its components usage: see
BAR C., CONTINUOUS BAR C., MAJOR C., MINOR C.
2connector n: in fixed prosthodontics, the portion of a fixed partial
denture that unites the retainer(s) and pontic(s)usage: see
INTERNAL C., NONRIGID C., RIGID C., SUBOCCLUSAL C.
connector bar: see BAR CONNECTOR
consultation n (15c): a deliberation between those who render
health care on a patients diagnosis and/or their treatment
1contact n (1626): the union or junction of surfaces; the apparent
touching or tangency of bodiesusage: see PROXIMAL CON-
TACT
2contact vi (1834): to make contact; to bring into contact; to enter
or be in contact withusage: see BALANCING OCCLUSAL C.,
DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL C., INITIAL OCCLUSAL C.,
OCCLUSAL C.
contact surface: the region on the proximal surface of a tooth that
touches an adjacent tooth
continuous bar connector: a metal bar usually resting on the lingual
surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth to aid in their stabilization
and act as an indirect retainer in extension base removable partial
dentures
continuous bar indirect retainer: see CONTINUOUS BAR CON-
NECTOR
continuous bar retainer: see CONTINUOUS BAR CONNEC-
TOR, INDIRECT RETAINER
continuous beam obs: a beam that continues over several supports,
with those supports not at the beam end bearing equally free sup-
ports (GPT-4)
continuous clasp obs 1: in removable prosthodontics, a circumferen-
tial retainer whose body emanates from an occlusal rest and
extends across the buccal or lingual surface of more than one
tooth before engaging an undercut on the proximal wall farthest
from the occlusal rest 2: any one of several early 1900 designs for
clasping natural teeth to retain a removable partial denture; terms
for such clasps included wrought continuous interdental clasp,
wrought continuous interdental support. Current terminology is a
lingual bar
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Inter-
est Publishing; 1928. p. 377-90.
continuous gum denture obs 1: an artificial denture consisting of
porcelain teeth and tinted porcelain denture base material fused
to a platinum base (GPT-4) 2: according to Joseph Richardson,
plain single teeth, made for the purpose, are arranged and sol-
dered to a plate properly fitted to the mouth, after which differ-
ent mineral compounds, made to represent the natural gums,
roof, etc., are applied to the plate and teeth in a plastic state, then
carved and trimmed in proper form, and by means of a strong fur-
nace heat these compounds, which are called the body and the
gum enamel, are fused, thus producing a continuous gum, root,
and rugae of the mouth, without seam or crevice. The technique
is attributed to Dr. John Allen (American)
Richardson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia:
Lindsay & Blakiston; 1880. p. 307-35.
continuous loop wire clasp obs: attributed to J. Wright Beach, DDS,
this clasp assembly was used to completely encircle a tooth, par-
ticularly a straight sided tooth, by means of one wire. If the
retained was not continuous, it was described as an open loop wire
clasp
Roach FE. Partial dentures. The Dental Summary 1915:35:
203-10.
continuous spectrum: a spectrum or section of the spectrum in
62
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
which radiations of all wave lengths are present; opposed to line
spectra or band spectra
1contour n (1662): an outline, especially of a curving or irregular
figure: the line representing this outline; the general form or
structure of somethingusage: see HEIGHT OF CONTOUR,
TRANSITIONAL CONTOUR
2contour adj (1844): following contour lines or forming furrows or
ridges along them; made to fit the contour of something
3contour vt (1871): to shape the contour of; to shape so as to fit
contours; to construct in conformity to a contour
contrabevel n (20c) 1: an external bevel arising from the occlusal
surface or edge of a preparation and placed at an angle that
opposes or contrasts the angle of the surface it arises from 2: an
external bevel arising from the occlusal surface or edge of a prepa-
rationsee BEVEL
contraction n (15c): in muscle physiology, the development of ten-
sion in a muscle in response to a stimulususage: see ISOMET-
RIC C., ISOTONIC C., POSTURAL C.
contracture n (1658): a permanent shortening of a musclesee
MUSCLE C., MYOFIBROTIC CAPSULAR C., MYOSTATIC C.
contralateral adj (1882): occurring on or acting in conjunction
with similar parts on an opposite side
contralateral condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
convergence angle 1: the taper of a crown preparation 2: the angle,
measured in degrees, formed between opposing axial walls when
a tooth or teeth are prepared for single crowns or fixed partial
denturesusage: this term is best described as the total occlusal
convergence
coordination n (1643): smooth, controlled symmetrical movement
1cope n (bef.12c): the upper half of any flask used in casting; the
upper or cavity side of a denture flask used in conjunction with
the drag or lower half of the flasksee DRAG
2cope v: to dress, cover, or furnish with a cope; to cover, as if with a
cope or coping
1coping n 1: a long, enveloping ecclesiastical vestment 2a: something
resembling a cope (as by concealing or covering) 2b: coping
2coping n (ca. 1909): a thin covering or crownusage: see C.
IMPRESSION, TRANSFER C.
coping impression: an impression, usually encompassing an entire
dental arch, that uses metal or resin copings placed on prepared
teeth. The copings are repositioned before the pouring of a work-
ing cast
coping pick-up impression: see COPING IMPRESSION
coping prosthesis obs: see OVERDENTURE
copolymer resin: polymers formed from more than one type of mol-
ecular repeat unit
copper band: a copper cylinder employed as a matrix for making an
impression
coralliform adj: having the form of coral; branched like a coral;
often with reference to certain types of hydroxylapatite implant
materials
core n (14c): the center or base of a structure
coronal adj (15c) 1: of or relating to a corona or crown 2: or relat-
ing to any longitudinal plane or section that passes through a
body at right angles to the median plane 3: pertaining to the
crown of a tooth
coronal plane: lying in the direction of the coronal suture, of or
relating to the frontal plane that passes through the long axis of a
body
coronoid maxillary space: the region between the medial aspect of
the coronoid process of the mandible and the buccal aspect of the
tuberosity of the maxilla, bounded anteriorly by the zygomatic arch
coronoid process: the thin triangular rounded eminence originating
from the anterosuperior surface of the ramus of the mandible
see HYPERTROPHY OF THE C.P.
coronoplasty n (20c): alteration or change in morphology of the
coronal portion of natural teeth by the use of abrasive instruments
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
corrected cast: see ALTERED CAST
corrective wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
correlated color temperature: the term describing the color of
white light sources. Specifically, it is the temperature of the
Planckion (black body) radiator that produces the chromaticity
most similar to that produced by the light source expressed in
degrees Kelvin or in mired; it is measured in degrees Kelvin, to
which a black body must be raised to provide the closest match,
in chromaticity, to a particular light source
corrode vt (15c) 1: deterioration of a metal due to an electrochem-
ical reaction within its environment 2: to eat away by degrees as
if by gnawing 3: to wear away gradually usually by chemical action
corrosion n (15c): the action, process, or effect of corroding; a
product of corroding; the loss of elemental constituents to the
adjacent environment
corrosive adj (14c): tending or having the power to corrode
cortical bone: the peripheral layer of compact osseous tissue
Costens syndrome [James Bray Costen, American otolaryngologist,
1895-1962]: eponym for TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISOR-
DERS
Costen JB. A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms dependent upon dis-
turbed functions of the temporomandibular joint. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryn-
gol 1934;43:1-15.
counterdie n, obs: the reverse image of a die; usually made of a soft-
er and lower fusing metal than the die (GPT-1)
coupling n: a device that serves to couple or connect the ends of
adjacent parts or objects
coupling lug: a small projecting part of a larger member; a projec-
tion or a casting to which a bolt or other part may be attached
covalent bond n (1939): a chemical bond between two atoms or
radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (single bond), two pairs
(double bond), or three pairs (triple bond) of electronscalled
also primary bond
cover screw: see HEALING SCREW
cranial base: the part of the skull that is thought to be relatively sta-
ble throughout life and is used in cephalometrics as a landmark
from which to measure changes due to growth, time, or treatment
cranial prosthesis: a biocompatible, permanently implanted replace-
ment for a portion of the skull bones; an artificial replacement for
a portion of the skull bonescalled also cranial implant, cranio-
plasty prosthesis, skull plate
craniofacial defects: malformations associated with the head and
face craniofacial disjunction fracturesee LE FORT III FRAC-
TURE
craniomandibular articulation: both temporomandibular joints
functioning together as a bilateral sliding hinge joint connecting
the mandible to the craniumsyn TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
JOINTS
crater n: in periodontics, a saucer-shaped defect of soft tissue or
bone
1craze vb crazed; crazing vt (14c): to produce minute cracks on the
surface or glaze of; to develop a mesh of fine cracks
2craze n (1534): a crack in a surface or coating (as of glaze or enamel)
1creep vi crept; creeping (12c): to slip or gradually shift position; to
change shape permanently due to prolonged stress or exposure to
high temperature
2creep n (1818): the slow change in dimensions of an object due to
prolonged exposure to high temperature or stress
crepitation n: a crackling or grating noise in a joint during move-
ment, liken to the throwing of fine salt into a fire or rubbing hair
between the fingers; the noise made by rubbing together the ends
of a fracture bone
crepitus n: see CREPITATION, JOINT C.
crest n (14c): a ridge or prominence on a part of a body; in dentistry,
the most coronal portion of the alveolar process
crest of the ridge: the highest continuous surface of the residual
ridgenot necessarily coincident with the center of the ridge
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
corrected cast cure
crevicular epithelium: the nonkeratinized epithelium of the gingival
crevice
crevicular fluid: the fluid that seeps through the crevicular epitheli-
um; this is usually increased in the presence of inflammation
cribriform plate obs: in dentistry, the alveolar bone proper
cristobalite n: an allotropic form of crystalline silica used in dental
casting investments
cross arch balance: see C.A.B. ARTICULATION
cross arch balanced articulation: the simultaneous contact of the
buccal and lingual cusps of the working side maxillary teeth with
the opposing buccal and lingual cusps of the mandibular teeth,
concurrent with contact of the nonworking side maxillary lingual
cusps with the mandibular buccal cusps
cross arch stabilization: resistance against dislodging or rotational
forces obtained by using a removable partial denture design that
uses natural teeth on the opposite side of the dental arch from the
edentulous space to assist in stabilization
cross bite: see REVERSE ARTICULATION
cross bite teeth: see REVERSE ARTICULATION TEETH
cross bite occlusion: see REVERSE ARTICULATION
cross pinning: the augmentation achieved in retention of a cast
restoration by the placement of a pin through the axial wall of a
dental casting into dentin
cross tooth balance: see BALANCED ARTICULATION, CROSS
TOOTH BALANCED ARTICULATION
cross tooth balanced articulation: the harmonious contact of
opposing working side buccal and lingual cusps
1crown n (12c) 1: the highest part, as the topmost part of the skull,
head or tooth; the summit; that portion of a tooth occlusal to the
dentinoenamel junction or an artificial substitute for this 2: an
artificial replacement that restores missing tooth structure by sur-
rounding part or all of the remaining structure with a material
such as cast metal, porcelain, or a combination of materials such
as metal and porcelain
2crown vt (12c): to place on the head, as to place a crown on a tooth,
dental implant or tooth substituteusage: implies fabrication of a
restoration for a tooth on a natural tooth or dental implant
crown flask: a sectional, box like case in which a sectional mold is
made of artificial stone or plaster of parts for the purpose of pro-
cessing dentures or other resinous restorations
crown fracture: micro or macroscopic cleavage in the coronal por-
tion of a tooth
crown lengthening slang: see LENGTHENING OF THE CLINI-
CAL CROWN
crown-root ratio: the physical relationship between the portion of
the tooth within alveolar bone compared with the portion not
within the alveolar bone, as determined by radiograph
crown slitter obs: a mechanical device used to slit the axial surface of
a swayed artificial crown to facilitate its removal [GPT-4]
crucible n (15c): a vessel or container made of any refractory mate-
rial (as porcelain) used for melting or calcining any substance that
requires a high degree of heat
crucible former: the base to which a sprue former is attached while
the wax pattern is being invested in refractory investment; a con-
vex rubber, plastic, or metal base that forms a concave depression
or crucible in the refractory investment
CT: acronym for Computerized Tomography
crypt n (1789) 1: a chamber wholly or partly underground 2: in
anatomy, a pit, depression or simple tubular gland
cuff n (14c): something that encircles; a band about any body
cul-de-sac n (1738): a blind pouch or tubular cavity closed at one
end
cumulative dose: the total accumulated dose resulting from a single
or repeated exposure to radiation of the same region or of the
whole body; if used in area monitoring, it represents the accumu-
lated radiation exposure over a given period of time
cure vb (14c): see POLYMERIZE
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
curve deflective occlusal contact
1curve adj (15c): bent or formed into a curve
2curve vb curved; curving vi (1594): to take a turn, change, or
deviation from a straight line or plane surface without angularity
or sharp breaks; a non-angular deviation from a straight line or
surfacesee REVERSE C.
curve of Monson [George S. Monson, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
dentist, 1869-1933]: eponym for a proposed ideal curve of occlu-
sion in which each cusp and incisal edge touches or conforms to
a segment of the surface of a sphere 8 inches in diameter with its
center in the region of the glabella
Monson GS. Occlusion as applied to crown and bridgework. J Nat Dent
Assoc 1920;7:399-417.
Monson GS. Some important factors which influence occlusion. J Nat
Dent Assoc 1922;9:498-503.
curve of occlusion: the average curve established by the incisal edges
and occlusal surfaces of the anterior and posterior teeth in either
arch
curve of Pleasure [Max A. Pleasure, New York, US dentist, 1903-
1965] 1: eponym for a helicoid curve of occlusion that, when
viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a curve that is convex
from the superior view, except for the last molars which reverse
that pattern 2: in excessive wear of the teeth, the obliteration of
the cusps and formation of either flat or cupped-out occlusal sur-
faces, associated with reversal of the occlusal plane of the premo-
lar, first and second molar teeth (the third molars being general-
ly unaffected), whereby the occlusal surfaces of the mandibular
teeth slope facially instead of lingually and those of the maxillary
teeth incline linguallysyn ANTIMONSON CURVE, FRE-
QUENCY CURVE, PROBABILITY CURVE, REVERSE
CURVE
Pleasure MA. Prosthetic occlusiona problem in mechanics. J Am Dent
Assoc and Dent Cosmos 1937;24:1330-8.
Pleasure MA. Practical full denture occlusion. J Am Dent Assoc Dent Cos-
mos 1938;25:1606-17.
curve of Spee [Ferdinand Graf Spee, Prosector of Anatomy, Kiel,
Germany, 1855-1937]: eponym for ANTEROPOSTERIOR
CURVE
Spee FG. Die Verschiebrangsbahn des Unterkiefers am Schadell. Arch Anat
Physiol (Leipz) 1890;16:285-94.
curve of Wilson [George H. Wilson, Cleveland, Ohio, US dentist,
1855-1922] 1: eponym for the MEDIOLATERAL CURVE 2: in
the theory that occlusion should be spherical, the curvature of the
cusps as projected on the frontal plane expressed in both arches;
the curve in the lower arch being concave and the one in the
upper arch being convex. The curvature in the lower arch is
affected by an equal lingual inclination of the right and left molars
so that the tip points of the corresponding cross-aligned cusps can
be placed into the circumferences of a circle. The transverse cus-
pal curvature of the upper teeth is affected by the equal buccal
inclinations of their long axes
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. Philadelphia Lea & Febiger;
1911. p. 22-37.
curvilinear adj (1710): consisting of or bounded by curved lines;
represented by a curved line
cusp angle: the angle made by the average slope of a cusp with the
cusp plane measured mesiodistal or buccolingually
cusp height: the perpendicular distance between the tip of a cusp and
its base plane
cusp plane: the plane determined by the two buccal cusp tips and the
highest lingual cusp of a molar
cusp plane angle: the incline of the cusp plane in relation to the
plane of occlusion
cuspal interference: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
cuspid guidance: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspid guided articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTIC-
ULATION
cuspid lift: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
cuspid lifted articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICU-
LATION
cuspid protected occlusion: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTIC-
ULATION
cuspid rise: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspid rise articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTIC-
ULATION
cuspless teeth: teeth designed without cuspal prominence on the
occlusal surfacesee NONANATOMIC TEETH, ZERO-
DEGREE TEETH
custom tray: an individualized impression tray made from a cast
recovered from a preliminary impression. It is used in making a
final impression
cyanoacrylate n (20c): a single component, moisture activated,
thermoplastic, group of adhesives characterized by rapid poly-
merization and excellent bond strength
D
Davis crown [Wallace Clyde Davis, Lincoln, Nebraska, US dentist
(1866-1950)]obs: eponym for a dental restoration supported by a
dowel in the root canal over which was cemented a porcelain tube
tooth in direct contact with the root face of the tooth. A later
modification involved a gold casting that improved the fit
between the root and artificial tooth
Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 1st ed. Lincoln, Neb.: Author
as publisher; 1911.
Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby;
1916.
debridement n (ca. 1842): the removal of inflamed, devitalized,
contaminated tissue or foreign material from or adjacent to a
lesion
deciduous dentition: see PRIMARY DENTITION
decortication n (ca. 1623) 1: a process of removing the outer cov-
ering (as in enamel, bark, husks, etc.) from something 2: surgical
removal of the cortex of an organ, an enveloping membrane or fib-
rinous coveringdecorticate vtdecorticator n
decreased occlusal vertical dimension: a reduction in the distance
measured between two anatomic points when the teeth are in
occlusal contact
deep bite: see VERTICAL OVERLAP
deep heat therapy: see DIATHERMY
defective color vision: the condition in which color discrimination
is significantly reduced in comparison with the normal trichro-
mat. The forms of color defective vision can be divided into three
main groupsdichromatic vision, anomalous trichromatic vision,
and monochromatic visionsee COLOR BLINDNESS,
COLOR DEFICIENCY
definitive cast: a replica of the tooth surfaces, residual ridge areas,
and/or other parts of the dental arch and/or facial structures
used to fabricate a dental restoration or prosthesis
defective occlusal contact obs: contact that is capable of guiding the
mandible from its original path of action into a different path of
motion or capable of disturbing the relation between a denture
base and its supporting tissues (GPT-1)
definitive obturator: a prosthesis that artificially replaces part or all
of the maxilla and associated teeth lost due to surgery or trauma
definitive palatal lift prosthesis: see PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS
definitive prosthesis: any prosthesis designed for long-term use
definitive speech aid prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
deflection n (1605) 1: a turning aside or off course 2: a continu-
ing eccentric displacement of the mandibular midline incisal path
symptomatic of restriction in movement
deflective occlusal contact: a contact that displaces a tooth, diverts
the mandible from its intended movement, or displaces a remov-
able denture from its basal seatusage: see OCCLUSAL
DISHARMONY, OCCLUSAL PREMATURITY
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
deformation n (15c): the change of form or shape of an object
degas vt; degassed pt., pp; degassing ppr (1920) 1: to remove gas
from an object or substance 2: the name commonly used to
denote the first heat cycle (oxidation cycle) in fabrication of a
metal ceramic restoration that removes surface impurities from
the metallic component and produces surface oxides prior to the
application of opaque porcelain
degenerative arthritis: see OSTEOARTHRITIS
degenerative joint disease: see OSTEOARTHRITIS
deglutition n (1650): the act of swallowing
dehisce vt; dehisced; dehiscing (1658): to split or peal down
along a natural line; to discharge the contents by so splitting
dehiscence n (ca. 1828): an act or instance of dehiscing
delayed dentition: the eruption of the first teeth of the primary den-
tition or the permanent dentition considerably later than the nor-
mally expected time (after the thirteenth month of life for the pri-
mary dentition and after the seventh year of life for the permanent
dentition in humans)
delayed disocclusion: see DELAYED DISCLUSION
delayed disclusion: deferred separation of the posterior teeth due to
the anterior guidance
delivery: see PLACEMENT
delta E: total color difference computed by use of a color difference
equation. It is generally calculated as the square root of the sums
of the squares of the chromaticity difference and the lightness dif-
ference. It signifies the difference between sample and standard
demineralization n (ca. 1903) 1: loss of minerals (as salts of cal-
cium) from the body 2: in dentistry, decalcification
denasality n: the quality of the voice when the nasal passages are
obstructed to prevent adequate nasal resonance during speech
see HYPONASALITY
denervation n (1905): resection of or removal of the nerves to an
organ or part
dental adj (1594): of or pertaining to the teeth
dental arch: the composite structure of the natural teeth and alveo-
lar bone
dental articulation: the contact relationships of maxillary and
mandibular teeth as they move against each otherusage: this is
a dynamic process
dental biomechanics: the relationship between the biologic behav-
ior of oral structures and the physical influence of a dental restora-
tionsyn DENTAL BIOPHYSICS
dental cast: a positive life size reproduction of a part or parts of the
oral cavity
dental casting investment: a material consisting principally of an
allotrope of silica and a bonding agent. The bonding substance
may be gypsum (for use in lower casting temperatures) or phos-
phates and silica (for use in higher casting temperatures)
dental dysfunction: abnormal functioning of dental structures; par-
tial disturbance or functional impairment of a dental organ
dental element: slang for a dental prosthesis that receives part or all
support/retention from one or more endosteal, eposteal or tran-
sosteal dental implants
dental engineering obs 1: the application of physical, mechanical,
and mathematical principles to dentistry 2: the application of
engineering principles to dentistry (GPT-4)
dental esthetics: the application of the principles of esthetics to the
natural or artificial teeth and restorations
dental geriatrics 1: the branch of dental care involving problems
peculiar to advanced age and aging 2: dentistry for the aged
patientsee GERODONTICS, GERODONTOLOGY
dental implant: a prosthetic device of alloplastic material(s) implant-
ed into the oral tissues beneath the mucosal and/or periosteal
layer, and on/or within the bone to provide retention and sup-
port for a fixed or removable prosthesis; a substance that is placed
into and/or upon the jaw bone to support a fixed or removable
prosthesisusage: although dental implants may be classified by
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
deformation denture border
their silhouette or geometrical form (i.e., fin, screw, cylinder,
blade, basket, rootform, etc.) generally, dental implants are classi-
fied based on their anchorage component (the dental implant
body) as it relates to the bone that provides support and stability.
Thus, there are three basic types of dental implants: eposteal den-
tal implants, endosteal dental implants, and transosteal dental
implants. Some dental implants possess both eposteal and
endosteal components (by design or subsequent anchorage
change); the decision as to what anchorage system provides the
most support at initial placement determines which category is
used to best describe the dental implantsee also ENDOSTEAL
DENTAL IMPLANT, EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT,
TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANTcomp MUCOSAL
INSERT
dental impression: a negative imprint of an oral structure used to
produce a positive replica of the structure to be used as a perma-
nent record or in the production of a dental restoration or pros-
thesissee IMPRESSION
dental impression wax: any thermoplastic wax used to make impres-
sions for dental use
dental plaster: the beta-form of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. It is a
fibrous aggregate of fine crystals with capillary pores that are
irregular in shape and porous in character
dental prosthesis: an artificial replacement of one or more teeth
and/or associated structures
dental prosthetic laboratory procedures: the steps in the fabrica-
tion of a dental prosthesis that do not require the presence of the
patient for their completion
dental senescence: that condition of the teeth and associated struc-
tures in which there is deterioration due to aging or premature
aging processes
dental shade selection: see TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
dental stone: the alpha-form of calcium sulfate hemihydrate with
physical properties superior to the beta-form (dental plaster). The
alpha-form consists of cleavage fragments and crystals in the form
of rods or prisms, and is therefore more dense than the beta-form
dentin n (1840): a calcareous material similar to but harder and
denser than bone that comprises the principle mass of the tooth
dentinal adj; also spelled dentine
dentition n (1615): the teeth in the dental arch
dentofacial orthopedics: the branch of dentistry that treats abnor-
mal jaw and tooth relationships
dentoform: having the likeness of a tooth; a tooth-like substitute
dentulous adj (1926) 1: possessing natural teeth 2: a condition in
which natural teeth are present in the mouthsyn DENTATE
denture n (1874): an artificial substitute for missing natural teeth
and adjacent tissuesusage: see COMPLETE D., DIAGNOS-
TIC D., DUPLICATE D., EXTENSION BASE REMOVABLE
PARTIAL D., FIXED PARTIAL D., IMMEDIATE D., INTER-
IM D., OVERDENTURE, PARTIAL D., PROVISIONAL D.,
REMOVABLE PARTIAL D., ROTATIONAL PATH REMOV-
ABLE PARTIAL D., TRANSITIONAL D., TREATMENT D.,
TRIAL D., UNILATERAL REMOVABLE PARTIAL D.
denture adhesive: a material used to adhere a denture to the oral
mucosa
denture basal surface: see DENTURE BASE
denture base: the part of a denture that rests on the foundation tis-
sues and to which teeth are attachedusage: see TINTED D.B.
denture base material: any substance of which a denture base may
be made
denture base saddle obs 1: the part of a denture that rests on the oral
mucosa and to which the teeth are attached 2: the part of a com-
plete or removable partial denture that rests on the basal seat and
to which the teeth are attached (GPT-4)see DENTURE BASE
denture bearing area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
denture border 1: the margin of the denture base at the junction of
the polished surface and the impression surface 2: the peripheral
65
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
denture border diatoric
border of a denture base at the facial, lingual, and posterior
limits
denture characterization: modification of the form and color of the
denture base and teeth to produce a more lifelike appearance
denture curing obs: the process by which the denture base materials
are hardened to the form of a denture mold (GPT-4)see DEN-
TURE PROCESSING
denture design obs: a planned visualization of the form and extent of
a dental prosthesis arrived at after study of all factors involved
(GPT-4)
denture esthetics: the effect produced by a dental prosthesis that
affects the beauty and attractiveness of the person
denture flange: the part of the denture base that extends from the
cervical ends of the teeth to the denture border
denture flask: see CASTING FLASK, CROWN FLASK
denture foundation: the oral structures available to support a
denture
denture foundation area: the surfaces of the oral structures available
to support a denture
denture occlusal surface: the portion of the surface of a denture that
makes contact with its antagonist
denture packing: the act of pressing a denture base material into a
mold within a refractory flask
denture placement: see PLACEMENT
denture polished surface: the portion of the surface of a denture
that extends in an occlusal direction from the border of the den-
ture and includes the palatal surface. It is the part of the denture
base that is usually polished, and it includes the buccal and lingual
surfaces of the teeth
denture processing 1: the means by which the denture base materi-
als are polymerized to the form of a denture 2: the conversion of
the wax pattern of a denture or a portion of a denture into resin
or other material
denture prognosis obs: an opinion or judgment given in advance of
treatment for the prospects for success in the fabrication of den-
tures and for their usefulness (GPT-4)
denture prosthetics obs 1: the replacement of the natural teeth in the
arch and their associated parts by artificial substitutes 2: the art
and science of the restoration of an edentulous mouth (GPT-4)
see COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
denture resin packing: filling and pressing a denture base material
into a mold within a refractory flaskalso called DENTURE
PACKING
denture retention 1: the resistance in the movement of a denture
away from its tissue foundation especially in a vertical direction 2:
a quality of a denture that holds it to the tissue foundation
and/or abutment teethsee DENTURE STABILITY
denture service: the procedures that are involved in the diagnosis
and subsequent fabrication and maintenance of artificial substi-
tutes for missing natural teeth and associated structures
denture space 1: the portion of the oral cavity that is or may be
occupied by the maxillary and/or mandibular denture(s) 2: the
space between and around the residual ridges that is available for
dentures 3: the area occupied by dentures where formerly the
teeth, alveolar bone, and surrounding soft and hard tissues were
located
denture stability 1: the resistance of a denture to movement on its
tissue foundation, especially to lateral (horizontal) forces as
opposed to vertical displacement (termed denture retention) 2: a
quality of a denture that permits it to maintain a state of equilib-
rium in relation to its tissue foundation and/or abutment teeth
see DENTURE RETENTION
denture supporting area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
denture supporting structures obs: the tissues (teeth and/or resid-
ual ridges) that serve as the foundation for removable partial or
complete dentures (GPT-4)
denture surfaces: see DENTURE POLISHED SURFACE
66
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
denturism n: the fabrication and delivery of removable dentures by
nondentists
denturist n (1965) 1: any nondentist who makes, fits, and repairs
removable dentures directly for the public 2: a nondentist
licensed to provide complete dentures directly to the public
depassivation n: loss of corrosion protection due to damage or
removal of the protective oxide surface film on a passivated metal
deprogrammer n: various types of devices or materials used to
alter the proprioceptive mechanism during mandibular closure
determinants of mandibular movement: those anatomic structures
that dictate or limit the movements of the mandible. The anteri-
or determinant of mandibular movement is the dental articula-
tion. The posterior determinants of mandibular movement are
the temporomandibular articulations and their associated
structures
detrusion n: downward movement of the mandibular condyle
deuteranomalous vision: a form of anomalous trichromatism in
which the viewer requires more green in a mixture of red and
green to match spectral yellow than does a normal trichromat.
The relative spectral visual sensitivity does not differ noticeably
from normal. Hue discrimination is poor in the red to green
region of the spectrum
deuteranopia n (ca. 1901): green color blindness
developmental anomaly: unusual sequelae of development; a devia-
tion from normal shape or size
developmental dysmorphia: anomaly of growth seemingly related
to extrinsic interference from contiguous or adjacent structures
developmental dysplasia: any abnormality of growth or disharmony
between parts due to growth
developmental hyperplasia: excessive growth development
developmental hypoplasia: diminution in growth development
devest vb: the retrieval of a casting or prosthesis from an investing
medium
deviation n (15c): with respect to movement of the mandible, a
discursive movement that ends in the centered position and is
indicative of interference during movement
device n: something developed by the application of ideas or princi-
ples that are designed to serve a special purpose or perform a spe-
cial function
devitrification n (1832): to eliminate vitreous characteristics
partly or wholly; to crystallize
diagnosis n; -noses pl (ca. 1861): the determination of the nature
of a disease
1diagnostic n (1625): the practice of diagnosis
2diagnostic adj (1625): relating to or used in diagnosis
diagnostic cast: a life-size reproduction of a part or parts of the oral
cavity and/or facial structures for the purpose of study and treat-
ment planning
diagnostic denture: an interim dental prosthesis placed for the pur-
pose of evaluation and planning later therapy
diagnostic mounting: see MOUNTING
diagnostic radiation: the use of radiographs for the determination
of the nature of a disease
diagnostic setups: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
diagnostic splint: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
diagnostic study cast: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
diagnostic wax up: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
diarthrodial joint: a freely moving joint
diarthrosis n (1578): a specialized articulation permitting more or
less free movement; a synovial joint
diastema n, pl -mata (1854): a space between two adjacent teeth
in the same dental arch
diathermy n (1909): tissue resistance generated heat resulting from
high-frequency electric current
diatoric adj: a channel placed in denture teeth to serve as a
mechanical means of retaining the teeth in a chemically dissimilar
denture base material
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
dichromatic vision: defective color vision characterized by the inter-
pretation of wave lengths from the red portion of the spectrum
matching a given green. There are two known subclassifications.
One requires red light to be approximately 10 times brighter than
the red selected by the other to achieve a similar color mismatch
dichromatism n (1884): a form of defective color vision in which
a mixture of only two can match all colors. In dichromatic vision,
the spectrum is seen as comprising only two regions of different
hue separated by an achromatic band. Dichromatic vision can be
subdivided into three types: protanopia, deuteranopia, and
tritanopia
die n (14c): the positive reproduction of the form of a prepared
tooth in any suitable substance
die spacer: an agent applied to a die to provide space for the luting
agent in the finished casting
differential diagnosis: the process of identifying a condition by
comparing the symptoms of all pathologic processes that may
produce similar signs and symptoms
dilaceration 1: a tearing apart 2: in dentistry, a condition due to
injury of a tooth during its development and characterized by a
band or crease at the junction of the crown and root, or alterna-
tively by tortuous roots with abnormal curvatures
dimensional stability: the ability of a material to retain its size and
form
dimensions of color: terms used to describe the three dimensional
nature of color. In the Munsell Color Order System, the dimen-
sions are named hue, value, and chroma. These are used to
describe the color family (hue), the lightness/darkness (value),
and the purity or strength (chroma)
direct bone impression: a negative likeness of bone from which
overlying tissues have been reflected
direct pulp capping: application of a material to exposed vital pulp
to protect it and promote healing
direct retainer: that component of a removable partial denture used
to retain and prevent dislodgment, consisting of a clasp assembly
or precision attachment
direct retention: retention obtained in a removable partial denture
by the use of clasps or attachments that resist removal from the
abutment teeth
disarticulation n: separation of joint parts
disc n: var. spelling of disk
disk-condyle complex: the condyle and its disk articulation that
functions as a simple hinge joint
disk n (1664): with respect to the temporomandibular joint, the
avascular interarticular tissuespelled also disc
disk degeneration: degenerative changes in the temporomandibular
joint articular disk
disk derangement: an abnormal relationship of the articular disk to
the condyle, fossa, and or/and eminence
disk detachment: a peripheral separation of the disk from its capsu-
lar, ligamentous, or osseous attachments
disk dislocation: see DISK DERANGEMENT
disk displacement: see DISK DERANGEMENT
disk displacement with reduction: disk displacement in which the
temporomandibular joint disk is displaced at rest (usually in an
anterior-medial direction) but resumes a normal position on
mandibular movement
disk displacement without reduction: disk displacement in which
the temporomandibular joint disk is displaced at rest and does not
resume a normal position on mandibular movement
disk interference: interference of mandibular movement due to disk
related pathosis and/or dysfunction
disk locking: disk derangement that will not reduce or restore to its
normal place or relationship
disk perforation: a circumscribed tear in the articular disk, usually as
the result of degenerative thinning in the central portion, usually
with longstanding increased compressive forces, permitting com-
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
dichromatic vision draw
munication between the superior and inferior joint spaces. There
is no disruption at the peripheral attachments to the capsule, lig-
aments, or bone
disk prolapse: rotation of the disk forward on the condyle
disk space: the radiolucent area on a temporomandibular joint radi-
ograph between the mandibular condyle and the articular fossa
disk thinning: degenerative decrease in disk thickness, usually as the
result of long-standing increased compressive forces
disclusion vb: see DISOCCLUSION
disjunctor n: any component of a prosthesis that serves to allow
movement between two or more parts
dislocated fracture: a fracture of a bone near an articulation, with
dislocation of the condyloid process
dislocation n (15c): the state or act of being dislocated, as dis-
placement of one or more bones at a jointusage: see CONDY-
LAR D., FUNCTIONAL D., MANDIBULAR D., PARTIAL D.
disocclude: see DISOCCLUSION
disocclusion vb: separation of opposing teeth during eccentric move-
ments of the mandiblesee DELAYED D., IMMEDIATE D.
displacement of the mandible: any abnormal relationship of the
mandible when at rest
distal adj (1808): remote; farther from the point of reference; away
from the median sagittal plane of the face following the curvature
of the dental arch
distal extension partial denture: see EXTENSION BASE
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
distoclusion: see ANGLES CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLU-
SION
distoversion vb: a deviation toward the distal
distraction of the condyle: placement of the condyle farther than
normal from the median plane
distributed mandibular lateral translation: see PROGRESSIVE
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION
disuse atrophy: diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part
as a result of inactivity
divergence n (1656) 1: a drawing apart as a surface extends away
from a common point 2: the reverse taper of walls of a prepara-
tion for a restorationdivergency n, pl -cies (1709)
divergence angle (1998): the sum of the angles of taper of opposing
walls of a tooth preparation that diverge away from each other
docking device: see RADIATION CONE LOCATOR
Dolder bar [Eugene J. Dolder, Zurich, Switzerland prosthodontist]:
eponym for one of many bar attachments that splint teeth or roots
together while acting as removable partial denture abutments.
The bar is straight with parallel sides and a round top. The sleeve
or clip that fits over the bar gains retention by friction only. The
bar is of variable sizes and is pear shaped in cross section, as is its
accompanying sleeve. This clip allows for some measure of rota-
tional movement about the bar
Dolder EJ. The bar joint mandibular Denture. J Prosthet Dent 1961;
11:689-707.
donor site: an area of the body from which a graft is taken
double wire clasp obs: a back-to-back wire circumferential clasp
dovetail n (1565): a widened portion of a prepared cavity used to
increase retention and/or resistance
dowel n (13c): a post, usually made of metal that is fitted into a pre-
pared root canal of a natural tooth. When combined with an arti-
ficial crown or core, it provides retention and resistance for the
restoration
dowel core crown: see POST-CORE CROWN
dowel crown obs: see DAVIS CROWN, RICHMOND CROWN
dowel pin: a metal pin used in stone casts to remove die sections and
replace them accurately in the original position
drag n: the lower or cast side of a refractory flask to which the cope
is fitted
draw vt (bef. 12c): the taper or convergence of walls of a preparation
for a restoration; slangDRAFT, DRAUGHT
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
dross electromagnetic wave
dross n 1: the solid scum formed on the surface of a metal when
molten or melted, often formed from oxides of various metals but
sometimes arising from impurities and waste materials 2: waste
matter; refuge
ductility n (14c): the ability of a material to withstand permanent
deformation under a tensile load without rupture; ability of a mate-
rial to be plastically strained in tension. A material is brittle if it does
not have appreciable plastic deformation in tension before rupture
dummy n, pl dummies (1598) obs: the replacement tooth or pon-
tic in a fixed partial denture
duplicate denture: a second denture intended to be a replica of the
first
durometer n (ca. 1890): an instrument for measuring hardness
DWT: acronym for Dime WeighT, called also pennyweight; a mea-
surement of weight in the troy system equal to 24 grains, or 0.05
ounce. Its metric equivalent is 1.555 gmabbr pwt
dye n: a colorant that does not scatter light but absorbs certain wave
lengths and transmits others
dynamic relations obs: relations of two objects involving the element
of relative movement of one object to another, as the relationship
of the mandible to the maxillae (GPT-4)
dynamic splint: see FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL SPLINT
dysesthesia n: an unpleasant abnormal sensation
dysfunction n (ca. 1916): the presence of functional disharmony
between the morphologic form (teeth, occlusion, bones, joints)
and function (muscles, nerves) that may result in pathologic
changes in the tissues or produce a functional disturbance
dysgeusia n: any distortion in the sense of taste
dyskinesia n (ca. 1706): impairment of the power of voluntary
movement resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movement
see also INCOORDINATION
dyslalia n: defective articulation due to faulty learning or to abnor-
mality of the external speech organs and not due to lesions of the
central nervous system
dysmasesis n: difficulty in mastication
dysostosis n: imperfect ossification
dysphagia n: difficulty in swallowing
dysphonia n (ca. 1706): an impairment in the voice; difficulty in
speaking
dysplasia n (ca. 1923): abnormality of developmentsee
MANDIBULAR D., MAXILLOMANDIBULAR D.
dystonia n: acute irregular tonic muscular spasms, often with con-
tortions of the tongue, jaw, eyes, neck, and sometimes the entire
body
E elastomer n (ca. 1934): a polymer whose glass transition tempera-
ear-bow n (20c): an instrument similar to a face-bow that indexes to
the external auditory meatus and registers the relation of the max-
illary dental arch to the external auditory meatus and a horizon-
tal reference plane. This instrument is used to transfer the maxil-
lary cast to the articulator. The ear-bow provides an average
anatomic dimension between the external auditory meatus and
the horizontal axis of the mandiblesee FACE-BOW
early closing click: a click emanating from the temporomandibular
joint that occurs at the initiation of retrusive translation
early mandibular lateral translation: the translatory portion of lat-
eral movement in which the greatest portion occurs early in the
forward movement of the nonworking side condyle as it leaves
centric relationsee IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
early opening click: a temporomandibular joint click that occurs at
initiation of the translation of the condyle(s)
eccentric adj (14c) l: not having the same center 2: deviating from a
circular path 3: located elsewhere than at the geometric center 4:
any position of the mandible other than that which is its normal
position
68
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
eccentric checkbite: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
eccentric interocclusal record: a registration of any maxillo-
mandibular position other than centric relationship
eccentric jaw record: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
eccentric jaw relation obs: any relationship between the jaws other
than centric relation (GPT-4)
eccentric occlusion: an occlusion other than centric occlusion
eccentric position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION
eccentric record: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
eccentric relation: any relationship of the mandible to the maxilla
other than centric relationsee ACQUIRED E.R.
ectopic adj (1873): occurring in an abnormal position or in an
unusual manner or formectopically adv
ectopic eruption: eruption of a tooth out of its normal place or
position
edema n (15c): abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues
edentics n, obs: the art, science, and technique used in treating eden-
tulous patients (GPT-4)
edentulate adj, obs: without teeth, lacking teeth (GPT-4)
edentulous adj (1782): without teeth, lacking teeth
edentulism (1998): the state of being edentulous; without natural
teeth
edge to edge articulation: articulation in which the opposing ante-
rior teeth meet along their incisal edges when the teeth are in
maximum intercuspation
edge to edge bite: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
edge to edge occlusion: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
educationally qualified prosthodontist: in the United States as
defined by the American Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodon-
tist who has successfully completed an advanced educational pro-
gram accredited by the ADA and is eligible to apply for examina-
tion by the American Board of Prosthodontics
elastic adj (1653): susceptible to being stretched, compressed, or
distorted and then tending to resume the original shape
elastic limit: the greatest stress to which a material may be subjected
and still be capable of returning to its original dimensions when
such forces are released
elastic modulus: the stiffness or flexibility of a material within the
elastic range. Within the elastic range, the material deforms in
direct proportion to the stress applied as represented by Hookes
law
elasticity n (1664): the quality that allows a structure or material
to return to its original form on removal of an external forcesee
MODULUS OF E.
ture is below its service temperature (usually room temperature).
These materials are characterized by low stiffness and extremely
large elastic strainselastomeric adj
electrical discharge machining 1: the process by which metal(s)
is(are) altered in form using electrical current through conductive
objects brought into physical contact with the metal surface 2: a
precision metal removal process using an accurately controlled
electrical discharge (a spark) to erode metal, usually performed in
a liquid dielectric mediumsyn SPARK EROSION
electrode n (1834) 1: a medium used between an electric conduc-
tor and the object to which it is to be applied 2: a x-ray tube com-
ponent from which electrons emanate or to which they are
attracted. The positive electrode is the anode, the negative elec-
trode is the cathode
electromagnetic spectrum: the range of energy waves that extend
from gamma rays to radio waves. The eye is sensitive to a very nar-
row band of wave lengths between about 380 and 760 nm
electromagnetic wave: a disturbance that propagates outward from
any electric charge that oscillates or is accelerated; far from the
charge, it consists of vibrating electric and magnetic fields that
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
move at the speed of light and are at right angles to each other
and to the direction of motion
electromyographic biofeedback: an instrumental process that helps
patients learn control over muscle tension levels previously under
automatic control
electromyography n (1948): the graphic recording of the elec-
trical potential of musclesee NOCTURNAL E.
electron n (1891): the elemental unit of electricity. A stable ele-
mentary particle that is the negatively charged constituent of
ordinary matter, having a mass of about 9.11 1028 g (equiva-
lent to 0.511 MeV) and a charge of about 1.602 1019
Coulombcalled also negative electron, negatron
electron accelerator: a device used in radiation treatment that accel-
erates electrons to high energies
electron beam therapy: treatment by electrons accelerated to high
energies by a machine such as the betatron
electron volt: a unit of energy equal to the energy acquired by an
electron when it passes through a potential difference of 1 volt in
a vacuum; it is equal to (1.602192 + 0.000007) 1019 volt.
Abbreviated eV
electroplating vt (ca. 1864): the process of covering the surface of
an object with a thin coating of metal by means of electrolysis
electropolishing vt: the electrolytic removal of a thin layer of
metal to produce a bright surface
element (1993): any component part of a dental implant abutment
elevator muscle: one of the muscles that, on contracting, elevate or
close the mandible
elongation n (14c) l: deformation as a result of tensile force appli-
cation 2: the degree to which a material will stretch before break-
ing 3: the over eruption of a tooth
embedment n (1794): the process of using a ceramic powder mixed
with water to surround a glass-ceramic casting. The purpose of
the procedure is to prevent distortion and limit the shrinkage of
the casting
embouchure n (1760): the position and use of the lips, tongue, and
teeth in playing a wind instrument
embrasure n (1702) l: the space formed when adjacent surfaces
flair away from one another 2: in dentistry, the space defined by
surfaces of two adjacent teeth; there are four embrasure spaces
associated with each proximal contact area: occlusal/incisal,
mesial, distal, and gingival
embrittle vt: to make brittle or plastic
emergence angle (1993): the angle of the dental implants transi-
tional contour determined by the surface of the abutment to the
long axis of the implant body
emergence profile: the contour of a tooth or restoration, such as a
crown on a natural tooth or dental implant abutment, as it relates
to the adjacent tissues
EMG: acronym for ElectroMyoGram
eminence n (15c): a prominence or projection, especially one on
the surface of a bone
empty mouth movement: voluntary or reflex movements of the
mandible when not engaged in incision or mastication
enamel n (15c): in dentistry, the hard, thin, translucent layer of cal-
cified substance that envelopes and protects the dentin of the
coronal aspect of the tooth; it is the hardest substance in the
bodycalled also adamantine layer
enamel projection: an apical extension of enamel, usually toward a
furcation in the roots
enameloplasty n: see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING epithelial attachment: see JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
enarthrosis n (1634): joints with a ball and socket arrangement
(e.g., hip)
endodontic endosteal dental implant: a smooth and/or threaded
pin implant that extends through the root canal of a tooth into
periapical bone and is used to stabilize a mobile tooth
endodontic pin obs: a metal pin that is placed through the apex of a
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
electromagnetic wave epithelium
natural tooth into the bone to stabilize a mobile tooth (GPT-4)
see ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
endodontic stabilizer: see ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL DEN-
TAL IMPLANT
endogenous adj (1830): developing or originating within the
organism
endoscope n (1861): a flexible or rigid thin tube used for examin-
ing the interior of a structure
endosseous blade implant: see BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT
endosseous implant: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
endosteal dental implant: a device placed into the alveolar and/or
basal bone of the mandible or maxilla and transecting only one
cortical plate. The endosteal dental implant is composed of an
anchorage component, termed the endosteal dental implant body,
which, ideally, is within the bone, and a retentive component,
termed the endosteal dental implant abutment. The dental
implant abutment connects to the dental implant body (by means
of screws, thread/screw interfacing, compression/luting agent,
etc. that can be termed elements), passes through the oral mucosa,
and serves to support and/or retain the prosthesis (whether fixed
or removable). The dental implant abutment may be for interim
or definitive applicationusage: interim abutment, definitive
abutment. Descriptions of the dental implant body or/and the
dental implant abutment that use silhouette or geometric forms,
such as cylinder, conical, pre-angled, angled, blade, basket, or
endodontic, may be used as adjectives to enhance understanding
of the geometry of any endosteal dental implant. Also, descriptive
adjectives may be used to delineate the materials from which they
are made, i.e., a ceramic dental implant abutment. Interim or
definitive dental implant abutments may be composed of one or
more individual component parts, each of which is termed an ele-
ment. The dental implant abutment element(s) usually is(are)
described by means of their geometric form, function or means of
adaptation, i.e., screw, coping, cylinder, lug, friction fitting, press-
fit. Hence multiple adjectives may be used to describe both the
endosteal dental implant body and abutment.see also BASKET
E.D.I., BLADE E.D.I., DENTAL IMPLANT, ENDODONTIC
E.D.I., EPOSTEAL D.I., SCREW E.D.I., TRANSOSTEAL D.I.
endosteal dental implant body (1998): that portion of the dental
implant that provides the anchorage to the bone through the
process of tissue integration
endosteal dental implant abutment (1998): that portion of the
dental implant which passes through the oral mucosa and pro-
vides connection between the endosteal dental implant body and
the prosthesis
endosteal dental implant abutment element(s) (1998): any com-
ponent used to secure either the dental implant abutment to the
dental implant body or the prosthesis to the dental implant
abutment
end-to-end bite: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
end-to-end occlusion: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
entrance port: the area of the surface of a patient or phantom on
which a radiation beam is incident
envelope of function: the three-dimensional space contained within
the envelope of motion that defines mandibular movement dur-
ing masticatory function and/or phonation
envelope of motion: the three-dimensional space circumscribed by
mandibular border movements within which all unstrained
mandibular movement occurs
epithelial cuff: a term used to describe the relationship between the
mucosal and the dental implant. The use of this term implies a
close adherence, but not necessarily a biochemical attachment,
between the implant and mucosa
epithelium n, pl -lia (1748): the mucosal tissue serving as the lin-
ing of the intraoral surfaces. It extends into the gingival crevice
69
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
epithelium external oblique ridge
and adheres to the tooth at the base of the crevicesee CREVIC-
ULAR E, JUNCTIONAL E.
epithelization n (ca. 1934): the process of becoming covered
with or converted to epitheliumepithelize vt
eposteal dental implant: any dental implant that receives its prima-
ry bone support by means of resting upon the boneusage: a
subperiosteal dental implant that conforms to the superior surface
of an edentulous area of alveolar bone is an eposteal dental
implant. Any retaining screws or other elements that may secure
the eposteal framework to the alveolar bone and pass endosteally
represent endosteal dental implant components. Should the
eposteal framework penetrate the alveolar bone, technically, the
framework becomes an endosteal dental implantsee
ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, SUBPERIOSTEAL DEN-
TAL IMPLANT, TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
epoxy resin: a resin characterized by the reactive epoxy or ethyloxy-
line groups that possess unique characteristics in terms of adhe-
sion to metals, woods, and glasses
epoxy resin die: a reproduction formed in epoxy resin
equalization of pressure: the act of equalizing or evenly distributing
pressure
equilibrate v -brated; -brating vt (1635): to bring or to place in
equilibrium
equilibration n (1635) 1: the act or acts of placing a body in a
state of equilibrium 2: the state or condition of being in equilib-
riumusage: see MANDIBULAR E., OCCLUSAL E.
equilibrator n (19c) obs: an instrument or device used in achieving
or helping maintain a state of equilibrium (GPT-4)
equilibrium (1608) 1: a state of even adjustment between oppos-
ing forces 2: that state or condition of a body in which any forces
acting on it are so arranged that their product at every point is
zero 3: a balance between active forces and negative resistance
erosion n (1541) 1: an eating away; a type of ulceration 2: in den-
tistry, the progressive loss of tooth substance by chemical process-
es that do not involve bacterial action producing defects that are
sharply defined, wedge-shaped depressions often in facial and cer-
vical areascomp ABFRACTION, ABRASION, ATTRITION
Essig splint [Norman S. Essig, DDS, Prof. of Prosthodontics, Tem-
ple University School of Dentistry]: eponym for a stainless steel
wire passed labially and lingually around a segment of the dental
arch and held in position by individual ligature wires around the
contact areas of the teeth; it is used to stabilize fractured or repo-
sitioned teeth and the involved alveolar bone. Variously ascribed
to V. H. Jackson, DDS, (N.Y.), C. J. Essig, DDS, N. S. Essig,
DDS (Pa.), or W. H. Atkinson, DDS
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia:
Lea Brothers and Co.; 1896. p. 187, 208.
Essig NS. Prosthetic dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publish-
ing Co.; 1937.
esthetic 1: pertaining to the study of beauty and the sense of beau-
tiful. Descriptive of a specific creation that results from such
study; objectifies beauty and attractiveness, and elicits pleasure 2:
pertaining to sensation var of AESTHETIC
esthetic reshaping: modification of the surfaces of teeth to improve
appearance
esthetics adj (1798) 1: the branch of philosophy dealing with beau-
ty 2: in dentistry, the theory and philosophy that deal with beau-
ty and the beautiful, especially with respect to the appearance of
a dental restoration, as achieved through its form and/or color.
Those subjective and objective elements and principles underlying
the beauty and attractiveness of an object, design or principle
see DENTAL E., DENTURE E.aesthetically adj
Estlanders operation [Jakob August Estlander, Finnish surgeon,
1831-1881]: eponym for a lip switch operation. A triangular flap
of tissue borrowed from the lower lip is transferred to the upper
lateral lip
1etch vb,vt (1634) la: to produce a retentive surface, especially on
70
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
glass or metal, by the corrosive action of an acid lb: to subject to
such etching 2: to delineate or impress clearly
2etch n (1896) 1: the effect or action of an etching acid on a surface
2: a chemical agent used in etching
etchant n: an agent that is capable of etching a surface
etching vt (1632) 1: the act or process of selective dissolution 2: in
dentistry, the selective dissolution of the surface of tooth enamel,
metal, or porcelain through the use of acids or other agents
(etchants) to create a retentive surface
ethylene oxide: a bactericidal agent occurring as a colorless gas with
a pleasant ethereal odor; the chemical in gas sterilization systems
used for many items that cannot be sterilized in a high heat sys-
tem; used as a disinfectant, especially for disposable equipment
etiologic factors: the elements or influences that can be assigned as
the cause or reason for a disease or lesionsee LOCAL E.F., SYS-
TEMIC E.F.
etiology n (1555) 1: the factors implicated in the cause or origin
of a disease or disorder 2: the study or theory of the factors caus-
ing disease
evisceration n: removal of the viscera or contents of a cavity. In
ophthalmology, the removal of the contents of the eyeball, leav-
ing the sclera
evulsion n (1611): extraction; removed, usually of a sudden nature
examination n (14c): scrutiny or investigation for the purpose of
making a diagnosis or assessment
excursion n (1577) 1: a movement outward and back or from a
mean position or axis; also, the distance traversed 2: in dentistry,
the movement occurring when the mandible moves away from
maximum intercuspation
excursive adj (1673): constituting a digression; characterized by
digression
excursive movement: movement occurring when the mandible
moves away from maximum intercuspation
exenteration n: removal of an organ. Used in connection with the
eye, an orbital exenteration denotes the removal of the entire eye
and surrounding structures
exercise prosthesis: a temporary, removable dental prosthesis, usual-
ly without teeth and always without occluding contact, used for
the purpose of reconditioning the supporting structures (espe-
cially the residual ridge) by means of light, intermittent biting
pressure applied against bilaterally interposed fingers
expansion prosthesis: a prosthesis used to expand the lateral seg-
ment of the maxilla in a unilateral or bilateral cleft of the soft and
hard palates and alveolar processes
exposure n (1606) 1: the act of laying open, as a surgical or dental
exposure 2: in radiology, a measure of the roentgen rays or
gamma radiation at a certain place based on its ability to cause
ionization. The unit of exposure is the roentgen, called also expo-
sure dosesee ROENTGEN RAY
extension n (15c) 1: the movement by which the two elements of
any jointed part are drawn away from each other, the process of
increasing the angle between two skeletal levers having end-to-
end articulation with each other. The opposite of flexion 2: in
maxillofacial prosthetics, that portion of a prosthesis added to fill
a defect or provide a function not inherent in a dental restoration,
e.g., palatal extension, pharyngeal extensionsee SECTION
extension base removable partial denture: a removable partial den-
ture that is supported and retained by natural teeth only at one
end of the denture base segment and in which a portion of the
functional load is carried by the residual ridge
extension bridge: see CANTILEVER FIXED PARTIAL DEN-
TURE
extension outline obs 1: the outline of the area of the entire basal
seat of a denture 2: the outline on the surface of a cast or mucous
membrane that includes the entire area to be covered by a den-
ture (GPT-1)
external oblique ridge: a smooth ridge on the buccal surface of the
VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
body of the mandible that extends from the anterior border of the
ramus, with diminishing prominence, downward and forward to
the region of the mental foremen. This ridge changes very little
in size and direction throughout life
extirpate vt -pated; -pating (1539) 1: to pull up or out
to destroy completely 2: to cut out by surgeryextirpation n
extracapsular ankylosis: ankylosis due to rigidity of any structure
external to the joint capsule
extracapsular disorder: a problem associated with the masticatory
system in which the etiological factors are located outside of the
temporomandibular joint capsule
extracoronal adj: that which is outside or external to, the crown
portion of a natural tooth; e.g., an extracoronal preparation,
restoration, partial or complete crown
extracoronal retainer: that part of a fixed partial denture uniting the
abutment to the other elements of a fixed partial denture that sur-
rounds all or part of the prepared crown
extraoral tracing: a tracing of mandibular movements made by
means of devices that extend outside the oral cavity; a tracing
made outside the oral cavity
extraversion: see LABIOVERSION
extrinsic adj (1613): external, extraneous, as originating from or
on the outsideextrinsically adv
extrinsic coloring: coloring from without; applying color to the
external surface of a prosthesis
extrusion n (1540): the movement of teeth beyond the natural
occlusal plane that may be accompanied by a similar movement of
there supporting tissues
exudate n: exuded molten material
F feeding prosthesis obs: a prosthesis constructed for newborns with
fabrication n (1670): the building, making, or constructing of a
restoration
face form obs 1: the outline form of the face 2: the outline form of
the face from an anterior view, sometimes described geometrical-
ly as square, tapering, ovoid, or by various combinations of these
basic forms (GPT-4)see FACIAL FORM
face-bow: a caliper-like instrument used to record the spatial rela-
tionship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic reference point
or points and then transfer this relationship to an articulator; it
orients the dental cast in the same relationship to the opening axis
of the articulator. Customarily, the anatomic references are the
mandibular condyles transverse horizontal axis and one other
selected anterior point; called also hingebowsee EAR-BOW,
KINEMATIC F.
face-bow fork: that component of the face-bow used to attach the
occlusion rim to the face-bow
face-bow record: the registration obtained by means of a face-bow
facet n (1625): a small, planar surface on any hard bodysee
WEAR FACETusage: the French spelling of facet, facette, has
continued to confuse the profession regarding pronunciation
facial adj: the surface of a tooth or other oral structure approximating
the face (including both the lips and cheeks)
facial augmentation implant prosthesis: an implantable biocom-
patible material generally laid upon an existing bony area beneath
the skin tissues to fill in or selectively raise portions of the over-
laying facial skin tissues to create acceptable contourscalled also
facial implant
facial form: the outline form of the face from an anterior view
facial moulage: a negative reproduction of the face made out of arti-
ficial stone, plaster of paris, or other similar materialssee COM-
PLETE F.M., MOULAGE, SECTIONAL F.M.
facial profile: the outline form of the face from a lateral view
facial prosthesis: a removable prosthesis that artificially replaces a
portion of the face lost due to surgery, trauma, or congenital
absencecalled also extraoral prosthesis, prosthetic dressing
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
external oblique rudge filter
facial prosthetic adhesive: a material used to adhere a facial pros-
thesis to the skin
facing n (1566): a veneer of any restorative material used on a nat-
ural tooth or prosthesis as a restoration to simulate a natural tooth
Farrar appliance [William B. Farrar, Alabama, US dentist]: a type
of occlusal device used to reposition the mandible anteriorly;
used in the treatment of some types of temporomandibular
disorders
Farrar WB. A clinical outline of temporomandibular joint diagnosis and
treatment. 7th ed. Montgomery: Walker Printing Co.; 1983.
Farrar device: C. L. Goddard includes descriptions and illustrations
of several devices used to retract teeth and for many other pur-
poses that are attributed to J. N. Farrar, DDS. Farrar also is cred-
ited with various push- and pull-jacks for tooth movement, and
appliances for moving roots forward and backward
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. 1st ed.
Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co.; 1986. p. 153-209.
fatigue: the breaking or fracturing of a material caused by repeated
cyclic or applied loads below the yield limit; usually viewed ini-
tially as minute cracks followed by tearing and rupture; termed
brittle failure or fracture
fatigue failure: fracture of a material due to cyclic loading and
unloading characterized by fracture below its ultimate tensile
strength
feeding aid: a prosthesis that closes the oral-nasal cavity defect, thus
enhancing sucking and swallowing, and maintains the right and
left maxillary segments of infants with cleft palates in their prop-
er orientation until surgery is performed to repair the cleft
called also feeding appliance, feeding prosthesis
feeding appliance obs: see FEEDING AID
cleft palates to permit normal sucking and feedingsee FEED-
ING AID
feldspar n (1757) 1: any one of a group of minerals, principally alu-
minosilicates of sodium, potassium, calcium, or barium, that are
essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks 2: a crystalline
mineral of aluminum silicate with sodium, potassium, barium,
and/or calcium; a major constituent of some dental porcelains
feldspathic adj (ca. 1828): related to or containing feldspar; used
especially with reference to porcelain glaze
ferrule n (15c) l: a metal band or ring used to fit the root or crown
of a tooth 2: any short tube or bushing for making a tight joint
1festoon n (1630) 1: any decorative chain or strip hanging between
two points 2: in dentistry, carvings in the base material of a den-
ture that simulate the contours of the natural tissues that are
being replaced by a denture
2festoon vt (1800): to shape into festoons
FGP: acronym for Functionally Generated Path
fibrointegration n (1982): see FIBROUS INTEGRATION
fibro-osseous integration: see FIBROUS INTEGRATION
fibrosis n (1873): the formation of fibrous tissue; fibroid or fibrous
degeneration
fibrous adj (1626): composed of or containing fibers
fibrous adhesion: a fibrous band or structure by which parts abnor-
mally adhere
fibrous ankylosis: reduced mobility of a joint due to proliferation of
fibrous tissue
fibrous integration slang: a misnomer used to describe the presence
of a layer of intervening fibrous connective tissue between a den-
tal implant and the adjacent bone, while no real attachment or
integration has occurred between bone and a biocompatible
material
field n (bef. 12c) 1: an area or open space, as an operative field or
visual field 2: a range of specialization or knowledge, study, or
occupation
filter n (1563): in radiology, a solid screen insert, usually of varying
71
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
filter form
thicknesses and different metals (aluminum, copper, tin) placed to
filter out photons of longer wave lengths
final flask closure: the last closure of a dental flask before polymer-
izing, after trial packing of the mold with a restorative material
final impression: the impression that represents the completion of
the registration of the surface or object
fine adj (13c) 1: free from impurities 2: of a metal: having a stated
proportion of pure metal in its composition, expressed in parts
per thousand > a gold coin 0.9265
fineness n: the proportion of pure gold in a gold alloy; the parts per
1000 of gold
finish n (1779): to put a final coat or surface on; the refinement of
form before polishing
finish line n (1899) 1: a line of demarcation 2: the peripheral exten-
sion of a tooth preparation 3: the planned junction of different
materials 4: the terminal portion of the prepared tooth
firing: the process of porcelain fusion, in dentistry, specifically to
produce porcelain restorations
first stage dental implant surgery: the initial surgical procedure in
dental implant placement. For eposteal dental implants, this refers
to the reflection of the oral mucosa, the impression of the surgi-
cally exposed bone and usually an interocclusal record made to
fabricate the implant body followed by surgical closure. For an
endosteal implant, this refers to the reflection of the oral, mucosa
and investing tissues, preparation of the implantation site (i.e.,
removal of alveolar bone, and, occasionally, tapping), placement
of the dental implant body, and surgical closure of the overlying
investing soft tissuescomp SECOND STAGE DENTAL
IMPLANT SURGERY
Fischers angle [Rudolf Fischer, Swiss dentist, Zurich, Switzerland]:
eponym for the angle formed by the intersection of the protrusive
and nonworking side condylar paths as viewed in the sagittal
plane
Fischer R. Beziehungen zwischen den Kieferbewegungen und der Kau-
flachenform der Zuhne. Schweizerische Monataschrift fur Zahnheilkunde
Zurich 1926;74.
Fischer R. Die Offnungsbewegungen des Unterkiefers und ibre Wieder-
gabe am Artikulator. Schweizerische Monateschrift fur Zahnheilkunde
1935;45:867-99.
fissure n (15c): any cleft or grove, normally present or otherwise; a
cleft or deep ditch in the surface of a tooth, usually due to imper-
fect fusion of adjoining enamel lobes. Distinguished from a
groove or sulcuscalled also enamel fissure
fissured fracture: a fracture that extends partially through a bone
with displacement of the bony fragments
fistula n, pl -las or -lea (14c): a pathologic sinus or abnormal passage
resulting from incomplete healing; a communication between
two internal organs or one that leads from an internal organ to
the surface of a body; usually designated according to the parts it
communicates with, as oral-nasal f.
fit v, fitted, also fit; fitting vt (1586) 1: to be suitable or to be in
harmony with 2a: to conform correctly to the shape or size of 2b:
to insert or adjust until correctly in place; to make or adjust to the
correct size or shape, i.e., to adapt one structure to another, as the
adaptation of any dental restoration to its site, in the mouth
fix vt (14c): to make firm, stable, or stationery, to attach to another
object so that separation of the parts cannot be accomplished
without breaking of the mechanical and/or chemical bonds that
hold the parts in spatial relationship with each other
fixed adj (14c): securely placed or fastened; stationary; not subject to
change; immobile
fixed bridge: see FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
fixed movable bridge obs: a fixed partial denture having one or more
nonrigid connectors
fixed partial denture: a partial denture that is luted or otherwise
securely retained to natural teeth, tooth roots, and/or dental
implant abutments that furnish the primary support for the pros-
72
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
thesisusage: with respect to a fixed partial denture retained on
dental implants, adjectives may be used to describe the means of
attachment, such as screw retained f.p.d., cement retained f.p.d.
called also fixed prosthesis
fixed partial denture retainer: the part of a fixed partial denture
that unites the abutment(s) to the remainder of the restoration
fixed prosthesis: see FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
fixed prosthodontics: the branch of prosthodontics concerned with
the replacement and/or restoration of teeth by artificial substi-
tutes that are not readily removed from the mouth
1fixture n: something that is fixed or attached, as a structural part or
a permanent appendage
2fixture substand (1982): an endosteal dental implant bodysee
ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, IMPLANT BODY
fixture cover substand (1982): the component placed over a dental
implant during the healing phase to prevent tissue from prolifer-
ating into the internal portion of the implant bodysee COVER
SCREW
flabby tissue obs: excessive movable tissue (GPT-4)
1flange n (ca 1688): a rib or rim used for strength, for guiding or
attachment of another objectsee BUCCAL F., DENTURE F.,
LABIAL F.
2flange vt, flanged; flanging (ca. 1864): to furnish with a flange
flange contour obs: the design of the flange of a denture (GPT-4)
1flask n: a metal case or tube used in investing proceduressee
CASTING F., CROWN F.
2flask v: to flask or surround; to invest
flask closure: the procedure of bringing two halves, or parts, of a
flask togethersee FINAL F.C., TRIAL F.C.
flasking vt (20c) 1: the act of investing in a flask 2: the process of
investing the cast and a wax replica of the desired form in a flask
preparatory to molding the restorative material into the desired
product
flipper obs: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS; PROVISIONAL PROS-
THESIS
flowable composite resin (1998): composite resin that is less high-
ly filled than conventional composite resin and has improved wet-
tability
fluorescence n (1852): a process by which a material absorbs radi-
ant energy and emits it in the form of radiant energy of a differ-
ent wave length band, all or most of whose wave lengths exceed
that of the absorbed energy. Fluorescence, as distinguished from
phosphorescence, does not persist for an appreciable time after
the termination of the excitation process
fluorescent adj (1853): having or relating to fluorescence
fluoride gel carrier (20c): a device that covers the teeth and is used
to apply topical fluoride in close proximity to tooth enamel and
dentin for several minutes dailysyn FLUORIDE APPLICA-
TOR
flux n (14c) 1: in physics, the rate of flow of a liquid, particles or
energy 2: in ceramics, an agent that lowers the fusion temperature
of porcelain 3: in metallurgy, a substance used to increase fluidity
and to prevent or reduce oxidation of a molten metal 4: any sub-
stance applied to surfaces to be joined by brazing, soldering or
welding to clean and free them from oxides and promote union
FMA: acronym for Frankfort Mandibular plane Angle
foil n (14c): an extremely thin, pliable sheet of metal, usually of vari-
able thicknesssee GOLD F., PLATINUM F., TINFOIL
force n (14c): an agency or influence that, when exerted on a body,
tends to set the body into motion or to alter its present state of
motion. Force applied to any material causing deformation of that
materialsee MASTICATORY F., OCCLUSAL F.
forces of mastication obs: the motive force created by the dynamic
action of the muscles during the physiologic act of mastication
(GPT-4)
1form n (13c): the shape or configuration of anything, as distin-
guished from its material
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
2form vt (13c): to give shape, to mold, to adapt
fornix n, pl for fornices (1681): an anatomical arch or fold
forward protrusion obs: a protrusion forward of centric position
(GPT-3)
fossa n, pl fossae (1771): an anatomical pit, groove, or depression
foveae palatinae: two small pits or depressions in the posterior aspect
of the palate, one on each side of the midline, at or near the
attachment of the soft palate to the hard palate
1fracture n (15c): the process or act of breaking; state of being bro-
kensee AVULSION F., BLOWOUT F., CEMENTUM F.,
CLOSED REDUCTION OF A F., COMMINUTED F., COM-
PLICATED F., DISLOCATED F., FISSURED F., GREEN-
STICK F., GUERINS F., IMPACTED F., INDIRECT F.,
INTRACAPSULAR F., MIDFACIAL F., OPEN F., PYRAMI-
DAL F., ROOT F., SECONDARY F., SIMPLE F., SPONTA-
NEOUS F., SUBCONDYLAR F., SUBPERIOSTEAL F.
2fracture v, fractured; fracturing vt (1612): to cause a fracture
in; to break, rupture, or tear
fracture strength: strength at fracture based on the original dimen-
sions of the specimen
framework n (1644): the skeletal portion of prosthesis (usually
metal) around which and to which are attached the remaining
portions of the prosthesis to produce a finished restoration
Frankfort mandibular plane angle: eponym for the angle formed by
the intersection of the Frankfort horizontal plane with the
mandibular plane
Frankfort horizontal plane 1: eponym for a plane established by the
lowest point in the margin of the right or left bony orbit and the
highest point in the margin of the right or left bony auditory
meatus 2: a horizontal plane represented in profile by a line
between the lowest point on the margin of the orbit to the high-
est point on the margin of the auditory meatus; adopted at the
13th General Congress of German Anthropologists (the Frank-
fort Agreement) at Frankfort am Main, 1882, and finally by the
International Agreement for the Unification of Craniometric and
Cephalometric Measurements in Monaco in 1906; called also
auriculo-orbital plane, eye-ear plane, Frankfort horizontal (FH),
Frankfort horizontal line
Frankfort plane: see FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL PLANE
free gingiva: the part of the gingiva that surrounds the tooth and is
not directly attached to the tooth surface
free gingival margin: the unattached gingiva surrounding the teeth
in a collar-like fashion and demarcated from the attached gingiva
by a shallow linear depression, termed the free gingival groove
free mandibular movement 1: any mandibular movement made
without interference 2: any uninhibited movement of the mandible
free support obs: support that does not permit translation of the
beam perpendicular to its axis and presumably offers no restraint
to the tendency of the beam to rotate at the support (GPT-4)
freedom in intercuspal position: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT
AREA
freeway space obs: see INTEROCCLUSAL REST SPACE
fremitus n (1879): a vibration perceptible on palpation; in den-
tistry, a vibration palpable when the teeth come into contact
frenulum n, pl -la (1706): a connecting fold of membrane serving
to support or retain a part
frenum n, pl frenums or frena: see FRENULUM functional wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
frictional attachment: a precision or semiprecision attachment that
achieves retention by metal to metal contact, without springs,
clips or other mechanical means of retentionsee PRECISION
ATTACHMENT
friction retained pin: a metal rod driven into a hole drilled into
dentin to enhance retention; retained solely by dentinal elasticity
1frit n (1662) 1: the calcined or partly fused matter of which glass is
made 2: a mass of fused porcelain obtained by firing the basic
constituents and plunging them into water while hot. The frit is
ground to make porcelain powders
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
form gag
2frit vt fritted; friting (1805) 1: to prepare substances for glass by
heating; to fuse 2: to convert into a frit
frontal plane: any plane parallel with the long axis of the body and
at right angles to the median plane, thus dividing the body into
front and back parts. So called because this plane roughly paral-
lels the frontal suture of the skull
fulcrum line 1: a theoretical line passing through the point around
which a lever functions and at right angles to its path of move-
ment 2: an imaginary line, connecting occlusal rests, around
which a removable partial tends to rotate under masticatory
forces. The determinants for the fulcrum line are usually the cross
arch occlusal rests located adjacent to the tissue borne compo-
nentssee F.L. OF A REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE,
RETENTIVE F.L.
fulcrum line of a removable partial denture: a theoretical line
around which a removable partial denture tends to rotate
full denture: see COMPLETE DENTURE
full denture prosthetics obs 1: the replacement of the natural teeth
in the arch and their associated parts by artificial substitutes 2: the
art and science of the restoration of an edentulous mouth (GPT-
4)see COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
full thickness graft: a transplant of epithelium consisting of skin or
mucous membrane with a minimum of subcutaneous tissue
full veneer crown: see COMPLETE CROWN
fully adjustable articulator: an articulator that allows replication of
three dimensional movement of recorded mandibular motion
called also Class IV articulator
fully adjustable gnathologic articulator: an articulator that allows
replication of three dimensional movement plus timing of record-
ed mandibular motioncalled also Class IV articulator
functional articulation: the occlusal contacts of the maxillary and
mandibular teeth during mastication and deglutition
functional chew-in record obs: a record of the movements of the
mandible made on the occluding surface of the opposing occlu-
sion rim by teeth or scribing studs and produced by simulated
chewing movements (GPT-4)
functional dislocation: dislocation of the articular disk of the condyle
due to a seriously impaired disk-condyle complex function
functional jaw orthopedics: use of orthodontic appliances that rely
on the patients own musculature for force application and that
attempt to alter the skeletal structure of the face
functional mandibular movements: all normal, proper, or charac-
teristic movements of the mandible made during speech, mastica-
tion, yawning, swallowing, and other associated movements
functional occlusal harmony obs: the occlusal relationship of oppos-
ing teeth in all functional ranges and movements that will provide
the greatest masticatory efficiency without causing undue strain
or trauma on the supporting tissues (GPT-4)
functional occlusion obs: the contacts of the maxillary and mandibu-
lar teeth during mastication and deglutition (GPT-4)
functional record: a record of lateral and protrusive movements of
the mandible made on the surfaces of an occlusion rim or other
recording surface
functional occlusal splint: a device that directs the movements of
the mandible by controlling the plane and range of motion
functionally generated path: a registration of the paths of move-
ment of the occlusal surfaces of teeth or occlusion rims of one
dental arch in plastic or other media attached to the teeth or
occlusal rims of the opposing arch
functioning condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
furcation n: the anatomic region of a multirooted tooth where the
roots diverge
G
gag n (1553) 1: an involuntary contraction of the muscles of the soft
73
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
gag grinding-in
palate or pharynx that results in retching 2: a surgical device for
holding the mouth open
galvanic skin response: the change in the electrical resistance of the
skin in response to diverse stimuli
galvanic stimulation: stimulation of muscles through the application
of varying amplitudes and pulsations of electrical current; used in
the treatment of muscle disorders
galvanism n (1797): accelerated corrosion of a metal due to elec-
trical contact with a more noble metal in a corrosive electrolyte.
The resulting current flow can produce nerve stimulation,
unpleasant tastes, and other physiological reactions commonly
associated with this term
gavage n (1889): forced feeding especially through a tube passed
into the stomach
generated occlusal path: see FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED
PATH
genial adj (1566): pertaining to the chin
genial tubercles: mental spines; rounded elevations (usually two
pairs) clustered around the midline on the lingual surface of the
lower portion of the mandibular symphysis. These tubercles serve
as attachments for the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
genioplasty n 1: a surgical procedure performed to alter the con-
tour of the mandibular symphysis 2: plastic surgery of the chin
geriatrics n, pl but sing in constr (1909): the branch
of medicine that treats all problems peculiar to the
aging patient, including the clinical problems of senescence and
senilitysee DENTAL G., GERODONTICS, GERODON-
TOLOGY
gerodontics n, pl but sing in constr: the treatment of dental prob-
lems of aging persons; also spelled geriodontics
gerodontology n: the study of the dentition and dental problems in
aged or aging persons
Gillett bridge [Henry W. Gillett] obs: eponym for a partial denture
utilizing a Gillett clasp system, which was composed of an occlusal
rest notched deeply into the occlusal-axial surface with a gingival-
ly placed groove and a circumferential clasp for retention. The
occlusal rest was custom made in a cast restoration
Kennedy E. The techniques of Gillett clasps in partial denture construc-
tion. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co.; 1928:292-
317.
Cohn LA. The physiologic basis for tooth fixation in precision-attached
partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1956;6:220-44.
gingiva n, pl -e: the fibrous investing tissue, covered by epithelium,
which immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its
periodontal membrane and with the mucosal tissues of the
mouthsee ATTACHED G., FREE G., MARGINAL G.
gingival crevice: a shallow fissure between the marginal gingiva and
the enamel or cementum. It is bounded by the tooth surface on
one side, the crevicular epithelium on the other, and the coronal
end of the junctional epithelium at its most apical pointcalled
also gingival sulcus
gingival denture contour: the form of the denture base or other
material around the cervical regions of prosthetic teeth
gingival displacement: the deflection of the marginal gingiva away
from a tooth
gingival retraction: see GINGIVAL DISPLACEMENT
ginglymus joint: a hinge joint
ginglymus n: a type of synovial joint which allows movement in
one plane only (i.e., forward and backward), such as the hinge of
a door; called also ginglymoid or hinge joint
glare v (13c): the disturbance of the sensitivity of the eye, experi-
enced when portions of the field of view have a brightness or
intensity greatly in excess of that of the average for the field of
view
glass-ceramic: a solid material, partly crystalline and partly glassy,
formed by controlled crystallization of a glass
glass ionomer (1998): a cement, luting or restorative agent com-
74
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
posed of an acid-soluble glass, polyacrylic acid, and water that sets
via an acid-base reaction
glaze vb glazed; glazing vt (14c) 1: to cover with a glossy, smooth
surface or coating 2: the attainment of a smooth and reflective
surface 3: the final firing of porcelain in which the surface is vit-
rified and a high gloss is imparted to the material 4: a ceramic
veneer on a dental porcelain restoration after it has been fired,
producing a nonporous, glossy or semi-glossy surfacesee NAT-
URAL G., OVERGLAZE
gliding movement: see TRANSLATION
gliding occlusion obs: used in the sense of designating contacts of
teeth in motion (GPT-4)see ARTICULATION
glossalgia n: pain in the tongue
glossectomy n: partial or total resection of the tongue
glossoplasty n: plastic surgery of the tongue
glossopynia n: painful or burning tongue
glossopyrosis n: a form of paresthesia characterized by pain,
burning, itching, and stinging of the mucosa of the tongue, with-
out noticeable lesions; called also burning tongue
gnathic adj (1882): of or pertaining to the jaw or cheek
gnathion n: the lowest bony point, in the median plane of the
mandible
gnathodynamometer n 1: an instrument for measuring the force
exerted in closing the jaws 2: an instrument used for measuring
biting pressure
gnathology n: the science that treats the biology of the masticato-
ry mechanism as a whole: that is, the morphology, anatomy, his-
tology, physiology, pathology, and the therapeutics of the jaws or
masticatory system and the teeth as they relate to the health of the
whole body, including applicable diagnostic, therapeutic, and
rehabilitation procedures
Goddards linear occlusion [William H. Goddard, Louisville, Ken-
tucky, US dentist, 1808-1883]: see LINEAR OCCLUSION
gold foil 1: pure gold rolled into extremely thin sheets 2: a precious-
metal foil used in restoration of carious or fractured teeth
gothic arch tracer obs: the device that produces a tracing that resem-
bles an arrowhead or a gothic arch. The device is attached to the
opposing arches. The shape of the tracing depends on the relative
location of the marking point and the tracing table. The apex of
a properly made tracing is considered to indicate the most retrud-
ed, unstrained relation of the mandible to the maxillae, i.e., cen-
tric relation (GPT-4)see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
DEVICE
gothic arch tracing: see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
graft n (14c): a tissue or material used to repair a defect or deficien-
cysee ALLOGRAFT, ALLOPLASTIC G., AUTOGENOUS
G., AUTOGRAFT, FULL THICKNESS G., HETEROGRAFT,
HOMOGRAFT, ISOGRAFT, SPLIT-THICKNESS G.,
XENOGENIC G.
Grassmans laws [author unknown]: eponym for three empirical laws
that describe the color-matching properties of additive mixtures
of color stimuli 1: to specify a color match, three independent
variables are necessary and sufficient 2: for an additive mixture of
color stimuli, only their tri-stimulus values are relevant, not their
spectral compositions 3: in an additive mixture of color stimuli, if
one or more components of the mixture are gradually changed,
the resulting tri-stimulus values also change gradually. (Laws do
not hold for all observing conditions)
GRAY: a unit of absorbed radiation dose equal to 100 RADS.
Abbreviated Gy
greenstick fracture n (1885): a fracture in which the break in the
bone is not complete. The bone appears to be bent on one side
while the other side of the bone is broken
Griffith flaws: eponymsee MICROCRACK
grinding-in obs: a term used to denote the act of correcting occlusal
disharmonies by grinding the natural or artificial teeth (GPT-1)
see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
groove n: a long narrow channel or depression, such as the indentation
between tooth cusps or the retentive features placed on tooth sur-
faces to augment the retentive characteristics of crown preparations
group function: multiple contact relations between the maxillary
and mandibular teeth in lateral movements on the working side
whereby simultaneous contact of several teeth acts as a group to
distribute occlusal forces
groove n (1998): a long narrow channel or depression, such as the
indentation between tooth cusps or the retentive features placed
on tooth surfaces to augment retention and resistance character-
istics of crown preparations
Guerins fracture [Alphonse Francois Marie Guerin, French sur-
geon, 1816-1895]: eponymsee LE FORT I FRACTURE
guidance n (1590) 1: providing regulation or direction to move-
ment; a guide 2: the influence on mandibular movements by the
contacting surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth
3: mechanical forms on the lower anterior portion of an articula-
tor that guide movements of its upper membersee
ADJUSTABLE ANTERIOR G., ANTERIOR GUIDANCE,
CONDYLAR G.
guide pin: the component of a dental implant system that is placed
within the surgically prepared osseous site for an endosteal
implant. It assists in determination of location and angulation of
the site relative to other soft tissue or bony landmarks
guide plane obs 1: the plane developed in the occlusal surfaces of the
occlusion rims (viz., to position the mandible in centric relation)
2: a plane which guides movement (GPT-4)
guide table: the anterior element of an articulator on which the
incisal pin rests. It may be custom contoured or mechanically
adjustedsee ANTERIOR G.T.
guided tissue regeneration: any procedure that attempts to regen-
erate lost periodontal structures through differential tissue
responses. Barrier techniques, using synthetic materials that may
or may not resorb, to exclude epithelial ingrowth that is believed
to interfere with regeneration
guiding occlusion obs: used in the sense of designating contacts of
teeth in motion (GPT-4)
guiding planes: vertically parallel surfaces on abutment teeth orient-
ed so as to contribute to the direction of the path of placement
and removal of a removable partial denture
guiding surfaces: see GUIDING PLANES
gum contour obs: form of supporting structures of the teeth or of the
flanges of dentures around the teeth (GPT-1)
gums n, obs: the fibrous and mucosa covering of the alveolar process
or ridges (GPT-4)see GINGIVA
Gunnings splint [Thomas Brian Gunning, English-born American
dentist, 1813-1889]: eponym for a device fabricated from casts of
edentulous maxillary and mandibular arches to aid in reduction
and fixation of a fracture. His initial work described four types of
splints used in treating jaw fractures (1866-67), which allowed
openings for saliva flow, nourishment, and speechcalled also
occlusal splint
Fraser-Moodie W. Mr. Gunning and his splint. Br J Oral Surg 1969;7:
112-5.
gustation n (1599): the act of perceiving taste
gypsum n (14c): the natural hydrated form of calcium sulfonate,
CaSO4 2H2O gypsum dihydrate
H anatomic determinants of occlusion and mandibular motion are
habitual centric: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
habitual occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
Hader bar [after the Swiss dental laboratory technician, Helmut
Hader]: eponym for a rigid bar connecting two or more abut-
ments, which, when viewed in cross section, resembles a keyhole,
consisting of a rectangular bar with a rounded superior (occlusal)
ridge that creates a retentive undercut for the female clip within
the removable prosthesis
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
groove hue
Breim SL, Renner RP. An overview of tissue bars. Gen Dent
1982:406-15.
hamular notch: see PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH
Hanaus Quint [Rudolph L. Hanau, (1881-1930) Buffalo, New
York, US engineer, born Capetown, South Africa]: rules for bal-
anced denture articulation including incisal guidance, condylar
guidance, cusp length, the plane of occlusion, and the compen-
sating curve described by Rudolph Hanau in 1926
Hanau R. Articulation defined, analyzed, and formulated. J Am Dent
Assoc 1926;13:1694-709
hard palate: the bony portion of the roof of the mouth
healing abutment: see INTERIM ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT ABUTMENT
healing component: see INTERIM ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT ABUTMENT
healing screw: the component of an endosteal dental implant system
used to seal, usually on an interim basis, the dental implant body
during the healing phase after surgical placement. The purpose of
the healing screw is to maintain patency of the internal threaded
section for subsequent attachment of the abutment during the
second stage surgery
heel n: see DISTAL
height of contour: a line encircling a tooth and designating its great-
est circumference at a selected axial position determined by a den-
tal surveyor; a line encircling a body designating its greatest cir-
cumference in a specified plane
hemiglossectomy n: resection of one side of the tongue
hemisection n: the surgical separation of a multirooted tooth, espe-
cially a mandibular molar, through the furcation in such a way
that a root and the associated portion of the crown may be
removed
heterograft n: a graft taken from a donor of another species called
also xenograft
heterotopic pain: a general term designating pain felt in an area
other than the true originating site
high lip line: the greatest height to which the inferior border of the
upper lip is capable of being raised by muscle function
hinge axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
hinge axis of the mandible: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL
AXIS
hinge axis point: see POSTERIOR REFERENCE POINTS
hinge bow: see KINEMATIC FACE-BOW
hinge joint: a ginglymus joint; a joint that allows motion around one
axis
hinge movement: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
hinge position obs: the orientation of parts in a manner permitting
hinge movement between them (GPT-4)
homograft n (1923): a graft taken from one human and transplant-
ed to anothercalled also allograft
horizontal axis of the mandible: see TRANSVERSE HORIZON-
TAL AXIS
horizontal plane: any plane passing through the body at right angles
to both the median and frontal planes, thus dividing the body
into upper and lower parts; in dentistry, the plane passing
through a tooth at right angles to its long axis
horizontal plane of reference: a horizontal plane established on the
face of the patient by one anterior reference point and two poste-
rior reference points from which measurements of the posterior
made
horizontal overlap: the projection of teeth beyond their antagonists
in the horizontal plane
horizontal reference plane: see HORIZONTAL PLANE OF REF-
ERENCE
horseshoe plate obs: a horseshoe or V-shaped removable prosthesis
host site: see RECIPIENT SITE
hue n (bef. 12c): often referred to as the basic color, hue is the qual-
75
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
hue implant body
ity of sensation according to which an observer is aware of the
varying wave lengths of radiant energy. The dimension of color
dictated by the wave length of the stimulus that is used to distin-
guish one family of color from anotheras red, green, blue, etc.
The attribute of color by means of which a color is perceived to
be red, yellow, green, blue, purple, etc. White, black, and grays
possess no hue
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co. Inc.; 1975.
p. 14-6.
hunk bite obs: see INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
hybrid 1: anything of mixed origin 2: offspring of two plants or ani-
mals of different genus or species
hybrid denture: slang for any modification or alteration in the usual
form of a dental prosthesis
hybrid ionomer: a conventional glass ionomer that has been modi-
fied to include methacrylate groups in the liquid component. It
may contain photoinitiators. Setting is by an acid-base reaction
with light and dual cure polymerizationsynRESIN-MODI-
FIED GLASS IONOMER
hybrid prosthesis: slang for a nonspecific term applied to any pros-
thesis that does not follow conventional design. Frequently it is
used to describe a prosthesis that is composed of different mate-
rials, types of denture teeth (porcelain, plastic, composite), vari-
able acrylic denture resins, differing metals or design etc. It may
refer to a fixed partial denture or any removable prosthesis
hydrocolloid n (1916): a colloid system in which water is the dis-
persion medium; those materials described as a colloid sol with
water that are used in dentistry as elastic impression materials
see IRREVERSIBLE H., REVERSIBLE H.
hydroxyapatite ceramic: a composition of calcium and phosphate in
physiologic ratios to provide a dense, nonresorbable, biocompat-
ible ceramic used for dental implants and residual ridge augmen-
tation
hygienic pontic: a pontic that is easier to clean because it has a
domed or bullet shaped cervical form and does not overlap the
edentulous ridge
hygroscopic expansion: expansion due to the absorption of moisture
hypalgesia n: diminished sensitivity to pain
hyperactivity n (1867): excessive motor activity. It is frequently,
but not necessarily, associated with internal tension or a neuro-
logic disorder. Usually the movements are more rapid than cus-
tomary for the person
hyperalgesia n: increased sensitivity or sensibility to painsee
PRIMARY H.
hyperbaric chamber: an area in which a patient may be subjected to
pressure of ambient gases greater than 1 atmosphere
hyperbaric oxygenation: the administration of oxygen under greater
than atmospheric pressure; called also hyperbaric oxygen therapy
hypercementosis n: an excessive deposition of cementum
hyperesthesia n (1849): increased sensitivity to stimulation
hypernasality n: a perceived voice quality in which the nasal cav-
ity acts as a resonating cavity for non-nasal sounds. Generally
associated with palatopharyngeal inadequacy
hyperosmia n: abnormally increased sensitivity to odors
hyperplasia n (1861): the abnormal multiplication or increase in
the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a tissue
hyperplastic tissue: excessive tissue proliferation, usually as a
response to chronic irritation
hypertrophy n (1834): an enlargement or overgrowth of an organ
or tissue beyond that considered normal as a result of an increase
in the size of its constituent cells and in the absence of tumor
formation
hypertrophy of the coronoid process: pathologic growth of the
coronoid process of the mandible after normal growth has
endedcalled also osteoma of the coronoid process
hypodontia n: congenital absence of one or more, but not all, of
the normal complement of teeth
76
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
hypoesthesia n: diminished sensitivity to stimulation
hypogeusia n: diminished acuteness of the sense of taste called
also hypogeusesthesia
hyponasality n: reduced nasal resonance usually from obstruc-
tion in the nasopharynx or nasal passages resulting in an alteration
of m, n, and -ng sounds
hypoplasia n (1889): defective or incomplete development of an
organ or tissue
I
iatrogenic adj (1924): resulting from the activity of the clinician;
applied to disorders induced in the patient by the clinician
I-bar clasp: see CLASP
idiopathic adj (1669): self-originated; of unknown causation
idling condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
illuminance n (ca. 1938) 1: density of luminous flux on a surface
2: luminous flux incident per unit area of a surface
illuminant adj (15c): mathematical description of the relative
spectral power distribution of a real or imaginary light source,
that is, the relative energy emitted by a source at each wave length
in its emission spectrumsee CIE STANDARD ILLUMINANT
immediate denture: a complete denture or removable partial den-
ture fabricated for placement immediately following the removal
of natural teeth
immediate disocclusion: instantaneous separation of the posterior
teeth due to the anterior guidance
immediate insertion denture: see IMMEDIATE DENTURE
immediate lateral translation: see IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION
immediate loading: placing full occlusal/incisal loading upon a
dental implant
immediate mandibular lateral translation: the translatory portion
of lateral movement in which the nonworking side condyle moves
essentially straight and medially as it leaves the centric relation
positionsee also EARLY MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANS-
LATION; PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
immediate obturator: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
immediate replacement denture: see IMMEDIATE DENTURE
immediate side shift: see IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR LATER-
AL TRANSLATION
immediate temporary obturator: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
impacted fracture: a fracture in which one fragment is driven into
another portion of the same or an adjacent bone
1implant v (1890): to graft or insert a material such as an alloplastic
substance, an encapsulated drug, or tissue into the body of a
recipient
2implant n (l809): any object or material, such as an alloplastic sub-
stance or other tissue, which is partially or completely inserted or
grafted into the body for therapeutic, diagnostic, prosthetic, or
experimental purposessee DENTAL IMPLANT
implant abutment: the portion of a dental implant that serves to
support and/or retain any prosthesisusage: frequently dental
implant abutments, especially those used with endosteal dental
implants, are changed to alter abutment design or use before a
definitive prosthesis is fabricated. Such a preliminary abutment is
termed an interim abutment. The abutment chosen to support
the definitive prosthesis is termed a definitive abutment. Dental
implant abutments may be described by the form (i.e., cylindrical,
barrel), material (i.e., ceramic, titanium), or special design factors
(i.e., internal hex lock, external hex lock, spline)
implant attachment 1: slang expression for the means of retention
of the dental implant abutment to the dental implant body 2: the
biochemical/mechanical interconnection between the dental
implant and the tissues to which it is attached
implant body: the portion of a dental implant that provides support
for the abutment(s) through adaptation upon (eposteal), within
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
(endosteal), or through (transosteal) the boneusage: an
eposteal dental implants support system has, heretofore, been
termed the implant frame, implant framework, or implant sub-
structure; however, this is an integral component of that dental
implant form and is not subservient to any other componentsee
DENTAL IMPLANT, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT,
EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT
implant connecting bar slang: usagea connecting bar is not an
implantable device. It receives support and stability from the den-
tal implant(s)
implant crown slang: see DENTAL IMPLANT, CROWN usagea
crown or fixed partial denture is not an implantable device. The
prosthesis receives support and stability from the dental implant
implant dentistry (1993): the selection, planning, development,
placement, and maintenance of restoration(s) using dental
implants
implant denture slang: see DENTAL IMPLANT, DENTURE
usagea denture is not an implantable device. The prosthesis
(fixed partial denture, removable partial denture, complete den-
ture) may be supported and retained in part or whole by dental
implants.
implant fixture: see IMPLANT BODY
implant infrastructure slang: usagewhile a dental implant body
may have an infrastructure, the proper geometric reference to
such an area of the implant is referenced relative to the long axis
of the body, in this case, the inferior portion of the dental implant
implant interface: the junction of the surface of a dental implant and
the surrounding host tissuessee FIBROUS INTEGRATION,
OSSEOUS INTEGRATION
implant loading: see AXIAL LOADING
implant prosthesis: any prosthesis (fixed, removable or maxillofa-
cial) that utilizes dental implants in part or whole for retention,
support, and stability
implant prosthodontics: the phase of prosthodontics concerning
the replacement of missing teeth and/or associated structures by
restorations that are attached to dental implants
implant substructure: the metal framework of a eposteal dental
implant that is embedded beneath the soft tissues, in contact with
the bone, and stabilized by means of endosteal screws. The
periosteal tissues retain the framework to the bone. The frame-
work supports the prosthesis, frequently by means of abutments
and other superstructure componentssee IMPLANT BODY
implant surgery (1993): the phase of implant dentistry concerning
the selection, planning, and placement of the implant body and
abutment
implant system (1993): dental implant components that are
designed to mate together. An implant system can represent a
specific concept, inventor, or patent. It consists of the necessary
parts and instruments to complete the implant body placement
and abutment components
implantology obs: a term historically conceived as the study or sci-
ence of placing and restoring dental implantssee IMPLANT
DENTISTRY, IMPLANT SURGERY, IMPLANT PROSTHO-
DONTICS
implement n: see DEVICE
impression n (14c): a negative likeness or copy in reverse of the
surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth and adjacent struc-
tures for use in dentistrysee ALTERED CAST PARTIAL
DENTURE I., DENTAL I., DIRECT BONE I., I. AREA, I.
MATERIAL, I. TRAY, MASTER I., PARTIAL DENTURE I.,
PRELIMINARY I., SECTIONAL I., TUBE I.
impression area: the surface that is recorded in an impression
impression coping (1998): any device that registers the position of
the dental implant body or dental implant abutment relative to
adjacent structures; most such devices are indexed to assure
reproducible three-dimensional location
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
implant body indurate
impression compound slang: see MODELING PLASTIC I.C.
impression coping: the component of a dental implant system that
is used to provide a spatial relationship of an endosteal dental
implant to the alveolar ridge and adjacent dentition or other
structures. Impression copings can be retained in the impression
or may require a transfer from intraoral usage to the impression
after attaching the analog or replicas
impression material: any substance or combination of substances
used for making an impression or negative reproduction
impression surface obs: the portion of the denture surface that has
its contour determined by the impression (GPT-4)see
IMPRESSION AREA
impression technique obs: a method and manner used in making a
negative likeness (GPT-4)
impression tray 1: a receptacle into which suitable impression mate-
rial is placed to make a negative likeness 2: a device that is used
to carry, confine, and control impression material while making
an impression
impression wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
incisal guidance 1: the influence of the contacting surfaces of the
mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth on mandibular move-
ments 2: the influence of the contacting surfaces of the guide pin
and guide table on articulator movements
incisal guide obs: the part of an articulator that maintains the incisal
guide angle (GPT-4)see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
incisal guide angle 1: anatomically, the angle formed by the inter-
section of the plane of occlusion and a line within the sagittal
plane determined by the incisal edges of the maxillary and
mandibular central incisors when the teeth are in maximum inter-
cuspation 2: on an articulator, that angle formed, in the sagittal
plane, between the plane of reference and the slope of the anteri-
or guide table, as viewed in the sagittal plane
incisal guide pin: see ANTERIOR GUIDE PIN
incisal guide table: see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
incisal rest: a rigid extension of a removable partial denture that con-
tacts a tooth at the incisal edge
incisal restoration: any restoration extending along the incisal edge
of a tooth
incisive foremen: a foreman located in the midline on the anterior of
the hard palate. It transmits the nasopalatine nerves and vessels
called also nasopalatine foremen
incisive papilla: the elevation of soft tissue covering the foremen of
the incisive or nasopalatine canal
inclined plane: any of the inclined cuspal surfaces of a tooth
incomplete cleft palate: a cleft involving only a part of the hard
or/and soft palate
incoordination n (1876): inability to move in a smooth, con-
trolled, symmetrical movement
index n (1571): a core or mold used to record or maintain the rel-
ative position of a tooth or teeth to one another, to a cast, or to
some other structure
indirect fracture: a fracture at a point distant from the primary site
of injury due to secondary forces
indirect pulp capping: a procedure that seeks to stimulate formation
of reparative dentin by placing a material over sound or carious
dentin
indirect retainer: the component of a removable partial denture that
assists the direct retainer(s) in preventing displacement of the dis-
tal extension denture base by functioning through lever action on
the opposite side of the fulcrum line when the denture base moves
away from the tissues in pure rotation around the fulcrum line
indirect retention: the effect achieved by one or more indirect
retainers of a removable partial denture that reduces the tenden-
cy for a denture base to move in an occlusal direction or rotate
about the fulcrum line
indurate vb -rated; -rating (1538): to make hardinduration
nindurative adj
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
indurated interproximal space
indurated adj (1604): having become firm or hard, especially by
an increase in fibrous elements
infrabulge n: that portion of the crown of a tooth apical to the sur-
vey line
infrabulge clasp: a removable partial denture retentive clasp that
approaches the retentive undercut from a cervical or infrabulge
direction
infraeruption n: failure in eruption of a tooth to the established
plane of occlusion
infraocclusion n: malocclusion in which the occluding surfaces of interference n (1783): in dentistry, any tooth contacts that inter-
teeth are below the normal plane of occlusion
infrared radiation: electromagnetic radiation of wave lengths
between 760 nm and 1000 nm
infrastructure n: a metal framework onto which a second frame-
work or prosthesis will be placed
ingot n: 1: a mold in which metal is cast 2: a mass of metal cast into
a shape convenient for storage and measure that can be remelted
for later casting
initial occlusal contact: the first or initial contact of opposing teeth
injection molding: the adaptation of a plastic material to the negative
form of a closed mold by forcing the material into the mold
through appropriate gatewayssee COMPRESSION MOLDING
inlay n (1667): a fixed intracoronal restoration; a dental restoration
made outside of a tooth to correspond to the form of the pre-
pared cavity, which is then luted into the tooth
inlay wax: see CASTING WAX
insertion vb: see PLACEMENT
instantaneous axis of rotation: the hypothetical center of rotation
of a moving body, viewed in a given plane, at any point in time;
for any body that has planar motion, there exists, at any instant,
some points that have zero velocity and will be fixed at a given
instant. The line joining these points is the instantaneous axis of
rotation. The intersection of this line with the plane of motion is
called the instantaneous center of rotation
instrument n: a tool or implement, especially one used for delicate
work or for artistic or scientific purposessee DEVICE
intaglio n, pl -ios (1644) 1: an incised or engraved figure in stone
or any hard material depressed below the surface of the material
such that an impression from the design would yield an image in
relief 2: something carved in intaglio
intaglio surface: the portion of the denture or other restoration sur-
face that has its contour determined by the impression; the inte-
rior or reversal surface of an object
integration: see FIBROUS I., OSSEOUS I., TISSUE I.
interalveolar space: see INTERARCH DISTANCE
interarch distance: the interridge distance; the vertical
distance between the maxillary and mandibular dentate
or edentate arches under specified conditionssee REDUCED I.D.
interarch expansion device: see TRISMUS APPLIANCE
interceptive occlusal contact: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL
CONTACT
intercondylar adj: situated between two condyles interocclusal clearance 1: the arrangement in which the opposing
intercondylar axis: see CONDYLAR AXIS
intercondylar distance: the distance between the rotational centers
of two condyles or their analogues
intercuspal contact: the contact between the cusps of opposing
teeth
intercuspal contact area: the range of tooth contacts in maximum
intercuspation
intercuspal occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
intercuspal position: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
intercuspation n, obs: the interdigitation of cusps of opposing
teeth (GPT-4)
interdental adj: between the proximal surfaces of the teeth within
the same arch
interdental papilla: a projection of the gingiva filling the space
between the proximal surfaces of two adjacent teeth
78
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
interdental space: see DIASTEMA, INTERARCH DISTANCE,
and INTERPROXIMAL SPACE
interdental splint: a splint for treatment of fractures and consisting
of metal or acrylic resin prostheses wired to the teeth in the max-
illa and mandible and joined to keep the segments immovable
see GUNNINGS SPLINT
interdigitated occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL
POSITION
interdigitation n: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
fere with or hinder harmonious mandibular movement
interim denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
interim endosteal dental implant abutment: any dental implant
abutment used for a limited time to assist in healing or modifica-
tion of the adjacent tissues
interim obturator: a prosthesis that is made several weeks or months
following the surgical resection of a portion of one or both max-
illae. It frequently includes replacement of teeth in the defect
area. This prosthesis, when used, replaces the surgical obturator
that is placed immediately following the resection and may be
subsequently replaced with a definitive obturator.
interim ocular prosthesis: an interim replacement generally made of
clear acrylic resin for an eye lost due to surgery or trauma. No
attempt is made to reestablish estheticssyn CONFORMER,
EYE SHELL, SHELL
interim palatal lift prosthesis: see PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS
interim prosthesis: a fixed or removable prosthesis, designed to
enhance esthetics, stabilization and/or function for a limited peri-
od of time, after which it is to be replaced by a definitive prosthe-
sis. Often such prostheses are used to assist in determination of the
therapeutic effectiveness of a specific treatment plan or the form
and function of the planned for definitive prosthesissyn PROVI-
SIONAL PROSTHESIS, PROVISIONAL RESTORATION
interlock n (1874): a device connecting a fixed unit or a removable
prosthesis to another fixed unit
intermaxillary relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELA-
TIONSHIP
intermediary jaw movement obs: all movements between the
extremes of mandibular excursions (GPT-3)
intermediate abutment: a natural tooth located between terminal
abutments that serve to support a fixed or removable prosthesis
internal attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT
internal connector: a nonrigid connector of varying geometric
designs using a matrix to unite the members of a fixed partial
denture
internal derangement: with respect to the temporomandibular
joint, a deviation in position or form of the tissues within the cap-
sule of the temporomandibular joint; an abnormal relationship of
the disk to the condyle, fossa, and/or eminence
internal rest: see PRECISION REST
interocclusal adj: between the occlusal surfaces of opposing teeth
occlusal surfaces may pass one another without any contact 2: the
amount of reduction achieved during tooth preparation to pro-
vide for an adequate thickness of restorative material
interocclusal distance: the distance between the occluding surfaces
of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mandible is in a
specified position
interocclusal gap obs: see INTEROCCLUSAL DISTANCE
interocclusal record: a registration of the positional relation
ship of the opposing teeth or arches; a record of the positional rela-
tionship of the teeth or jaws to each other
interocclusal rest space: the difference between the vertical dimen-
sion of rest and the vertical dimension while in occlusion
interproximal contact: the area of a tooth that is in close association,
connection, or touch with an adjacent tooth in the same arch
interproximal space: the space between adjacent teeth in a dental
VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
interproximal space Kennedy classification of removable partial dentures
arch. It is divided into the embrasure space, occlusal to the con-
tact point, and the septal space, gingival to the contact point
interradicular space: the space between roots of adjacent teeth in a
dental arch
interridge distance: see INTERARCH DISTANCE
interrupted bridge obs: a fixed prosthesis with one or more nonrigid
connectors
intracapsular adhesion: adhesions occurring within the joint cap-
sule, resulting in reduced mobility
intracapsular ankylosis: diminishment in joint motion due to dis-
ease, injury, or surgical procedure within a joint capsule
intracapsular disorder: a problem associated with the masticatory
system in which the etiologic factors are located within the tem-
poromandibular joint capsule
intracapsular fracture: a fracture of the condyle of the mandible
occurring within the confines of the capsule of the temporo-
mandibular jointcalled also intraarticular fracture
intracondylar adj: within the condyle
intracoronal adj 1: within the confines of the cusps and normal jaw malposition obs: any abnormal position of the mandible (GPT-3)
proximal/axial contours of a tooth 2: within the normal contours
of the clinical crown of a tooth
intramucosal adj: situated, formed by, or occurring within the
mucosa
intramucosal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
intramucosal insert: see MUCOSAL INSERT
intraoral adj: within the mouth
intraoral tracing: a tracing made within the oral cavitysee
ARROW POINT TRACING
intraosseous n: within bone
intrinsic coloring: coloring from within; the incorporation of a
colorant within the material of a prosthesis or restoration
intrusion vb: movement of a tooth in an apical direction
invariant color match: a perfect color match under all light conditions
inverted cusp tooth obs: a nonanatomic posterior porcelain denture
tooth that had circular indentations where cusps would normally
be located
invest vb: to surround, envelop, or embed in an investment materi-
alsee VACUUM INVESTING
investing v: the process of covering or enveloping, wholly or in
part, an object such as a denture, tooth, wax form, crown, etc.
with a suitable investment material before processing, soldering,
or casting
investment n: see DENTAL CASTING I., REFRACTORY I.
investment cast: a cast made of a material that will withstand high
temperature without disintegrationcomp REFRACTORY CAST
ion exchange strengthening: the chemical process whereby the sur-
face of a glass is placed in compression by the replacement of a
small ion by a larger one while maintaining chemical neutrality
ionizing radiation: any radiation capable of displacing electrons
from atoms or molecules thereby producing ions
iridescent adj (1796): colors produced by interference, refraction,
or diffraction
irreversible hydrocolloid: a hydrocolloid consisting of a sol of
alginic acid having a physical state that is changed by an irre-
versible chemical reaction forming insoluble calcium alginate
called also alginate, dental alginate
ischemia n (ca. 1860): local and temporary deficiency of blood,
chiefly resulting from the contraction of a blood vessel
isograft n (1909): a graft from one individual to another of the same
genetic basis, as in twinscalled also isogeneic graft, syngraft
isometric contraction: muscular contraction in which there is no
change in the length of the muscle during contraction
isotonic contraction: muscular contraction in which there is a short-
ening of the length of the muscle while the muscle maintains a
constant tension
isotope n (ca 1913): a chemical element having the same atomic
number as another but possessing a different atomic mass
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
J
jacket crown: see CERAMIC CROWN, RESIN CROWN
Jackson crib clasp [V. H. Jackson, New York, N.Y., dentist] obs: a
one-piece clasp bent to engage the mesial and distal interproximal
undercuts in adjacent natural teeth. Usually it was made by hand
bending of a straight wire of appropriate dimensions
Kennedy E. The Jackson crib clasp technique in partial denture construc-
tion. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest; 1928.
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea
Brothers and Co.; 1896. p. 185-7.
Jackson magnet [Thomas R. Jackson, US dentist]: eponym for per-
manent magnetic alloy magnets using rare earth metals adapted
for oral use
Jackson TR. New rare earth magnetic technology: the Jackson solid
state attachment system. Trends Tech Contemp Dent Lab 1986;5:31-
9.
jaw n (14c): the bony structure bearing the teethsee MANDIBLE,
MAXILLA
jaw movement: see MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
jaw record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
RECORD
jaw relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
jaw relation record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATION-
SHIP RECORD
jaw repositioning: see MANDIBULAR REPOSITIONING
jig: a device used to maintain mechanically the correct positional rela-
tionship between a piece of work and a tool or between compo-
nents during assembly or alteration
joint n (13c): the place of union of two or more bonessee
ARTHRODIAL J., COMPOUND J., DIARTHRODIAL J.,
GINGLYMOUS J., SIMPLE J., TEMPOROMANDIBULAR J.
joint crepitus: the grating sensation caused by the rubbing together
of the dry synovial surfaces of jointscalled also articular crepitus
junctional epithelium: a single or multilayer of nonkeratinizing cells
adhering to the tooth surface at the base of the gingival crevice
called also epithelial attachment
jump case slang: see REBASE, RELINE
K
Kaolin n (1727): fine, usually white, clay that is used in ceramics
and refractory materials as a filler or extender
keeper n (14c): any one of various devices used for keeping some-
thing in positionusage: in dentistry, this is usually construed to
mean a magnetized alloy attached to one element of a restoration
to which a magnet may adhere
Kellys syndrome [Ellsworth Kelly, US prosthodontist]: see COM-
BINATION SYNDROME
Kelly E. Changes caused by a mandibular removable partial denture
opposing a maxillary complete denture. J Prosthet Dent 1972;27:140-
50.
Kelvin temperature [Thomson W. (Lord Kelvin), Scottish mathe-
matician and physicist (1824-1907)]: absolute temperature indi-
cated by the symbol K. Zero Kelvin = 273C
Kennedy bar [Edward Kennedy, US dental surgeon]: see CON-
TINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Inter-
est; 1928.
Kennedy bar connector [Edward Kennedy, US dental surgeon]: see
CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Inter-
est; 1928.
Kennedy classification of removable partial dentures [Edward
Kennedy, US dental surgeon, variably dated 1923, 1925, and
1928]: a classification of partially edentulous arches divisible into
four classes. Class 1: a bilateral edentulous areas located posterior
79
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Kennedy classification of removable partial dentures laterodetrusion
to the remaining natural teeth. Class II: a unilateral edentulous
area located posterior to the remaining natural teeth. Class III: a
unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth located both anteri-
or and posterior to it. Class IV: a single bilateral edentulous area
located anterior to the remaining natural teeth. Edentulous areas,
in addition to those determining the main types, were designated
as modification spaces. O. C. Applegates Rules govern application
of the Kennedy system
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Inter-
est; 1928.
keratin n (1847): a protein present in all cuticular (cornified) struc-
tures of the body, such as hair, epidermis, horns, and the organic
matrix of the enamel of the teeth
keratinization n: the process of maturation of keratinocytes. The for-
mation of a protein layer (keratin) on the surface of some epithelia
keratinized gingiva: the oral surface of the gingiva extending from
the mucogingival junction to the gingival margin. In gingival
health, the coronal portion of the sulcular epithelium may also be
keratinized. The pattern of keratinization may be ortho-or para-
key and keyway attachment: see ATTACHMENT
keyway n: an interlock using a matrix and patrix between the units
of a fixed partial denture. It may serve two functions: (1) to hold
the pontic in the proper relationship to the edentulous ridge and
the opposing teeth during occlusal adjustment on the working
cast (during application of any veneering material) and (2) to
reinforce the connector after soldering
kinematic axis: the transverse horizontal axis connecting the rota-
tional centers of the right and left condyles
kinematic face-bow: a face-bow with adjustable caliper ends used to
locate the transverse horizontal axis of the mandible
kinematics: the phase of mechanics that deals with the possible
motions of a material body
Kingsley splint [Norman William Kingsley, US dentist, 1829-1913]
obs: eponym for a maxillary splint used to apply traction to reduce
and immobilize maxillary fractures and immobilize them through
wings attached to a head device by elastics. C. L. Goddard cites
Dr. Kingsley as first using the occipital appliance in 1866
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea
Brothers and Co.; 1896. p. 204.
Kingsley NW. Oral deformities. 1866:134.
Knoop hardness tests [Frederick Knoop, US engineer, US Depart-
ment of Commerce]: eponym for a surface hardness test using a
diamond stylus. It is used for harder materials and is characterized
by the diamond or rhomboid shaped indentation. The indenta-
tion micro-hardness test uses a rhombic-based pyramidal dia-
mond indenter. The long diagonal of the resulting indentation is
measured to determine the hardness. This test is suitable for most
classes of materials including brittle and elastomeric
Knoop F, Peters CG, Emerson WB. A sensitive pyramidal diamond tool for
indentation measurements. J Res Nat Bur Stand 1939;12:39-45.
Kubelka-Munk scattering coefficient [authors unknown]: eponym
for the multiple (diffuse) scattering coefficient for a unit of thick-
ness and concentration of scattering material in a medium of a dif-
ferent refractive index as used in the Kubelka-Munk Equation. It
is the rate of increase of reflectance of a layer over black, as thick-
ness is increased. Hence, the assumption is made that the entire
scattering is in the backward or reverse direction from that of the
incident diffuse light
Kubelka P. New contributions to the optics of intensely light scattering
materials. Part 1. J Opt Soc Am 1948;38:448-57.
Kubelka-Munk theory [authors unknown]: eponym for a theory
describing the optical behavior of materials containing small par-
ticles that scatter and absorb radiant energy. It is widely used for
color matching
Kubelka P, Munk F. Ein Beitrag zur Optik der farbenstriche. Z Tech Phys
1931;12:593-601.
80
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
L
labial adj (1594) 1: of or pertaining to the lip 2: toward the lip
labial bar: see LABIAL BAR CONNECTOR
labial bar connector: a major connector located labial to the dental
arch
labial flange: the portion of the flange of a denture that occupies the
labial vestibule of the mouth
labial splint: a device of plastic, metal, or both, made to conform to
the outer aspect of the dental arch and used in the management
of jaw and facial injuries
labial vestibule: the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on
one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge (in the edentu-
lous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the other by the lips ante-
rior to the buccal frenula
labioversion n: labial position of a tooth beyond normal arch form
lamina dura: the layer of compact bone forming the wall of a tooth
alveolus
land area: the portion of a dental cast that extends beyond the
impressions replica surface laterally that defines the area between
the end of the replicas surface and the cast
lap vb lapped; lapping vt (14c) la: to fold over or around some-
thing; to wind about lb: to envelop entirely 2: to fold over in suc-
cessive layers 3: to place over and cover a part of another 4a: to
dress smooth or to polish to a high degree 4b: to fit or shape by
working two surfaces together with or without abrasives until a
very close fit is achievedlapper n
laser n (1957): acronym for Light Amplification by Simulated Emis-
sion of Radiation: a device that transforms light of various fre-
quencies into an intense, small, and nearly nondivergent beam of
monochromatic radiation, within the visible range
laser therapy: the use of laser energy in the treatment of tissue
pathosis
laser welding: the joining of metal components through the use of
heat generated with a laser beam
late closing click: the sound emanating from the temporomandibu-
lar joint that occurs just before termination of closure
late opening click: the sound emanating from the temporo-
mandibular joint that occurs just before termination of opening
lateral adj (15c) 1: positions either right or left of the midsagittal
plane 2: denotes a position farther from the median plane or mid-
line of the body or structure
lateral checkbite: see LATERAL INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
lateral condylar inclination: the angle formed by the path of the
moving condyle within the horizontal plane compared with the
median plane (anterior-posterior movement) and within the
frontal plane when compared with the horizontal plane (superior-
inferior movement)see LATEROTRUSION
lateral condylar path: the path of movement of the condyle-disk
assembly in the joint cavity when a lateral mandibular movement
is made
lateral incisor: the second incisor
lateral interocclusal record: a registration of the positional relation-
ship of opposing teeth or arches made in either a right or left lat-
eral position of the mandible
lateral mandibular movement: see MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
lateral mandibular relation: the relationship of the mandible to the
maxillae in a position to the left or right of the midsagittal plane
lateral movement obs: a movement from either right or left of the
midsagittal plane (GPT-4)
lateral protrusion: see LATEROPROTRUSION
lateral relation obs: the relation of the mandible to the maxillae when
the lower jaw is in a position to either side of centric relation
(GPT-4)
lateral side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
laterodetrusion n: lateral and downward movement of the condyle
on the working sidesee LATEROTRUSION
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
lateroprotrusion n: a protrusive movement of the mandibular lingual bar connector: a major connector of a removable partial
condyle in which there is a lateral component
lateroretrusion n: lateral and backward movement of the condyle lingual flange: the portion of the flange of a mandibular denture
on the working side
laterosurtrusion n: lateral and upward movement of the condyle lingual inclination: deviation of the coronal portion of a tooth from
on the working sidesee LATEROTRUSION
laterotrusion n: condylar movement on the working side in the lingual plate: the portion of the major connector of a removable par-
horizontal plane. This term may be used in combination with
terms describing condylar movement in other planes, for exam-
ple, laterodetrusion, lateroprotrusion, lateroretrusion, and latero-
surtrusion
Le Fort fracture [Leon Clement Le Fort, French surgeon, 1829-
1893]: eponym for a bilateral horizontal fracture of the maxilla,
classified into three categories (I, II, III)
Le Fort I fracture: eponym for a horizontal segmented fracture of
the alveolar process of the maxilla, in which the teeth are usually
contained within the detached portion
Le Fort II fracture: eponym for a pyramidal fracture of the midfacial
skeleton with the principal fracture lines meeting at an apex at or
near the superior aspect of the nasal bones
Le Fort III fracture: eponym for a craniofacial disjunction fracture in
which the entire maxilla and one or more facial bones are com-
pletely separated from the craniofacial skeleton
leaf gauge: a set of blades or leaves of increasing thickness used to
measure the distance between two points or to provide metered
separation
lengthening of the clinical crown: a surgical procedure designed to
increase the extent of supragingival tooth structure for restorative
or esthetic purposes by apically positioning the gingival margin,
removing supporting bone, or both
LET: acronym for Linear Energy Transfer: the energy dissipation of
ionizing radiation over a given linear distance. Highly penetrating
radiations such as gamma rays cause low ion concentration and
thus have a relatively low LET, x-rays and beta particles exhibit
intermediate LET, and alpha particles have a high LET
light n (bef. 12c): the aspect of electromagnetic radiation of which
the human observer is aware through the visual sensations that
arise from the stimulation of the retina of the eye
light source: an object that emits light or radiant energy to which the
human eye is sensitive. The emission of a light source can be
described by the relative amount of energy, emitted at each wave
length in the visible spectrum; the emission may be described in
terms of its correlated color temperature
lightness n (bef. 12c) 1: achromatic dimension necessary to
describe the three-dimensional nature of color, the others being
hue and saturation. The lightness dimension may also be called
brightness. In the Munsell Color Order System, the lightness
dimension is called value 2: perception by which white objects are
distinguished from gray and light objects from dark ones; equiv-
alent to shading in grays
limbus: a border or interface especially if marked by a difference in
color or structure between adjoining parts
line angle: the point of convergence of two planes in a cavity prepa-
ration
line of occlusion: the alignment of the occluding surfaces of the
teeth as viewed in the horizontal planesee OCCLUSAL
PLANE
linear occlusion: the occlusal arrangement of artificial teeth, as
viewed in the horizontal plane, wherein the masticatory surfaces
of the mandibular posterior artificial teeth have a straight, long,
narrow occlusal form resembling that of a line, usually articulat-
ing with opposing monoplane teeth.
Frush JP. Linear occlusion. Ill Dent J 1966;35:788-94.
lingual adj (15c): pertaining to the tongue; next to or toward the
tongue
lingual apron: see LINGUAL PLATE
lingual bar: see LINGUAL BAR CONNECTOR
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
lateroprotrusion lute
denture located lingual to the dental arch
that occupies the alveololingual sulcus
the vertical plane toward the tongue
tial denture contacting the lingual surfaces of the natural teeth
also spelled linguoplate
lingual rest: a metallic extension of a removable partial denture
framework that fits into a prepared depression within an abut-
ment tooths lingual surface
lingual rest seat: the depression prepared on the lingual surface of
an abutment tooth to accept the metal rest of a partial denture
(the lingual rest)
lingual splint: a dental splint conforming to the inner aspect of the
dental arch
lingual strap: see LINGUAL PLATE
lingualized occlusion: first described by S. Howard Payne, DDS, in
1941, this form of denture occlusion articulates the maxillary lin-
gual cusps with the mandibular occlusal surfaces in centric work-
ing and nonworking mandibular positions. The term is attributed
to Earl Pound
Payne SH. A posterior set-up to meet individual requirements. Dent Digest
1941;47:20-2.
Pound E. Utilizing speech to simplify a personalized denture service. J
Prosthet Dent 1970;24:586-600.
linguocclusion n: an occlusion in which a tooth or group of teeth
is located lingual to its normal position
linguoversion n: lingual or palatal position of a tooth beyond nor-
mal arch form
lip line: see HIGH L.L., LOW L.L.
lip switch operation: tissues borrowed from one lip and transferred
to the othersee also ABBE FLAP, ESTLANDERS OPERA-
TION
loading: see IMMEDIATE LOADING; PROGRESSIVE LOAD-
ING
lobe n (1525): a curved or rounded projection or division, especial-
ly of a body organ or part
local etiologic factors: the environmental influences that may be
implicated in the causation, modification, and/or perpetuation of
a disease entity
localization film: a radiograph made with radiopaque markers to
localize the position of a body (i.e., a tumor) relative to external
landmarks
long axis: a theoretical line passing lengthwise through the center of
a body
long centric articulation: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT AREA
longitudinal axis: see SAGITTAL AXIS
low lip line 1: the lowest position of the inferior border of the upper
lip when it is at rest 2: the lowest position of the superior border
of the lower lip during smiling or voluntary retraction
lower impression slang: an impression of the mandibular jaw or den-
tal structures (GPT-4)see MANDIBULAR IMPRESSION
lower ridge slope obs 1: the slope of the mandibular residual ridge
in the second and third molar region as seen from the buccal side
(GPT-1) 2: the portion of the lower residual ridge, either lingual,
labial, or buccal, between the crest of the ridge and the mucobuc-
cal fold or flexion line of the peripheral tissues (GPT-1)
Lucia jig [Victor O. Lucia, US prosthodontist]: eponymsee ANTE-
RIOR PROGRAMMING DEVICE
Lucia VO. Treatment of the edentulous patient. Chicago: Quintessence;
1986.
lug n: something that projects away from an object and is generally
used as a support or for connection to a body
luminance n (1880): the intensity of light per unit area
1lute n (15c): a substance, such as cement or clay, used for placing a
81
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
lute master impression
joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to liquid
or gassee CEMENT
2lute vt; luted; luting: to fasten, attach, or sealsee CEMENT
luxation n (1552): see CONDYLAR DISLOCATION
M mandibular relationship record: any registration of the relationship
macroglossia n: excessive size of the tongue
macula n, pl macula (1863): a patch of tissue that is altered in color
but usually not elevated; usually characteristic of various diseases
maintenance dose: the quantity of a drug necessary to maintain a
normal physiologic state or a desired blood or tissue level of drug
major connector: the part of a removable partial denture that joins
the components on one side of the arch to those on the opposite
side
malalignment: see MALOCCLUSION
malleable adj (14c): capable of being extended or shaped with a
hammer or with the pressure of rollers
malocclusion n (1888) 1: any deviation from a physiologically
acceptable contact between the opposing dental arches 2: any
deviation from a normal occlusionsee ANGLES CLASSIFI-
CATION OF OCCLUSION
mamelon n: one of three tubercles sometimes found on the incisal
edges of incisor teethmamelonated adj, mamelonation n mandibular retraction: a type of facial anomaly in which gnathion
mandible n (15c): the lower jawbone
mandibular adj: of or pertaining to the mandible
mandibular anteroposterior ridge slope: the slope of the crest of
the mandibular residual ridge from the third molar region to its
most anterior aspect in relation to the lower border of the
mandible as viewed in profile
mandibular axis: see SAGITTAL AXIS, TRANSVERSE HORI-
ZONTAL AXIS, VERTICAL AXIS
mandibular condyle: the articular process of the mandiblesee also
CONDYLE
mandibular dislocation: displacement of the mandible
mandibular dysplasia: disharmony in size or form between the right
and left halves of the mandible
mandibular equilibration 1: the act or acts performed to place the
mandible in equilibrium 2: a condition in which all of the forces
acting on the mandible are neutralized
mandibular glide obs: the side to side, protrusive, and intermediate
movement of the mandible occurring when the teeth or other
occluding surfaces are in contact (GPT-4)
mandibular guide plane prosthesis: see MANDIBULAR RESEC-
TION PROSTHESIS
mandibular hinge position obs: the position of the mandible in rela-
tion to the maxilla at which opening and closing movements can
be made on the hinge axis (GPT-4)
mandibular impression: an impression of the mandibular jaw or
dental structures
mandibular lateral translation: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLA-
TION
mandibular micrognathia: an abnormally small mandible with asso-
ciated recession of the chin
mandibular movement: any movement of the lower jaw
mandibular nerve: the third division of the trigeminal nerve that
leaves the skull through the foremen ovale and provides motor
innervation to the muscles of mastication, to the tensor veli pala-
tini m., the tensor tympani m., the anterior belly of the digastric
m., and the mylohyoid m. It provides the general sensory inner-
vation to the mandibular teeth and gingivae, the mucosa of the
cheek and floor of the mouth, the epithelium of the anterior two
thirds of the tongue, the meninges and the skin of the lower por-
tion of the face
mandibular orthopedic repositioning splint: a removable prosthe-
sis that creates a different, yet temporary, dental occlusal position
that guides the mandible to close into a predetermined and
altered position
82
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
mandibular plane: in cephalometrics, a plane that passes through
the inferior border of the mandible
mandibular protraction: a type of facial anomaly in which gnathion
lies anterior to the orbital planesee ANGLES CLASSIFICA-
TION OF OCCLUSION
of the mandible to the maxillae
mandibular repositioning: guidance of the mandible to cause clo-
sure in a predetermined, altered position
mandibular resection: the surgical removal of a portion or all of the
mandible and the related soft tissuescalled also mandibulectomy
mandibular resection prosthesis: a maxillary and/or mandibular
prosthesis delivered after a mandibular resection to allow the
remaining deviated mandibular segment improved occlusal con-
tact with the maxillary dentition. This can require use of a flange,
guide, or occlusal platform incorporated in the prosthesis to
guide the mandibular segment into optimal occlusal contactsyn
MANDIBULAR GUIDE PLANE PROSTHESIS, MANDIBU-
LAR RESECTION PROSTHESIS WITH GUIDE,
MANDIBULAR RESECTION PROSTHESIS WITHOUT
GUIDE, RESECTION PROSTHESIS
mandibular rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
lies posterior to the orbital planesee also ANGLES CLASSIFI-
CATION OF OCCLUSION
mandibular side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
mandibular staple: a transosteal dental implant placed from the infe-
rior border of the mandible with posts (abutments) that extend
through the mucosa into the oral cavity in the mandibular anteri-
or regioncalled also transmandibular staple
mandibular tracing: a graphic representation or record of the move-
ments of the mandible within a given plane
mandibular translation: the translatory (medio-lateral) movement
of the mandible when viewed in the frontal plane. While this has
not been demonstrated to occur as an immediate horizontal
movement when viewed in the frontal plane, it could theoretical-
ly occur in an essentially pure translatory form in the early part of
the motion or in combination with rotation in the latter part of
the motion or bothsee also EARLY MANDIBULAR LATER-
AL TRANSLATION, IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR LATER-
AL TRANSLATION, PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LAT-
ERAL TRANSLATION
mandibular trismus: reduced mobility of the mandible resulting from
tonic contracture of the masticatory muscles
mandibulectomy n: the removal of part or all of the mandible
mandrel also mandril n (1790) 1a: usually a taper or cylindrical
axle, spindle, or arbor placed in a hole to support it during
machining 1b: a metal bar which serves as a core about which
material may be cast, molded, compressed, forged, bent or shaped
2: the shaft and bearings on which a tool is mounted
Maryland bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
Livaditis, GJ, Thompson, VP: Etched castings: an improved retentive
mechanism for resin-bonded retainers. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:52-9.
margin n (14c): the outer edge of a crown, inlay, onlay, or other
restoration. The boundary surface of a tooth preparation and/or
restoration is termed the finish line or finish curve
marginal gingiva: the most coronal portion of the gingiva; often
used to refer to the free gingiva that forms the wall of the gingi-
val crevice in health
marginal ridge: a component of the tooth structure forming the
occlusal proximal margin of a premolar or molar
masking n: the process of applying an opaque covering to camou-
flage the metal component of a prosthesis
master cast: see DEFINITIVE CAST
master impression: the negative likeness made for the purpose of
fabricating a prosthesis
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
masticating cycles obs: the patterns of mandibular movements
formed during the chewing of food (GPT-1)
mastication n (1649): the process of chewing food for swallowing
and digestion
masticatory apparatus: see MASTICATORY SYSTEM
masticatory cycle: a three-dimensional representation of mandibular
movement produced during the chewing of food
masticatory efficiency: the effort required achieving a standard
degree of comminution
masticatory force: the force applied by the muscles of mastication
during chewing
masticatory movements: mandibular movements used for chewing
foodsee MASTICATORY CYCLE
masticatory mucosa: see MUCOSA
masticatory muscle: muscles that elevate the mandible to close the
mouth (temporalis m., superficial and deep masseter m., medial
pterygoid m.)see ELEVATOR MUSCLE
masticatory pain: discomfort about the face and mouth induced by
chewing or other use of the jaws but independent of local disease
involving the teeth and mouth
masticatory performance: a measure of the comminution of food
attainable under standardized testing conditions
masticatory system: the organs and structures primarily functioning
in mastication. These include the teeth with their supporting
structures, craniomandibular articulations, mandible, positioning
and accessory musculature, tongue, lips, cheeks, oral mucosa, and
the associated neurologic complex
matrix n, pl matrices (15c) 1: a mold or impression in which
something is formed 2: the portion of an attachment system that
receives the patrix
maxilla n, pl maxillae (15c): their regularly shaped bone that,
with its contralateral maxilla, forms the upper jaw. It assists in the
formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the hard palate; it
contains the maxillary teeth
maxillary impression: an impression of the maxillary jaw or dental
structures
maxillary micrognathia: abnormally small maxillae with associated
retraction of the middle third of the face
maxillary protraction: a type of facial anomaly in which subnasion
lies anterior to the orbital plane
maxillary resection: the surgical removal of a part or all of the max-
illacalled also maxillectomy
maxillary sinus: the anatomic space located superior to the posteri-
or maxillary alveolus
maxillary tuberosity: the most distal portion of the maxillary alveo-
lar ridge
maxillectomy n: the removal of part or all of the maxillacalled meniscus n, pl menisci: see DISK
also maxillary resection
maxillofacial adj: pertaining to the dental arches, the face, head
and neck structures
maxillofacial stabilization prosthesis: a prosthesis fabricated for the
maxillae or mandibule to assist stabilization, retention or function
of an opposing or adjacent maxillofacial prosthesis. Generally such
prostheses are complete dentures, removable partial dentures or
fixed partial dentures
maxillofacial prosthetic adhesive: a material used to adhere exter-
nal prosthesis to skin and associated structures around the periph-
ery of an external anatomic defect
maxillofacial prosthetics: the branch of prosthodontics concerned
with the restoration and/or replacement of the stomatognathic
and craniofacial structures with prostheses that may or may not be
removed on a regular or elective basis
maxillomandibular dysplasia: disharmony between one jaw and the
halves of the mandible
maxillomandibular record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELA-
TIONSHIP RECORD
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
masticating cycles metal insert teeth
maxillomandibular registration: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
maxillomandibular relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP
maxillomandibular relationship: any spatial relationship of the
maxillae to the mandible; any one of the infinite relationships of
the mandible to the maxillae
maxillomandibular relationship record: a registration of any posi-
tional relationship of the mandible relative to the maxillae. These
records may be made at any vertical, horizontal, or lateral orien-
tation
maxillomandibular registration: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
maximal intercuspal contacts: tooth contact in the maximum inter-
cuspal position
maximal intercuspal position: the complete intercuspation of the
opposing teeth independent of condylar position, sometimes
referred to as the best fit of the teeth regardless of the condylar
positioncalled also maximal intercuspationcomp CENTRIC
OCCLUSION
mean foundation plane obs: the mean of the various irregularities in
form and inclination of the basal seat (GPT-4)
meatus n, pl meatuses or meatus (1665): a natural body pas-
sage; a general term for any opening or passageway in the body
mechanically balanced occlusion obs: a balanced occlusion without
reference to physiologic considerations, as on an articulation
(GPT-4)
median line: the centerline dividing a body into the right and left
median mandibular point obs: a point on the anteroposterior center
of the mandibular ridge in the median sagittal plane (GPT-4)
median plane: an imaginary plane passing longitudinally through the
body, from front to back, and dividing it into left and right halves
median relation obs: any jaw relation when the mandible is in the
median sagittal plane (GPT-4)
median retruded relation: see CENTRIC RELATION
mediolateral curve: in the mandibular arch, that curve, as viewed in
the frontal plane, which is concave above and contacts the buccal
and lingual cusps of the mandibular molars; in the maxillary arch,
that curve, as viewed in the frontal plane, which is convex below
and contacts the lingual and buccal cusps of the maxillary molars.
The facial and lingual cusp tips on both sides of the dental arch
form the curve
mediotrusion n: a movement of the condyle mediallysee
NONWORKING SIDE
membrane n (15c) 1: a thin soft pliable sheet or layer, especially of
plant or animal origin 2: a thin layer of tissue that lines a cavity,
envelops a vessel or part, or separates a space or organ
mesial adj (1803): near or toward the centerline of the dental arch;
toward the median sagittal plane of the face, following the curva-
ture of the dental arch
mesial drift: movement of teeth toward the midline
mesioversion: with reference to a tooth, nearer than normal in its
position toward the median line of the face, along the dental arch
1metal n (13c): any strong and relatively ductile substance that pro-
vides electropositive ions to a corrosive environment and that can be
polished to a high luster. Characterized by metallic atomic bonding
2metal vt -aled or -alled; -aling or -alling (1610): to cover or fur-
nish with metal
metal base: the metallic portion of a denture base forming a part or
all of the basal surface of the denture. It serves as a base for the
attachment of the resin portion of the denture base and the teeth
metal ceramic restoration: a fixed restoration that uses a metal sub-
structure on which a ceramic veneer is fusedsee COLLARLESS
M.C.R.
metal insert teeth: teeth containing metal cutting edges; teeth
designed to contain metal cutting edges in the occlusal surface
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
metal saddle MORA device
metal saddle obs: a metal denture base (GPT-4)
metamer n: one of a pair of objects whose colors match when
viewed in a described way but do not match under all viewing
conditions
metameric pair: a pair of objects whose colors match when viewed
in a described way, but which do not match if the viewing condi-
tions are changed. Thus a metameric pair of samples exhibit the
same tri-stimulus values for a described set of viewing conditions
(observer, light source, geometry of the illumination and viewing
arrangement) but have different spectral distributions. Hence,
they exhibit a match that is conditional
metamerism n (1877): pairs of objects that have different spectral
curves but appear to match when viewed in a given hue exhibit
metamerism. Metamerism should not be confused with the terms
flair or color constancy, which apply to apparent color change
exhibited by a single color when the spectral distribution of the
light source is changed or when the angle of illumination or view-
ing is changed
methyl methacrylate resin: a transparent, thermoplastic acrylic resin
that is used in dentistry by mixing liquid methyl methacrylate
monomer with the polymer powder. The resultant mixture forms
a pliable plastic termed a dough, which is packed into a mold
before initiation of polymerization
microcrack n: in porcelain, one of the numerous surface flaws that
contributes to stress concentrations and results in strengths below
those theoretically possible
micrognathia n: a congenital or acquired condition characterized
by an abnormally small jawsee MANDIBULAR M., MAXIL-
LARY M.
microglossia n: presence of a small tongue modified ridge lap: a ridge lap surface of a pontic that is adapted to
micromaxillae n: see MAXILLARY MICROGNATHIA
microstomia n: an abnormally small oral orifice modifier n: a substance that alters or changes the color or proper-
microtia n: a developmental anomaly characterized by hypoplasia
or aplasia of the pinna of the ear, associated with an impatent or
absent external auditory meatus
midfacial deficiency: failure of the mid third of the face, including
the maxilla, to grow in proportion to the upper and lower thirds
midfacial fracture: fractures of the zygomatic, maxillary, nasal, and
associated bones
midopening click: the sound emanating from the temporomandibu-
lar joint that occurs during mid protrusive translation of the
condyles
MIE theory: the theory that relates the scattering of a single spher-
ical particle in a medium to the diameter of the particle, the dif-
ference in refractive index between the particle and the medium,
and the wave length of radiant energy in the medium that is inci-
dent on the particle. This theory relates to the direct observation
of the scattering of a single particle as compared with the Kubel-
ka-Munk Theory and also takes into account the absorption that
the particle may also exhibit
1mill n: a machine or device used for working or forming materials
into a desired form, to blend materials, or to perform other
mechanical operations
2mill vt (1570) 1: to subject to an operation or process in a mill; to
grind 2: to shape or dress by means of instruments
mill in v 1: the procedure of refining occluding surfaces through the
use of abrasive materialssee SELECTIVE GRINDING 2: the
machining of boxes or other forms in cast restorations to be used
as retainers for fixed or removable prostheses
milled in curve obs: see MILLED IN PATH
milled in path: a contour pattern carved into the occlusal surface of
an occlusion rim during various mandibular movements by teeth
or studs placed in the opposing arch
milling v: the machining of proximal boxes, recesses, or other forms
on cast restorations to be used as retainers for fixed or removable
prostheses
milling in obs: the procedure of refining or perfecting the occlusion
84
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
of teeth by the use of abrasives between their occluding surfaces
while the dentures are rubbed together in the mouth or on the
articulator (GPT-3)see MILL IN
minor connector: the connecting link between the major connector
or base of a removable partial denture and the other units of the
prosthesis, such as the clasp assembly, indirect retainers, occlusal
rests, or cingulum rests
mixed dentition: a stage of development during which the primary
and permanent teeth function together in the mouthsyn
TRANSITIONAL DENTITION
mobile adj (15c): capable of moving or being moved; movable
mobility n
model n (1575): a facsimile used for display purposes; a miniature
representation of something; an example for imitation or emula-
tion; comp CAST
modeling composition obs: see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRES-
SION COMPOUND
modeling compound obs: see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRES-
SION COMPOUND
modeling plastic: see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSION
COMPOUND
modeling plastic impression compound: a thermoplastic dental
impression material composed of wax, rosin, resins, and colorants
modeling wax: a wax suitable for making patterns in the fabrication
of nonmetallic restorations
modes of appearance: various manners in which colors can be per-
ceived, depending on spatial distributions and temporal variations
of the light causing the sensation
modified cast: see ALTERED CAST
only the facial or buccal aspect of the residual ridge
ties of a substance
modiolus n: the structure near the corner of the mouth where
eight muscles converge that functionally separates the labial
vestibule from the buccal vestibule
modulus of elasticity: in metallurgy, the coefficient found by divid-
ing the unit stress, at any point up to the proportional limit, by
its corresponding unit of elongation (tension) or strain. A ratio of
stress to strain. As the modulus of elasticity rises, the material
becomes more rigid
modulus of resilience: the work or energy required to stress a cubic
inch of material (in one direction only) from zero up to the pro-
portional limit of the material, measured by the ability of the
material to withstand the momentary effect of an impact load
while stresses remain within the proportional limit
mold n (13c) 1: a cavity in which a substance is shaped, as a matrix
for casting metal or plastics; a negative form in which an object is
cast or shaped 2: the size and shape of an artificial tooth or teeth
mold chart: an illustration of the manufacturers shapes and sizes of
denture teeth
mold guide: a selection of denture teeth demonstrating the molds
offered by a manufacturer
monochromatic vision: vision in which there is no color discrimina-
tion
monomer n (1914): a chemical compound that can undergo poly-
merization; any molecule that can be bound to a similar molecule
to form a polymer
monoplane adj: an arbitrary plane for the arrangement of denture
teeth that is flat both medial-aterally and anterior-posteriorly
monoplane articulation: the arrangement of teeth by which they are
positioned in a single plane
monoplane occlusion: an occlusal arrangement wherein the posteri-
or teeth have masticatory surfaces that lack any cuspal height
Monson curve: see CURVE OF MONSON
MORA device: acronym for Mandibular Orthopedic Repositioning
Appliance, a type of mandibular occlusal splint used with the goal
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
of repositioning the mandible to improve neuromuscular balance
and jaw relationship
Gelb H. Clinical management of head, neck and TMJ pain and dysfunc-
tion. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 1977. p. 314.
mother matrix mold obs: a negative form, usually in sections, used
for positive casts (GPT-1)
moulage n (1902) 1: the negative impression of a body structure 2:
an impression or cast made for use, especially as evidenced in a
criminal investigation 3: impression or reverse likeness of a part
that produces a model when converted to a positive replica, i.e.,
by means of plaster
1mounting v: the laboratory procedure of attaching a cast to an
articulator or cast relater
2mounting n: the relationship of dental casts to each other and the
instrument to which they are attached; see alsoSPLIT-CAST M.
mounting ring: see MOUNTING PLATE
mounting plate: removable metal or resin devices that attach to the
superior and inferior members of an articulator, which are used to
attach casts to the articulator
mouth guard: a resilient intraoral device useful in reducing mouth
injuries and protecting the teeth and surrounding structures from
injury
mouth protector: see MOUTH GUARD
mouth rehabilitation obs: restoration of the form and function of
the masticatory apparatus to as near normal as possible (GPT-4)
mouth stick: a device held in the mouth by a disabled person that
aids in performing certain functions
MRI: acronym for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
mucobuccal fold: the line of flexure of the mucous membrane as it
passes from the mandible or maxillae to the cheek
mucogingival: see MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION
mucogingival junction: the junction of gingiva and alveolar mucosa
mucolabial fold: the line of flexure of the oral mucous membrane as
it passes from the maxilla or mandible to the lip
mucoperiosteum n: a term synonymous with a full-thickness flap
implying the inclusion of both mucosa and periosteum during
flap elevation
mucosa n (1880): a mucous membrane comprised of epithelium,
basement membrane, and lamina propriasee ALVEOLAR M.,
ORAL M.
mucosal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
mucosal insert: a metal insert attached to the tissue surface of a
removable prosthesis that mechanically engages undercuts in a
surgically prepared mucosal sitecalled also button implant,
intramucosal insert, mucosal implant
mucositis n: inflammation of the mucous membrane
mucostatic adj: the state of the oral mucosa when external forces musculoskeletal pain: deep, somatic pain that originates in skeletal
are not displacing it
muffle n: the portion of a furnace, usually removable or replaceable,
in which material may be placed for processing without direct
exposure to heating element
Munsell chrome [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, US artist and
teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for the Munsell color system
chrome, which is that quality by which a strong color is distin-
guished from one that is weak. The departure of a color sensation
from that of white or gray; the intensity of a distinctive hue color
intensitysee also SATURATION
Munsell color order system [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, US
artist and teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for a color order system;
developed in 1905, it places colors in an orderly arrangement
encompassing the three attributes of hue, value, and chrome
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co.; 1975.p.
14-6.
Munsell hue [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, US artist and
teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for that quality by which one color
family is distinguished from another, as red from yellow, and
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
MORA device mylohyoid groove or canal
green from blue or purple. The dimension of color determined by
wave length
Munsell value [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, US artist and
teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for the relative brightness of a color.
The quality of grayness in comparison to white (high value) and
black, (low value); in the Munsell color system, the value of a color
is determined by which gray on the value scale it matches in light-
ness/darkness (black is assigned a value of zero; white a value of 10)
muscle n (14c): an organ that by contraction produces movements
of an animal; a tissue composed of contractile cells or fibers that
effect movement of an organ or part of the body
muscle contraction: the shortening and development of tension in a
muscle in response to stimulation
muscle contracture: a condition of high resistance to passive stretch-
ing of a muscle resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting
the muscle or the joint; sustained increased resistance to passive
stretch with reduced muscle length
muscle hyperalgesia: increased sensitivity to pain in a muscle evoked
by stimulation at the site of pain in the muscle
muscle hypertenseness obs: increased muscular tension that is not
easily released but that does not prevent normal lengthening of
the muscles involved (GPT-4)
muscle hypertonicity: increased contractile activity in some motor
units driven by reflex arcs from receptors in the muscle and/or
alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord
muscle marking: see BORDER MOLDING
muscle relaxant: a drug or therapy that diminishes muscle tension
muscle spasm: a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or
group of muscles attended by pain and interference with function.
It differs from muscle splinting in that the contraction is sustained
even when the muscle is at rest and the pain/dysfunction is pre-
sent with passive and active movements of the affected part
called also myospasm
muscle spasticity: increased muscular tension of antagonists pre-
venting normal movement and caused by an inability to relax (a
loss of reciprocal inhibition)
muscle-splinting slang: involuntary contraction (rigidity) of muscles
occurring as a means of avoiding the pain caused by movement of
the part (resistance to passive stretch). The involved muscle(s)
relaxes at rest
muscle-trimming slang: see BORDER MOLDING
muscular atrophy: a wasting of muscular tissue, especially due to
lack of use
muscular splinting: contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
attended by interference with function and producing involuntary
movement and distortion; differs from muscle spasm in that the
contraction is not sustained when the muscle is at rest
muscles, facial sheaths, and tendons (myogenous pain), bone and
periosteum (osseous pain), joint, joint capsules, and ligaments
(arthralgic pain), and in soft connective tissues
mush bite obs: a maxillomandibular relationship record made in a soft-
ened material, frequently beeswax, without the benefit of record
basessee INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
mutually protected articulation: an occlusal scheme in which the
posterior teeth prevent excessive contact of the anterior teeth in
maximum intercuspation, and the anterior teeth disengage the
posterior teeth in all mandibular excursive movements
mutually protected occlusion: see MUTUALLY PROTECTED
ARTICULATION
myalgia n (1860): pain in a muscle or muscles
mycotic n: pertaining to a mucosis; caused by fungi
mylohyoid concavity: the fossa in the mandible below the mylohy-
oid line in the molar region
mylohyoid groove or canal: the groove in the mandible running down-
ward and forward toward the submandibular fossa, which contains
the mylohyoid muscle, nerve, and vessels
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
mylohyoid region nonadjustable articulator
mylohyoid region obs: the region on the lingual surface of the
mandible marked by the mylohyoid ridge and the attachment of
the mylohyoid muscle (GPT-4)
mylohyoid ridge: an oblique ridge on the lingual surface of the
mandible that extends from the level of the roots of the last molar
teeth and that serves as a bony attachment for the mylohyoid
muscles forming the floor of the mouth
myocentric adj: that terminal point in space in which, with the
mandible in rest position, subsequent colonic muscle contraction
will raise the mandible through the interocclusal space along the
myocentric (muscle balanced) trajectory. Also described as the ini-
tial occlusal contact along the myocentric trajectory (isotonic clo-
sure of the mandible from rest position)
Jankelson B. Dent Clin North Am 1979;23:157-68.
Jankelson BR, Polley ML. Electromyography in clinical dentistry. Seattle:
Myotronica Research Inc.; 1984. p. 52.
myofascial trigger point: a hyperirritable spot, usually within a
skeletal muscle or in the muscle fascia, that is painful on com-
pression and can give rise to characteristic referred pain, tender-
ness (secondary hyperalgesia), and autonomic phenomena
myofibrotic capsular contracture: muscle contracture resulting
from the formation of excessive fibrous tissue within the muscle
or its sheath
myofunctional: relating to the function of muscles. In dentistry,
the role of muscle function in the cause or correction of muscle
related problems
myofunctional therapy: the use of exercises to improve the action
of a group of muscles used as an adjunct to orthodontic or cran-
iomandibular dysfunction treatment
myogenous pain: deep somatic musculoskeletal pain originating in
skeletal muscles, fascial sheaths, or tendons
Myo-monitor: a digital electronic pulse generator specifically opti-
mized for bilateral transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation of
the stomatognathic system; an electrical device introduced in
1969 by Bernard Jankelson, DDS, as a means of applying muscle
relaxation as a prerequisite to obtain an occlusal position that
would sustain a relaxed musculature
Jankelson B, Radke JO. The Myo-monitor: its use and abuse. Quintessence
Int 1978;9:47-52.
Jankelson B, Sparks S, Crane PF, Radke JC. Neural conduction of the
Myo-monitor stimulus: a quantitative analysis. J Prosthet Dent 1975;34:
245-53.
Jankelson BR. Neuromuscular dental diagnosis and treatment. St Louis:
Ishiyaki Euro America Intl; 1990.p. 73-7.
myostatic contracture: muscle contracture resulting from reduced
muscle stimulation
myositis n (ca. 1819): inflammation of muscle tissue
myospasm n: see MUSCLE SPASM
myotonia n (1896): increased muscular irritability and contractili-
ty with decreased power of relaxation; tonic muscle spasms
N nuclei
NA: acronym for NAsion; a cephalometric landmark located where
the intranasal and nasofrontal sutures meet
nanometer n (1963): unit of length to measure the wave length of
light. It is equivalent to 1 109 M or 10 angstroms. 1 nm =
1/1,000,000 mm
narrative report: a complete description of the clinical findings,
diagnosis, and treatment rendered for a given patient
nasal grimace: movements in the tissue of the nares reflecting the
attempts of the oronasal system to compensate for palatopharyn-
geal insufficiency
nasal prosthesis: a removable prosthesis that artificially restores part
or the entire nosesyn ARTIFICIAL NOSE
nasal turbulence: the excessive noise or air passing over resistance
in the nasal passages
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
nasal septal prosthesis: a removable prosthesis to occlude (obturate)
a hole within the nasal septal wallsyn SEPTAL BUTTON, SEP-
TAL PLUG
nasal spine: a sharp bony protuberance of the lower margin of the
anterior aperture of the nares formed by the forward prolonga-
tion of the two maxillae
nasal stent: a removable intranasal prosthesis to support the form of
the nose
nasality n (1656): the quality of speech sounds when the nasal cav-
ity is used as a resonator
nasion n: a bony cephalometric landmark at which the nasofrontal
suture is bisected by the midsagittal plane
nasopharynx n (1877): the part of the pharynx situated above the
soft palate
natural color system: a color order system derived by Anders Hard
that defines six color perceptions using the concept of percentage
for localizing nuances within the three-part system. The six per-
ceptions are white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue. The
dimensions of hue, blackness or whiteness, and chrome are used
to relate colors within this system
natural dentition: the natural teeth, as considered collectively, in the
dental arch, which may be deciduous, permanent, or mixed
natural glaze: the production of a glazed surface by the vitrification of
the material itself and without addition of other fluxes or glasses
neck of the condyle: the constricted inferior portion of the
mandibular condyle that is continuous with the ramus of the
mandible; that portion of the mandibular ramus to which the
condyle is attached
necrosis n, pl necroses (1665): localized death of living tissue
needlepoint tracing: see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
DEVICE
Nesbit prosthesis [Norman Nesbit, dentist, Boston, Massachusetts,
US] obs: eponym for a unilateral removable partial denture design
that Dr Nesbit introduced in 1918
neuralgia n (ca. 1822): neurogenous pain felt along the peripheral
distribution of a nerve trunk
neuritis n (1840): inflammation of a nerve
neurogenous pain: pain that is generated within the nervous system
as a result of some abnormality of neural structures
neuropathy n (1857): a general term used to designate an abnor-
mality or pathologic change in a peripheral nerve
neutral zone: the potential space between the lips and cheeks on one
side and the tongue on the other; that area or position where the
forces between the tongue and cheeks or lips are equal
neutroocclusion: see ANGLES CLASSIFICATION OF
OCCLUSION
nidus n, pl nidi or niduses (1742): a place or substance in an ani-
mal or plant where bacteria or other organisms lodge and multiply
night guard: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
NMR: acronym for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; a radiologic proce-
dure that gives images in any plane without radiation or any bio-
logic after effect by picking up signals from resonating hydrogen
noble metal: those metal elements that resist oxidation, tarnish, and
corrosion during heating, casting, or soldering and when used
intraorally; examples include gold and platinumcomp BASE
METAL
nociceptive adj (1904): receiving injury; applicable to a neuron
receptive to painful sensations
nociceptive pathway: an afferent neural pathway that mediates pain
impulses
nociceptor n: a sensory receptor preferentially sensitive to noxious
or potentially noxious stimuli
nocturnal electromyography: electromyographic registrations made
during sleep
nonadjustable articulator: an articulator that does not allow adjustment
to replicate mandibular movementssee also CAST RELATOR
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nonanatomic teeth: artificial teeth with occlusal surfaces that are not
anatomically formed. The term nonanatomic as applied to artifi-
cial posterior teeth, and especially their occlusal forms, means that
such teeth are designed in accordance with mechanical principles
rather than from the anatomic standpoint. I. R. Hardy, DDS, first
introduced nonanatomic teeth with flat occlusal surfaces set to a
flat occlusal plane
Sears VH. Thirty years of nonanatomic teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1953;3:596-
617
Hardy IR. Technique for use of nonanatomic acrylic posterior teeth. Dent
Digest 1942;48:562-6.
nonfunctioning condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
nonpivoting condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
nonprecious metal: see BASE METAL
nonresorbable adj: the property exhibited by substances that
demonstrate relatively limited in-vivo degradation
nonrigid connector: any connector that permits limited movement
between otherwise independent members of a fixed partial denture
nonworking side: that side of the mandible that moves toward the
median line in a lateral excursion. The condyle on that side is
referred to as the nonworking side condyle
nonworking side condyle: the condyle on the nonworking side
nonworking side condyle path: the path the condyle traverses on
the nonworking side when the mandible moves in a lateral excur-
sion, which may be viewed in the three reference planes of the
body
nonworking side interference: undesirable contacts of the opposing
occlusal surfaces on the nonworking side
nonworking side occlusal contacts: contacts of the teeth on the
side opposite to the side toward which the mandible moves in
articulation
notch n: see PTERYGOMAXILLARY N.
noxious stimulus: a tissue damaging stimulus
nuance n, nuanced adj (1781) 1: a subtle distinction or variation,
such as in tone or color 2: a subtle quality 3: delicate shading
null detector: a detector of the point at which there is no color dif-
ference between two samples. The human eye is an excellent null
detector; it is considerably less trustworthy in estimating how
large a given difference is
O teeth; the force created by the dynamic action of the muscles dur-
oblique ridge: the elevation in the enamel that runs obliquely across
the occlusal surface of a maxillary molar
obtundent n: an agent or remedy that lessens or relieves pain or
sensibility
obturator n (ca. 1727): a prosthesis used to close a congenital or occlusal harmony obs: a condition in centric and eccentric jaw rela-
acquired tissue opening, primarily of the hard palate and/or con-
tiguous alveolar structures. Prosthetic restoration of the defect
often includes use of a surgical obturator, interim obturator, and
definitive obturatorsee DEFINITIVE O., INTERIM O., SUR-
GICAL O.comp SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
obturator prosthesis modification: revision or alteration of an
existing obturator (surgical, interim, or definitive); possible revi-
sions include relief of the denture base due to tissue compression,
augmentation of the seal or border regions to effect adequate
sealing or separation between the nasal and oral cavities
occlude vb occluded; occluding vt (1597) 1: to bring together;
to shut 2: to bring or close the mandibular teeth into contact with
the maxillary teeth
occluded gas porosity: a porosity produced in castings due to the
inability of gasses in the mold to escape
occluder n: a name given to some articulatorssee CAST RELA-
TOR
occluding centric relation record obs: a registration of centric rela-
tion made at the established occlusal vertical dimension (GPT-4)
occluding frame obs: a name given to a device for relating casts to
each other for the purpose of arranging teeth (GPT-1)
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
nonanatomic teeth occlusal position
occluding jaw record: the registration of centric relation made at the
occlusal vertical dimension
occluding relation obs: the jaw relation at which the opposing teeth
occlude (GPT-4)
occlusal adj (1897): pertaining to the masticatory surfaces of the
posterior teeth, prostheses, or occlusion rims
occlusal adjustment 1: any change in the occlusion intended to alter
the occluding relation 2: any alteration of the occluding surfaces
of the teeth or restorationssee also OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
occlusal analysis: an examination of the occlusion in which the inte-
rocclusal relations of mounted casts are evaluated
occlusal balance: a condition in which there are simultaneous con-
tacts of opposing teeth or tooth analogues (i.e., occlusion rims)
on both sides of the opposing dental arches during eccentric
movements within the functional range
occlusal clearance: see INTEROCCLUSAL CLEARANCE
occlusal contact 1: the touching of opposing teeth on elevation of
the mandible 2: any contact relation of opposing teethsee
DEFLECTIVE O.C, INITIAL O.C
occlusal correction: see OCCLUSAL ADJUSTMENT,
OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
occlusal curvature: the curve of a dentition in which the occlusal
surfaces lie, when viewed in the frontal and sagittal planes
occlusal device: any removable artificial occlusal surface used for
diagnosis or therapy affecting the relationship of the mandible to
the maxillae. It may be used for occlusal stabilization, for treat-
ment of temporomandibular disorders, or to prevent wear of the
dentition
occlusal disharmony: a phenomenon in which contacts of opposing
occlusal surfaces are not in harmony with other tooth contacts
and/or the anatomic and physiologic components of the cran-
iomandibular complex
occlusal dysthesia: unusual perceptions of occlusal contact
occlusal embrasure: the interdental space that is coronal to the con-
tact area
occlusal equilibration: the modification of the occlusal form of the
teeth with the intent of equalizing occlusal stress, producing
simultaneous occlusal contacts or harmonizing cuspal relations
occlusal facet: see WEAR FACET
occlusal force: the result of muscular force applied on opposing
ing the physiologic act of mastication; the result of muscular
activity applied to opposing teeth
occlusal form obs: the form the occlusal surface of a tooth or a row
of teeth (GPT-4)
tion in which there are no interceptive or deflective contacts of
occluding surfaces (GPT-4)
occlusal interference: any tooth contact that inhibits the remaining
occluding surfaces from achieving stable and harmonious contacts
occlusal path obs 1: a gliding occlusal contact 2: the path of move-
ment of an occlusal surface (GPT-4)
occlusal pattern: the form or design of the masticatory surfaces of a
tooth or teeth based on natural or modified anatomic or
nonanatomic teeth
occlusal pivot: an elevation placed on the occlusal surface, usually in
the molar region, designed to act as a fulcrum, thus limiting
mandibular closure and inducing mandibular rotation
occlusal plane 1: the average plane established by the incisal and
occlusal surfaces of the teeth. Generally, it is not a plane but rep-
resents the planar mean of the curvature of these surfaces 2: the
surface of wax occlusion rims contoured to guide in the arrange-
ment of denture teeth 3: a flat metallic plate used in arranging
denture teethcomp to CURVE OF OCCLUSION
occlusal position obs: the relationship of the mandible and maxillae
when the jaw is closed and the teeth are in contact; this position
may or may not coincide with centric occlusion (GPT-4)
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
occlusal prematurity ossification
occlusal prematurity: any contact of opposing teeth that occurs
before the planned intercuspation
occlusal pressure obs: any force exerted on the occlusal surfaces of
teeth (GPT-4)
occlusal reshaping: the intentional alteration of the occlusal surfaces
of teeth to change their form
occlusal rest: a rigid extension of a removable partial denture that
contacts the occlusal surface of a tooth or restoration, the occlusal
surface of which may have been prepared to receive itsee REST
SEAT
occlusal rest arm obs: a minor connector used to attach an occlusal
rest to a major part of a removable partial denture (GPT-1)
occlusal rim: see OCCLUSION RIM
occlusal splint: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
occlusal stability: the equalization of contacts that prevents tooth
movement after closure
occlusal stop: see OCCLUSAL REST
occlusal strength: see MASTICATORY FORCE
occlusal surface obs: a surface of a posterior tooth or occlusion rim
that is intended to make contact with an opposing occlusal sur-
face (GPT-1)
occlusal system obs: the form or design and arrangement of the
occlusal and incised units of a dentition or the teeth on a denture
(GPT-4)
occlusal table: the portion of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
that lies within the perimeter of the cusp tips and marginal ridges;
the functional portion(s) of the occlusal surface(s) of a posterior
tooth (teeth)
occlusal trauma: trauma to the periodontium from functional or
parafunctional forces causing damage to the attachment apparatus
of the periodontium by exceeding its adaptive and reparative
capacities. It may be self-limiting or progressivesee PRIMARY
O.T., SECONDARY O.T.
occlusal vertical dimension: the distance measured between two
points when the occluding members are in contact
occlusal wear: loss of substance on opposing occlusal units or sur-
faces as the result of attrition or abrasion
occlusion n (1645) 1: the act or process of closure or of being closed
or shut off 2: the static relationship between the incising or mas-
ticating surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teeth or tooth
analoguessee CENTRIC O., COMPONENTS OF O.,
ECCENTRIC O., LINE OF O., LINEAR O., MONOPLANE
O., PATHOGENIC O., SPHERICAL FORM OF O.comp
ARTICULATION
occlusion analysis obs: a systematic examination of the masticatory
system with special consideration to the effect of tooth occlusion
on the teeth and their related structures (GPT-4)
occlusion record obs: a registration of opposing occluding surfaces
made at any maxillomandibular relationship (GPT-4)
occlusion rim: occluding surfaces fabricated on interim or final den-
ture bases for the purpose of making maxillomandibular relation
records and arranging teethcalled also record rim
occult cleft palate: a separation of muscle in the soft palate with
mucous membrane covering the defect. This is often noted as a
notch in the hard palate, bifurcation of the uvula, displaced mus-
culature, and an attenuated raphesyn SUBMUCOUS CLEFT
PALATE
ocular prosthesis: a prosthesis that artificially replaces an eye missing
as a result of trauma, surgery, or congenital absence. The pros-
thesis does not replace missing eyelids or adjacent skin, mucosa or
musclesyn ARTIFICIAL EYE, GLASS EYEcomp INTERIM
OCULAR PROSTHESIS
odontalgia n: toothache; pain in a tooth
odontogenous pain: deep somatic pain originating in dental pulps
and/or periodontal ligaments
odontograph n: a device used to demonstrate irregularities occur-
ring in the surface of tooth enamel
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
odontoplasty: the reshaping of a portion of a tooth
oligodontia: the formation of less than a full complement of
teeth; many such teeth are smaller than normal
onlay: a restoration that restores the entire occlusal surface and is
retained by mechanical or adhesive means
onlay graft (1998): augmentation of a bony ridge with autologous
bone or bony substitutes by placement on the crest of the ridge
beneath the periosteum to enhance bone height and width
opacity n (1611): the quality or state of a body that makes it
impervious to light
opaque adj (1641): the property of a material that absorbs and/or
reflects all light and prevents any transmission of light
open bite slang: see OPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP
open fracture: one in which there is an external wound leading to a
break in the bone; called also compound fracture
open occlusal relationship: the lack of tooth contact in an occlud-
ing positionsee ANTERIOR O.O.R., POSTERIOR O.O.R.
opening movement obs: movement of the mandible executed during
jaw separation; movement executed during jaw separation (GPT-
1)see ENVELOPE OF MOTION
oral flora: the various bacterial and other microscopic forms of life
inhabiting the oral cavity
oral mechanism: the functioning structures of the oral cavity
oral orifice: the longitudinal opening of the mouth between the lips
that provides the entrance to the oral cavity
oral mucosa: the lining of the oral cavity
oral orthopedics 1: a concept in dentistry concerned with postural
relationships of the jaws, both normal and abnormal 2: analysis of
the harmful effects of an improper relationship of the mandible
and the maxillae on dental and other related structures 3: the
diagnosis and correction of such relationships and the treatment
and/or prevention of disturbances resulting therefrom
orbital prosthesis: a prosthesis that artificially restores the eye, eye-
lids, and adjacent hard and soft tissue lost as a result of trauma or
surgery
orbiting condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
organ of mastication: the combination of all the structures involved
in the reception, mastication, and deglutition of food
organic occlusion: see ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATION
orifice n (15c): an opening into a body cavity
oronasal fistula: a pathologic opening between the oral and nasal
cavities
oropharynx n (1887): the part of the pharynx lying between the
soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottiscalled also oral
pharynx, pars oralis pharyngis, pharyngooral cavity, and vestibule
of the pharynx
orthodontic band: a metal orthodontic device that holds a bracket
or tube and encircles a tooth
orthognathic surgery: surgical repositioning of all or parts of the
maxillae or mandible
orthognathous adj: pertaining to or characterized by minimal
protrusion of the mandible or minimal prognathism
orthopedic craniofacial prosthesis (1998): a dynamic orthopedic
prosthesis to maintain or position craniofacial osseous segments
orthotic device: a device designed to brace, activate, or supplement
a weakened limb or function
osseointegration n [P.I. Branemark, ca. 1982]: see OSSEOUS
INTEGRATION
osseous adj (1707): bony
osseous integration (1993) 1: the apparent direct attachment or
connection of osseous tissue to an inert, alloplastic material with-
out intervening connective tissue 2: the process and resultant
apparent direct connection of an exogenous materials surface and
the host bone tissues, without intervening fibrous connective tis-
sue present 3: the interface between alloplastic materials and bone
ossification n (1697) 1: the natural process of bone formation;
the hardening into a bony substance 2: a mass of ossified tissue
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osteitis n (ca. 1839): inflammation of bone
osteoarthritis n (1878): chronic degeneration and destruction of
the articular cartilage and/or fibrous connective tissue linings of
the joint components and disks, leading to bony spurs, pain, stiff-
ness, limitation of movement, and changes in bone morphology.
Advanced conditions may involve erosions and disk degeneration
with crepitussyn DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE
osteogenesis n: development of bone; formation of bone
osteoinduction n: the capability of chemicals, procedures, etc.,
to induce bone formation through the differentiation and recruit-
ment of osteoblasts
osteointegration n: see OSSEOUS INTEGRATION palatal expansion: the lateral movement of the maxillae to increase
osteotome n: a chisel for use in cutting bone
ostectomy n: the excision of bone or a portion of a bone, usually
by means of a saw or chisel, for the removal of a sequestrum, the
correction of a deformity, or any other purpose
osteotomy n: the surgical cutting of a bone; frequently used to
also describe smoothing, leveling, or altering external contours of
the bone
osteoporosis n, pl -roses (1846): a medical condition character-
ized by a decrease in bone mass with diminished density and con-
current enlargement of bone spaces, which produces porosity and
fragilityosteoporotic adj
overbite n, slang: see VERTICAL OVERLAP
overclosure n: an occluding vertical dimension at a reduced inter-
arch distance; an occluding vertical dimension that results in
excessive interocclusal distance when the mandible is in the rest
position; it results in a reduced interridge distance when the teeth
are in contact
overdenture n: a removable partial denture or complete denture
that covers and rests on one or more remaining natural teeth, the
roots of natural teeth, and/or dental implants; a prosthesis that
covers and is partially supported by natural teeth, natural tooth
roots, and/or dental implantscalled also overlay denture, over-
lay prosthesis, superimposed prosthesis
overglaze adj (1879): the production of a glazed surface by the addi-
tion of a fluxed glass that usually vitrifies at a lower temperature
overhang n (1864): excess restorative material projecting beyond a
cavity or preparation margin
overjet n: see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP
overjut n: see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP
overlap n (1726): see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP, VERTICAL
OVERLAP
overlay denture: see OVERDENTURE
overlay prosthesis: see OVERDENTURE
P tive closure between the soft palate and one or more of the pharyn-
pack vt (14c) 1a: to make into a compact form 1b: to completely fill
2a: to crowd together 2b: to compresspackability n
packable adj
packing vt: the act of filling a moldsee DENTURE P.
pain n (13c): a subjective unpleasant sensory and emotional experi-
ence associated with actual or potential tissue damage or
described in terms of such damagesee ACUTE P., CHRONIC
P., HETEROTOPIC P., MASTICATORY P., MUSCU-
LOSKELETAL P., MYOGENOUS P., NEUROGENOUS P.,
ODONTOGENOUS P., PRIMARY P., PROJECTED P., SEC-
ONDARY P., VASCULAR P., VISCERAL P.
palatal augmentation prosthesis: a palatal prosthesis that allows
reshaping of the hard palate to improve tongue/palate contact
during speech and swallowing due to impaired tongue mobility as
a result of surgery, trauma, or neurologic/motor deficits
palatal bar: see PALATAL BAR CONNECTOR
palatal bar connector: a major connector of a removable partial den-
ture that crosses the palate and is characterized by being relative-
ly narrow anterior and posteriorly
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
osteitis palatopharyngeal sphincter
palatal cleft 1: an opening in the roof of the mouth and/or in the
functional soft palate. A deformity of the palate from improper
union or lack of union during the second month of intrauterine
development of the maxillary process with the median nasal
process 2: a cleft in the palate between the two palatal processes.
If both the hard and soft palate are involved, it is termed uranos-
taphyloschisis; if only the soft palate is divided, it is termed ura-
noschisissee CLEFT PALATE, COMPLETE CLEFT PALATE,
OCCULT CLEFT PALATE
palatal drop prosthesis: see PALATAL AUGMENTATION PROS-
THESIS
palatal width
palatal incompetence: the inability of an anatomically intact soft
palate to effect a functional palatopharyngeal closure
palatal insufficiency: an anatomical inadequacy of the soft palate in
which the palatopharyngeal sphincter is incomplete
palatal lift prosthesis: a removable prosthesis that aids in velopha-
ryngeal closure by elevating an incompetent soft palate that is
dysfunctional due to clefting, surgery, trauma, or unknown paral-
ysisusage: palatal lift prosthesis can be divided into definitive
p.l.p. and interim p.l.p. based on expectations of length of utiliza-
tion, materials in fabrication, and intended use
palatal lift prosthesis modification: alterations in the adaptation,
contour, form, or function of an existing palatal lift necessitated
due to tissue impingement, lack of function, poor clasp adapta-
tion, or the like
palatal plate: a major connector of a removable partial denture that
covers a significant portion of the palatal surface
palatal seal: see POSTPALATAL SEAL
palatal stent: see SURGICAL STENT
palatal strap slang: a maxillary major connector having an anteri-
or/posterior dimension of 12 to 34 that directly or obliquely tra-
verses the palate and is generally located in the area of the second
premolar and first molar
palatal vault 1: the deepest and most superior part of the palate 2:
the curvature of the palate
palate n (14c): see HARD P., SOFT P.
palatogram n: a graphic representation of the area of the palate
contacted by the tongue during a specified activity, usually speech
palatopharyngeal closure: a sphincteric action sealing the oral cavi-
ty from the nasal cavity during swallowing and phonation by the
synchronous movement of the middle third of the soft palate in a
superior and posterior direction, the lateral pharyngeal wall medi-
ally, and the posterior walls of the pharynx anteriorlysyn
VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE
palatopharyngeal inadequacy: a condition where there is lack of effec-
geal walls during swallowing or speech sounds that require high
intraoral pressure. Nasal reflux escape of air during speech or hyper-
nasality may result. This lack of closure may be due to palatopha-
ryngeal incompetence, insufficiency or from lack of movement of
the pharyngeal wallssee PALATOPHARYNGEAL INCOMPE-
TENCE, PALATOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY
palatopharyngeal incompetence: the inability or an anatomically
intact soft palate to contribute to a functional palatopharyngeal
closure usually due to disease or trauma of a neurogenic or mus-
cular naturesee PALATOPHARYNGEAL INADEQUACY,
PALATOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY
palatopharyngeal insufficiency: an acquired or congenital anatomic
defect of the soft palate that makes the palatopharyngeal sphincter
incompletesee PALATOPHARYNGEAL INADEQUACY,
PALATOPHARNYGEAL INCOMPETENCE
palatopharyngeal sphincter: the functional sphincter that separates
the nasopharyngeal and oropharynx during swallowing and
phonation, formed by the posterior and superior movement of
the middle third of the soft palate, the anterior movement of the
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
palatopharyngeal sphincter percussion
posterior pharyngeal wall, and the medial movement of the later-
al pharyngeal wallssee PALATOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE
syn VELOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER
palliative adj (1543): affording relief but not a cure
palpate vt palpated; palpating (1849): to examine by touch partitive color mixing: color mixing in which both additive and sub-
palpation n
panoramic radiograph: a radiograph produced by a panoramic
machinecalled also orthopantograph
panoramic radiography: a method of radiography by which contin-
uous radiographs of the maxillary and/or mandibular dental arch-
es and their associated structures may be obtained. The x-ray
source may be placed intraoral or extraoral
Panorex adjtrademark (1966): see PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH
pantogram n: see PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING
pantograph n (1723) 1: an instrument used for copying a planar
figure to any desired scale 2: in dentistry, an instrument used to
graphically record in one or more planes paths of mandibular
movement and to provide information for the programming of an
articulator
pantographic tracing: a graphic record of mandibular movement in
three planes as registered by the styli on the recording tables of a
pantograph; tracings of mandibular movement recorded on plates
in the horizontal and sagittal planes
papilla n, pl papillae (1713): any small, nipple-shaped elevation
see INCISIVE P., INTERDENTAL P.
parafunction adj: disordered or perverted function
parallax n: a difference in the perceived location of an object when
observed from two different points not on a straight line with the
object
parallel attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT
parallelometer n 1: an instrument used for determining the exact
parallel relationships of lines, structures, and surfaces in dental
casts and prostheses 2: an apparatus used for making one object
parallel with another object, as in paralleling attachments and
abutments for fixed partial dentures or precision attachments for
removable partial dentures
paralysis n (1525): loss or impairment of motor function as the
result of a trauma or pathosis
paresthesia n: lacking normal sensation, such as tingling or burning;
morbid or perverted sensation; abnormal sensation
partial denture: a dental prosthesis that restores one or more but not
all of the natural teeth and/or associated parts and that is sup-
ported in part by natural teeth, dental implant supported crowns,
abutments, or other fixed partial dentures and/or the mucosa;
usage: a partial denture should be described as a fixed partial den-
ture or removable partial denture based on the patients capabili-
ty to remove or not remove the prosthesis. If the prosthesis is a
fixed partial denture that can only be removed by a clinician, i.e.,
a fixed partial denture supported by dental implants that has been
retained by means of a mechanical system (i.e., screw[s]), this
prosthesis is a fixed partial denture. An adjective may be added to
the clinical description, if needed, to designate the means of
mechanical retention, i.e., a screw retained fixed partial denture.
Any such prosthesis luted to dental implants (in the same manner
as luting a fixed partial denture to natural teeth) needs no addi-
tional designation as to its means of retentionsee BILATERAL
DISTAL EXTENSION REMOVABLE P.D., FIXED P.D.,
REMOVABLE P.D., UNILATERAL REMOVABLE P.D.
partial denture construction obs: the science and techniques of
designing and constructing partial dentures (GPT-4)
partial denture impression: a negative likeness of a part or all of a
partially edentulous arch
partial denture rest: a rigid extension of a fixed or removable partial
denture that prevents movement toward the mucosa and trans-
mits functional forces to the teeth
partial denture retention: the ability of a partial denture to resist
movement away from its foundation area and/or abutments
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
partial dislocation: dislocation of the articular disk due to a serious-
ly impaired disk-condyle complex function
partial veneer crown: a restoration that restores all but one coronal
surface of a tooth, usually not covering the facial surface
tractive principles are involved. The eye interprets tiny dots of
subtractive color too small to be individually resolved at the view-
ing distance. The resultant color will be the average of the colors
used
Passavants pad: see PASSAVANTS RIDGE
Passavants ridge [Philip Gustav Passavant, German surgeon, 1815-
1893]: eponym for a prominence on the posterior wall of the nasal
pharynx formed by contraction of the superior constrictor muscle
of the pharynx during swallowing. Contraction occurs at the level
of the plane of the hard palatecalled also Passavants bar, Pas-
savants cushion, Passavants pad, and Passavants ridge
Passavant PG. Uber die Verschliesung des Schlunmdes beim Sprechen,
(Virchows) Arch Path Anat (Berlin) Virchows 1869;1-31.
passivate vt -ated; -ating (1913) 1: to render inactive or less reac-
tive 2: to protect against contamination by coating or surface
treating
passivation n: a process whereby metals and alloys are made more
corrosion resistant through surface treatment. This process pro-
duces a thin and stable inert oxide layer on the external surfaces
called also passive corrosion conditioning
passive adj (14c) 1: not active or in operation; inert; latent 2: resis-
tant to corrosion 3: existing or occurring without being active,
direct, or open
passivity n (14c): the quality or condition of inactivity or rest
assumed by the teeth, tissues, and denture when a removable par-
tial denture is in place but not under masticatory pressure
patent adj (14c): open or unobstructed path of dislodgment: the
specific direction in which a removable partial denture may be dis-
lodged
path of insertion: see PATH OF PLACEMENT
path of placement: the specific direction in which a prosthesis is
placed on the abutment teeth
pathogenic occlusion: an occlusal relationship capable of producing
pathologic changes in the stomatognathic system
pattern n (14c): a form that is used to make a mold; a model for
making a moldsee OCCLUSAL P.
patrix n, pl patrices 1: a pattern or die used in type founding to
form a matrix 2: the extension of a dental attachment system that
fits into the matrix
pawl n (1626): a pivotal tongue or bolt on one part of a machine
that is adapted to fall into notches or spaces on another part so as
to permit motion in only one direction, i.e., a ratchet wheel
pear-shaped area: see PEAR-SHAPED PAD
pear-shaped pad: the most distal extension of attached keratinized
mucosa overlying the mandibular ridge crest formed by the scar-
ring pattern after extraction of the most posterior molar. It should
be differentiated from the retromolar area
pediatric speech aid prosthesis: a temporary or interim prosthesis
used to close a defect in the hard and/or soft palate. It may
replace tissue lost due to developmental or surgical alterations. It
is necessary for the production of intelligible speechsyn BULB,
CLEFT PALATE APPLIANCE, NASOPHARYNGEAL OBTU-
RATOR, OBTURATOR, PROSTHETIC SPEECH AID,
SPEECH APPLIANCE, SPEECH BULB
peg lateral: an undersized, tapered maxillary lateral incisor
perceived color: attribute of visual perception that can be described
by color names: white, gray, black, yellow, orange, brown, red,
green, blue, purple, etc., or by a combination of names
percussion n (1544) 1: the act of striking a part with sharp blows
as an aid in diagnosing the condition of the underlying parts by
means of the sound obtained 2: in dentistry, striking a part with
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short, sharp blows as a diagnostic aid in evaluation of a tooth or
dental implant by the sound obtained
periapical adj: relating to tissues surrounding the apex of a tooth,
including the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament
peri-implantitis substand: in periodontics, a term used to describe
inflammation around a dental implant, usually its abutment; edi-
torial note: suggested terminology includes gingivitis, acute gin-
givitis, chronic gingivitis since the implant does not exhibit
inflammation
perimolysis (1998): acidic erosion of the teeth as a result of chron-
ic gastric regurgitation
House RC, et al. Perimolysis: unveiling the surreptitious vomiter. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1981;51:152-5.
periodontal adj: pertaining to or occurring around a tooth
periodontometry n: the measurement of tooth mobility
periosteum n, pl -tea (1597): the membrane of connective tissue
that closely invests all bones except at articular surfaces
peripheral seal: see BORDER SEAL
periphery n, pl -eries (1571): see DENTURE BORDER
periradicular adj: around or surrounding a tooth root
permanent dentition: the teeth that erupt after the primary denti-
tion that do not shed under normal conditions
pharyngeal flap: tissue elevated from the posterior pharyngeal wall
and inserted into the soft palate to correct palatopharyngeal inad-
equacy
pharyngeal speech aid prosthesis: see DEFINITIVE OBTURA-
TOR, INTERIM OBTURATOR, SURGICAL OBTURATOR
pharyngeal walls: posterior and lateral walls of the naso- and
oropharynx
pharynx n, pl pharynges (ca. 1693): a funnel-shaped tube of mus-
cle tissue between the mouth, nares, and the esophagus, which is
the common pathway for food and air. The nasopharynx is above
the level of the soft palate. The oropharynx lies between the
upper edge of the epiglottis and the soft palate, whereas the laryn-
gopharynx lies below the upper edge of the epiglottis and the
openings into the esophagus and larynx
phosphorescence n (1796): a form of photoluminescence based
on the properties of certain molecules to absorb energy (either
near ultra violet or visible), and emit it in the form of visible radi-
ation at a higher wave length. Distinguished from fluorescence in
that light continues to be emitted for some time after the exciting
energy has ceasedsee FLUORESCENCE, LUMINANCE
photoactive adj: reacting chemically to visible light or ultraviolet
radiationphotoactivation
photometer n (1884): an instrument for the measurement of
emitted, reflected, or transmitted light. For the measurement of
luminous intensity, a visual receptor element (the eye) may be
used in the measuring device or a physical receptor element may
be used that can be related to the calculated response of a stan-
dard observersee PHYSICAL P., VISUAL P.
photon n (ca. 1922): a massless particle, the quantum of the elec-
tromagnetic field, carrying energy, momentum, and angular
momentumcalled also light quantum
photopic vision: vision as it occurs under illumination sufficient to
permit the full discrimination of colors. It is the function of the
retinal cones and is not dependent on the retinal rodscalled also
daylight vision as contrasted with twilight or scotopic vision
photoreceptor process: that specific process that is set in motion in
a visual sensory end organ or other photic receptor by the inci-
dence of its adequate stimulus, i.e., light
physical elasticity of muscle obs: the physical quality of muscle of
being elastic; that is, yielding to active or passive physical stretch
(GPT-4)
physical photometer: a photometer in which the measurement is
made by some physical or chemical effect instead of by visual
methods
physiologically balanced occlusion obs: a balanced occlusion that is
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
percussion plaster of paris
in harmony with the temporomandibular joints and the neuro-
muscular system (GPT-4)
physiologic elasticity of muscle obs: the unique biologic quality of
muscle of being capable of change and of resuming its size under
neuromuscular control (GPT-4)
physiologic occlusion obs: occlusion in harmony with the functions
of the masticatory system (GPT-4)
physiologic rest position 1: the mandibular position assumed when
the head is in an upright position and the involved muscles, par-
ticularly the elevator and depressor groups, are in equilibrium in
tonic contraction, and the condyles are in a neutral, unstrained
position (GPT-1) 2: the position assumed by the mandible when
the attached muscles are in a state of tonic equilibrium. The posi-
tion is usually noted when the head is held upright (GPT-1) 3:
the postural position of the mandible when an individual is rest-
ing comfortably in an upright position and the associated muscles
are in a state of minimal contractual activitycomp OCCLUSAL
VERTICAL DIMENSION, REST VERTICAL DIMENSION
physiologic or physiological adj (1814) 1: characteristic of or con-
forming to the innate function of a tissue or organ 2: pertaining
to organic processes or to functions in an organism or in any of
its parts 3: the opposite of pathologic
1pickle n (15c): a solution or bath for preserving or cleaning; any of
various baths used in cleaning or processing
2pickle vt pickled; pickling (1552): to treat, preserve, or clean in
or with an agent
pier n: an intermediate abutment for a fixed partial denture
pier abutment: see INTERMEDIATE ABUTMENT
pigment n (14c): finely ground, natural or synthetic, inorganic or
organic, insoluble dispersed particles (powder), which, when dis-
persed in a liquid vehicle, may provide, in addition to color, many
other essential properties such as opacity, hardness, durability, and
corrosion resistance. The term is used to include an extender,
white or color pigments. The distinction between powders that
are pigments and those that are dyes is generally considered on
the basis of solubilitypigments being insoluble and dispersed in
the material, dyes being soluble or in solution as used
pin n (bef. 12c): a small cylindrical piece of metalsee ANTERIOR
GUIDE P., CEMENTED P., FRICTION RETAINED P., SELF-
THREADING P., STEINMANNS P.
pinledge (1998): a partial veneer retainer preparation incorporating
pins holes to provide retention
pivoting condole: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
placement v: the process of directing a prosthesis to a desired loca-
tion; the introduction of prosthesis into a patients mouthsub-
stand DELIVERY, INSERTIONcalled also denture placement,
prosthesis placement
plane n (1570): a flat surface defined by three pointssee AXIS
ORBITAL P., CAMPERS P., CORONAL P., CUSP P., FRANK-
FORT HORIZONTAL P., FRONTAL P., HORIZONTAL P.,
INCLINED P., MANDIBULAR P., MEDIAN P., OCCLUSAL
P., SAGITTAL P.
plane motion 1: motion that is a combination of rotation and trans-
lation in a given plane. The motion is described by instantaneous
centers of rotation. When the center of rotation is fixed, the body
is rotating 2: the combined motions of translation and rotation of
a rigid body within a given plane
plane of occlusion: see OCCLUSAL PLANE
plane of reference: any plane with defined landmarks from which
measurements can be madesee HORIZONTAL PLANE OF
REFERENCE
plaster n: a paste-like composition (usually of water, lime, and sand)
that hardens on drying and is used for coating walls, ceilings, and
partitionsslang: in dentistry, a colloquial term applied to dental
plaster of paris
plaster of paris (15c): a white, powdery, slightly hydrated calcium
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
plaster of paris postural contraction
sulfate made by calcination of gypsum, used for making casts and
molds when combined with water to form a quick-setting paste
plaster wash obs: a thin mix of plaster used to improve the accuracy
of a preliminary impression (GPT-4)
1plastic adj (1632) 1: capable of being shaped or formed 2: per-
taining to the alteration or reformation of living tissues
2plastic n (ca. 1909): any of numerous organic synthetic or
processed materials that generally are thermoplastic or ther-
mosetting polymers, usually of high molecular weight. They can
be cast, extruded, molded, drawn, or laminated into films, fila-
ments, and objects
plastic base obs: a denture or record base made of a plastic material
(GPT-4)
plate n, slang: see PROSTHESIS
platinum foil: a precious-metal foil with a high fusing point that
makes it suitable as a matrix for various soldering procedures as
well as to provide an internal form for porcelain restorations dur-
ing their fabrication
Pleasure curve [Max Pleasure, 1903-1965]: eponym for a curve of
occlusion which, when viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a
line that is convex in the cephalic direction, except when viewed
through the molar region
plunger cusp: a cusp that tends to force food interproximal
pogonion n: the most anterior point on the mandible
point A: a bony landmark representing the deepest point of the pre-
maxillary concavity between the anterior nasal spine and
prosthion as viewed on a lateral cephalometric radiograph
point angle: in the development of a cavity preparation, that place of
convergence of three planes or surfacescomp LINE ANGLE
point B: see SUPRAMENTALE
1polish vb (14c): to make smooth and glossy, usually by friction; giv-
ing luster; the act or process of making a denture or casting
smooth and glossy
2polish n (1704): a smooth, glossy surface; having luster
polished denture surface obs: that portion of the surface of a den-
ture that extends in an occlusal direction from the border of the
denture and includes the palatal surfaces. It is that part of the
denture base that is usually polished, and it includes the buccal
and lingual surfaces of the teeth (GPT-4)
polished layer: see BEILBY LAYER
polishing v, obs 1: to make smooth and glossy, usually by friction;
to give luster to (GPT-1) 2: obs: the act or process of making a
denture or casting smooth and glossy (GPT-1)
polishing agents: any material used to impart luster to a surface
polyether adj: an elastomeric impression material of ethylene oxide
and tetra-hydrofuro copolymers that polymerizes under the influ-
ence of an aromatic ester
polymer n (1866): a chemical compound consisting of large organ-
ic molecules built by repetition of smaller monomeric units
polymerization n (1872): the forming of a compound by the join-
ing together of molecules of small molecular weights into a com-
pound of large molecular weight
polymerize vb: to effect a chemical reaction by joining together
individual molecules to form large molecules made up of many
repeated units
polysomnography n: the all-night recording of a variety of phys-
iologic parameters (e.g., brain waves, eye movements, muscle
tonus, respiration, heart rate) as an aid in the diagnosis of sleep
related disorders
polysulfide n (1849): an elastomeric impression material of poly-
sulfide polymer (mercaptan) that cross-links under the influence
of oxidizing agents such as lead peroxide
polyvinylsiloxane n: an addition reaction silicone elastomeric
impression material of silicone polymers having terminal vinyl
groups that cross-link with silanes on activation by a platinum or
palladium salt catalyst
pontic n: an artificial tooth on a fixed partial denture that replaces a
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
missing natural tooth, restores its function, and usually fills the
space previously occupied by the clinical crown
porcelain n (known in Europe, ca. 1540): a ceramic material
formed of infusible elements joined by lower fusing materials.
Most dental porcelains are glasses and are used in the fabrication
of teeth for dentures, pontics and facings, metal ceramic restora-
tions, crowns, inlays, onlays, and other restorations
porcelain fused to metal restoration: see METAL CERAMIC
RESTORATION
porcelain labial margin: the extension of ceramic material to the fin-
ish line of the preparation without visible metal substructure in
the marginal areasyn PORCELAIN BUTT MARGIN
porosity n, pl -ties (14c) 1: the presence of voids or pores within
a structure 2: the state or quality of having minute pores, open-
ings or intersticessee BACK PRESSURE P., OCCLUDED
GAS P., SHRINK-SPOT P., SOLIDIFICATION P.
positional record: an intraoral or extraoral registration of a specified
mandibular position
post-core: see DOWEL
post-core crown: a restoration in which the crown and cast post is
one unit
post dam: see POSTPALATAL SEAL
post dam area: see POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA
posterior adj (1534) 1: situated behind or in back of; caudal 2: in
human anatomy, dorsal
posterior bite collapse: see POSTERIOR OVERCLOSURE
posterior border jaw relation obs: the most posterior relation of the
mandible to the maxillae at any specific vertical relation (GPT-4)
posterior border movement: movements of the mandible along the
posterior limit of the envelope of motion
posterior border position: the most posterior position of the
mandible at any specific vertical relation
posterior determinants of mandibular movement: the temporo-
mandibular articulations and associated structuressee DETER-
MINANTS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
posterior determinants of occlusion: see DETERMINANTS OF
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
posterior open bite slang: see POSTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSAL
RELATIONSHIP
posterior open occlusal relationship: lack of posterior tooth con-
tact in any occluding position of the anterior teeth
posterior opening movement obs: the opening movement of the
mandible about the terminal hinge axis (GPT-4)
posterior overclosure: the loss of occluding vertical dimension as a
result of the loss or drifting of posterior teeth
posterior palatal seal: see POSTPALATAL SEAL
posterior palatal seal area: see POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA
posterior reference points: two points, located one on each side of
the face in the area of the transverse horizontal axis, which,
together with an anterior reference point, establish the horizontal
reference plane
posterior tooth form: the distinguishing contours of the occlusal
surfaces of posterior teeth
postmenopausal atrophy: atrophy of various tissues, such as oral
mucosa, occurring after menopause
postpalatal seal: the seal area at the posterior border of a maxillary
prosthesis
postpalatal seal area: the soft tissue area at or beyond the junction
of the hard and soft palates on which pressure, within physiolog-
ic limits, can be applied by a denture to aid in its retention
postsurgical prosthesis: see DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR,
INTERIM OBTURATOR
postural contraction: that minimal tonic muscle activity necessary to
resist the forces of gravity and thus maintain posture; mainte-
nance of muscle tension (usually isometric) sufficient to maintain
posture, dependent on muscle tone
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postural position: any mandibular relationship occurring during
minimal muscle contraction
pour hole obs: an aperture in investment or any other mold material
leading to the prosthesis space into which prosthetic material is
poured (GPT-4)
precious metal: a metal containing primarily elements of the plat-
inum group, gold, and silver
precious metal alloy: an alloy predominantly composed of elements
considered precious, i.e., gold, the six metals of the platinum
group (platinum, osmium, iridium, palladium, ruthenium, and
rhodium), and silver
precision attachment: 1: a retainer consisting of a metal receptacle
(matrix) and a closely fitting part (patrix); the matrix is usually
contained within the normal or expanded contours of the crown
on the abutment tooth and the patrix is attached to a pontic or
the removable partial denture framework 2: an interlocking
device, one component of which is fixed to an abutment or abut-
ments, and the other is integrated into a removable prosthesis to
stabilize and/or retain it
precision rest: a prefabricated, rigid metallic extension (patrix) in a
fixed or removable partial denture that fits intimately into the
box-type rest seat or keyway (matrix) portion of a precision
attachment in a cast restoration
preextraction cast: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
preliminary cast: a cast formed from a preliminary impression for
use in diagnosis or the fabrication of an impression tray
preliminary impression: a negative likeness made for the purpose of
diagnosis, treatment planning, or the fabrication of a tray
premature contact: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
prematurity n: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
preoperative cast: a positive likeness of a part or parts of the oral cav-
ity for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment planningsee
DIAGNOSTIC CAST
preoperative record obs: any record made for the purpose of study
or treatment planning (GPT-4)
preoperative wax-up: a dental diagnostic procedure in which
planned restorations are developed in wax on a diagnostic cast to
determine optimal clinical and laboratory procedures necessary
to achieve the desired esthetics and functioncalled also diag-
nostic wax-up, preoperative waxing
preprosthetic surgery: surgical procedures designed to facilitate fab-
rication or to improve the prognosis of prosthodontic care
pressure area: a region of mucosa that is being subjected to exces-
sive pressure from a denture
pressure indicating paste: any substance applied to a prosthesis,
which, when seated on a structure, demonstrates the adaptation of
the prosthesis to the structure it opposes
pressure relief obs: alteration of the denture-bearing surface of a den-
ture to reduce force on the underlying tissues (GPT-4)
pressure welding: bonding of two metals together by sufficiently
large force applied perpendicular to the surface. Such force must
be of magnitude to produce permanent distortions that expose a
film-free metal contact
pretreatment records: any records made for the purpose of diagno-
sis, recording of the patient history, or treatment planning in
advance of therapy
primary colors: three basic colors used to make most other colors by
mixture, either additive mixture of lights or subtractive mixture of
colorants
primary colors additive: three colored lights from which all other
colors can be matched by additive mixture. The three must be
selected so that no one of them can be matched by mixture of the
other two. Generally, red, green, and blue are used. Additive pri-
maries are the complements of the subtractive primaries
primary colors subtractive: colors of three colorants or colored mate-
rials which, when mixed together subtract from one another, result
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
postular position prosthetic speech aid
in black or a very dark neutral color. Subtractive primaries are gen-
erally cyan, magenta, and yellow
primary dentition: the teeth that erupt first and are normally shed
to be replaced by permanent (succedaneous) teethsyn DECID-
UOUS DENTITION
primary hyperalgesia: stimulation evoked primary pain due to low-
ered pain threshold
primary impression: see PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION
primary occlusal trauma: the effects induced by abnormal or excessive
occlusal forces acting on teeth with normal periodontal support
primary pain: pain that identifies the true source of nociceptive
input result from the dispersion of light rays by means of a prism
or diffraction grating
process n, pl processes (14c) 1: in anatomy, a prominence or pro-
jection of bone 2: in dentistry, any technical procedure that incor-
porates a number of steps; the procedure of bringing about poly-
merization of dental resins for prostheses or basessee DEN-
TURE PROCESSING
processed denture base: that portion of a polymerized prosthesis
covering the oral mucosa of the maxillary and/or mandible to
which artificial teeth will be attached by means of a second
processing
process jig: see ANALOG
profile n (ca. 1656): an outline or contour, especially one repre-
senting a side view of a human head
profile record: a registration or record of the facial profile of a
patientsee also EMERGENCE PROFILE
prognathic n: a protruded position of the mandible in relation to
the maxillaecalled also caput progeneum, exognathia, progenia,
and prognathia
prognathism n (ca. 1864): an overgrowth of the mandible in an
anteroposterior direction; a protrusion of the mandible in relation
to the maxillae
prognosis n (1655): a forecast as to the probable result of a disease
or a course of therapy
progressive loading (1998): the gradual increase in the application
of force on a dental implant whether intentionally done with a
prosthesis or unintentionally via forces placed by adjacent
anatomic structures or parafunctional loading
progressive mandibular lateral translation 1: the translatory por-
tion of mandibular movement when viewed in a specified body
plane 2: the translatory portion of mandibular movement as
viewed in a specific body plane that occurs at a rate or amount
that is directly proportional to the forward movement of the non-
working condylesee MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
progressive side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
projected pain: heterotopic pain felt in the anatomical peripheral dis-
tribution of the same nerve that mediates the primary pain
proportional limit: that unit of stresses beyond which deformation
is no longer proportional to the applied load
proprioception n (1906): the reception of stimulation of sensory
nerve terminals within the tissues of the body that give informa-
tion concerning movements and the position of the body; per-
ception mediated by proprioceptors
prosthesis n, pl -theses (1900) 1: an artificial replacement of an
absent part of the human body 2: a therapeutic device to improve
or alter function 3: a device used to aid in accomplishing a desired
surgical resultsee DEFINITIVE P., DENTAL P., INTERIM P.,
PROVISIONAL P., SURGICAL P.
prosthesis placement: see PLACEMENT
prosthetic adj, prosthetically adv (ca. 1890): relating to a pros-
thesis or prosthetics
prosthetic dentistry: see PROSTHODONTICS
prosthetic restoration obs: an artificial replacement for an absent
part of the human body (GPT-4)
prosthetic speech aid: see ADULT SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS,
PEDIATRIC SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
prosthetics radiation carrier
prosthetics n, pl but sing or pl in constr (ca. 1894): the art and sci-
ence of supplying artificial replacements for missing parts of the
human bodysee also MAXILLOFACIAL P.
prosthetist n: a person involved in the construction of an artificial
replacement for any part of the human body
prosthodontia n: see PROSTHODONTICS
prosthodontics n, pl but sing or pl in constr (1947): the branch of
dentistry pertaining to the restoration and maintenance of oral
function, comfort, appearance, and health of the patient by the
restoration of natural teeth and/or the replacement of missing
teeth and craniofacial tissues with artificial substitutessee
FIXED PROSTHODONTICS, IMPLANT PROSTHODON-
TICS, MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETICS, REMOVABLE
PROSTHODONTICS
prosthodontist n (1917) 1: a specialist in prosthodontics 2: a den-
tist who has successfully completed an advanced education pro-
gram in prosthodontics that is accredited by the appropriate
accrediting body. In the United States, that body is the Commis-
sion on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Associa-
tionsee BOARD-CERTIFIED P., BOARD-ELIGIBLE P.,
EDUCATIONALLY QUALIFIED P.
protanopia: a form of dichromatism in which red and blue-green
stimuli are confused
protonomalous vision: a form of color deficient vision in which the
ability to perceive blue and yellow is retained. Hue discrimination
is poor in the red to green region of the spectrum
protrusion n (1646): a position of the mandible anterior to centric
relationsee LATEROPROTRUSION
protrusive adj, protrusively adv, protrusiveness n (1676):
thrusting forward; adjective denoting protrusion
protrusive checkbite: see PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
protrusive condyle path: the path the condyle travels when the
mandible is moved forward from its initial position
protrusive deflection: a continuing eccentric displacement of the
midline incisal path on protrusion, symptomatic of a restriction of
movement
protrusive deviation: discursive movement on protrusion that ends
in the centered position and is indicative of interference during
movement
protrusive jaw relation obs: a jaw relation resulting from a protru-
sion of the mandible (GPT-4)
protrusive interocclusal record: a registration of the mandible in
relation to the maxillae when both condyles are advanced in the
temporal fossa
protrusive occlusion obs: an occlusion of the teeth when the
mandible is protruded (GPT-4)
protrusive record: see PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
protrusive relation obs: the relation of the mandible to the maxillae
when the mandible is thrust forward (GPT-4)
provisional denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
provisional prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
provisional restoration: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
provisional splint: an interim device to stabilize teeth during diag-
nosis or therapysyn INTERIM SPLINT
proximal adj (1727) 1: situated close to 2: next to or nearest the
point of attachment or origin, a central point especially, located
toward the center of a bodycomp DISTALproximally adj
proximal contact: see INTERPROXIMAL CONTACT
pseudoisochromatic color tests: tests for detecting color vision defi-
ciency. The charts are made up of colored spots that yield a legi-
ble pattern (number, letter, figure, etc.,) for a normal observer
but yield no legible pattern for observers with anomalous types of
color vision
psychophysical adj (1847): used to describe the sector of color
science that deals with the relationship between physical descrip-
94
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
tion or specification of stimuli and the sensory perception arising
from them
psychophysical color: a specification of color stimulus in terms of
operationally defined values, such as three tri-stimulus values
psychosomatic dentistry 1: dentistry that concerns itself with the
mind-body relationship 2: dentistry that acknowledges a relation-
ship between the psychic and normal physiological functions
pterygoid notch: see PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH
pterygoid plates: broad, thin, wing-shaped processes of the spheroid
bone separated by the pterygoid fossa. The inferior end of the
medial plate terminates in a long curved process or hook for the
tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle. The lateral plate gives
attachment to the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
pterygomaxillary notch: the palpable notch formed by the junction
of the maxilla and the pterygoid hamulus of the sphenoid bone
pulp n: the richly vascularized connective tissue, with much innerva-
tion, of mesodermal origin contained in the central cavity of the
tooth
pulp capping: application of a material to protect the pulp from
external influences and promote healing, done either directly or
indirectly
pulpectomy n: the complete removal of the dental pulp
pulpitis n: inflammation of the dental pulp
pulpotomy n: surgical amputation of the coronal portion of the den-
tal pulp
1pumice n (15th cent.) 1: a type of volcanic glass used as an abra-
sive. It is prepared in various grits and used for finishing and pol-
ishing 2: a polishing agent, in powdered form, used for natural
teeth and fixed and removable restorations
2pumice vt pumiced; pumicing (15th cent.): to finish or dress
with pumice
pyramidal fracture: a fracture of the midfacial bones, with the prin-
cipal fracture lines meeting at an apex in the area of the nasion
called also Le Fort II fracture
Q
Q.D.: acronym for L. Qadque Die, every day
Q.H.: acronym for L. Quaque Hora, every hour
Q.I.D.: acronym for L. Quater In Die, four times a day
Q.L.: acronym for L. Quantum Libet, as much as desired
Q.Q.H.: acronym for L. Quaque Quarta Hora, every 4 hours
quadrant n (15c) 1: any of the four quarters into which something
is divided by two real or imaginary lines that intersect each other
at right angles 2: in dentistry, one of the four sections of the den-
tal arches, divided at the midline
quartz n (ca. 1631): an allotropic form of silica; the mineral SiO2
consisting of hexagonal crystals of colorless, transparent silicon
dioxide
quick-cure resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
R
RAD: acronym for Radiation Absorbed Dose, a unit of measurement
of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. The biologic effect of
one rad varies with the type of radiation tissue is exposed tosee
also GRAY
radiation n (1570): the emission of electromagnetic waves, such as
light, short wave, radio, ultraviolet, or x-rays, or particulate rays
such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays
radiation carrier: a device used to administer radiation to confined
areas by means of capsules, beads, or needles of radiation emitting
materials such as radium or cesium. Its function is to hold the
radiation source securely in the same location during the entire
period of treatmentsyn CARRIER PROSTHESIS, INTRA-
CAVITY APPLICATOR, INTRACAVITY CARRIER, RADIA-
TION APPLICATOR, RADIUM CARRIER, RADIOTHERA-
PY PROSTHESIS
VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
radiation cone locator: a prosthesis used to direct and reduplicate
the path of radiation to an oral tumor during a split course of irra-
diationsyn CONE LOCATOR, DOCKING DEVICE
radiation shield: an intraoral prosthesis designed to shield adjacent
tissues from radiation during orthovoltage treatment of malig-
nant lesions of the head and neck regionssyn LEAD SHIELD,
RADIATION STENT, TONGUE PROTECTOR
radiation shield/positioner: custom-made prosthesis to align and
protect adjacent tissues during irradiation
radiation source device: custom-made prosthesis to align a radiation
source to a specific anatomic site
radiation stent: see RADIATION SHIELD
radicle n (1671): the lower part of the axis of an object
radicular adj (1830): pertaining to the root of a tooth
radiogram n: see RADIOGRAPH
1radiograph n (1880): an image produced on any sensitive surface
by means of electromagnetic radiation other than light; a x-ray
photograph
2radiograph vt (1896): to make a radiograph of
radiolucent: permitting the passage of radiant energy with rela-
tively little attenuation by absorption
radiopaque (1917): a structure that strongly inhibits the passage of
radiant energy
ramus endosteal implant: an endosteal dental implant that is
attached, in part, to the ramus of the mandible
ramus frame endosteal implant: a dental implant design that con-
sists of a horizontal intraoral supragingival abutment in the form
of a bar and endosteal implant body segments that are placed into
the rami and symphysis areas as one section (implants fabricated
from one piece of metal), or two sections (implants of anterior
and horizontal segments that are connected at the time of place-
ment), or five sections (an implant consisting of five sections in
which the endosteal implant body segments are independently
placed and connected with fitted parts)
range of motion: the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through
which a joint can be extended or flexed. The range of the open-
ing, lateral, and protrusive excursions of the temporomandibular
joint
raphe n (1753) 1: line of union of symmetrical parts 2: a fibrous
band or bands where paired muscles meet
reattachment n: in periodontics, the reunion of epithelial and con-
nective tissues with root surfaces and bone such as occurs after
incision or injury
rebase n: the laboratory process of replacing the entire denture base
material on an existing prosthesis
receptor sites: specific sites at which molecular binding occurs that
results in specific biologic responses
recipient site: the site into which a graft or transplant material is
placed
reciprocal adj, obs: the manner in which one part of a prosthesis is
made to counter the effect created by another part (GPT-1)
reciprocal arm: see RECIPROCAL CLASP
reciprocal clasp: a component of the clasp assembly specifically
designed to provide reciprocation by engaging a reciprocal guid-
ing plane; it contacts the action of the clasp during removal and
insertion of a removable partial denture
reciprocal click: a pair of clicks emanating from the temporo-
mandibular joint, one of which occurs during opening move-
ments and the other during closing movements
reciprocation n (1561) 1: the mechanism by which lateral forces
generated by a retentive clasp passing over a height of contour are
counterbalanced by a reciprocal clasp passing along a reciprocal
guiding plane 2: a mutual exchange 3: an alternating motion
reciprocative adj
1record vb (14c) 1: to register data relating to specific conditions
that exist currently or previously 2: to register permanently by
mechanical means, i.e., jaw relationshipssee CENTRIC RELA-
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
radiation cone locator remodel
TION R., ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL R., INTEROC-
CLUSAL R., OCCLUDING JAW R., TERMINAL JAW RELA-
TION R.
2record n (14c) 1: an official document 2: a body of known or
recorded facts about someone or something
record base: an interim denture base used to support the record rim
material for recording maxillomandibular records
record rim: the occlusal surfaces fabricated on a record base for the
purpose of making maxillomandibular relationship records
and/or arranging teethcalled also occlusion rim
reduced interarch distance: an occluding vertical dimension that
results in an excessive interocclusal distance when the mandible is
in rest position and in a reduced interridge distance when the
teeth are in contactcalled also overclosure
reduction n (1546): the correction of a fracture or dislocation; the
restoration by surgical or manipulative procedures of a part to its
normal anatomic location
reference plane locator: a device used to facilitate location of the
horizontal reference plane on the face of a patient
reflectance n (1926): the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiant
flux to that of the incident flux. In popular usage, it is considered
as the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiant flux to that reflect-
ed from a defined reference standard. Specular reflection is the
angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence. Surface reflec-
tion is associated with objects having optically smooth surfaces.
These objects are usually termed glossy
reflection (14c) n 1: the elevation and folding back of all or part of
the mucosa to expose underlying structures 2: the return of light
or sound waves from a surface
refraction n (1603): the deflection of light or energy waves from a
straight path that occurs when passing obliquely from one medi-
um into another in which its velocity is different
refractory adj (1606): difficult to fuse or corrode; capable of
enduring high temperatures
refractory cast: a cast made of a material that will withstand high
temperatures without disintegratingcalled also investment cast
refractory flask: see CASTING FLASK
refractory investment: an investment material that can withstand
the high temperatures used in soldering or casting
refractory mold: a refractory cavity into which a substance is shaped
or cast
regeneration n (14c): renewal or restoration of a body or bodily
part after injury or as a normal processsee GUIDED TISSUE
REGENERATION
registration n (1566) 1: the making of a record of the jaw rela-
tionships present, or those desired, thus allowing their transfer to
an articulator to assist in proper fabrication of a dental prosthesis
2: a record made of the desired maxillomandibular relationship
and used to relate casts to an articulatorsee MAXILLO-
MANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD
reimplantation n: the act of replacing a tooth in the same alveo-
lar socket from which it had been removed, either surgically or as
a result of trauma
relief adj: the reduction or elimination of undesirable pressure or
force from a specific region under a denture base. The creation of
space in an impression tray for impression material
relief area: that portion of the denture that is reduced to eliminate
excessive pressure
relief chamber: see RELIEF AREA
reline vt (1851): the procedures used to resurface the tissue side of
a denture with new base material, thus producing an accurate
adaptation to the denture foundation areacomp REBASE
remodel vt: the morphologic change in bone as an adaptive
response to altered environmental demands. The bone will pro-
gressively remodel where there is a proliferation of tissue and
regressive remodeling when osteoclastic resorption is evident
95
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
remount cast retinal fovea
remount cast: a cast formed of a prosthesis for the purpose of
mounting the prosthesis on an articulator
remount procedure: any method used to relate restorations to an
articulator for analysis and/or to assist in development of a plan
for occlusal equilibration or reshaping
remount record index: a record of maxillary structures affixed to the
mandibular member of an articulator useful in facilitating subse-
quent transfers
removable appliance: see REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
removable bridge: see REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
removable partial denture: any prosthesis that replaces some teeth
in a partially dentate arch. It can be removed from the mouth and
replaced at will
removable prosthodontics: the branch of prosthodontics concerned
with the replacement of teeth and contiguous structures for eden-
tulous or partially edentulous patients by artificial substitutes that
are removable from the mouth
replica n (1852) 1: a reproduction or facsimile, especially by the
makers, of an original 2: a copy or duplicate, i.e., a duplicate of
the surface of a component of a dental implant used to process a
restoration
repositioning adj: the changing of any relative position of the
mandible to the maxillae, usually altering the occlusion of the nat-
ural or artificial teeth
repositioning splint: an intraoral splinting device constructed to
temporarily or permanently alter the relative position of the
mandible to the maxillae
residual bone: that component of maxillary or mandibular bone,
once used to support the roots of the teeth, that remains after the
teeth are lost
residual ridge: the portion of the residual bone and its soft tissue
covering that remains after the removal of teeth
residual ridge crest: the most coronal portion of the residual ridge
residual ridge resorption: a term used for the diminishing quantity
and quality of the residual ridge after teeth are removed
Ortman HR. Factors of bone resorption of the residual ridge. J Prosthet
Dent 1962;12:429-40.
Atwood DA. Some clinical factors related to rate of resorption of residual
Ridges. J Prosthet Dent 1962;12:441-50.
resilient adj (1674): characterized or noted by resilience, as a)
capable of withstanding shock without permanent deformation or
rupture or b) tending to recover from or easily adjust to change
syn ELASTICresiliently adv
resilient attachment (1998): an attachment designed to give a
tooth-/soft tissue-borne prosthesis sufficient mechanical flexion
to withstand the variations in seating of the prosthesis due to
deformations of the mucosa and underlying tissues without plac-
ing excessive stress on the abutments
resin n (14c) 1: any of various solid or semisolid amorphous natur-
al organic substances that usually are transparent or translucent
and brown to yellow; usually formed in plant secretions; are sol-
uble in organic solvents but not water; are used chiefly in var-
nishes, inks, plastics, and medicine; and are found in many dental
impression materials 2: a broad term used to describe natural or
synthetic substances that form plastic materials after polymeriza-
tion. They are named according to their chemical composition,
physical structure, and means for activation of polymerization
see AUTOPOLYMERIZING R., COPOLYMER R.
resin-bonded prosthesis: a prosthesis that is luted to tooth struc-
tures, primarily enamel, which has been etched to provide
mechanical retention for the resin cement. Early design incorpo-
rated perforations on the lingual plate (Rochette Bridge) through
which the resin bonded material passed to achieve a mechanical
lock; subsequently, use of acid etching of the metal plate (Mary-
land Bridge) eliminated the need for perforations.
Rochette, Alain L. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior teeth
J Prosthet Dent 1973;30:418-23.
96
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
Livaditis GJ, Thompson VP. Etched castings: an improved retentive mech-
anism for resin-bonded retainers J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:52-9.
resin-bonded splint: a splint of heavy wire or cast metal that is
bonded to the labial or lingual surface of natural teeth with an
acid etch technique. It is used to stabilize traumatically displaced
or periodontally compromised teeth
resin crown: a resin restoration that restores a clinical crown without
a metal substructure
resin-retained prosthesis: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
resistance form: the features of a tooth preparation that enhance the
stability of a restoration and resist dislodgment along an axis other
than the path of placement
resorption n (1818): the loss of tissue substance by physiologic or
pathologic processessee ALVEOLAR RESORPTION
rest n (15c): a projection or attachment, usually on the side of an
objectsee CINGULUM R., INCISAL R., LINGUAL R.,
OCCLUSAL R., PARTIAL DENTURE R., PRECISION R.,
SEMIPRECISION R.
rest area: see REST SEAT
rest bite: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest jaw relation obs: the habitual postural jaw relation when the
patient is resting comfortably in an upright position and the
condyles are in a neutral, unstrained position in the glenoid fos-
sae (GPT-4)
rest occlusion: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest relation: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest seat: the prepared recess in a tooth or restoration created to
receive the occlusal, incisal, cingulum, or lingual rest
rest vertical dimension: the distance between two selected points
measured when the mandible is in the physiologic rest position
restoration n (1660): a broad term applied to any material or
prosthesis that restores or replaces lost tooth structure, teeth, or
oral tissues
retainer n (1540): any type of device used for the stabilization or
retention of a prosthesissee DIRECT R., FIXED PARTIAL
DENTURE R., INDIRECT R.
retention n (15c): that quality inherent in the prosthesis acting to
resist the forces of dislodgment along the path of placementsee
DIRECT R., INDIRECT R.
retention arm: an extension that is part of a removable partial den-
ture and is used to aid in the fixation of the prosthesis; a part of a
clasp
retention form: the feature of a tooth preparation that resists dis-
lodgment of a crown in a vertical direction or along the path of
placement
retention of denture obs: the resistance of a denture to dislodgment
(GPT-4)
retentive arm: see RETENTIVE CLASP
retentive circumferential clasp: a circumferential clasp arm that is
flexible and engages the infrabulge area of the abutment tooth at
the terminal end of the arm
retentive clasp 1: a clasp specifically designed to provide retention by
engaging an undercut 2: a flexible segment of a removable partial
denture that engages an undercut on an abutment and that is
designed to retain the prosthesis
retentive fulcrum line 1: an imaginary line connecting the retentive
points of clasp arms on retaining teeth adjacent to mucosa-borne
denture bases 2: an imaginary line, connecting the retentive
points of clasp arms, around which the denture tends to rotate
when subjected to dislodging forces
retinal fovea: a small ellipse-shaped depression in the central region
of the retina somewhat less than a degree of visual angle in max-
imum diameter and characterized by the sharpest cone vision.
The fovea centralis is the normal center for visual fixation and
attention
VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
retrodiscal tissue: a mass of loose connective tissue attached to the
posterior edge of the articular disk and extending to and filling
the loose folds of the posterior capsule of the temporomandibu-
lar jointcalled also bilaminar zone
retrognathic n: a retruded position of the mandible in relation to
the maxillae
retromolar pad: a mass of tissue comprised of nonkeratinized
mucosa located posterior to the retromolar papilla and overlying
loose glandular connective tissue. This freely movable area should
be differentiated from the pear-shaped pad
retromylohyoid area obs: that area in the alveolingual sulcus just lin-
gual to the retromolar pad that extends lingually down to the
floor of the mouth and back to the retromylohyoid curtain. It is
bounded anteriorly by the lingual tuberosity (GPT-4)
retromylohyoid space: an anatomic area in the alveololingual sulcus
just lingual to the retromolar pad bounded anteriorly by the
mylohyoid ridge, posteriorly by the retromylohyoid curtain, infe-
riorly by the floor of the alveololingual sulcus, and lingually by the
anterior tonsillary pillar when the tongue is in a relaxed position
retruded contact: contact of a tooth or teeth along the retruded
path of closure. Initial contact of a tooth or teeth during closure
around a transverse horizontal axis
retruded contact position: that guided occlusal relationship occur-
ring at the most retruded position of the condyles in the joint cav-
ities. A position that may be more retruded than the centric rela-
tion position
retrusion vb: movement toward the posterior
retrusive adj: denotes a posterior location
reverse articulation: an occlusal relationship in which the mandibu-
lar teeth are located facial to the opposing maxillary teeth; the
maxillary buccal cusps are positioned in the central fossae of the
mandibular teeth
reverse articulation teeth: posterior teeth designed to accommodate
the buccal cusps of the maxillary teeth positioned in the fossae of
the mandibular teeth
reverse curve: a curve of occlusion defined by the cusp tips and
incisal edges, which, when viewed in the sagittal plane, is curved
upward or in a cephalic mannercomp CURVE OF SPEE
reverse occlusal curve: see REVERSE CURVE
reverse swallow: see TONGUE THRUSTING
reversible hydrocolloid: colloidal gels in which the elation is
brought about by cooling and can be returned to the sol condi-
tion when the temperature is sufficiently increased
reversible splint: any means of stabilizing teeth that does not irre-
versibly alter the structure of the teeth
Richmond crown [C.M. Richmond, US dentist (1835-1902)] obs 1:
a dowel-retained crown made for an endodontically treated tooth
using a porcelain facing 2: an artificial crown consisting of a metal
base that fits the prepared abutment of the natural tooth and car-
ries a post or pivot for insertion into the endodontically treated
root canal: a porcelain facing reinforces the metal backingcalled
also porcelain-faced dowel crown
Richmond CM. New method of attaching gold crowns to natural roots of
teeth. Am J Dent Sci 1878-79;12:425.
ridge n (bef. 12c): an elevated body part; a long, narrow, raised
crestsee ALVEOLAR R., CENTER OF THE R., CREST OF
THE R., RESIDUAL R.
ridge augmentation: any procedure designed to enlarge or increase
the size, extent, or quality of deformed residual ridge
ridge crest: the highest continuous surface of the residual ridge not
necessarily coincident with the center of the ridge
ridge lap: the surface of an artificial tooth that has been shaped to
accommodate the residual ridge. The tissue surface of a ridge lap
design is concave and envelops both the buccal and lingual sur-
faces of the residual ridge
ridge relation: see RIDGE RELATIONSHIP
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
retrodiscal tissue ruga
ridge relationship: the positional relationship of the mandibular
residual ridge to the maxillary residual ridge
ridge resorption: see RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION
ridge slope obs: the slope of the crest of the mandibular residual ridge
from the third molar region to its most anterior aspect in relation
to the inferior border of the mandible as viewed in profile (GPT-4)
rigid connector: a cast, soldered, or fused union between the retain-
er(s) and pontic(s)
Roach clasp [Finnis Ewing (Frank) Roach, US prosthodontist, edu-
cator, and inventor, (1865-1960)]: eponymsee INFRABULGE
CLASP
Roach FE. Principles and essentials of bar clasp partial dentures. J Am Dent
Assoc 1930;17:124-38.
Rochette Bridge [Alain L. Rochette, French physician and dentist]:
a resin-bonded prosthesis incorporating holes within the metal
framework and lutes to the lingual aspect of teeth adjacent to an
edentulous space that replaces one or more teeth see RESIN-
BONDED PROSTHESIS
Rochette, Alain L. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior teeth.
J Prosthet Dent 1973;30:418-23.
rod n (bef. 12c.): the photoreceptor in the retina that contains a
light-sensitive pigment capable of initiating the process of sco-
topic vision, i.e., low intensity for achromatic sensations only
1roentgen adj [W. C. Roentgen, German physicist (1845-1923)]:
relating to x-rays
2roentgen n (ca. 1929): the international unit of measurement of x-
or gamma radiation in airabb r or R
roentgen ray n, often cap 1st R (1898) 1: the electromagnetic radi-
ation [greater than 100eV] emitted from a highly evacuated tube,
excited by the bombardment of the target anode with a stream of
electrons from a heated cathode 2: electromagnetic radiation pro-
duced by the excitation of the inner orbital electron of an atom
roentgenogram n (1904): a photograph made with x-rays
roentgenograph n (ca. 1905): a shadow image record made on a
sensitized film or plate by roentgen rays
roentgenographic interpretation obs: an opinion formed from the
study of a roentgenograph (GPT-1)
root n (bef. 12c): the portion of the tooth apical to the cementoe-
namel junction that is normally covered by cementum and is
attached to the periodontal ligament and hence to the supporting
bone
root form endosteal dental implant: an endosteal dental implant
shaped in the approximate form of a tooth root
root fracture: a microscopic or macroscopic cleavage of the root in
any direction
rotating condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
rotation n (1555) 1: the action or process of rotating on or as if on
an axis or center 2: the movement of a rigid body in which the
parts move in circular paths with their centers on a fixed line
called the axis of rotation. The plane of the circle in which the
body moves is perpendicular to the axis of rotation
rotation center: a point around which all other points in a body
move
rotation line obs: see FULCRUM LINE
rotational path removable partial denture: a removable partial
denture that incorporates a curved, arcuate, or variable path of
placement allowing one or more of the rigid components of the
framework to gain access to and engage an undercut area
rouge n (1753): a compound composed of ferric oxide and binders
used for imparting a high luster to a polished surface, glass, metal,
or gems
RPD: acronym for Removable Partial Denture
RPI: acronym for Rest, Proximal Plate, and I-BAR; the clasp com-
ponents of one type of removable partial denture clasp assembly
ruga n, pl rugea (ca. 1775): an anatomic fold or wrinkleusually
used in the plural sense; the irregular fibrous connective tissue
ridges located in the anterior third of the hard palate
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
rugae simulation film
rugae area: see RUGA
rugae zone: see RUGA
S sectional impression: a negative likeness that is made in sections
saddle n, obs: see DENTURE BASE
sagittal adj (1541): situated in the plane of the cranial sagittal
suture or parallel to that planeusage: see SAGITTAL PLANE
sagittal axis: an imaginary anteroposterior line around which the
mandible may rotate when viewed in the frontal plane
sagittal axis of the mandible: see SAGITTAL AXIS
sagittal plane: any vertical plane or section parallel to the median
plane of the body that divides a body into right and left portions
sanitary bridge obs: see HYGIENIC PONTIC
saturation n (1554): the attribute of color perception that express-
es the degree of departure from gray of the same lightness. All
grays have zero saturation
scaffold n (14c): a supporting surface, either natural or prosthetic,
that maintains the contour of tissue; a supporting framework
lscallop n (15c): one of a continuous series of circles
2scallop vt (1737): to shape, cut, or finish in scallops; segments or
angular projections forming a border
scattered radiation: radiation that, during passage through a sub-
stance, has been deviated in direction. It may also have been mod-
ified by an increase in wave lengths. It is one form of secondary
radiation
scattering n (14c): diffusion or redirection of radiant energy
encountering particles of different refractive index; scattering
occurs at any such interface, at the surface, or inside a medium
containing particles
scattering coefficient: single scattering coefficient of a particle in a
medium of different refractive index, expressed as a ratio between
scattering cross section and geometric cross section of the particle.
It should properly be called scattering efficiency, but in popular use,
called scattering coefficient
scotopic vision: vision that occurs in faint light or dark adaptation
and is attributable to the retinal rods. The maximum of the rela-
tive spectral visual sensitivity is shifted to 510 nm and the spec-
trum is seen uncolored
screw endosteal dental implant 1: any dental implant whose
implant body configuration resembles a screw 2: any screw-
shaped dental implant; it may be hollow or solid, and usually con-
sists of the dental implant abutment and the dental implant body
scribe vt; scribed; scribing (1678): to write, trace, or mark by mak-
ing a line or lines with a pointed instrument
second stage dental implant surgery 1: for eposteal dental implant
surgery, the term refers to the procedure involving placement of
the eposteal framework fabricated after the first stage implant
surgery 2: for endosteal dental implant surgery, after surgical
reflection, the occlusal aspect of the dental implant body is
exposed, the cover screw is removed, and either the interim or
definitive abutment is placed. After this, the investing tissues are
(when needed) anastomosed
secondary bonds: weak interatomic bonds arising from dipoles with-
in atoms or molecules
secondary crown: see TELESCOPIC CROWN
secondary dentition: see PERMANENT DENTITION
secondary fracture: a fracture occurring as a consequence of necro-
sis or some other disease of the bone
secondary occlusal trauma: the effects induced by occlusal force
(normal or abnormal) acting on teeth with decreased periodontal
support
secondary pain: heterotopic pain and/or secondary hyperalgesia
induced by deep somatic pain as a central excitatory effect
section n: the portion of a maxillofacial prosthesis that serves to fill
a defect as a part of the prosthesis
sectional facial moulage: a sectional facial moulage impression is a
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
procedure used to record the soft tissue contours of a portion of
the face. Occasionally, several separate sectional impressions are
made and then reassembled to provide a full facial contour cast
segment n (1570): any of the parts into which a body naturally sep-
arates or is divided either actually or by an imaginary line or plane
selective grinding: see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
self-curing resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
self-separating plaster obs: an impression plaster that disintegrates in
hot water (GPT-4)
self-threading pin: a pin screwed into a hole prepared in dentin to
enhance retention
sella turcica: a cephalometric landmark in the geometric center of
the pituitary fossa of the spheroid bone; a bony anatomic land-
mark
semiadjustable articulator: an articulator that allows adjustment to
replicate average mandibular movementscalled also Class III
articulator
semiprecious metal alloy: an alloy composed of precious and base
metals. There is no distinct ratio of components separating semi-
precious alloys from another group
semiprecision rest: a rigid metallic extension of a fixed or removable
partial denture that fits into an intracoronal preparation in a cast
restoration
senile atrophy: see AGE ATROPHY
separating medium 1: a coating applied to a surface and serving to
prevent a second surface from adhering to the first 2: a material,
usually applied on an impression, to facilitate removal of the cast
septum n, pl septa (1726): a dividing wall or membrane, especially
between bodily spaces or masses
setting expansion: the dimensional increase that occurs concurrent
with the hardening of various materials, such as plaster of paris,
dental stone, die stone, and dental casting investment
set up v, obs: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
shade n 1: a term used to describe a particular hue, or variation of a
primary hue, such as a greenish shade of yellow 2: a term used to
describe a mixture with black (or gray) as opposed to a tint that
is a mixture with whitesee TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
shade selection: see TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
shearing stress: the internal induced force that opposes the sliding
of one plane on an adjacent plane or the force that resists a twist-
ing action
shellac base obs: a record base constructed using a shellac-based
wafer that has been adapted to the cast with heat (GPT-4)
shell crown obs 1: an artificial full-veneer crown swaged from metal
plate 2: an artificial crown that is adapted like a shell or cap over
the remaining clinical crown of a tooth; the space between the
crown and the shell is filled with cementcalled also cap crown
shoulder finish line n: a finish line design for tooth preparation in
which the gingival floor meets the external axial surfaces at
approximately a right angle
shrink-spot porosity: an area of porosity in cast metal that is caused
by shrinkage of a portion of the metal as it solidifies from the
molten state without flow of additional molten metal from sur-
rounding areas
side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
silica n (ca 1301): silicon dioxide occurring in crystalline, amor-
phous, and usually impure forms (as quartz, opal, and sand,
respectively)
silent period: a momentary electromyographic observable decrease
in elevator muscle activity on initial tooth contact presumably due
to the inhibitory effect of stimulated periodontal membrane
receptors
simple fracture: a linear bony fracture that is not in communication
with the exterior
simple joint: a joint in which only two bones articulate
simulation film: radiographs made with the same field size, source-
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
to-skin distance, and orientation as a therapy beam to mimic the
beam and for visualization of the treated volume on a radiograph
single crystal sapphire: a material composed of a single crystalline
alpha aluminum oxide that is identical in crystalline structure to a
gem sapphire
single denture construction obs: the making of a maxillary or
mandibular denture as distinguished from a set of complete den-
tures (GPT-1)
1sinter n (1780): a deposit formed by evaporation of lake or spring
water
2sinter vt (1871): to cause to become a coherent mass by heating
without melting
skiagraph n (1801) obs 1: a figure formed by shading in the outline
of a shadow 2: a radiographcalled also skiagram (GPT-1)
sleeper: slang for any dental implant body not used for support and
stabilization of a dental prosthesis
sliding movement: see TRANSLATION
slotted attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT
1sluice n (14c): an artificial passage for water fitted with a valve or
gate for stopping or regulating the flow
2sluice vb sluiced; sluicing vt (1593) 1: to draw off by or via a sluice
2: to wash with or in water through or from a sluice 3: to drench
with a sudden flow
SNA angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-A pointin cephalometrics,
an angle measuring the anteroposterior relationship of the maxil-
lary basal arch on the anterior cranial base; it shows the degree of
maxillary prognathism
snap impression obs: see PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION
SNB angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-B pointin cephalometrics, an
angle showing the anterior limit of the mandibular basal arch in
relation to the anterior cranial base
socket n (15c): any opening or hollow that forms a holder for some-
thing, e.g., a tooth
soft palate: the movable part of the palatal anatomy posterior to the
hard palate
soft palate obturator: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
soft splint: a resilient device covering either the maxillary or
mandibular teeth for the purpose of preventing trauma to the
dentition or acting as a deprogrammer
1solder n (15c): a fusible metal alloy used to unite the edges or sur-
faces of two pieces of metal; something that unites or cements
2solder v, soldered; soldering, solderability nsolderer n: to lips, tongue, and soft palate
unite, bring into, or restore to a firm union; the act of uniting two
pieces of metal by the proper alloy of metals
solidification porosity: a porosity that may be produced by improp-
er spruing or improper heating of either the metal or the invest-
ment
somatoprosthetics n (ca. 1950): the art and science of prosthet-
ic replacement of external parts of the body that are missing or
deformed
sonicate vt cated;-cating (1961): to disrupt (ie. bacteria) by spider partial substand: a unilateral removable partial denture
means of application of high frequency sound waves
sonication n
space n (14c): a delimited, three-dimensional region; physical space
independent of what occupies itsee DENTURE S., INTER-
PROXIMAL S., INTERRADICULAR S., RETROMYLOHY-
OID S.
space of Donders [F.C. Donders]: eponym for the space that lies
above the dorsum of the tongue and below the hard and soft
palates when the mandible and tongue are in the rest position
Donders FC. Ueber den Mechanismus des Saugens. Pflugers Archiv fur
die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere. 1875;l0:91-
4.
span length: the length of a beam between two supports
spatula n (1525): a flat-bladed instrument used for mixing or
spreading materials
1spatulate adj (1760): shaped like a spatula
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
simulation film split cast method
2spatulate vt -ed/-ing/-s: to work or treat with a spatula
spatulation: the manipulation of material with a spatula to pro-
duce a homogenous mass
speaking space: the space that occurs between the incisal or/and
occlusal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during
speech
spectral curve: see SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CURVE
spectral reflection: reflection in which the angle of reflection is equal
to the angle of incidence. Associated with objects having optical-
ly smooth (glossy) surfacescalled also mirrored reflection
spectrophotometer n: photometry device for the measurement
of spectral transmissions, reflectance, or relative emissions. Spec-
trophotometers are normally equipped with dispersion optics
(prism or grating) to give a continuous spectral curve
spectrophotometric curve: a curve measured on a spectrophotome-
ter hence, a graph of relative reflectance or transmittance (or
absorption) as the ordinate, plotted versus wave lengths or fre-
quency as the abscissa. The most common curves in the visible
region use wave length units of a nanometer, with the short wave
length to the left of the scale. The word spectral is frequently used
in place of the longer spectrophotometric, but they are not neces-
sarily synonymous
spectrum n 1: band of colors produced when sunlight is passed
through a prism 2: spatial arrangements of components of radiant
energy in order of their wave lengths, wave numbers, or frequen-
cy ___ spectral adj
speech aid: any therapy or any instrument, apparatus, or device used
to improve speech quality
speech aid prosthesis: a removable maxillary prosthesis to restore an
acquired or congenital defect of the soft palate with a portion
extending into the pharynx to separate the oropharynx and
nasopharynx during phonation and deglutition, thereby complet-
ing the palatopharyngeal sphinctersyn ADULT S.A.P., PEDI-
ATRIC S.A.P.called also pharyageal s.a.p, cleft palate prosthesis
speech aid prosthesis modification: any revision of a pediatric or
adult speech aid not necessitating its replacement
speech articulation 1: the production of individual sounds in con-
nected discourse 2: the movement and placement during speech
of the organs that serve to interrupt or modify the voiced or
unvoiced air stream into meaningful sounds 3: the speech func-
tion performed largely through the movements of the lower jaw,
speech bulb: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
speech prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
spherical form of occlusion obs: an arrangement of teeth that places
their occlusal surfaces on the surface of an imaginary sphere (usu-
ally 8 inches in diameter) with its center above the level of the
teeth (GPT-4)
sphincter n (1578): a ringlike band of muscle fibers that constrict to
close an orifice or passage
1splint n (14c) 1: a rigid or flexible device that maintains in position
a displaced or movable part; also used to keep in place and pro-
tect an injured part 2: a rigid or flexible material used to protect,
immobilize, or restrict motion in a partsee ANDERSON S.,
CAP S., ESSIG S., FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL S., GUN-
NINGS S., INTERDENTAL S., KINGSLEY S., LABIAL S.,
LINGUAL S., PROVISIONAL S., RESIN-BONDED S., SOFT
S., SURGICAL S., WIRE S.
2splint v (1543): to immobilize, support, or brace
splinting v 1: in dentistry, the joining of two or more teeth into a
rigid unit by means of fixed or removable restorations or devices
2: in physiology, prolonged muscle spasms that inhibit or prevent
movement
split-cast method obs 1: a procedure for placing indexed casts on an
articulator to facilitate their removal and replacement on the
instrument 2: the procedure of checking the ability of an articu-
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
split cast method stomatognathic
lator to receive or be adjusted to a maxillomandibular relation
record (GPT-4)
split-cast mounting: a method of mounting casts wherein the den-
tal casts base is sharply grooved and keyed to the mounting rings
base. The procedure allows verifying the accuracy of the mount-
ing, ease of removal and replacement of the casts
split-dowel crown obs: an artificial crown supported and retained by
a dowel that was split longitudinally in an attempt to use spring
retention in an undersized dowel space
split-thickness graft: a transplant of epithelium consisting of skin or
mucous membrane of a thickness allowing sectioning between the
corium and the basement membrane
spontaneous anterior dislocation: see MANDIBULAR DISLO-
CATION
spontaneous fracture: a fracture occurring without any external
injury
spoon denture obs: a maxillary provisional removable partial denture,
without clasps, whose palatal resin base resembles the shape of a
spoon. The resin base does not contact the lingual surfaces of the
teeth and is confined to the central portion of the palate. It was
often used during periodontal treatment because the resin base
extension did not promote plaque accumulation around the teeth
and permitted surgical procedures to be performed
sports dentistry: all aspects of dentistry, either preventive or thera-
peutic, directly or indirectly involved with sports and recreation
spot grinding: see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
spring plate obs: according to James Harrison Prothero, DDS,
Emeritus Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and Metallurgy at
Northwestern University Dental School, Chicago, IL, a spring
plate was a denture molded over the cast of a mouth with teeth
bearing the relation to each other as stated (providing lingual
undercuts, ed.), which would spring as it passes over the points of
nearest approach of the teeth involved and resume its normal
width without undue lateral pressure when firmly seated on the
oral tissuescalled also spring lock bridge
sprue n (1880) 1: the channel or hole through which plastic or metal
is poured or cast into a gate or reservoir and then into a mold 2:
the cast metal or plastic that connects a casting to the residual
sprue button
sprue button: the material remaining in the reservoir of the mold
after a dental casting
sprue former: a wax, plastic, or metal pattern used to form the chan-
nel or channels allowing molten metal to flow into a mold to
make a casting
sprue pin: see SPRUE FORMER
stability (15c) 1: that quality of maintaining a constant character
or position in the presence of forces that threaten to disturb it; the
quality of being stable; to stand or endure 2: the quality of a pros-
thesis to be firm, steady, or constant, to resist displacement by
functional horizontal or rotational stresses see DENTURE S.,
DIMENSIONAL S., OCCLUSAL S.
stabilization n, obs: the seating of a fixed or removable denture so
that it will not tilt or be displaced under pressure (GPT-1)
stabilize vb -lized; -lizing vt, stabilization n (1861)
1: to make firm, steadfast, stable 2: to hold steady, as
to maintain the stability of any object by means of a
stabilizer
stabilized base plate: see STABILIZED RECORD BASE
stabilized record base: a record base lined with a material to
improve its fit and adaptation to the underlying supporting tissues
stabilizing circumferential clasp arm: a circumferential clasp arm
that is relatively rigid and contacts the height of contour of the
tooth
1stain n (1583) 1: a soiled or discolored spot; a spot of color in con-
trast to the surrounding area 2: a preparation used in staining 3:
in dentistry, the discoloration of a tooth surface or surfaces as a
result of ingested materials, bacterial action, tobacco, and/or
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
other substances. This may be intrinsic, extrinsic, acquired, or
developmental
2stain vb (14c) 1: to suffuse with color 2: to color by processes
affecting chemically or otherwise the material itself 3: in dentistry,
to intentionally alter ceramic or resin restorations through the
application of intrinsic or extrinsic colorants to achieve a desired
effect
standard illuminant: the illuminants A, B. C, D (and others)
defined by the CIE in terms of their relative power distribution
curves. A is an illuminant with a Planckion temperature of
approximately 2854oK. It is intended to represent a common
tungsten filament source. B approximates solar radiation
4870Kand is obsolete. C is average daylight, 6740K. D
is daylight with the near ultraviolet source included
standard light source: a reference light source whose spectral power
distribution is known
standard observer: a hypothetical observer with a visual response
mechanism possessing the calorimetric properties defined by the
CIE in 1931 as representative of the human population having
normal color vision
static adj: related to bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium
static fatigue: the delayed failure of glass and ceramic materials
resulting from stress-enhanced chemical reactions aided by water
vapor acting on surface cracks. Analogous to stress corrosion
occurring in metals
static relation: the relationship between two parts that are not in
motion
stayplate n obj: see INTERIM PARTIAL DENTURE
Steinmanns pin [Fritz Steinmann, Swiss surgeon, 1872-1932]:
eponym for a firm metal pin that is sharpened on one end; used for
the internal fixation of fractures
stenosis n, pl -noses (ca. 1860): a narrowing or constriction in the
diameter of a passage or orificestenotic adj
stent n [Charles R. Stent, English dentist, 18??-1901]: eponym for a
device used in conjunction with a surgical procedure to keep a
skin graft in place; often modified with acrylic resin or dental
modeling impression compound that was previously termed
Stents mass; also refers to any device or mold used to hold a skin
graft in place or provide support for anastomosed structures see
NASAL S., SURGICAL S.
stereograph n (1859): an instrument that records mandibular
movement in three planes. Engraving, milling, or burnishing the
recording medium by means of styli, teeth, abrasive rims, or
rotary instruments obtains the registrations
stereographic record: an intra or extraoral recording of mandibular
movement as viewed in three planes in which the registrations are
obtained by engraving, milling, or burnishing the recording
medium by means of studs, rotary instruments, styli, teeth, or
abrasive rims
sterile adj (1558): free from living microorganisms; aseptic
sterile technique: a standard surgical technique in which an aseptic
area is established and maintained, including proper sterilization
of instruments, drapes, gowns, gloves, and the surgical area. With
respect to dental implant placement, the systematic maintenance
of asepsis with special emphasis on non-contamination of instru-
ments and implant elements throughout an implant placement
procedure
sterilization n: the process of completely eliminating microbial
viability
stipple vt stippled; stippling (1760) 1: to engrave by means of
dots and/or flicks 2: to make small short touches that together
produce an even or softly graded shadow 3: to speckle or fleck
stippler n
stoma n, pl stomata, also stomas (ca 1684) 1: any or various
small simple bodily openings 2: an artificial permanent opening,
usually made surgically
stomatognathic adj: denoting the jaws and mouth collectively
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
stomatognathic system: the combination of structures involved in
speech, receiving, mastication, and deglutition of food as well as
parafunctional actions
stomatology n: the study of the structures, functions, and diseases
of the mouth
stone n : see DENTAL STONE
stone die: see MODEL, REPLICA
stop clasp: as described by James Harrison Prothero, DDS, the stop
clasp was an early forerunner to the conventional clasp assembly
by the addition of a lug (occlusal rest) to the retentive and recip-
rocal clasp assembly
Prothero JH. Prosthetic dentistry. 2nd ed. Chicago: Medico-Dental Pub-
lishing Co.; 1916. p. 332.
strain: change in length per unit length when stress is applied; the
change in length/original length
stress n (14c): force per unit area; a force exerted on one body that
presses on, pulls on, pushes against, or tends to invest or compress
another body; the deformation caused in a body by such a force;
an internal force that resists an externally applied load or force. It
is normally defined in terms of mechanical stress, which is the
force divided by the perpendicular cross sectional area over which
the force is appliedsee COMPRESSIVE S., SHEARING S.,
TENSILE S.
stress-bearing area: see STRESS-BEARING REGION
stress-bearing region 1. the surfaces of oral structures that resist
forces, strains, or pressures brought on them during function 2:
the portion of the mouth capable of providing support for a den-
turesee also DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
stress breaker: see STRESS DIRECTOR
stress director: a device or system that relieves specific dental struc-
tures of part or all of the occlusal forces and redirects those forces
to other bearing structures or regions
study cast obs: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
stylus tracing: a planar tracing that resembles an arrowhead or goth-
ic arch made by means of a device attached to the opposing arch-
es. The shape of the tracing depends on the location of the mark-
ing point relative to the tracing table, i.e., in the incisal region as
opposed to posteriorly. The apex of a properly made anterior trac-
ing is considered to indicate the centric relation position, called
also arrow-point tracing, gothic arch tracing, needlepoint
tracingsee CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE
subantral augmentation: augmentation with autologous bone or
bone substitutes to the antral floor to provide a host site for den-
tal implants called also, SINUS LIFT, ANTHROPLASTY
subcondylar fracture: a fracture beneath the condylar head and
within the condylar neck
subdermal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
sublingual adj (1661): pertaining to the region or structures locat-
ed beneath the tongue
sublingual crescent: the crescent shaped area on the anterior floor
of the mouth formed by the lingual wall of the mandible and the
adjacent sublingual fold. It is the area of the anterior alveolingual
sulcus
sublingual fold: the crescent-shaped area on the floor of the mouth
following the inner wall of the mandible and tapering toward the
molar regions. The sublingual gland and submaxillary duct form it
sublingual fossa: a smooth depression on the lingual surface of the
body of the mandible near the midline, above the mylohyoid line
and below the alveolus. This fossa accommodates part of the sub-
lingual gland
subluxation n (ca. 1688): an incomplete or partial dislocation
see CONDYLAR SUBLUXATION
submersible endosteal implant obj: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT
submersible implant obj: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
submucosal inserts: see MUCOSAL INSERT
submucous cleft palate: see OCCULT CLEFT PALATE
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
stomatognathic system suprabulge
subocclusal connector: an interproximal nonrigid connector posi-
tioned apical to and not in communication with the occlusal plane
subocclusal surface obs: a portion of the occlusal surface of a tooth that
is below the level of the occluding portion of the tooth (GPT-1)
subperiosteal dental implant: an eposteal dental implant that is
placed beneath the periosteum and overlying the bony cortex
first attributed to Swedish Dentist, G.S. Dahl
Dahl GS. Om mojlighenten for implantation, kaken av metall skelett som
bas eller retention for fasta eller avatagbara protesor. Odontol Foren Tid-
skr 1943;51:440.
Goldberg NI, Gershkoff A. The implant lower denture. Dent Digest
1949;55:490.
Linkow LI. Evolutionary design trends in the mandibular subperiosteal
implant. J Oral Implant 1984;11:402-38.
subperiosteal dental implant abutment obs: that portion of the
implant that protrudes through the mucosa into the oral cavity
for the retention or support of a crown or a fixed removable den-
ture (GPT-4)see ABUTMENT
subperiosteal dental implant substructure: a cast metal framework
that fits on the residual ridge beneath the periosteum and pro-
vides support for a dental prosthesis by means of posts or other
mechanisms protruding through the mucosa; the implant body
subperiosteal dental implant superstructure: the metal framework,
usually within a removable prosthesis, that fits on the implant abut-
ment(s) and provides retention for artificial teeth and the denture
base material of the prosthesis
subperiosteal fracture: a bony fracture occurring beneath the
periosteum, without displacement
subtractive color system: the system whereby light is removed by
filtration or absorption from a white source. The primary colors
of the subtractive system are magenta, cyan, and yellowcalled
also pigment mixture color system
subtractive primary colors: the primary colorant substances for pig-
ment and filtering mixtures typically evoking responses of cyan
(blue-green), magenta (red-blue), and yellow (red-green). The
complementary colors of the subtractive primary colors are red,
green, and blue. Magenta is a mixture of red and blue and is the
complement of green. Cyan is a mixture of blue and green and is
the complement of red. Yellow is a mixture of red and green and
is the complement of blue
suction chamber obs: relief provided in the midline palatal area of a
maxillary denture in an attempt to obtain additional retention by
means of the theoretical vacuum created (GPT-4)
suction cup obs: a thin rubber disk, usually with a hole in its center,
which fits over a button that is larger in diameter than the hole.
This causes the disk to assume a cup shape. When applied to the
tissue surface of a denture, the cup attaches itself to the mucous
membrane by suction (GPT-1)
sulcular epithelium: see CREVICULAR EPITHELIUM
sulcus n: see GINGIVAL CREVICE
superstructure n: the superior part of a multiple layer prosthesis
that includes the replacement teeth and associated structures
superimposed prosthesis: see OVERDENTURE
1support n (14c): the foundation area on which a dental prosthesis
rests
2support vt (14c): to hold up or serve as a foundation or prop for
supporting area obs 1: the surface of the mouth available for support
of a denture (GPT-1) 2: those areas of the maxillary and
mandibular edentulous ridges that are considered best suited to
carry the forces of mastication when the dentures are in function
(GPT-1)
supporting cusps: those cusps or incisal edges of teeth that contact
in and support centric occlusion. Usually facial cusps of the
mandibular posterior teeth, the maxillary palatal cusps, and the
incisal edges of the mandibular anterior teeth
suprabulge n: that portion of a tooth crown that converges toward
the occlusal surface, i.e., above the height of contour
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
suprabulge clasp temporomandibular joint
suprabulge clasp: a removable partial denture retentive clasp that
approaches the retentive undercut from an occlusal or suprabulge
direction
supraeruption n: movement of a tooth or teeth above the normal
occlusal plane
supragingival adj 1: located above the gingiva 2: that portion of
a natural or artificial tooth that is coronal to the gingival crest
supramentale n: a landmark representing the deepest point of the
symphyseal cavity between infradentale and pogonion
supraocclusion n: malocclusion in which the occluding surfaces
of teeth extend beyond the normal occlusal planecalled also
overeruption
surgical baseplate: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
surgical guide: see SURGICAL PROSTHESIS, SURGICAL TEM-
PLATE
surgical maxillomandibular relation: the establishing and record-
ing of the correct vertical dimension and centric relation between
a surgically exposed bone surface and opposite arch at the time of
making a surgical bone impression
surgical obturator: a temporary prosthesis used to restore the con-
tinuity of the hard palate immediately after surgery or traumatic
loss of a portion or all of the hard palate and/or contiguous alve-
olar structures (i.e., gingival tissue, teeth)see INTERIM
OBTURATOR
surgical occlusion rim: an occlusion rim used in recording surgical
maxillomandibular relations
surgical prosthesis: any prosthesis prepared for insertion during a
surgical procedure and intended for short-term use
surgical splint: a prosthesis designed to use existing teeth and/or
alveolar processes as points of anchorage to assist in stabilization
and immobilization of broken bones during healing. They are
used to reestablish, as much as possible, normal occlusal relation-
ships during the process of immobilizationsyn CAST METAL
SPLINT, FENESTRATED SPLINT, GUNNING SPLINT,
KINGSLEY SPLINT, LABIOLINGUAL SPLINT, MODIFIED
GUNNING SPLINT
surgical stayplate: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
surgical stent: named for the dentist who first described their use,
Charles R. Stent, stents are used to apply pressure to soft tissues
to facilitate healing and prevent cicatrization or collapsesyn
COLUMELLAR STENT, PERIODONTAL STENT, SKIN
GRAFT STENT
surgical template 1: a thin, transparent form duplicating the tissue
surface of an immediate denture and used as a guide for surgical-
ly shaping the alveolar process 2: a guide used to assist in proper
surgical placement and angulation of dental implants
surface tension: a property of liquids in which the exposed surface
tends to contract to the smallest possible area, as in the spherical
formation of drops; this is a phenomenon attributed to the attrac-
tive forces, or cohesion, between the molecules of the liquid
survey v 1: to examine as to condition, value, or situation; to
appraise 2: to determine the form and position of a given entity
by means of taking linear and angular measurements 3: to inspect
or scrutinize 4. the procedure of locating and delineating the con-
tour and position of the abutment teeth and associated structures
before designing a removable partial denture (GPT-1)
surveyed, surveying
survey line: a line produced on a cast by a surveyor marking the
greatest prominence of contour in relation to the planned path of
placement of a restoration
surveying n: an analysis and comparison of the prominence of
intraoral contours associated with the fabrication of a prosthesis
surveyor n (15c): a paralleling instrument used in construction of
a prosthesis to locate and delineate the contours and relative posi-
tions of abutment teeth and associated structures
suturing vt (1777): the process of uniting the tissues separated by
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
either a traumatic or surgical wound in a specific manner using an
appropriate material
1swage n (ca 1812): any tool used for shaping metal by striking with
a hammer or sledgehammer
2swage vt swaged; swaging (1881): to shape a material by ham-
mering or adapting it onto a die with a swage instrument
swallowing threshold: the critical moment of reflex action initiated
by sufficient stimulation before the act of deglutition
sympathetic nervous system: the part of the autonomic nervous
system that responds to dangerous or threatening situations by
preparing a person physiologically for fight or flightsee
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
symphysis n, pl -physes (ca. 1578) 1: a type of cartilaginous joint
in which the opposed bony surfaces are firmly united by a plate of
fibrocartilage 2: the immovable dense midline articulation of the
right and left halves of the adult mandible
symptom n (14c): subjective evidence of disease or physical distur-
bance; something that indicates the presence of a bodily disorder
synchrony n (1848): the simultaneous appearance of two separate
events
syndrome n (1541): a group of symptoms that occur together
synovial fluid: a viscid fluid contained in joint cavities and secreted
by the synovial membrane
systemic etiologic factors: generalized biologic factors that are
implicated in the causation, modification, and/or perpetuation of
a disease entity
T
table n (bef. 12c): a flat surface; a raised horizontal surfacesee
GUIDE T., OCCLUSAL T.
technic n (1855): a detailed procedure in the fabrication of a pros-
thesisspelled also technique
technique n (1817): a body of technical methods; a method of
accomplishing a desired end; the method or procedure and its
details
telescopic coping: see COPING
telescopic crown: an artificial crown constructed to fit over a coping
telescopic denture: see OVERDENTURE
template n (1877) 1: a pattern, mold, or gauge used as a guide to
form a piece being made 2: a curved or flat surface pattern that is
used as an aid in arranging teethsee also SURGICAL TEM-
PLATE
temporary base: see RECORD BASE
temporary denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporary prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporary restoration: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporomandibular articulation: see TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
JOINT
temporomandibular disorders 1: abnormal, incomplete, or
impaired function of the temporomandibular joint(s) 2: a collec-
tion of symptoms frequently observed in various combinations
first described by Costen (1934, 1937), which he claimed to be
reflexes due to irritation of the auriculotemporal and/or chorda
tympanic nerves as they emerged from the tympanic plate caused
by altered anatomic relations and derangements of the temporo-
mandibular joint associated with loss of occlusal vertical dimen-
sion, loss of posterior tooth support, and/or other malocclusions.
The symptoms can include headache about the vertex and
occiput, tinnitus, pain about the ear, impaired hearing and pain
about the tongueacronym TMD
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome: see TEMPORO-
MANDIBULAR DISORDERS
temporomandibular joint 1. the articulation between the temporal
bone and the mandible. It is a diarthrodial, bilateral ginglymus
arthrodial joint 2: the articulation of the condylar process of the
mandible and the interarticular disk with the mandibular fossa of
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
the squamous portion of the temporal bone; a diarthrodial, slid-
ing hinge (ginglymus) joint. Movement in the upper joint com-
partment is mostly translational, whereas that in the lower joint
compartment is mostly rotational. The joint connects the
mandibular condyle to the articular fossa of the temporal bone
with the temporomandibular disk interposed
temporomandibular joint derangement: see INTERNAL
DERANGEMENT
temporomandibular joint hypermobility: excessive mobility of the
temporomandibular joint
temporomandibular joint remodeling: see REMODEL
temporomandibular joint syndrome: see TEMPOROMANDIBU-
LAR DISORDERS
TENS: acronym for Transcutaneous Electrical Neural Stimulation
see TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NEURAL STIMU-
LATION
tensile stress: the internal induced force that resists the elongation of
a material in a direction parallel to the direction of the stresses
tension n (1533): the state of being stretched, strained, or extended
terminal hinge axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
terminal hinge position: see RETRUDED CONTACT POSITION
terminal jaw relation record: a record of the relationship of the
mandible to the maxillae made in the terminal hinge position
therapeutic prosthesis: see RADIATION CARRIER
thermal expansion: expansion of a material caused by heat
thermoplastic adj (1883): a characteristic or property of a mater- tooth borne: see TOOTH SUPPORTED
ial that allows it to be softened by the application of heat and
return to the hardened state on coolingthermoplasticity n
three-quarter crown obs: see PARTIAL VENEER CROWN
tic n (ca. 1822): an intermittent, involuntary, spasmodic movement
of a group of muscles, often without a demonstrable external
stimulus
T.I.D.: acronym for L. Ter In Die, three times a day
tinfoil n (15c) 1: paper thin metal sheeting usually of a tin-lead alloy
or aluminum 2: a base-metal foil used as a separating material
between the cast and denture base material during flasking and
polymerizing
tinnitus n (1843): a noise in the ears, often described as ringing or
roaring
tinted denture base: a denture base with coloring that simulates the
color and shading of natural oral tissues
tissue n (1771) 1: the various cellular combinations that make up
the body 2: an aggregation of similarly specialized cells united in
the performance of a particular functionsee HYPERPLASTIC
TISSUE
tissue-bearing area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
tissue displaceability 1: the quality of oral tissues that permits them
to be placed in other than a relaxed position 2: the degree to
which tissues permit displacement
tissue displacement: the change in the form or position of tissues as
a result of pressure
tissue integration: as clinically observed, the apparent direct and
healthy attachment of living tissue to an alloplastic material, i.e.,
a dental implantsee OSSEOUS INTEGRATION
tissue molding: see BORDER MOLDING
tissue reaction: the response of tissues to an altered condition
tissue registration obs 1: the accurate registration of the shape of tis-
sues under any condition by means of a suitable material (GPT-1)
2: an impression (GPT-1)
tissue trimming: see BORDER MOLDING
TMD: acronym for TemporoMandibular Disorderssee TEMPORO-
MANDIBULAR DISORDERS
tomogram n (1940): a radiograph made by using a tomograph
1tomograph n: a device for moving a x-ray source in one direction
as the film moves in the opposite direction
2tomograph n: a radiograph produced from a machine that has the
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
temporomandibular joint tracing device
source of radiation moving in one direction and the film moving
in the opposite direction
tomography n: a general term for a technique that provides a dis-
tinct image of any selected plane through the body, while the
images of structures that lie above and below that plane are
blurred. Also, the term body-section radiography has been applied
to the procedure, although the several ways of accomplishing it
have been given distinguishing names
tongue habit: conscious or unconscious movements of the tongue
that are not related to purposeful functions. Such habits may pro-
duce malocclusion or injuries to tissues of the tongue or the
attachment apparatus of the teeth
tongue thrusting: the infantile pattern of suckle-swallow in which
the tongue is placed between the incisor teeth or alveolar ridges
during the initial stages of deglutition, resulting sometimes in an
anterior open occlusion, deformation of the jaws, and/or abnor-
mal function
tooth n, pl teeth (bef. 12c): any hard calcified structure in the alve-
olar processes of the maxilla or mandible used for mastication of
food, or a similar structuresee ANATOMIC T., CUSPLESS T.,
METAL INSERT T., NONANATOMIC T., REVERSE ARTIC-
ULATION T., TUBE T., ZERO-DEGREE T.
tooth arrangement 1: the placement of teeth on a denture with def-
inite objectives in mind 2: the placement of teeth on trial bases
see ANTERIOR TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
tooth color selection: the determination of the color and other
attributes of appearance of an artificial tooth or set of teeth for a
given individual
tooth form: the characteristics of the curves, lines, angles, and con-
tours of various teeth that permit their identification and differ-
entiationsee ANTERIOR T.F., POSTERIOR T.F.
tooth placement: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
tooth selection: the selection of a tooth or teeth of a shape, size, and
color to harmonize with the individual characteristics of a patient
tooth size discrepancy: abnormally sized teeth or groups of teeth
tooth supported: a term used to describe a prosthesis or part of a
prosthesis that depends entirely on the natural teeth for support
tooth-supported base: a denture base that restores an edentulous
region that has abutment teeth at each end for support. The tis-
sue that it covers is not used for support
tooth-supported denture: see OVERDENTURE
torque n (ca. 1884): a twisting or rotary force. The movement of a
system of forces producing rotation
torus n, pl tori (1563): a smooth rounded anatomical protuberance
total elasticity of muscle obs: the combined effect of physical and
physiologic elasticity of muscle (GPT-4)
toughness n: the ability of a material to withstand stresses and
strains without breaking
toxic dose: the amount of a drug that causes untoward symptoms in
most persons
toxicity n: the adverse reactions (dose-response-time relationships)
of tissues to selected foreign substances resulting in unacceptable
in-vivo interactions. The toxicity can be at the local or systemic
level depending on the amount, rate of release, and specific type
of substance available to the tissues
tracer n (ca. 1552): see ARROW-POINT T.
tracing n (15c) 1: a line or lines scribed by a pointed instrument 2: a
traced copy of a drawing, photograph, radiograph, or similar enti-
tysee ARROW POINT T., CEPHALOMETRIC T. EXTRAO-
RAL T., INTRAORAL T., MANDIBULAR T., PANTOGRAPH-
IC T., STYLUS T.
tracing device: a device that provides a central point of bearing, or
support, between maxillary and mandibular occlusion rims or
dentures. It consists of a contacting point that is attached to one
occlusion rim or denture and a plate attached to the opposing
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
tracing device typodent
occlusion rim or denture that provides the surface on which the
bearing point rests or moves
transcranial oblique radiograph: a flat x-ray projection in which the
central beam travels across the cranium and through the tem-
poromandibular joint on the opposite side showing an oblique
lateral view of the condyle
transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation: application of low-
voltage electrical stimulation through the skin to nerves in order
to interfere with the sensation of pain in the brain and increase
blood flow to the regioncolloquial TENS
transepithelial adj: penetrating or passing through the epitheli-
um, as in a dental implant
transfer coping: a metallic, acrylic resin, or other covering or cap
used to position a die in an impression (GPT-4)
transit dose: a measure of the primary radiation transmitted through
the patient and measured at a point on the central ray at some
point beyond the patient
transitional contour: with respect to any restoration supported by a
dental implant, the relationship between the abutment and the
implant body
transitional denture: a removable partial denture serving as an inter-
im prosthesis to which artificial teeth will be added as natural
teeth are lost and that will be replaced after postextraction tissue
changes have occurred. A transitional denture may become an
interim complete denture when all of the natural teeth have been
removed from the dental archcalled also transitional partial
denture
transitional prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS, TRANSI-
TIONAL DENTURE
translating condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
translation n (14c): that motion of a rigid body in which a straight
line passing through any two points always remains parallel to its
initial position. The motion may be described as a sliding or glid-
ing motion
translatory movement obs: the motion of a body at any instant when
all points within the body are moving at the same velocity and in
the same direction (GPT-1)
translucency n (1611): having the appearance between complete
opacity and complete transparency; partially opaque
transmucosal adj: passing through the gingiva or oral mucosa
transosteal adj: the penetration of both the internal and external
cortical plates of a bone
transosteal dental implant 1: a dental implant that penetrates both
cortical plates and passes through the full thickness of the alveo-
lar bone 2: a dental implant composed of a metal plate with reten-
tive pins to hold it against the inferior border of the mandible that
supports transosteal pins that penetrate through the full thickness
of the mandible and pass into the, mouth in the parasymphyseal
regioncalled also staple bone implant, mandibular staple
implant, transmandibular implant
transverse axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
transverse facial fracture: see LE FORTE III FRACTURE, MID-
FACIAL FRACTURE
transverse horizontal axis: an imaginary line around which the
mandible may rotate within the sagittal plane
transversion n: displacement of a tooth from its usual position or
proper numerical position in the jaw
trauma n, pl traumata or traumas, traumatic adj
traumatically adv (1693): an injury or wound, whether phys-
ical or psychic
trauma from occlusion: see OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
traumatic occlusion: see OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
traumatogenic adj: capable of producing a wound or injury
traumatogenic occlusion obs: an occluding of the teeth that is capa-
ble of producing injury to oral structures (GPT-4)
traveling condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
treatment denture 1: a dental prosthesis used for the purpose of
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
treating or conditioning the tissues that are called on to support
and retain it 2: a dental prosthesis that is placed in preparation for
future therapysee INTERIM PROSTHESIS
treatment plan: the sequence of procedures planned for the treat-
ment of a patient after diagnosis
trial base: a material or device representing the base of a denture. It
is used for making maxillomandibular relationship records and for
the arrangement of teeth
trial denture: a preliminary arrangement of denture teeth that has
been prepared for placement into the patients mouth to evaluate
esthetics and maxillomandibular relationships
trial fitting: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
trial flask closure: any preliminary closure made for the purpose of
eliminating excess material and insuring that the mold is com-
pletely filled
trial placement: the process of placing a trial denture in the patients
mouth for evaluationsee TRIAL DENTURE
trial plate obs: see TRIAL DENTURE
tricalcium phosphate: an inorganic particulate or solid form of rel-
atively biodegradable ceramic that is used as a scaffold for bone
regeneration. It may be used as a matrix for new bone growth
trichromatic system: a system for specifying color stimuli in terms of
the tri-stimulus value based on matching colors by additive mix-
tures of three primary colored lights
trichromatism n: a type of vision in which the colors seen require,
in general, three independently adjustable primaries (such as red,
green, and blue) for their duplication by mixture; trichromatism
may be either anomalous trichromatism or normal vision
trigger area: see TRIGGER POINT
trigger point: a focus of hyperirritability in tissue, which when pal-
pated, is locally tender and gives rise to heterotopic pain
trigger spot: see TRIGGER POINT
trigger zone: see TRIGGER POINT
tripod marking: those marks or lines drawn on a cast in a single
plane perpendicular to the survey rod to assist with repositioning
the cast on a dental surveyor in a previously defined orientation
tripodization n: an occlusal scheme characterized by a cusp to
fossa relationship in which there are three points of contact about
the cusp and opposing fossa with no contact on the cusp tip
trismus n (ca. 1693): see MANDIBULAR T.
trismus appliance: a prosthesis that assists the patient in increasing
their oral aperture width to eat and maintain oral hygienesyn
DYNAMIC BITE OPENER, INTERARCH EXPANSION
DEVICE, OCCLUSAL DEVICE FOR MANDIBULAR
TRISMUS
tri-stimulus value: (R, G, B: X, Y, Z, etc.) Amounts of the three ref-
erence color stimuli, in a given trichromatic system, required to
match the color of the stimulus considered
tritanopia n: form of dichromatism in which reddish blue and
greenish yellow stimuli are confused. Tritanopia is a common
result of retinal disease but may be inheritedcalled also blue
blindness, hence tritanope
try in: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
tube impression 1: a cylinder used as a tray to confine and direct
impression material to make an impression of a single tooth 2: the
impression resulting from this procedure
tube teeth: artificial teeth with an internal, vertical, cylindrical aper-
ture extending from the center of the base upward into the body
of the tooth, into which a pin may be placed or cast for the attach-
ment of the tooth to a fixed or removable denture base
tubercule n (1578): a small knobby prominence or excrescence; a
nodule
tuberosity n, pl -ties (ca. 1611): see MAXILLARY T.
tunnel dissection: a dissection of the periosteum from bone through
a small incision, in a tunnel-like fashion
turgid adj (1620): being on a state of distention; swollen
typodent: a replica of the natural dentition and alveolar mucosa, set
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THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
to average condylar motions, used in training students in dental
care syn TYPODONT
U vertical dimension: the distance between two selected points, one
UCLA abutment substand: a colloquial term used to describe a den-
tal crown that is attached directly to the implant body by means
of a screw without an intervening abutment
ultimate strength: the greatest stress that may be induced in a mate-
rial at the point of rupturecalled also ultimate tensile strength
ultraviolet: radiant energy of wave lengths shorter than extreme
violet and lying beyond the ordinarily visible spectrum. Usually
assigned to wave lengths shorter than 380 nm
1undercut n (1859) 1: the portion of the surface of an object that
is below the height of contour in relationship to the path of place-
ment 2: the contour of a cross-sectional portion of a residual
ridge or dental arch that prevents the insertion of a prosthesis 3:
any irregularity in the wall of a prepared tooth that prevents the
withdrawal or seating of a wax pattern or casting
2undercut v (ca. 1598): to create areas that provide mechanical
retention for materials placement
uniform color space: color space in which equal distances are
intended to represent threshold or above threshold perceived
color differences of equal size
unilateral adj (1802): relating to one side; one-sided
unilateral partial denture: see UNILATERAL REMOVABLE
PARTIAL DENTURE
unilateral removable partial denture: a removable denture restor-
ing lost or missing teeth on one side of the arch only
unilateral subperiosteal implant: an eposteal dental implant that
provides abutments for support of a removable or fixed dental
prosthesis in a partially edentulous arch
unstrained jaw relation obs: 1: the relation of the mandible to the
skull when a state of balanced tonus exists among all the muscles
involved 2: any jaw relation that is attained without undue or
unnatural force and that causes no undue distortion of the tissues
of the temporomandibular joints (GPT-4)
upper impression slang: see MAXILLARY IMPRESSION
upright adj: the movement of a tooth into an erect or normal position
V
vacuum casting: the casting of a metal or plastic in the presence of a
partial vacuum
vacuum investing: the process of investing a pattern within a partial
vacuum
vacuum mixing: a method of mixing a material such as plaster of
paris or casting investment below atmospheric pressure
value n (14c): the quality by which a light color is distinguished
from a dark color, the dimension of a color that denotes relative
blackness or whiteness (grayness, brightness). Value is the only
dimension of color that may exist alonesee MUNSELL
VALUE
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co.; 1975. p.
14-7.
van der Walls bond [Johannes D. van der Walls, Dutch physicist]
(ca 1926): eponym for a bond that involves weak interatomic
attractions such as variation in physical mass or location of elec-
trical charge; e.g., molecular polarization, electrical dipoles and
dispersion effectshydrogen bridgescalled also secondary bond
vascular pain: a type of deep somatic pain of visceral origin that
emanates from the afferent nerves that innervate blood vessels
velum n (1771): a covering; a general term for a veil or veil like
structuresee SOFT PALATE
verti-centric [Earl Pound, US prosthodontist, 1901-1986]: a record
used in complete denture fabrication. It involves the simultaneous
recording of the vertical dimension of occlusion with the jaws in
centric relation
JANUARY 1999
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
typodent vulcanize
vertical axis: see VERTICAL AXIS OF THE MANDIBLE
vertical axis of the mandible: an imaginary line around which the
mandible may rotate through the horizontal plane
on a fixed and one on a movable membersee OCCLUSAL
V.D., REST V.D., V.D. OF SPEECH
vertical dimension decrease obs: decreasing the vertical distance
between the mandible and the maxillae by modifications of teeth,
the positions of teeth or occlusion rims, or through alveolar or
residual ridge resorption (GPT-1)
vertical dimension increase obs: increasing the vertical distance
between the mandible and the maxillae by modifications of teeth,
the positions of teeth, or occlusion rims (GPT-1)___see
OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
vertical dimension of occlusion: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL
DIMENSION
vertical dimension of rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST
POSITION
vertical dimension of speech: that distance measured between two
selected points when the occluding members are in their closest
proximity during speech
vertical opening: see VERTICAL DIMENSION
vertical overlap 1: the distance teeth lap over their antagonists as
measured vertically; especially the distance the maxillary incisal
edges extend below those of the mandibular teeth. It may also be
used to describe the vertical relations of opposing cusps 2: the
vertical relationship of the incisal edges of the maxillary incisors
to the mandibular incisors when the teeth are in maximum inter-
cuspation
vestibule n (ca. 1728) 1: any of various bony cavities, especially
when serving as or resembling an entrance to another 2: the por-
tion of the oral cavity that is bounded on the medial side by the
teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge or the residual ridge, and on the
lateral side by the lips and cheekssee BUCCAL V., LABIAL V.
vestibuloplasty n: a surgical procedure designed to restore alve-
olar ridge height by lowering muscles attaching to the buccal,
labial, and lingual aspects of the jaws
vibrating line: an imaginary line across the posterior part of the
palate marking the division between the movable and immovable
tissues of the soft palate. This can be identified when the movable
tissues are functioning
videofluoroscopy n: dynamic x-rays recorded on videotape
viewing conditions: various conditions under which visual observa-
tion is made including the size of the stimulus, characteristics of
the surrounding area, nature of the illuminant, angle of viewing,
area of the retina, etc.
Virginia bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
visceral pain: deep somatic pain originating in visceral structures
such as mucosal linings, walls of hollow viscera, parenchyma of
organs, glands, dental pulps, and vascular structures
visible spectrum: the section of the electromagnetic spectrum that is
visible to the human eye. It ranges from 380 nm to 760 nm
visual adaptation: adjustive change in visual sensitivity due to con-
tinued visual stimulation or lack of stimulation. Three recognized
types are: 1) scotopic or dark adaptation 2) photopic or light adap-
tation 3) chromatic or color adaptation
visual photometry: the measurement of luminous radiation on the
basis of its effect on the visual receptors
vulcanite n: an obsolete denture base material that is a combination
of caoutchouc and sulfur. These harden in the presence of suitable
heat and application of pressure
vulcanize vb -nized; -nizing vt (1846): to produce flexible or hard
rubber, as desired, by subjecting caoutchouc, in the presence of
sulfur, to heat and high steam pressure in a processing unit, termed
a vulcanizer, made for that purpose
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warp standard references
W articulation toward which the mandible is moved during working
warp vt (13c): torsional change of shape or outline; to turn or twist
out of shape
wash impression slang: see FINAL IMPRESSION
wave length: the distance at any instant between two adjacent crests
(or identical phases) of two series of waves that are advancing
through a uniform medium. The wave length varies inversely with
the vibration rate or number of waves passing any given point per
unit period of time
wax n (bef. 12c): one of several esters of fatty acids with higher alco-
hols, usually monohydric alcohols. Dental waxes are combina-
tions of various types of waxes compounded to provide desired
physical propertiessee BASEPLATE W., BOXING W., CAST-
ING W., DENTAL IMPRESSION W., MODELING W.
wax elimination: the removal of wax from a mold, usually by heat
wax expansion: a method of expanding a wax pattern to compensate
for the shrinkage of gold during the casting process
was model denture: see TRIAL DENTURE
wax pattern: a wax form that is the positive likeness of an object to
be fabricated
wax try in: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
waxing v obs: the contouring of a wax pattern or the wax base of a
trial denture into the desired form (GPT-1)
waxing up obs 1: the contouring of a pattern in wax generally applied
to the shaping in wax of the contours of a trial denture (GPT-1)
2: the process of waxing and carving of the wax to the shape and
contour desired (GPT-1)
wear facet: any wear line or plane on a tooth surface caused by
attrition
Weber-Fergusson incision [Sir E.S. Fergusson, Scottish surgeon,
dates vary: 1808-1877 or 1871-1944]: eponym for a facial inci-
sion used in exposing the maxillary bone in a maxillectomy
Zange J. Operationen im Bereich der nase und ibver nebenholen. In: Theil
R. Opthalmologische, Operationslehre. Leipzig: Vebthieme; 1950.
1weld n (1831): a welded joint; the state or condition of being welded
2weld
vb: to unite or fuse two pieces by hammering, compression, or
by rendering soft by heat with the addition of a fusible material
whiting n: pure white chalk (calcium carbonate) that has been ground
and washed and that is used for polishing dental materials
wire splint: a device used to stabilize teeth loosened by an accident
or by a compromised periodontium in the maxillae or mandible;
a device to reduce and stabilize maxillary or mandibular fractures
by application to both arches and connection with intermaxillary
wires or elastic bands
Wolffs Law [Julius Wolff, German anatomist, 1836-1902]: eponym
for a uniform or constant fact or principle, more specifically, that
a bone, either normal or abnormal, will develop the structure
most suited to resist those forces acting on it
work n (bef. 12c): the product of a force acting on a body and the
distance through which the point of application of the force
moves
working articulation: the occlusal contacts of teeth on the side
toward which the mandible is moved
working bite: see WORKING ARTICULATION
working bite relation: see WORKING ARTICULATION
working condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
working contacts obs: contacts of teeth made on the side of the
occlusion toward which the mandible has been moved (GPT-1)
working model: see CAST
working occlusal surface obs: the surface or surfaces of teeth on
which mastication can occur (GPT-1)
working occlusion obs: the occlusal contacts of teeth on the side to
which the mandible is moved (GPT-1)
working side: the side toward which the mandible moves in a later-
al excursion
working side contacts: contacts of teeth made on the side of the
106
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
movements
working side condyle: the condyle on the working side
working side condyle path: the path the condyle travels on the work-
ing side when the mandible moves in a lateral excursion
wrought adj (13c) 1: worked into shape; formed 2: worked into
shape by tools; hammered
X
1x-ray vt (1896): the process of exposing objects to roentgen rays
and projecting their shadow on sensitized surfaces
2X ray n (1900): see ROENTGEN RAY
x-ray picture: see ROENTGENOGRAM
xenogenic graft: a graft from one species to another species called
also heterologous graft
xerostomia n: dryness of the mouth from lack of normal secretions
Y
yield strength: the strength at which a small amount of permanent
(plastic) strain occurs, usually 0.1% or 0.2%, and most frequently
measured in MPa or psi
Z
zero-degree teeth: posterior denture teeth having 0-degree cuspal
angles in relation to the horizontal occlusal surface called also
zero-degree nonanatomic teethsee NONANATOMIC TEETH
zygoma n (ca. 1684): the area formed by the union of the zygo-
matic bone with the zygomatic processes of the temporal and
maxillary bones
STANDARD REFERENCES
COLOR
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COMPLETE DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS
Goddard PB. The anatomy, physiology and pathology of the
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VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
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CROWNS
Goslee HJ. Principles and practice of crown and bridgework. A
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DENTAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
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108
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
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DENTAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
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FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
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Schwartz JR. Modern methods of tooth replacement. Brooklyn:
Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co.; 1942.
Sears VH. Basic principles of dentistry. New York: Pitman Pub-
lishing Corp.; 1942.
Craddock FW. Prosthetic dentistry: a clinical outline. St Louis:
CV Mosby; 1945.
Schweitzer JM. Restorative dentistry; a clinical photographic pre-
sentation. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1947.
Weinmann JP, Sicher H. Bone and bones. St Louis: CV Mosby;
1947.
MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTICS
Koecker L. An essay on artificial teeth, obturators, & plates, with
the principles for the construction and application, illustrated by 26
cases and 21 plates. London: for S Highley; 1935.
Ramsay R, Coles JO. The mechanical treatment of deformities of
the mouth, congenital and accidental. London: J Churchill and Sons;
1868.
Case CS. A practical treatise on the techniques and principles of
dental orthopedia and prosthetic correction of cleft palate. Chicago:
CS Case Private press; 1921.
Fritsch C. Zahnartzliche sowie zahnarztlich chirurgische
prothetik. Leipzig: G Thieme; 1925.
Walker DG. The construction of vulcanite applicators for apply-
ing radium to lesions of the buccal cavity, lips, orbit and antrum.
London: Private printing; 1938.
Beder OK. Surgical and maxillofacial prosthetics. Seattle: Kings
Crown Press; 1949.
110
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
MEDICAL ACRONYMS
Hamilton B, Guides B. Medical acronyms, symbols and abbrevi-
ations. 2nd ed. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers, Inc.; 1988. 277
pages.
Mossman J, editor. Acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations dic-
tionary. 15th ed. Detroit: Gale Research Inc.; 1990.
MEDICAL DICTIONARIES
Steadmans Medical Dictionary. 25th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins; 1990.
Jablonsit S. Illustrated dictionary of dentistry. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders; 1982.
MEDICAL EPONYMS
Firkin BG, Whitworth JA. Dictionary of medical eponyms. Park
Ridge, NJ: The Parthenon Publishing Group; 1987.
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing Co.; 1928.
Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry. An encyclopedia of full and par-
tial denture prosthesis. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1930.
Doxtater LW. Full and partial denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Den-
tal Items of Interest Publishing Co.; 1936.
Elbrecht A. Systematik der abnehembaren partiellen prostheses.
Leipzig: H Meusser; 1937.
Neurohr FG. Partial dentures; a system of functional restoration.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1939.
MiHer RG. Synopsis of full and partial dentures. St Louis: CV
Mosby; 1942.
Applegate SG, Perry CK. Outline for removable partial denture
service. Detroit: Prosthetic Department, University of Detroit
School of Dentistry; 1943.
Godfrey RJ. A manual of removable partial denture design.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1948.
JM Ney Co. The Ney surveyor book. Hartford: JM Ney Co.;
1948.
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical dental prosthetics.
London: Staples Press; 1953.
Applegate OC. Essentials of removable partial denture prosthesis.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 1954.
Swenson MG, Terkla LG. Partial dentures. St Louis: CV Mosby;
1955.
SYNDROMES
Magalini SI, Magalini SC, de Francisci G. Dictionary of medical
syndromes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1990.
Jablonski S. Jablonskis dictionary of syndromes and eponymic
diseases. 2nd ed. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.; 1990.
VOLUME 81 NUMBER 1