ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF

PAPAYA SEEDS (Carica papaya)

TO NATIVE CHICKENS
(Gallus gallus domesticus)

KEN LADAO MARAASIN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY-MAIN CAMPUS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ANIMAL SCIENCE

 APRIL 2017
ABSTRACT

MARAASIN, KEN LADAO. College of Agriculture, Department of

Animal Science, Mindanao State University, Marawi City, April 2017.
Anthelmintic Efficacy of the Different Levels of Papaya Seeds ( Carica
papaya) to Native Chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus)

ADVISER: Dr. Antonio Tayong

ADOPTED BY: Dr. Claire B. Salvedia

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of papaya seeds as

dewormer to native chicken. A total of 26 free-ranged native chicken were

randomly divided into treatments, namely; T 1= control (untreated) and T2=

2m, T3= 4ml, T4= 6ml of papaya seeds. Anthelmintic treatments were

administered orally via syringe at 4 oclock in the afternoon; the 2 nd

administration was repeated after 10 day. Fecal sampling was conducted for

three consecutive days per anthelmintic administration. The analysis of

Variance of Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used to determine the

anthelmintic efficacy of papaya seeds to native chickens.

Based on the data, there is a pronounced reduction of Egg per gram

(EPG) were found on the different dosage of papaya seeds. Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) revealed a highly significant differences among treatments

at (P<0.05).
 INTRODUCTION

The poultry industry has been persistently growing in the past years,

this is because of the rapid increase in population and that is why it has

witnessed a remarkably huge impact on its industry. According to the world

livestock population statistics of 1987, the population of chicken was

estimated to be 9.445 billion. The chickens are the most globally recognized

of all classes of poultry birds and the FAO (1987) source claimed that more

than 90% of the world flock consists of chicken. The development in poultry

considerably is more advanced than any other species of livestock in relation

to agriculture particularly in the areas of the nutrition, genetic

improvements, disease control, management and organization of the dietary

requirements. Until now the poultry is considered to be the bedrock of the

economy. The meat is widely consumed in other places of the world; it has

been in a constant demand and an excellent source of protein as well as the

B-complex vitamins with much lower cholesterol and saturated fats meeting

the protein needs of the poorest people on earth (Adu et al., 2009).
 However, despite with these new innovations, the free-living parasites

never cease to pose threat to the industry. Especially in large scale sectors,

where the control of this parasites is always been a problem. The importance

of controlling disease in poultry farm needs no justification; it does indeed

affect the enterprise either directly or indirectly in terms of profitability.

Gastro-intestinal nematodiasis is a common problem of fowls in the tropical

and subtropical countries of the world. It is also a great problem of poultry

population in the philippines. Among the nematodes, the Ascaridiagalli,

Heterakisgallinae, Capillariaspp infections are considered to be of great

importance.

Thirteen plants species were used as anthelmintic and nine were used

to combat worm infestation in livestock and these include Carica papaya,

Allium satirum, Areca catecha, Ananascomosus, Nicotianatabacum,

Cucurbitamoschata. Among these botanical species, C. papaya (pawpaw)

maybe reffered to as an ethno-veterinary remedy in this part of the tropics

because of its adaptability, agro-ecological consideration and availability

(Mundy and Murdiati, 1991) and the anthelmintic efficacy of C. papaya latex

in poultry had been reported ( Adu et al., 2009).

Because of its anthelmintic properties, the result of this study will lead

to an effective and practical method of controlling internal parasitism in

native chickens, reduce production cost, lessen mortality, thus improve

productivity, increase income of the farmers and consequently help in food

security and alleviating poverty.This study will provide useful information on

anthelmintic properties of Carica Papaya seeds be used against

Ascaridiagalli, Heterakisgallinaeand Capillariaspp infection in chickens.

Objectives of the study:

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of papaya seeds. Specifically

it aims to determine the following:

1. To determine the effective dosage that will expel the least

number of parasite eggs; and

2. To identify the possible that can expelled with the different levels of papaya

seeds.

Place and duration of the study:

This study was conducted at the Pancatan residence, Dimalna II, Marawi City, on the
month of December 2016 to January, 2017.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Papaya, Carica papaya, is an herbaceous perennial in the family Caricaceae grown for its

edible fruit. The papaya plant is tree-like, usually branch and has hollow stems and petioles. The

leaves are palmate lobed, spirally arranged and clustered at the growing tip of the trunk. Papaya

trees can be male, female or hermaphrodite and the type of inflorescence produced is reflective

of this. Male trees produce many flowers on long, pendulous panicles while female trees produce

either solitary flower of clusters of a few flowers which are yellow-green in color.

Hermaphrodite trees produce bisexual flowers. The papaya fruit is a large fleshy berry with

smooth green skin that ripens to yellow or orange. The flesh of the fruit is thick and succulent

and ranges in color from yellow to red or orange. The fruit contains many black wrinkled seeds.
Papaya trees range in height from 210 m (6.633 ft) and can live for up to 25 years. Plantations

are usually replaced every 3 years to ensure maximum productivity. Papaya may also be referred

to as pawpaw and is believed to originate from the Caribbean region on Central America.

(Source: http//www.plantvillage.org)

Papaya, a tropical plant believed to have originated in southern Mexico and Central

America, is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. C. papaya is cultivated

for its edible ripe fruit; its juice is a popular beverage, and its young leaves, shoots, and fruits are

cooked as a vegetable. The fruits are a source of flavoring used in candies, jellies, preserves, and

ice cream. Shallow cuts on the surface of fully grown but unripe fruits cause a milky sap or latex

to ooze that is collected, dried, and termed crude papain. Papain has many industrial uses, as

well as milk-clotting (rennet) and protein-digesting properties. Nearly 80% of American beer is

treated with papain, which allows the beer to remain clear upon cooling. Papain is most

commonly used commercially in meat tenderizers and chewing gums. Cosmetically, papain is

used in some toothpastes, shampoos, and facial creams. (Source:http://www.drugs.com)

Papaya has been used widely in folk medicine for many ailments: the juice for warts,

corns, cancers, tumors, and thickened skin; the roots or their extracts for cancers of the uterus,

syphilis, the tropical infection, hemorrhoids, and to remove mineral concretions in the urine; the

unripe fruit as a mild laxative or diuretic, and to stimulate lactation, labor, or abortion; the ripe

fruit for rheumatism and alkalinizing the urine; the seeds for intestinal worms or to stimulate

menstruation or abortion; the leaves as a poultice for nervous pains and elephantoid growths, or

smoked for asthma relief; and the latex for psoriasis, ringworm, indigestion, or applied externally
as an antiseptic or to heal burns or scalds, or applied to the cervix to contract the uterus.

(Source:http://www.drugs.com)

Anthelmintic properties of papaya

Related studies

The anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous and crude extract of Carica

papaya seeds was studied in 40 Isa Brown commercial layers infected

naturally with nematodes. The faecal egg counts showed a remarkable and

significant reduction in the levels of the identified helminths. The reduction in

faecal egg counts was more pronounced with the aqueous extract than crude

extract administered. The effects of the C. papaya seed extracts in this study

therefore showed that C. papaya extracts can serve as a source of chemical

substance for use in the development of effective anthelmintic agents

(Ameen, S.A. et al., 2011).

Study was conducted at the Darag Native Chicken Sub-station at the

College of Veterinary Medicine of Capiz State University, Dumarao, Capiz
from October 2011 to March 2012. Results of the study revealed that the use
of combined formulated ethnobotanical specifically 2 g/kg BW of formulated
Ipil-ipil and Betel nut was found to be effective in treating roundworms of
Darag native chickens and was comparable with the effect of commercial
dewormer. The cost of Ethnobotanical Anthelmintic per kg is PhP 70.00 while
the Commercial Dewormer is PhP 1,200.00. This project is part of the
research program entitled Development of Sustainable Production System
for the Darag Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linn.) in Western Visayas
(Bede P. Ozaraga et al., 2015)
 Fajimi and Taiwo ( 2005) stated that papain is capable of digesting

bacteria and parasitic cells, hence its use as an anthelmintics and antibiotics.

Carica papaya locally known as papaya. Papain is the substance that

is found in Carica papaya which can reduce helminth infestation in poultry.

Anthelmintic property can be obtained for chicken by feeding 50 papaya

seeds (De Padua et al., 1999).

Papaya also found as an anthelmintic against other helminths (Satrija et al,, 1994;

Murdiati et al., 1997; Lamtiur, 2000; Fajimi et al., 2001; Rahman, 2002) rather than

Ascaridiagalli.

The efficacy of the combined dewormer was evaluated based on the

reduction of worms, which was estimated by establishing egg per gram (epg)

counts before and after administering the dewormer. One egg is equivalent

to 100 eggs per gram of feces (Coles, 1988).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Birds

Twenty six (26) native chickens not less than 6 (six) weeks of age

weighed about 0.75 to 1kg with no history of previous deworming is

purchased from Lumbatan, Lanao del Sur and brought to Pancatan residence,

Marawi City.

Preparation of Papaya seeds

The seeds were collected from the fresh fruits of papaya at the fruit

shack in 5th street, MSU-main campus, Marawi City. The seeds were cleansed

and sundried for 5 days until they are ready to be grinded to obtain the

powdery form. The beaker was labeled 60% papaya seeds concentration. The

60% concentration was determined by adding 40ml of water to 60% ml

papaya seeds.

Administration of the Dewormer

Different levels of papaya seeds were administered orally with the use

of 10ml syringe according to the birds respective treatments. Experimental

birds were treated at 4:00 oclock in the afternoon before the collection of

fecal samples.The procedure was repeated after 10 (ten) days to assess the

effectiveness of the papaya seeds.

Pre-trial fecal Analysis

 Before drug administration, smear test was conducted to a composite

fecal sample of experimental animals were infected with parasites. Animals

found positive of parasites were placed in the cage prior to the

administration of papaya seeds.

Statistical Design and Analyisis

The study was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3

treatments; replicated 3 times with 2 birds per replication.

The treatments were as follows:

T1= CONTROL (untreated)

T2= 2ml

T3= 4ml

T4= 6ml

All the data gathered were processed and analyzed using SPSS version

20 with homogeneity of variance tested using Lavenes test.

Collection of fecal samples

The first fecal samples were collected in three (3) consecutive days

and 10-day interval was observed before the second group of samples was

gathered. Fresh feces were collected and put to the cleaned and sanitized
vials. All vials which consist of feces were placed in a plastic container with

an ice and put inside the ice container. The ice container was used to prevent

the eggs from hatching while being transported to Regional Disease

Diagnostic Laboratory (RADDL), Cagayan de Oro City for fecalysis. The egg

counts were done using the Mc Muster Egg counting technique.

Master counting technique

Parasitological examination was done by floatation techniques

following the standard procedures. Afterwards, the fecal samples were

placed in McMaster counting chamber to count the egg present in feces. The

chambers containing the samples were allowed to stand 5 minutes to allow

the eggs to float. Then it was examined under the microscope at 10 x 10

magnifications. Total number of eggs was determined by adding all eggs

found from two square set then multiplied by 100. The result was expressed

as the total egg per gram (EPG) of feces.

The following data were gathered:

1. Parasites expelled using different dosage of Papaya seeds;

2. Identification of parasites.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The Eggs per Gram (EPG) of feces from two collection period of Native

Chicken treated with different levels of papaya seeds as an anthelmintic in

different parasitic load of native chicken are shown in Tables 1-3.

The total number of parasite eggs collected from two (2) of sampling

period obtained from the different treatments are shown in table 1.

Table 1.0 Total parasites expelled in Native chicken treated with different
levels of papaya seeds.

Treatments Period of Fecal Collection

1st Collection 2nd Collection
1 (control) without papaya 158** 126**
c
2(2ml) 90 93c
3(4ml) 57b 58b
a
4(6ml) 46 37a

Total mean of parasite expelled with papaya seeds. Columns having different
superscript means significant based on LSD at 0.005 ** means highly significant.

Results showed highly significant differences on the number of parasite

expelled from native chicken in different dosage of papaya seeds in both 1 st
and 2nd collection. In an increasing manner, the EPG of treated birds with
papaya seeds is more pronounced compared to the untreated birds. In this
current study, the efficacy of papaya seeds is determined through the least
number of Egg counts. As stated in the study of Ameen, S.A. et al., (2011)
and Coles, (1988) that papain and benzyl isothiocynate (BITC) is capable of
digesting adult worms which results to decrease of faecal egg counts. Add
more discussion
 Table 2.0 Effects of papaya seeds treatment on the specific kind of parasite
expelled during the 1st collection.

Treatments Heterakis Ascaridia galli. Capillaria spp.

galli.
1(control)without papaya 33.67** 11.33** 7.67**
2(2ml) 28c 1.67a 0.33a
3(4ml) 17b 1.67a 0.33a
4(6ml) 10.33a 4.33b 0.67b

On the identification of expelled eggs, it was found that the different

treatments expelled Heterakis galli.,Ascaridia galli., Capillaria spp. However,

among the treatments the untreated groups had significantly higher number

of parasite load compared to treated groups as shown in tables 1 & 2. Find a

possible discussion on the obtained result

Table 3.0 Effects of papaya seeds treatment on the specific kind of parasite
expelled during the 2nd collection.

Treatments Heterakis galli. Ascaridia galli. Capillaria spp.

1(control) 31.67** 6.33** 4.00**
2(2ml) 28.33c 0.00a 1.67b
3(4ml) 16b 2.67c 0.67a
4(6ml) 11.67a 1.00b 0.67a

On the 2nd collection period, Table 3.0 showed the birds treated with

papaya seeds that there is a noticeable reduction of egg counts compared to

the birds that did not receive any treatments. In an increasing manner, Least

Significant Difference (LSD) further revealed that 6ml dosage had the least

number of egg count, followed by 4ml and 2ml. As stated by Dougnon TJ et

al., (2009) in his study, that as the dosage of papaya seeds increases there is

also a reduction of parasitical eggs. Analysis of variance further revealed that

there is a significant difference among the treatment means.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The study was conducted in MSU-main campus, Marawi City, Lanao

del sur with a total of 26 native chickens randomly distributed into four (4)

treatments namely T1-control (w/o papaya seeds) T2-2ml, T3-4ml, and T4-6ml.

The experiment lasted for 1 month. Deworming was conducted for two (2)

consecutive trials with ten (10) day interval period per administration.

Throughout the experimental trials, chickens were fed same kind of feeds.

The anthelmintic efficacy of papaya seeds was determined using Complete

Randomized Design (CRD).

Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), result revealed highly-

significant on the number of expelled found on papaya seeds.

From the above results, it is concluded that the papaya seeds can be

effectively used as dewormer to native chicken. Moreover, economic analysis

also shows that it is more economical than commercial dewormer.

 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the results of the study, further studies are recommended to

elucidate more the anthelmintic efficacy of papaya seeds. The following

studies that can be undertaken:

1. Anthelmintic efficacy of papaya seeds extract on broiler and

layers;
2. Comparative efficacy of powdered papaya seeds and papaya seeds extract on

native chicken;and
3. Comparative efficacy of papaya seeds and other ethno-botanical dewormer in

native chicken.
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APPENDIX TABLES

APPENDIX TABLE 1.ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of feces in 1st collection

Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequenc Sig.

Freedom (df) square y (f)
Between groups 3022.667 3 1007.556 14.602 0.00
1
Collection 1 (Within 552 8 69
groups)
3574.667 11
 Total

APPENDIX TABLE 2.ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of feces in 2nd collection

Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.

Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 1536.333 3 512.111 8.407 7

Collection 2 (Within 487.333 8 60.917

groups)
2023.667 11
Total

First collection

APPENDIX TABLE 3.ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of feces of Heterakis galli.

Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.

Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 1308.917 3 436.306 6.898 0.13

Heterakisgalli. 506 8 63.25

(Within groups)
1814.917
Total 11

APPENDIX TABLE4. ANOVA for Egg per Gram (EPG) of Ascaridiagalli.

Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequenc Sig.

Freedom (df) square y (f)
Between groups 187.583 3 62.528 5.07 0.3

Ascaridiagalli 98.667 8 12.333

 (Within groups)

Total 286.25 11

APPENDIX TABLE 5. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Capillaria Spp.

Sum of squares Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.

Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 117.583 3 39.194 21.379 .000

Capillaria spp. 14.667 8 1.833

(Within groups)

Total 132.25 11

Second collection

APPENDIX TABLE 6. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Heterakis galli.

Sum of Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.

squares Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 1438.917 3 479.639 5.659 0.022

HeterakisSpp 678 8 84.75

(Within groups)
Total 2116.917 11

APPENDIX TABLE 7. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Ascaridia galli.

Sum of Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.

squares Frequency (df) square (f)
Between groups 69.667 3 23.222 3.357 0.76

Ascaridiagalli 55.333 8 6.917

(Within groups)

Total 125 11
APPENDIX TABLE 8. ANOVA for Egg Per Gram (EPG) of Capillaria Spp.

Sum of Degree of Mean Frequency Sig.

squares Freedom (df) square (f)
Between groups 22.25 3 7.417 2.697 0.116

Capillaria spp. 22 8 2.75

(Within groups)

Total 44.25 11