SUMMARY OF DIFFERENTIATION

du dv
v dx u dx
d dv du d u
Product Rule: dx (uv) = u dx + v dx Quotient Rule: dx v = v2
dy dy du d
Chain Rule: If y = f(u) and u = g(x), then dx = du dx e.g. dx sin3 x2 = 3 sin2 x2 (cos x2) 2x
d d
Trigonometric Functions: dx sin x = cos x dx cos x = sin x
d 2 d 2
dx tan x = sec x dx cot x = cosec x
d d
dx sec x = sec x tan x dx cosec x = cosec x cot x
d x d
Exponential Functions: dx e = e
x
y = ax ln y = x ln a dx ax = ax ln a
d 1 d d ln x 1
Logarithmic Functions: dx ln x = x dx loga x = dx ln a = x ln a
Inverse Trigonometric Functions (given in Formula List):
d 1 1 d 1 1 d 1 1
dx sin x = 2 dx cos x = 2 dx tan x = 1 + x2
1x 1x
dy dy
Implicit Differentiation e.g. Differentiating x2 + y3 = xy gives 2x + 3y2 dx = y + x dx
dy dy dt 2 dy dy/dt cos t
Parametric Differentiation: dx = dt dx e.g. if y = sin t, x = t , then dx = dx/ = 2t
dt
y y0 dy
Equation of tangent at the point (x0 , y0) is x x = m where m = value of dx at x = x0
0
y y0 1
Equation of normal at the point (x0 , y0) is x x = m
0
E.g. If y = x2, then the equation of the tangent at (2, 4) is y 4 = 4(x 2) i.e. y = 4x 4
1 1 9
and the equation of the normal is y 4 = 4 (x 2) i.e. y = 4 x + 2
Rate of Change:
4 dr dV dV dr
E.g. Given V = 3 r3, dt = 10 m s1. When r = 1 m, dt = dr dt = 4r210 = 40 m3 s1.
Maximum and Minimum: Find the maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in a circle of radius r.
Area A = xy = x2 r2 2 = x 4r2 x2
x 2

A2 = x2(4r2 x2) = 4r2x2 x4
dA r
2A dx = 8r2x 4x3 = 4x(2r2 x2) = 0 x = r 2 y/2
x/2
d2A dA2 d2A
2A dx2 + 2 dx = 8r 12x = 16r < 0 when x = r 2 dx2 < 0
2 2 2

maximum A = r 2 4r2 2r2 = 2r2
dy
Gradient: If dx > 0, then the curve is increasing.
dy
If dx < 0, then the curve is decreasing.
d2y dy
Concavity: If dx2 > 0, then dx is increasing and the curve is concave upwards.
d2y dy
If dx2 < 0, then dx is decreasing and the curve is concave downwards.

12